ML112800525

Ncdeh 2010 Cleveland, Source Water Assessment Program Report

ML112800525
Person / Time
Site:	Lee
Issue date:	12/29/2010
From:	Cleveland County Water, NC
To:	Office of New Reactors
References
Download: ML112800525 (34)

Text

Cleveland County Water Board 1 Source Water Assessment Program Report for CLEVELAND COUNTY WATER Community Water System

==

Introduction:==

What is a Source Water Assessment?

The North Carolina Division of Environmental Health, Public Water Supply (PWS) Section is responsible for implementing the Source Water Assessment Program (SWAP) and completing assessments for all public drinking water supplies in the state. The 1996 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act provided federal support and required states to conduct assessments of all public water systems. A source water assessment is a qualitative evaluation of the potential of a drinking water source to become contaminated by the identified potential contaminant sources (PCS) within the delineated area. In North Carolina there are more than 10,000 public water supply sources that were assessed by the state. The PWS Section has gathered information for each water supply and developed a process for completing the assessments. This process is summarized in the next few pages and detailed in Section 6 of this report.

This report provides a summary of the results for the Source Water Assessment for your drinking water source(s).

What is the Source of Your Drinking Water?

Everyone wants clean, safe drinking water and we assume this natural resource will always be available to us. However, surface water sources can be threatened by many potential contaminant sources, including permitted wastewater discharges, urban storm water runoff, or other types of non-point source contamination such as runoff produced by agricultural activities and land clearing for development. Your drinking water source(s) is listed in Table 1. Protecting your drinking water from becoming contaminated is a wise investment in public health and your community's future.

http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 2 Table 1. Public Water Supply System Information System Name CLEVELAND COUNTY WATER City LAWNDALE PWS ID 01-23-055 Source Name 1ST BROAD RIVER In addition to the sources listed in Table 1 above, this water supply system (CLEVELAND COUNTY WATER) has interconnections to allow for the purchase of water from the following water system(s) or "Seller" system(s):

• SHELBY, CITY OF Please refer to the Source Water Assessment Program Report for the "Seller" system(s) to review the assessment results for the purchased water supply sources that provide drinking water for this water system (CLEVELAND COUNTY WATER).

Assessment Report Contents This assessment report includes the following sections:

Section 1: Assessment Area Delineation Section 2: Potential Contaminant Source Inventory and Map Section 3: What is a Susceptibility Rating?

Section 4: Reviewing Your SWAP Results Section 5: List of Maps, Tables, and Figures for Your Surface Water Source(s)

Section 6: North Carolina's SWAP Approach Section 1: Assessment Area Delineation The area delineated for your surface water source(s) for this assessment is the water supply watershed. A watershed is a geographic area of land draining to either a stream or lake. Local ordinances dictate the type of development that can take place in some sections of the water supply watershed. In general, the watershed of your surface water source(s) is the area through which contaminants, if released to the environment, can be reasonably expected to move across the land surface following the path of overland flow or shallow subsurface flow and into the surface water body (stream or lake).

PWS ID: 01-23-055 2 February 19, 2010 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 3 Section 2: Potential Contaminant Source Inventory and Map The potential contaminant source inventory map shows the delineated area for your surface water source(s). This is the area where potential contaminant sources, if released to the environment, could reasonably be expected to be a risk or a potential for contamination of your drinking water supply. A PCS in this assessment report is a facility or site regulated under a state or federal regulatory program. These facilities are identified in electronic databases that contain location information for each facility. Only databases that include statewide information were used for this source water assessment. Included in this report are:

1) A table of any PCS identified within the delineated assessment area; and

2) A map of the delineated assessment area showing PCSs, roads, jurisdictional boundaries and other pertinent information.

It is important to note that the PCSs identified in this report are only potential sources of contamination to your drinking water source. Environmental contamination is not likely to occur if harmful contaminants are managed properly.

Section 3: What is a Susceptibility Rating?

In North Carolina the susceptibility of any drinking water source is based on two components, a contaminant rating and an inherent vulnerability rating. Your surface water source(s) was assigned a qualitative susceptibility rating of higher, moderate or lower based on the results of the contaminant rating and inherent vulnerability rating process as described in the following paragraphs.

Susceptibility Rating The final susceptibility rating for your surface water source(s) is determined by combining the contaminant rating and the inherent vulnerability rating. More detailed information on the susceptibility rating process can be found in Section 6 of this report.

Contaminant Rating The contaminant rating for your surface water source(s) was determined based on the number and location of PCSs within the delineated area. Each PCS identified within the delineated area was assigned a risk rating of higher, moderate or lower. If a PCS is a facility regulated in an existing environmental program, it will receive a risk rating of higher. The number of PCSs that occur within the delineated area was determined and a contaminant rating of higher, moderate or lower was assigned to your surface water source(s).

Inherent Vulnerability Rating The inherent vulnerability rating of your surface water source(s) refers to the geologic characteristics or existing conditions of the surface water source(s) and the delineated assessment area (watershed). These characteristics include water supply watershed classification, surface water source location and the watershed characteristics rating. The watershed classification is PWS ID: 01-23-055 3 February 19, 2010 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 4 based on the size of the watershed, development activities, and allowable waste treatment and disposal practices. The surface water sources are located in streams, large multi-purpose impoundments or small water supply impoundments. The raw water quality rating assessed turbidity and total coliform values over twelve months. The watershed characteristics rating is an assessment of the likelihood that contaminants will follow the path of overland flow or shallow subsurface flow to a surface water source. An inherent vulnerability rating of higher, moderate or lower was assigned to your surface water source(s).

