ML102870811

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Email - from: Miller, Craig L (Craig.Miller@Pgnmail.Com) to Lake, Louis; Thomas, George; Carrion, Robert; Nausdj@Ornl.Gov; Souther, Martin; Trowe@Wje.Com Cc: Williams, Charles R. Dated Friday, January 22, 2010 8:53 Am Subject: FW: Failure M
ML102870811
Person / Time
Site: Crystal River Duke Energy icon.png
Issue date: 01/21/2010
From: Chris Miller
Progress Energy Carolinas
To: Lake L
NRC/RGN-II
References
FOIA/PA-2010-0116
Download: ML102870811 (11)
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Text

Senglupta, Abhijit From:

Sent:

To:

Cc:

Subject:

Attachments:

Miller, Craig L [Craig.Miller@pgnmail.com]

Friday, January 22, 2010 8:53 AM Lake, Louis; Thomas, George; Carrion, Robert; 'nausdj@ornl.gov'; Souther, Martin;

'trowe@-wje.com' Williams, Charles R.

FW: Failure Mode 5.3 Ready for Review FM 5.3.Maintenance.pdf; FM 5.3 Exhibit 3 - Item #101 - Purity of pressure washing water-i.pdf; FM 5.3 Exhibit 1 - Interviews regarding Maintenance -1.pdf; FM 5.3 Exhibit 2 -

ACI 515.1 R deleterious chemicals-i.pdf Mr. Lake and others, Attached for your review is the draft of FM 5.3 and its exhibits. If you have any questions, please contact Charles Williams or myself.

Thank you, Craig Miller From: Dave Brevig [1]

Sent: Thursday, January 21, 2010 5:50 PM To: Williams, Charles R.; Miller, Craig L Cc: avi mor; patrick berbon; dave.brevig@cox.net; Gary Hughes

Subject:

Failure Mode 5.3 Ready for Review To Charles and Craig, Failure Mode 5.3 has been approved by Dr Chiu and is provided for Progress Energy review...dave

5.3 Chemicals Introduced During Routine Maintenance

==

Description:==

Routine maintenance of industrial structures can involve the application of deleterious materials, including solvents, cleaning agents, or aggressive water.

ACI committee 515 compiled a list of potential deleterious materials, most of which are either harmless to good quality concrete, require high concentrations, will only attack porous concrete, and/or must be dissolved in water in order to penetrate the concrete.

The issue of chemical attack is addressed in another Failure Mode (FM 5.8).

This document is intended to identify any materials used in maintenance of the concrete shell and determine if these materials could have damaged the concrete.

Data to be collected and Analyzed:

1. Interview maintenance personnel regarding practices that might affect the concrete (FM 5.3 Exhibit land 3).
2. Review and analyze information regarding possible deleterious materials (FM 5.3 Exhibit 2 is the comprehensive list of potential harmful chemicals compiled by ACI 515).

Verified Supporting Evidence: None Verified Refuting Evidence:

a. Interviews with personnel of Crystal River 3 (CR3) reveal that no chemicals were applied to the concrete during regular maintenance.

==

Conclusion:==

Maintenance did not involve application of any chemicals to the concrete and was not a contributing factor to the delamination.

1/21/2010 Page 1 of 1 DRAFT 1

-oPat reQoae totr aW pmiin

FýM 53 Exhibit 3 page 1 of 1 Item 101 -Water purity during pressure washing Per discussion with Tommie Sassard (Maintenance/Facilities Supervisor), CR3 does not/has not pressure washed the outside of the reactor building.

FM 5.3 Exhibit 1 page 1 of 1

\\ sIý 1/20/2010 Interview with Richard Portmann( Tendon Engineer) and Richard Pipin(Maintenance Manager)

/

Interviewer: Gary Hughes PII Maintenance Issues 0

0 0

0 Added Linseed oil to the Dome when damaged in1976(Documents provided to Dr. Avi Mor)

Have grease leaching out under equipment hatch-no idea where coming from and have not treated it-pictures in Concrete-tendon Interaction #74 Grease below equipment hatch.

Wax initially in sleeves Do not power wash per PII information request 101 from Tommie Sassard.

No PMs to do any cleaning of the containment Grease Issues Add Visconorust 2090-p4 grease to tendons per F&Q 17.0 'Grease Replacement" F&Q 17.0 has provisions to report to the NRC if specifically add more grease than take out.

Have grease leaching out under equipment hatch-no idea where coming from and have not treated it-pictures in Concrete-tendon Interaction #74 Grease below equipment hatch-work order has been written and will be worked soon Over the years adding higher density grease to reduce grease loss. Added more to vertical tendons a few years ago to make up for losses. Thought losses were grease settling at the bottom or oil separating from the grease

FM 5.3 Exhibit 2 I

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page 1 of 7 This document has been a proved for use by agen-ces of the Department of Defense and for listing in the DoD Index of Specifications and Standards.

ACI 515.1 R-79 (Revised 1985)

A Guide to the Use of Waterproofing, Dampproofing, Protective, and Decorative Barrier Systems for Concrete Reported by ACI Committee 515 Byron I. Zolin, Chairman Warner K. Babcock Arthur E. Blackman, Sr.

Donald E. Brotherson Robert W. Gaul Clark R. Gunness Kenneth A. Heffner A. L. Hendricks James E. Kubanick Dorothy M. Lawrence Stella L. Marusin Charles J. Parise Charles 0. Pratt Andrew Rossi, Jr.

Donald L. Schlegel Lawrence E. Schwietz The revising committee is listed at the end of the document.

This Guide updates and expands the scope of the committee report "Guide for the Protection of Con-crete Against Chemical Attack by Means of Coatings and Other Corrosion Resistant Materials," which ap-peared in the December 1996 ACI JOURNAL. The pre-vious Guide has been revised and is found in Chapter 6 of this Guide entitled "Protective Barrier Systems." In addition, there are new chapters on "Waterproofing Barrier Systems," "Dampproofing Barrier Systems," and "Decorative Barrier Systems."

A separate chapter on conditioning and surface preparation of concrete is included because it is rele-vant to all the other chapters.

This Guide is not to be referenced as a complete unit.

Keywords: abrasive blasting; acid treatment (concrete); acid resistance; ad-hesion; asphalts; chemical attack; chemical cleaning; coatings; concrete bricks; concretes; detergents; emulsifying agents; epoxy resins; finishes; furan resins; glass fibers; inspection; joint sealers; latex (rubber); mortars

[materials); paints; phenolic resins; plastics, polymers, and resins; polyester resins; polyurethane resins; protective coatings; repairs; sealers; silicates; sulfur; surfactants; temperature; tests; vaporbarriers; waterproofing.

Foreword ACI Committee 515 was organized in 1936 and pub-lished a report "Guide for the Protection of Concrete Against Chemical Attack by Means of Coatings and Other Corrosion Resistant Materials," in the De-cember 1966 ACI JOURNAL. William H. Kuenning was chairman when this Guide was published. Albert M.

Levy was chairman from 1974 to 1977 when some of the information, found in the chapters on "Water-proofing Barrier Systems" and "Dampproofing Bar-rier Systems," was developed.

CONTENTS Chapter l-Introduction, page 515.IR-2 1.1-General discussion 1.2-The systems concept for barriers 1.3-Barrier performance difficult to define 1.4-Economic factors for barrier selection 1.5-Inspection during application 1.6-Safety requirements Chapter 2-Barrier systems: types and performance requirements, page 515.1R-3 2.1-Definitions of barrier systems 2.2-When waterproofing is used 2.3-When dampproofing is used 2.4-When protective barrier systems are used 2.5-Susceptibility of concrete to attack by chemicals 2.6-When decorative painting barrier systems are used Chapter 3-Concrete conditioning and surface preparation, page 515.1R-12 3.1 -General requirements 3.2-Repair of surface defects 3.3-Stopping or rerouting of water 3.4-Surface preparation Co-p(yngT 1986, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved includ-ing rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by any electronic or mechan-ical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.

ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Standard Practices, and Commen-taries are intended for guidance in designing, planning, executing, or inspecting construction, and in preparing specifications. Refer-ence to these documents shall not be made in the Project Docu-ments. if items found in these documents are desired to be part of the Project Documents, they should be incorporated directly into the Project Documents.