PWS ID: 01-23-055 4 February 19, 2010 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 5 Table 2. SWAP Results Summary Inherent Contaminant Susceptibility Source Name Vulnerability Rating Rating Rating 1ST BROAD Higher Lower Moderate RIVER It is important to understand that a susceptibility rating of higher does not imply poor water quality. Susceptibility is an indication of a water supply's potential to become contaminated by the identified PCSs within the assessment area.

Table 3. Surface Water Source - Information Watershed Source Name Source Location Classification 1ST BROAD WS-IV Direct Stream RIVER Section 4: Reviewing Your SWAP Results Please review the information on your surface water source(s) provided in this report. If you believe any of this information is incorrect, please contact the Public Water Supply Section by e-mail at the following address: SWAP@ncmail.net. Or you may submit comments to us at:

SWAP Public Water Supply Section 1634 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699-1634 Or you may contact the Source Water Assessment staff by phone at 919-715-2633.

PWS ID: 01-23-055 5 February 19, 2010 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 6 Section 5: Maps, Tables and Figures for Your Surface Water Source(s)

Maps, tables and figures specific to your surface water source(s) are included in this report in the following pages and are listed below.

Map 1. Location Map Map 2. Delineated Area and PCS Map Table 4. Potential Contaminant Source Attributes Table 5. Inherent Vulnerability Rating Table 6. Watershed Characteristics Rating Calculation Figure 1. Land Use / Land Cover Categories Figure 2. Watershed Characteristics Rating Figure 3. Average Annual Precipitation Rating Figure 4. Land Surface Slope Rating Figure 5. Land Use Rating Figure 6. Land Cover Rating Figure 7. Ground Water Contribution Rating PWS ID: 01-23-055 6 February 19, 2010 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 7 US

-64 MAP 1. LOCATION MAP CLEVELAND COUNTY WATER PWS ID: 0123055, 1ST BROAD RIVER BURKE MCDOWELL CATAWBA LINCOLN NC-1 0

Roads Rivers and Streams Major Hydrology Municipal Boundaries County Boundaries 6 Casar

-22 Watershed Zones NC Critical Area (NA for WS-I)

Protected Area Boundary (WS-IV, V only)

RUTHERFORD Stream Zone Watershed Boundary

-18 CLEVELAND Bellwood NC 1ST BROAD RIVER 1 0.5 0 1 2 Miles NC-182 Fallston Polkville 6 Lawndale

-22 NC-18 NC PWS ID: 01-23-055 7 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf February 19, 2010

© 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 8 G G

(

6 MAP 2. DELINEATED AREA AND PCS MAP G CLEVELAND COUNTY WATER US -18 (

-64 NC PWS ID: 0123055, 1ST BROAD RIVER k

6 (

G 6

-22 NC 7

)

(

k

(

k PCS Types 6 Animal Operations NC-1

• CERCLIS Sites 0

) RCRA Gen. / Trans. Facilities

< Non Discharge Permits 7 NPDES Permits

^ National Priority List Sites G G 7 F PCB Sites

( Pollution Incidents 6 Casar

-22 Septage Disposal Sites NC +

Soil Remediation Sites (G

7 ,

k G k l Solid Waste Facilities k Tier II Sites 8 RCRA TSD Facilities 9 Old Landfill Sites

_ UIC Permits G UST Permits Bellwood Roads 6 kG G G

( Rivers and Streams 6 ( Major Hydrology G Municipal Boundaries G ( Watershed Zones Critical Area (NA for WS-I) 6 6 Protected Area Boundary (WS-IV, V only)

Stream Zone k Watershed Boundary 9

NC-18 7"1ST BROAD RIVER

(

Fallston G NC-182 G

G 1 0.5 0 1 2 Miles Polkville GG G (k G k G

(

G LawndaleG 6 6 7 G

G 6 G GG G

k G NC-2

( 6 26 G G

PWS ID: 01-23-055 8 February 19, 2010

© http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 9 Table 4. Potential Contaminant Source Attributes CLEVELAND COUNTY WATER PWS ID: 01-23-055, 1ST BROAD RIVER Common Attributes PCS Name PCS ID PCS Type PCS Risk Street Address City Zip County Rating Bridges & AWC23000 Animal H 3529 Ken Lawndale 28090- Cleveland Cook Dairy 8 Operations McEntire Road 9672 Floyd AWC23000 Animal H 139 Guy Warlick Lawndale 28090- Cleveland Warlick 9 Operations Road 9650 Dairy Cleveland NC0051918 NPDES Permits H 435 Casar- Lawndale 28090 Cleveland County Lawndale Rd WTP GO Video 28246 Pollution H 4309 Polkville Rd Shelby 28150 CLEVELA Property Incidents ND CAROLIN EA5F18C7 Tier II Sites H 201 CARPENTER LAWNDAL 28090 CLEVELA A A4465DB78 GROVE CHURCH E ND ENERGIE 5257014006 RD S- D53F3 BUTHCER BOY HOMETO 0-003946 UST Sites H 4601 POLKVILLE POLKVILL 28136 CLEVELA WN RD (HWY 226) E ND MARKET BUTCHER 0-012117 UST Sites H 201 LAWNDAL 28090 CLEVELA BOY CARPENTERS E ND GROVE CHURCH RD WATTS 0-011933 UST Sites H 4414 POLKVILLE POLKVILL 28136 CLEVELA STORE & ROAD E ND GRILL POLKVIL 0-012790 UST Sites H 4238 POLKVILLE POLKVILL 28136 CLEVELA LE 66- ROAD E ND 0110316 JERRY'S 0-023456 UST Sites H 4400 POLKVILLE POLKVILL 28136 CLEVELA MINI RD/HWY 182 & E ND MART 226 PWS ID: 01-23-055 9 February 19, 2010 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 10 PCS Name PCS ID PCS Type PCS Risk Street Address City Zip County Rating POLKVIL 0-035963 UST Sites H 4006 POLKVILLE POLKVILL 28136 CLEVELA LE ROAD E ND COMMUN ITY MART GO VIDIO 0-012404 UST Sites H P.O. BOX 811 POLKVILL 28136 CLEVELA (FORMER E ND A.HAMRI CK)