FM 5.3 Exhibit 2 515.1R-6 page 2 of 7 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE Table 2.5.2 ýffect of chemicals on concrete ksee end of Table 2.5.2 for special notations)

Material Effect

  • Acetic acid, all Disintegrates slowly concentrations Acetone Liquid loss by penetration. May contain acetic acid as impurity (which see)

Acid waters (pH of 6.5 Disintegrates slowly. In porous or or less) (a) cracked concrete, attacks steel

  • Alcohol See ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol Alizarin Not harmful
  • Almond oil Disintegrates slowly
  • Aluminum sulfate Disintegrates. In porous or cracked concrete, attacks steel
  • Anmmonia, liquid Harmful only if it contains harmful ammonium salts (see below)

Ammonia vapors May disintegrate moist concrete slowly or attack steel in porous or cracked moist concrete Ammonium bisulfate Disintegrates. In porous or cracked concrete, attacks steel Ammonium carbonate Not harmful

  • Ammonium chloride Disintegrates slowly. In porous or cracked concrete, attacks steel Ammonium cyanide Disintegrates slowly Ammonium fluoride Disintegrates slowly Ammonium hydroxide Not harmful Ammonium nitrate Disintegrates. In porous or cracked concrete, attacks steel Ammonium oxalate Not harmful
  • Ammonium sulfate Disintegrates. In porous or cracked concrete, attacks steel Ammonium sulfide Disintegrates Ammonium sulfite Disintegrates Ammonium Disintegrates. In porous or cracked superphosphate concrete, attacks steel Ammonium Disintegrates thiosulfate Animal wastes See slaughter house wastes Anthracene Not harmful Arsenious acid Not harmful Material Effect Ashes Harmful if wet, when sulfides and sulfates leach out (see sodium sulfate)

Ashes, hot Cause thermal expansion Automobile and diesel May disintegrate moist concrete by exhaust gases (n) action of carbonic, nitric, or sulfurous acid

  • Baking soda See sodium bicarbonate Barium hydroxide Not harmful Bark See tanning bark
  • Beef fat Solid fat disintegrates slowly, melted fat more rapidly
  • Beer May contain, as fermentation products, acetic, carbonic, lactic, or tannic acids (which see)

Benzol (benzene]

Liquid loss by penetration Bleaching solution See specific chemical, such as hypochlorous acid, sodium hypochlorite, sulfurous acid, etc.

  • Borax Not harmful
  • Boric acid Negligible effect
  • Buttermilk Disintegrates slowly Butyl stearate Disintegrates slowly Calcium bisulfite Disintegrates rapidly
  • Calcium chloride In porous or cracked concrete, attacks steel. (b) Steel corrosion may cause concrete to spall
  • Calcium hydroxide Not harmful Calcium nitrate Not harmful
  • Calcium sulfate Disintegrates concrete of inadequate sulfate resistance Carbazole Not harmful Carbolic acid See phenol
  • Carbon dioxide Gas may cause permanent shrinkage (see also carbonic acid)
  • Carbon disulfide May disintegrate slowly
  • Carbon tetrachloride Liquid loss by penetration of concrete
  • Carbonic acid Disintegrates slowly (c) 1 '1:)1 4C

FM 5.3 Exhibit 2 page 3 of 7 515.1R-7 SURFACE BARRIER SYSTEMS Table 2.5.2-(Continued)

Material Effect Castor oil Disintegrates, especially in presence of air Chile saltpeter See sodium nitrate China wood oil Liquid disintegrates slowly.

Chlorine gas Slowly disintegrates moist concrete Chrome plating Disintegrates slowly solutions (o)

Chromic acid, all Attacks steel in porous or cracked concentrations concrete Chrysen Not harmful

  • Cider Disintegrates slowly (see acetic acid]

Cinders Harmful if wet, when sulfides and sulfates leach out (see, for example, sodium sulfate)

Cinders, hot Cause thermal expansion Coal Sulfides leaching from damp coal may oxidize to sulfurous or sulfuric acid, or ferrous sulfate (which see)

Coal tar oils See anthracene, benzol, carbazole, chrysen; creosote, cresol, cumol, paraffin, phenanthrene, phenol, toluol, xylol Cobalt sulfate Disintegrates concrete of inadequate sulfate resistance

  • Cocoa bean oil Disintegrates, especially in presence of air
  • Cocoa butter Disintegrates, especially in presence of air Coconut oil Disintegrates, especially in presence of air
  • Cod liver oil Disintegrates slowly Coke Sulfides leaching from damp coke may oxidize to sulfurous or sulfuric acid (which see]

Copper chloride Disintegrates slowly Copper plating Not harmful solutions (p)

Copper sulfate Disintegrates concrete of inadequate sulfate resistance Copper sulfide Harmful if it contains copper sulfate (which see)