PWS ID: 01-23-055 10 February 19, 2010 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 11 Table 4. (Cont.) Potential Contaminant Source Attributes CLEVELAND COUNTY WATER PWS ID: 01-23-055, 1ST BROAD RIVER Unique Attributes PCS Name PCS ID Attribute Value Bridges & Cook Dairy AWC230008 Operation Type Cattle State COC Floyd Warlick Dairy AWC230009 Operation Type Cattle State COC Cleveland County WTP NC0051918 Permit Type Water Plants and Water Conditioning Discharge Cleveland County WTP NC0051918 Permit Issue Date 2005-05-01 Cleveland County WTP NC0051918 Permit Expiration Date 2008-08-31 Cleveland County WTP NC0051918 Receiving Stream First Broad River GO Video Property 28246 Contaminant Type Petroleum GO Video Property 28246 Risk Site H GO Video Property 28246 Site Priority Code UNKNOWN PWS ID: 01-23-055 11 February 19, 2010 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 12 Table 5. Inherent Vulnerability Rating CLEVELAND COUNTY WATER PWS ID: 01-23-055, 1ST BROAD RIVER Surface Water Source Higher Moderate Lower Characteristics Vulnerability Vulnerability Vulnerability Watershed Higher Classification Higher Intake Location Raw Water Quality Higher (water plant data)

Watershed Moderate Characteristics Rating Inherent Vulnerability Rating: Higher PWS ID: 01-23-055 12 February 19, 2010 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 13 Table 6. Watershed Characteristics Rating Calculation CLEVELAND COUNTY WATER PWS ID: 01-23-055 , 1ST BROAD RIVER Watershed Characteristics Rating 38.4 Notes:

1. Watershed Characteristics Rating for each cell (CR):

CR = [3 x (precipitation rating)] + [2 x (land surface slope rating)]

+ [1 x (GW contribution)] + [3 x (land use rating)] + [1 x (land cover rating)]

2. Watershed Characteristics Rating (R) for the entire Assessment Area is the mean of the cell ratings (CR) calculated as:

The sum of all cell watershed characteristics ratings (CR) divided by the number of cells (N) within the assessment area: R = (CR) / N

3. The USGS publication Methods of ranking unsaturated zone and watershed characteristics of public water supplies in North Carolina, by J. L. Eimers, J. C. Weaver, S. Terziotti, and R. W. Midgette, 1999, provides a detailed discussion of the methods used to determine watershed characteristics ratings.

PWS ID: 01-23-055 13 February 19, 2010 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 14 FIGURE 1. LAND USE/LAND COVER CATEGORIES CLEVELAND COUNTY WATER PWS ID: 0123055, 1ST BROAD RIVER Water Low Intensity Residential High Intensity Residential Commercial, Industrial, Transportation Bare Rock, Sand, Clay Quarries, Strip Mines, Gravel Pits Transitional Deciduous Forest Evergreen Forest Mixed Forest Pasture, Hay Row Crops Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands Urban, Recreational Grasses Woody Wetlands Watershed Zones Critical Area (NA for WS-I)

Protected Area Boundary (WS-IV, V only)

Stream Zone Watershed Boundary 1 0.5 0 1 2 Miles PWS ID: 01-23-055 14 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf February 19, 2010

© 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 15 FIGURE 2. WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS RATING CLEVELAND COUNTY WATER PWS ID: 0123055, 1ST BROAD RIVER Assigned Ratings Lower <= 29 Moderate > 29 to 45 Higher > 45 Watershed Zones Critical Area (NA for WS-I)

Protected Area Boundary (WS-IV, V only)

Stream Zone Watershed Boundary 1ST BROAD RIVER 1 0.5 0 1 2 Miles PWS ID: 01-23-055 15 February 19, 2010

© http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 16 FIGURE 3. AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION RATING CLEVELAND COUNTY WATER PWS ID: 0123055, 1ST BROAD RIVER Assigned Ratings 1 ( <= 40 inches) 2 ( > 40 to 45 inches) 3 ( > 45 to 50 inches) 4 ( > 50 to 55 inches) 5 ( > 55 to 60 inches) 6 ( > 60 to 65 inches) 7 ( > 65 to 70 inches) 8 ( > 70 to 75 inches) 9 ( > 75 to 80 inches) 10 ( > 80 inches)

Watershed Zones Critical Area (NA for WS-I)

Protected Area Boundary (WS-IV, V only)

Stream Zone Watershed Boundary 1 0.5 0 1 2 Miles PWS ID: 01-23-055 16 February 19, 2010

© http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 17 FIGURE 4: LAND SURFACE SLOPE RATING CLEVELAND COUNTY WATER PWS ID: 0123055, 1ST BROAD RIVER Assigned Ratings 1 ( <= 2 percent) 3 ( > 2 to 5 percent) 5 ( > 5 to 10 percent) 7 ( > 10 to 20 percent) 9 ( > 20 to 50 percent) 10 ( > 50 percent)

Watershed Zones Critical Area (NA for WS-I)

Protected Area Boundary (WS-IV, V only)

Stream Zone Watershed Boundary 1ST BROAD RIVER 1 0.5 0 1 2 Miles PWS ID: 01-23-055 17 February 19, 2010

© http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 18 FIGURE 5: LAND USE RATING CLEVELAND COUNTY WATER PWS ID: 0123055, 1ST BROAD RIVER Assigned Ratings 1 (Water, Woody wetlands, Emergent herbaceous wetlands) 2 (Bare rock/sand) 3 (Deciduous forest, Evergreen forest, Mixed forest) 5 (Quarries/strip mines/gravel pits, Pasture/hay) 6 (Other grasses) 7 (Low intensity residential, Transitional, Row crops) 8 (High intensity residential) 10 (High intensity commercial/industrial/transportation)

Watershed Zones Critical Area (NA for WS-I)

Protected Area Boundary (WS-IV, V only)

Stream Zone Watershed Boundary 1 0.5 0 1 2 Miles PWS ID: 01-23-055 18 February 19, 2010

© http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 19 FIGURE 6: LAND COVER RATING CLEVELAND COUNTY WATER PWS ID: 0123055, 1ST BROAD RIVER Assigned Ratings 1 (Deciduous forest, Evergreen Forest, Mixed Forest) 3 (Water, Pasture/hay, Woody wetlands, Emergent herbaceous wetlands) 4 (Other grasses) 5 (Quarries/strip mines/gravel pits, Bare rock/sand, Transitional) 6 (Row crops) 7 (Low intensity residential) 8 (High intensity residential) 10 (High intensity commercial/industrial/transportation)

Watershed Zones Critical Area (NA for WS-I)

Protected Area Boundary (WS-IV, V only)

Stream Zone Watershed Boundary 1 0.5 0 1 2 Miles PWS ID: 01-23-055 19 February 19, 2010

© http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 20 FIGURE 7: GROUND WATER CONTRIBUTION RATING CLEVELAND COUNTY WATER PWS ID: 0123055, 1ST BROAD RIVER Assigned Ratings 1 ( <= 10 Unsaturated Zone Rating) 2 ( >= 10 to 20 Unsaturated Zone Rating) 3 ( >= 20 to 30 Unsaturated Zone Rating) 4 ( >= 30 to 40 Unsaturated Zone Rating) 5 ( >= 40 to 50 Unsaturated Zone Rating) 6 ( >= 50 to 60 Unsaturated Zone Rating) 7 ( >= 60 to 70 Unsaturated Zone Rating) 8 ( >= 70 to 80 Unsaturated Zone Rating) 9 ( >= 80 to 90 Unsaturated Zone Rating) 10 ( >= 90 to 100 Unsaturated Zone Rating)

Watershed Zones Critical Area (NA for WS-I)

Watershed Boundary Protected Area Boundary (WS-IV, V only)

Stream Zone 1 0.5 0 1 2 Miles PWS ID: 01-23-055 20 February 19, 2010

© http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 21 Section 6: North Carolina's SWAP Approach This section of the report is a more detailed description of North Carolina's SWAP approach.

This is a summary of Chapter 2 of North Carolina's Source Water Assessment Program Plan.

Description of North Carolinas SWAP Approach To meet the requirements of the 1996 SDWA Amendments, a Source Water Assessment was completed for approximately 10,000 drinking water sources in North Carolina. A delineated area for assessment was established for each drinking water source. An inventory of potential contaminant sources was conducted in each assessment area and finally, a susceptibility rating was assigned to each drinking water source. Because of the scope of this task and the limited time and resources available for completing the work, North Carolinas SWAP program efforts relies on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to effectively use information. GIS allows databases to be linked to points on a map (e.g., public water supply sources, streams, geology, land use, roads, permitted waste disposal sites, Superfund sites, etc.) and overlaid on top of one another.

Delineation of Assessment Areas for Surface Water Sources For the purpose of performing source water assessments, "delineation" means defining what land area constitutes the area contributing water to a public water supply source. During the development of the Water Supply Watershed Protection (WSWP) program (final state rules adopted in 1992), the state worked with local governments to determine the location of all surface water sources and existing land uses within the water supply watersheds. This information, in conjunction with information on the types and location of wastewater discharges, was used to determine the appropriate Water Supply Watershed Classification for more than 200 surface water sources in the state. The watershed classifications, WS-I, WS-II, WS-III, WS-IV, and WS-V are based on the size of the watershed, development activities, and allowable waste treatment and disposal practices.

All surface water sources were located on US Geological Survey 1:24,000 scale topographic maps. The water supply watershed boundaries were delineated (except WS-V waters, which were delineated for the SWAP assessments by the PWS Section), and the boundaries of the Critical Area, and in the case of most WS-IV water supply watersheds Protected Areas (described below) were delineated.

For protection of the surface water sources in North Carolina, a segmentation of the water supply watersheds was implemented through the WSWP rules. The entire drainage areas of WS-I water supply watersheds were delineated. These watersheds are all publicly owned and no new development is allowed in these watersheds. These watersheds are very small. Some are located within National Forests. Others are owned by a local government.

All WS-II, WS-III and WS-IV water supplies require delineation of a Critical Area which is defined as the area within 1/2 mile and draining to the normal pool elevation of a water supply reservoir, or 1/2 mile and draining to a water supply intake in a river. For WS-II and WS-III water supplies, the remainder of the drainage area is subject to the development standards of the WSWP rules and are implemented through local land use ordinances. WS-IV water supplies, PWS ID: 01-23-055 21 February 19, 2010 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 22 which are typically portions of major river systems, are segmented in a Critical Area (previously defined) and a Protected Area. The Protected Area is defined as the area within 5 miles and draining to the normal pool elevation of a reservoir or 10 miles upstream and draining to a river intake. In very few instances the WS-IV Protected Area encompasses the entire drainage area due to the size of the watershed. In 1995, the state allowed local governments to request that the 10 mile Protected Area boundary of a WS-IV water supply be measured run of river rather than using a 10-mile arc linear measurement. Surface waters that are used by industry to supply their employees with drinking water or waters formerly used as water supply are generally classified as WS-V. The WS-V waters are protected as water supplies and are typically located upstream of and draining to Class WS-IV waters. Land use restrictions do not apply to WS-V waters under the WSWP rules.