  • Com syrup Disintegrates slowly Material Effect
  • Cottonseed oil Disintegrates, especially in presence of air Creosote Phenol present disintegrates slowly Cresol Phenol present disintegrates slowly Cumol Liquid loss by penetration Deicing salts Scaling of non-air-entrained or insufficiently aged concrete (b)

Diesel gases See automobile and diesel exhaust gases Dinitrophenol Disintegrates slowly Distiller's slop Lactic acid causes slow disintegration Epsom salt See magnesium sulfate

  • Ethylene glycol Disintegrates slowly (d)

Feces See manure

  • Fermenting fruits, Industrial fermentation processes grains, vegetables, or produce lactic acid. (e) Disintegrates extracts slowly (see lactic acid)

Ferric chloride Disintegrates slowly Ferric nitrate Not harmful Ferric sulfate Disintegrates concrete of inadequate quality Ferric sulfide Harmful if it contains ferric sulfate (which see)

Ferrous chloride Disintegrates slowly Ferrous sulfate Disintegrates concrete of inadequate sulfate resistance Fertilizer See ammonium sulfate, ammonium superphosphate, manure, potassium, nitrate, sodium nitrate Fish liquor Disintegrates (f)

  • Fish oil Disintegrates slowly Flue gases Hot gases (400-1100 F) cause thermal stresses. Cooled, condensed sulfurous, hydrochloric acids disintegrate slowly Foot oil Disintegrates slowly
  • Formaldehyde, 37 Formic acid, formed in solution, percent disintegrates slowly Corrosive sublimate See mercuric chloride Formalin See formaldehyde I.

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FM 5.3 Exhibit 2 515.1R-8 Table 2.5.2-(Continued)

Material page 4 of 7 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE Effect Material Effect

  • Formic acid, 10 Disintegrates slowly percent
  • Formic acid, 30 Disintegrates slowly percent
  • Formic acid, 90 Disintegrates slowly percent
  • Fruit juices Hydrofluoric, other acids, and sugar cause disintegration (see also fermenting fruits, grains, vegetables, extracts)

Gas water (g)

Ammonium salts seldom present in sufficient quantity to disintegrate Gasoline Liquid loss by penetration

  • Glucose Disintegrates slowly
  • Glycerine Disintegrates slowly
  • Grain See fermenting fruits, grains, vegetables, extracts
  • Honey Not harmful Horse fat Solid fat disintegrates slowly, melted fat more rapidly Humic acid Disintegrates slowly
  • Hydrochloric acid, all Disintegrates rapidly, including steel concentrations Hydrofluoric acid, all Disintegrates rapidly, including steel concentrations Hydrogen sulfide Not harmful dry. In moist, oxidizing environments converts to sulfurous acid and disintegrates slowly Hypochlorous acid, 10 Disintegrates slowly percent Iodine Disintegrates slowly Kerosene Liquid loss by penetration of concrete
  • Lactic acid, 5-25 Disintegrates slowly percent
  • Lamb fat Solid fat disintegrates slowly, melted fat more rapidly
  • Lard and lard oil Lard disintegrates slowly, lard oil more rapidly Lead nitrate Disintegrates slowly Lead refining solutions Disintegrates slowly (q)

Lignite oils If fatty oils are present, disintegrates slowly

  • Linseed oils Liquid disintegrates slowly. Dried or drying films are harmless Locomotive gases (r)

May disintegrate moist concrete by action of carbonic, nitric or sulfurous acids (see also automobile and diesel exhaust gases)

Lubricating oil Fatty oils, if present, disintegrate slowly Lye See sodium hydroxide Machine oil Fatty oils, if present, disintegrate slowly

  • Magnesium chloride Disintegrates slowly. In porous or cracked concrete, attacks steel Magnesium nitrate Disintegrates slowly
  • Magnesium sulfate Disintegrates concrete of inadequate sulfate resistance Manganese sulfate Disintegrates concrete of inadequate sulfate resistance Manure Disintegrates slowly
  • Margarine Solid margarine disintegrates slowly, melted margarine more rapidly Mash, fermenting Acetic and lactic acids, and sugar disintegrate slowly Mercuric chloride Disintegrates slowly Mercurous chloride Disintegrates slowly Methyl alcohol Liquid loss by penetration Methyl ethyl ketone Liquid loss by penetration Methyl isobutyl ketone Liquid loss by penetration
  • Milk Not harmful. However, see sour milk Mine water, waste Sulfides, sulfates, or acids present disintegrate concrete and attack steel in porous-or cracked concrete
  • Mineral oil Fatty oils, if present, disintegrate slowly Mineral spirits Liquid loss by penetration
  • Molasses At temperatures *- 120 F, disintegrates slowly Muriatic acid See hydrochloric acid
  • Mustard oil Disintegrates, especially in presence of air Leuna saltpeter See ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate Nickel plating solutions (v)