Please note that for the purpose of the PWS Sections Source Water Assessments, delineation of WS-IV boundaries may be different from the Division of Water Qualitys (DWQ) delineation.

The PWS Section watershed assessment areas include all land draining to a drinking water source. However, the watersheds defined in accordance with the WSWP Rules often exclude land area draining to a source based on municipal or county jurisdictional boundaries. Please refer to DWQs WSWP program website (http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/wswp) for information on the regulations associated with their program and the land area affected by their regulations.

Delineation of Assessment Areas for Public Water Supply Wells The delineation of source water assessment areas for wells was in accordance with North Carolinas EPA approved Wellhead Protection Program. The calculated fixed radius method was used to delineate assessment areas around each well in the following areas: piedmont and mountains; the unconfined surficial aquifer of the coastal plain; and in the semi-confined portions of the Castle Hayne aquifer with an estimated recharge rate of 250,000 gallons per day per square mile. The aquifer-source-volume method was used for confined aquifers of the coastal plain. These methods are described below. Well depth is the determining factor for a well to be considered confined. Well depths greater than 70 feet are considered confined.

Other assessment area delineation methods may be of interest to a PWS system in an effort to more accurately define the area contributing water to the well. The state will review delineations provided by any PWS system that employs acceptable alternative delineation methods. Resulting alternative delineation areas will be incorporated into the SWAP if the state concludes that the use of the more sophisticated method is appropriate.

Calculation of the Contributing Area The first step in delineating the assessment areas is to determine the size of the contributing area to the well. When a well is pumped, it causes groundwater that is flowing through the subsurface to flow toward the well. The surface area surrounding a well that delineates the area in which water entering the groundwater system at the water table eventually flows to the well and discharges is known as the contributing area for the well. In this area, any contaminants released to the environment that reach the water table, can reasonably be expected to move toward and possibly reach the well. The calculated fixed radius method requires the pumping rate (Q) and the recharge rate (W) for the pumping well in order to calculate the size of the contributing area.

The contributing area is calculated as follows:

PWS ID: 01-23-055 22 February 19, 2010 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 23 Q

AC =

W where:

AC = contributing area in square miles, Q = maximum daily pumping rate in gallons per day, and W = average recharge rate in gallons per day per square mile.

The maximum daily pumping rate in gallons per day was determined from information on wells obtained from PWS Section sanitary survey inspection forms, Division of Water Resources Local Water Supply plans, and information supplied by system owners/operators. Where no information was available, an estimate of maximum daily pumping rate was assigned based on hydrogeologic characteristics of the aquifer supplying water to the well.

Size of the Assessment Area for Wells Using Calculated Fixed Radius Method Estimates of the size of the contributing area can be obtained using the equation given above.

However, because of the complex nature of groundwater flow and contaminant transport, it is not possible to define exact contributing area boundaries around each well. Two factors that affect the shape of the contributing area and its position and orientation with respect to a pumping well are the hydraulic gradient and aquifer transmissivity. The variation in aquifer transmissivity is important in determining the shape of the contributing area for a supply well. In areas where the hydraulic gradient and the aquifer transmissivity are essentially the same in all directions, the shape of the contributing area depends primarily on the hydraulic gradient. Where the water table is nearly flat, as near the water-table divide in broad interstream areas of low relief, the contributing area is approximately circular. Where the hydraulic gradient is moderate to steep, the contributing area is approximately elliptical, being oriented in the direction of groundwater movement.

Due to limited availability of information on both hydraulic gradient and aquifer transmissivity, the assessment area for each well was doubled. Therefore, the assessment area for each well is twice the size of the calculated contributing area or:

2Q ASWAP = 2 AC =

W PWS ID: 01-23-055 23 February 19, 2010 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 24 Delineation of Assessment Areas for Wells in Confined Aquifers Recharge to confined aquifers is much less than that to the surficial unconfined aquifer where the calculated fixed radius method was used. If the calculated fixed radius method were applied to wells withdrawing water from confined aquifers, the resulting assessment areas would be very large. With the exception of a portion of the Castle Hayne aquifer, the aquifer-source-volume method was used for delineating assessment areas for wells determined to be withdrawing water from highly confined and semi-confined aquifers. Aquifer source volume refers to the volume of the source aquifer that supplies the withdrawals from a well for a specified period of time.

This factor has been adopted in many states for defining assessment areas for confined aquifers.

For the purpose of these assessments, the volume of aquifer that supplies ten years of withdrawals (i.e. the area surrounding a well in which the time of travel to the well is ten years) was used. A ten-year period should be sufficient to provide time to assess the potential impact of any groundwater contamination discovered within an assessment area and for developing appropriate remediation and source water protection strategies for the water supply. For any well in the coastal plain determined to be withdrawing water from a confined aquifer, the table below will be used to determine the size of the assessment area.

Table 1. Radii of Assessment Areas for Wells Withdrawing from Confined Aquifers in the Coastal Plain Pumping Rate of Radius of Assessment Well Area (Feet Rounded)

(Gal. / min.)

50 1000 100 1000 200 1500 500 2000 1000 3000 2000 3500 PWS ID: 01-23-055 24 February 19, 2010 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 25 Delineation of Assessment Areas for Water Supply Sources Classified as GWUDIs Drinking water supplied by a well may include a surface water component. This is defined as Ground Water Under the Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDIs). This term is used to indicate that water withdrawn from a well contains a specific indicator or indicators (e.g., giardia) of the presence of a surface water component. The delineated area for a PWS well classified as a GWUDI well will be the combined area of a circle based on the calculated fixed radius method and the resulting upgradient watershed of the intersected surface water.