Nickel ammonium sulfate disintegrates slowly

FM 5.3 Exhibit 2 page 5 of 7 515.1R-9 SURFACE BARRIER SYSTEMS Table 2.5.2-(Continued)

Material Effect Material Effect Nickel sulfate Disintegrates concrete of inadequate sulfate resistance Niter See potassium nitrate Nitric acid, all Disintegrates rapidly concentrations

  • Oleic acid, 100 Not harmful percent Oleum See sulfuric acid, 110 percent
  • Olive oil Disintegrates slowly Ores Sulfides leaching from damp ores may oxidize to sulfuric acid or ferrous sulfate (which see)

Oxalic acid Not harmful. Protects tanks against acetic acid, carbon dioxide, salt water.

Poisonous. Do not use with food or drinking water Paraffin Shallow penetration not harmful, but should not be used on highly porous surfaces like concrete masonry (u)

  • Peanut oil Disintegrates slowly Perchloric acid, 10 Disintegrates percent Perchloroethylene Liquid loss by penetration Petroleum oils Liquid loss by penetration. Fatty oils, if present, disintegrate slowly Phenanthrene Liquid loss by penetration Phenol, 5-25 percent Disintegrates slowly
  • Phosphoric acid, Disintegrates slowly 10-85 percent
  • Pickling brine Attacks steel in porous or cracked concrete Pitch Not harmful
  • Poppy seed oil Disintegrates slowly
  • Potassium aluminum Disintegrates concrete of inadequate sulfate sulfate resistance -
  • Potassium carbonate Harmless unless potassium sulfate present (which see)
  • Potassium nitrate Disintegrates slowly Potassium Harmless unless potassium sulfate permanganate present (which see)

Potassium persulfate Disintegrates concrete of inadequate sulfate resistance Potassium sulfate Disintegrates concrete of inadequate sulfate resistance Potassium sulfide Harmless unless potassium sulfate present (which see)

Pyrites See ferric sulfide, copper sulfide

'See potassium nitrate

  • Sauerkraut Flavor impaired by concrete. Lactic acid may disintegrate slowly Sea water Disintegrates concrete of inadequate sulfate resistance. Attacks steel in porous or cracked concrete Sewage Usually not harmful (see hydrogen sulfide]

Silage Acetic, butyric, lactic acids (and sometimes fermenting agents of hydrochloric or sulfuric acids) disintegrate slowly Slaughter house Organic acids disintegrate wastes (w)

Sludge See sewage, hydrogen sulfide Soda water See carbonic acid

  • Sodium bicarbonate Not harmful Sodium bisulfate Disintegrates Sodium bisulfite Disintegrates Potassium hydroxide, 15 percent Not harmful (h)

Sodium bromide Disintegrates slowly

FM 5.3 Exhibit 2 515.1 R-10 page 6 of 7 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE Table 2.5.2-(Continued)

Material Effect Sodium carbonate Not harmful, except to calcium aluminate cement

Steel corrosion may cause concrete to spall Sodium cyanide Disintegrates slowly Sodium dichromnate Dilute solutions disintegrate slowly

  • Sodium hydroxide, Not harmful (h) 1-10 percent
  • Sodium hydroxide, Disintegrates concrete 20 percent or over Sodium hypochlorite Disintegrates slowly
  • Sodium nitrate Disintegrates slowly Sodium nitrite Disintegrates slowly Sodium phosphate.

Disintegrates slowly (monobasic)

Sodium sulfate Disintegrates concrete of inadequate sulfate resistance Sodium sulfide Disintegrates slowly

  • Sodium sulfite Sodium sulfate, if present, disintegrates concrete of inadequate sulfate resistance Sodium thiosulfate Slowly disintegrates concrete of inadequate sulfate resistance
  • Sour milk Lactic acid disintegrates slowly
  • Soybean oil Liquid disintegrates slowly. Dried or drying films harmless Strontium chloride Not harmful
  • Sugar Disintegrates slowly Sulfite liquor Disintegrates Sulfite solution See calcium bisulfite
  • Sulfur dioxide With moisture forms sulfurous acid (which see)
  • Sulfuric acid, 10-80 Disintegrates rapidly percent
  • Sulfuric acid, 80 Disintegrates percent oleum Material Effect Sulfurous acid Disintegrates rapidly Tallow and tallow oil Disintegrates slowly Tannic acid Disintegrates slowly Tanning bark May disintegrate slowly if damp (see tanning liquor)

Tanning liquor Disintegrates, if acid

  • Tartaric acid solution Not harmful Tobacco Organic acids, if present, disintegrate slowly Toluol (toluene)

Liquid loss by penetration

  • Trisodium phosphate Not harmful Tung oil Liquid disintegrates slowly. Dried or drying films are harmless Turpentine Mild attack. Liquid loss by penetration
  • Urea Not harmful Urine Attacks steel in porous or cracked concrete Vegetables See fermenting fruits, grains, vegetables, extracts Vinegar Disintegrates slowly (see acetic acid)

Walnut oil Disintegrates slowly

  • Whey Disintegrates slowly (see lactic acid)
  • Wine Not harmful. Necessary to prevent flavor contamination Wood pulp Not harmful Xylol (xylene)

Liquid loss by penetration

  • Zinc chloride Disintegrates slowly Zinc nitrate Not harmful Zinc refining solutions Hydrochloric or sulfuric acids, if (x) present, disintegrate concrete Zinc slag Zinc sulfate (which see) sometimes formed by oxidation Zinc sulfate Disintegrates slowly

FM 5.3 Exhibit 2 page 7 of 7 SURFACE BARRIER SYSTEMS 515.1R-11 Key to special notations-Table 2.5.2 Sometimes used in food processing or as food or beverage ingredient. Ask for advisory opinion of Food and Drug Administration regarding coatings for use with food ingredients.

a Waters of pH higher than 6.5 may be aggressive if they also contain bicarbonates. (Natural waters are usually of pH higher than 7.0 and seldom lower than 6.0, though pH values as low as 0.4 have been reported. For pH values below 3, protect as for dilute acid.)

b Frequently used as a deicer for concrete pavements. If the concrete contains too little entrained air or has not been aged more than one month, repeated application may cause surface scaling. For protection under these conditions, see "deicing salts."

c Carbon dioxide dissolves in natural waters to form carbonic acid solutions. When it dissolves to extent of 0.9 to 3 parts per million it is destructive to concrete.

d Frequently used as deicer for airplanes. Heavy spillage on runway pavements containing too little entrained air may cause surface scaling.

e In addition to the intentional fermentation of many raw materials, much unwanted fermentation occurs in the spoiling of foods and food wastes, also producing lactic acid.

f Contains carbonic acid, fish oils, hydrogen sulfide, methyl amine, brine, other potentially reactive materials.

g Water used for cleaning coal gas.

h However, in those limited areas of the United States where concrete is made with reactive aggregates, disruptive expansion may be produced.

n Composed mostly of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and water vapor. Also contains unburned hydrocarbons, partially burned hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, and oxides of sulfur. Nitrogen dioxide and oxygen in sunlight may produce ozone, which reacts with some of the organics to produce formaldehyde, peracylnitrates, and other products.

o These either contain chromium trioxide and a small amount of sulfate, or ammonium chromic sulfate [nearly saturated) and sodium sulfate.

p Many types of solutions are used, including (a) Sulfate-Contain copper sulfate and sulfuric acid.

(b) Cyanide-Contain copper and sodium cyanides and sodium carbonate.

(c) Rochelle-Contain these cyanides, sodium carbonate, and potassium sodium tartrate.

(d) Others such as fluoborate, pyrophosphate, amine, or potassium cyanide.

q Contains lead fluosilicates and fluosilicic acid.

r Reference here is to combustion of coal, which produces carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbo-hydrates, ammonia, nitric acid, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, soot, and ashes.

u Porous concrete which has absorbed considerable molten paraffin and then been immersed in water after the paraffin has solidified has been known to disintegrate from sorptive forces.

v Contains nickelous chloride, nickelous sulfate, boric acid, and ammonium ion.

w May contain various mixtures of blood, fats and oils, bile and other digestive juices, partially digested vegetable matter, urine, and manure, with varying amounts of water.

x Usually contains zinc sulfate in sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid concentration may be low (about 6 percent in "low current density" process) or higher (about 22-28 percent in "high current density" process).

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