Segmentation of the resulting watersheds was in accordance with the most appropriate water supply watershed classification scheme.

Delineation for Water Supply Sources Classified as Springs Springs can be defined as areas where the water table intersects the ground surface. Ground water may have flowed many miles before appearing on the surface to form a particular spring.

The delineated area for a drinking water source classified as a spring was defined as the entire watershed area upgradient of the spring. Segmentation of the resulting watersheds was in accordance with the most appropriate water supply watershed classification scheme.

Susceptibility Rating Methodology The state determined that the overall susceptibility rating for each drinking water source should be based on two key components, a contaminant rating and an inherent vulnerability rating.

Inherent vulnerability refers to the physical characteristics and existing conditions of the watershed or aquifer. A contaminant rating refers to an evaluation of the number and location of potential sources of contamination. The contaminant rating and inherent vulnerability methodologies are explained below.

Contaminant Rating Methodology The contaminant rating for each water supply source was determined based on the number and location of potential contaminant sources (PCSs) within the delineated area. The delineated area for the drinking water source encompasses the area where PCSs, if released to the environment, could reasonably be expected to be a risk or a potential for contamination of the drinking water supply. A PCS in this assessment report is a facility or site regulated under a state or federal regulatory program. These facilities are identified in electronic databases that contain location information for each facility. Only databases that include information statewide were used for this source water assessment. Each PCS identified within the delineated area was assigned a risk rating of higher, moderate or lower. The number of PCSs that occur within the delineated area was determined and a Contaminant Rating of higher, moderate or lower was assigned to each drinking water source.

PWS ID: 01-23-055 25 February 19, 2010 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 26 Contaminant Rating for Ground Water Sources For each ground water source, define an inner Zone A with an area equal to half the area of the delineated assessment area. Using Table 2, determine the number of PCSs that occur within each risk category according to their location, either in Zone A or in the remaining delineated area. Determine the Contaminant Rating of higher, moderate or lower for each well by adding the totals for each risk category.

Table 2. Determination of Contaminant Rating for Ground Water Sources Potential Number of Cumulative Number of Cumulative Number of Contaminant Higher Risk Higher and Moderate Higher, Moderate and Sources in : PCSs Risk PCSs Lower Risk PCSs Zone A (Number (Number (Number of sources ) of sources ) of sources )

(the inner 1/2 of the >1 >2 >4 delineated area) Score: (1 or 0) Score: (1 or 0) Score: (1 or 0)

Delineated (Number (Number (Number Area of sources ) of sources ) of sources )

(Zone A plus the remaining >2 >4 >8 delineated area) Score: (1 or 0) Score: (1 or 0) Score: (1 or 0)

For each category, score 1 if the number of contaminants exceeds the indicated threshold, or score 0 if the number of contaminants is less than the threshold. Total all the scores (1 or

0) for each category. Therefore, the highest possible score is 6.

Determine the Contaminant Rating for each well as follows:

Higher (6 - 4)

Moderate (3 - 2)

Lower (< 1)

Contaminant Rating for Surface Water Sources Because the WSWP rules prohibit development in these watersheds, the existence of one PCS in the delineated area of a drinking water source located in a WS-I watershed will result in a contaminant rating of higher.

Using Table 3 for WS-II and WS-III watersheds, or Table 4 for WS-IV and V watersheds, determine the number of PCSs that occur within each risk category (i.e., lower, moderate or higher risk) and within each delineated assessment area (e.g., critical area, protected area, etc). Determine the Contaminant Rating for each surface water PWS source by summing the totals for each risk category.

PWS ID: 01-23-055 26 February 19, 2010 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 27 Table 3. Determination of Contaminant Rating for Surface Water Sources in WS - II or III Watersheds Cumulative Cumulative Number Potential Number of Number of Higher of Higher, Moderate Contaminant Higher Risk and Moderate Risk and Lower Risk Sources in : PCSs PCSs PCSs (Number of (Number (Number sources ) of sources_____) of sources )

Critical Area

>1 >5 > 10 Score: (1 or 0) Score: (1 or 0) Score: (1 or 0)

Watershed Area (Number of (Number (Number sources ) of sources ) of sources )

Within 1000 Foot Stream Zone >5 > 10 > 20 Score: (1 or 0) Score: (1 or 0) Score: (1 or 0)

Watershed Area (Number of (Number (Number sources ) of sources ) of sources )

Outside Stream Zone > 20 > 40 > 80 Score: (1 or 0) Score: (1 or 0) Score: (1 or 0)

For each category, score 1 if the number of contaminants exceeds the indicated threshold, or score 0 if the number of contaminants is less than the threshold. Total the scores (1 or 0 for each category). Therefore, the highest possible score is a 9.

Determine the Contaminant Rating for each surface water source in a Water Supply Watershed II or III as follows:

Higher (9 - 6)

Moderate (5 - 3)

Lower (< 2)

PWS ID: 01-23-055 27 February 19, 2010 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 28 Table 4. Determination of Contaminant Rating for Surface Water Sources in WS - IV and V Watersheds Cumulative Number of Cumulative Potential Number of Higher and Moderate Number of Higher, Contaminant Higher Risk Risk Moderate and Sources in : PCSs PCSs Lower Risk PCSs (Number of (Number of (Number of sources ) sources ) sources )

Critical Area

>1 >5 > 10 Score: (1 or 0) Score: (1 or 0) Score: (1 or 0)

(Number of (Number of (Number of Protected Area sources ) sources ) sources )

Within 1000 Foot >5 > 10 > 20 Stream Zone Score: (1 or 0) Score: (1 or 0) Score: (1 or 0)

Protected Area (Number of (Number of (Number of sources ) sources ) sources )

Outside Stream Zone > 20 > 40 > 80 Score: (1 or 0) Score: (1 or 0) Score: (1 or 0)

Stream Zone from (Number of (Number of (Number of Protected Area to sources ) sources ) sources )

25 Mile or Watershed > 20 > 40 > 80 Boundary Score: (1 or 0) Score: (1 or 0) Score: (1 or 0)

For each category, score 1 if the number of contaminants exceeds indicated threshold. If the number of contaminants is less than the threshold score 0. Total all the scores (1 or 0 for each category). Therefore, the highest possible score is a 12.

Determine the Contaminant Rating for each surface water source in a Water Supply Watershed IV or V as follows:

Higher (12 - 9)

Moderate (8 - 4)

Lower (< 3)

PWS ID: 01-23-055 28 February 19, 2010 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 29 Inherent Vulnerability Rating Methodology The inherent vulnerability of a well or surface water source refers to the characteristics or existing conditions of the well or surface water source and its delineated assessment area.

Several factors were evaluated for both groundwater and surface water sources and included in the inherent vulnerability rating of each public water supply source. Each drinking water source was assigned an inherent vulnerability rating of higher, moderate or lower.

Inherent Vulnerability Rating for Wells The characteristics included for assigning an inherent vulnerability rating for wells are aquifer rating, unsaturated zone rating and well integrity/well construction rating. The aquifer rating is an assessment of the water transmitting characteristics of the aquifer. The unsaturated zone rating is an assessment of the likelihood that contaminants from surface and shallow sources will follow the path of aquifer recharge and reach the water table. The well integrity/construction rating is an assessment of the quality of the construction of the well. A brief description of each factor follows:

Aquifer Rating The aquifer rating is a qualitative assessment of the water transmitting characteristics of the aquifer. Relative differences in aquifer vulnerability were based on a review of relevant literature, expert opinions, and confirmed with historical data. Factors considered in rating aquifer vulnerability include hydraulic conductivity, degree of confinement, dilution, and sorption potential. The attenuative capacity of the unsaturated zone is not considered in the determination of aquifer ratings. Table 5 summarizes the aquifer-rating scheme used for these assessments.

Well depths determined whether a well was considered unconfined, deep confined or shallow confined for these assessments. Wells less than or equal to 70 feet deep were considered to be withdrawing water from an unconfined or surficial aquifer. Wells greater than 70 feet but less than 180 feet deep were considered to be withdrawing water from a shallow confined aquifer. Wells greater than 180 feet deep were considered to be withdrawing water from a deep confined aquifer.

PWS ID: 01-23-055 29 February 19, 2010 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 30 Table 5. Aquifer Rating Based on Water Transmitting Characteristics Aquifer/Ground Water Source Rating Coastal Plain Aquifers:

Deep Confined (e.g., Kinston area) Lower Shallow Confined (e.g., Pamlico Co.) Moderate Unconfined (e.g., Castle Hayne Outcrop area) Higher Piedmont and Mountain Aquifers:

Triassic Basins (e.g., Sanford-Durham) Moderate Fractured Rock Aquifers Higher Other:

Metamudstones and Meta-argillites of the Carolina Slate Belt Higher Areas with Wells Cased to Less Than 20 Feet Higher Groundwater under the Direct Influence of Surface Water Higher Sand Hills Area Higher Unsaturated Zone Rating The state, in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey (USGS), developed the unsaturated zone rating methodology. The USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4283, "Methods of Rating Unsaturated Zone and Watershed Characteristics of Public Water Supplies in North Carolina" describes the methodology. The unsaturated zone rating is the combination of selected factors that contribute to the likelihood that contaminants from surface and shallow sources will follow the path of aquifer recharge and reach the water table. Contributing factors, in the form of GIS spatial data layers, include land use/land cover, vertical hydraulic conductance of the unsaturated zone, and land-surface slope.

Vertical hydraulic conductance measures the capacity of the unsaturated zone to transmit water from land surface to water table. Land-surface slope and land cover influences the amount of precipitation that infiltrates into the subsurface. Land use describes the activities that take place on the surface or in the shallow subsurface and the type of contaminants that may be present as a result of those activities (i.e., "non-point source" potential contaminant sources).

PWS ID: 01-23-055 30 February 19, 2010 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 31 Well Integrity/Construction Rating Well construction details such as casing depth, grouting depth and screened interval were not available for assigning SWAP assessment ratings. For the SWAP assessments, the state initially assigned a higher vulnerability well integrity / construction factor for all wells since proper well construction / integrity could not be verified. After the initial SWAP reports were released for review, the PWS Section requested each PWS system owner to voluntarily provide documentation on well integrity/construction for possible refinement of this rating. If adequate information to document well construction/integrity was submitted by the system, the state revised the well construction/integrity rating accordingly.

Table 6 summarizes the characteristics evaluated and rated for the inherent vulnerability for each PWS well. Each well was assigned an inherent vulnerability rating of higher, moderate or lower:

Table 6. Inherent Vulnerability Rating of Wells Inherent Vulnerability Higher Moderate Lower Factors Vulnerability Vulnerability Vulnerability Aquifer Rating 10 5 -1 Unsaturated Zone 10 5 1 Rating Well Integrity/Construction 5 3 1 Rating Totals 25-18 17-15 14-1 Inherent Vulnerability Rating for Surface Water Sources The inherent vulnerability of a surface water source refers to the characteristics and existing conditions of the source and the delineated assessment area (watershed). The characteristics included for assigning an inherent vulnerability rating are water supply watershed classification, surface water source location, raw water quality, and the watershed characteristics rating. The watershed classification is based on the size of the watershed, development activities, and allowable waste treatment and disposal practices. The surface water sources were characterized based on whether they are located in streams, large multi-purpose reservoirs, or small water supply reservoirs. The raw water quality rating is based on recorded turbidity and total coliform values over a twelve month period. The watershed characteristics rating is an assessment of the likelihood that contaminants will follow the path of overland flow or shallow subsurface flow to a surface water source. A description of each factor follows:

PWS ID: 01-23-055 31 February 19, 2010 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 32 Watershed Classification In North Carolina, all surface water sources are located in water supply watersheds that are classified as either WS-I, II, III, IV, or V. The Water Supply Watershed Protection Rules required that all local governments having land use jurisdiction within water supply watersheds adopt and implement water supply watershed protection ordinances, maps and a management plan. All of these ordinances are in place and have been deemed to be in compliance with the statutory requirements. The inherent vulnerability ratings for watershed classification are based on differences between watershed classes, including size of the watershed, development activities, and allowable waste treatment and disposal practices.

Surface Water Source Location All surface water sources are located in streams, large multi-purpose reservoirs (Class 3), or small water supply reservoirs (Class 1 or 2). The inherent vulnerability ratings for surface water source location are based on differences between the reaction time for a water plant in the case of a contamination event or spill in a stream versus a reservoir and includes the allowable activities on surface water reservoirs (i.e., single use versus multiple uses allowed).

Raw Water Quality The likelihood of the presence of Cryptosporidium and other water-borne microorganisms increases when turbidity is high. Therefore, turbidity and total coliform bacteria are good indicators of raw water quality. The Area Wide Optimization Program (AWOP) within the PWS Section has developed a ranking system for surface water treatment plants based primarily on these two parameters. This ranking system, with some minor modifications, has been adopted by SWAP in order to assign a raw water quality rating to each surface water source.

The AWOP ranking system is based on the treatment plants raw, settled and finished water turbidity and coliform levels along with violations of MCLs and treatment techniques. Raw, settled and finished water samples are collected daily and compiled in a monthly report, commonly referred to as a MOR (monthly operating report). The AWOP ranking system first totals the number of months in a year that specific levels of turbidity and coliform are exceeded and/or the number of months certain violations occur. The monthly totals are then multiplied by a weighting factor to balance the relative importance of these parameters.

These numbers are then totaled for the year and are considered the water treatment plants total score.

Because the purpose of SWAP is to assess sources of drinking water supply and not how well water plants treat their water, SWAP only uses the raw water scores for turbidity and coliform from the AWOP ranking system. The total raw water quality scores were divided into three categories of vulnerability: Higher, Moderate and Lower. The AWOP ranking system is for surface water treatment plants and not individual surface water sources.

Therefore, in the case where more than one source is used by a treatment plant, the plants raw water quality rating was initially assigned to all of the plants sources. Upon review by the regional office staff some of the ratings were then adjusted based on their extensive knowledge of the surface water sources in their area.

PWS ID: 01-23-055 32 February 19, 2010 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 33 Watershed Characteristics Rating The state determined the watershed characteristics ratings of each surface water source in cooperation with the USGS. The USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4283, "Methods of Rating Unsaturated Zone and Watershed Characteristics of Public Water Supplies in North Carolina" describes this methodology. The watershed characteristics ratings were based on the combination of selected factors that may contribute to the likelihood that contaminants follow the path of overland flow and reach the surface water source. Contributing factors, in the form of GIS spatial data layers, include average annual precipitation, land cover, land use, land-surface slope and groundwater contribution.

Precipitation is the source of water transported overland to a stream or lake. Land-surface slope and land cover influence the amount of precipitation that infiltrates into the subsurface.

Land use describes the activities that take place on the surface or in the shallow subsurface and the type of contaminants that may be present as a result of those activities (i.e., non-point source potential contaminant sources). Ground-water contribution is the effect of ground water on surface-water quantity and quality. For these assessments the ground-water contribution is derived from the unsaturated zone rating described in the ground water inherent vulnerability section of this report. Table 7 includes the characteristics that were evaluated and rated for the inherent vulnerability for each surface water source:

Table 7. Inherent Vulnerability of Surface Water Sources Surface Water Higher Moderate Lower Source Vulnerability Vulnerability Vulnerability Characteristics WS-IV, WS-V WS-III, WS-II WS-I Watershed Classification 10 5 1 Class 3 Class 1 and 2 Intake Location Direct Stream Reservoirs Reservoirs 8 4 2 Raw Water Quality 5 3 1 (water plant data)

Watershed Characteristics 10 5 1 Rating Totals 33 - 21 20 - 13 12 - 5 PWS ID: 01-23-055 33 February 19, 2010 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29

Cleveland County Water Board 34 Susceptibility Rating Methodology The state assigned a susceptibility rating for each drinking water source that was based on two components, a contaminant rating and an inherent vulnerability rating. Using the results of the evaluations of contaminant rating and inherent vulnerability rating for each public drinking water source, a susceptibility rating of higher, moderate or lower was assigned to each source according to the table below:

Table 8. Susceptibility Rating for Public Water Supply Sources by Combining the Inherent Vulnerability and Contaminant Ratings.

Contaminant Inherent Vulnerability Rating Rating Higher Moderate Lower Higher H H M Moderate H M M Lower M M L PWS ID: 01-23-055 34 February 19, 2010 http://swap.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pdfreports/0123055_2_19_2010_11_17.pdf 12/29