ML102870811

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Email - from: Miller, Craig L (Craig.Miller@Pgnmail.Com) to Lake, Louis; Thomas, George; Carrion, Robert; 'Nausdj@Ornl.Gov'; Souther, Martin; 'Trowe@Wje.Com' Cc: Williams, Charles R. Dated Friday, January 22, 2010 8:53 Am Subject: FW: Failu
ML102870811
Person / Time
Site: Crystal River Duke Energy icon.png
Issue date: 01/21/2010
From: Chris Miller
Progress Energy Carolinas
To: Lake L
NRC/RGN-II
References
FOIA/PA-2010-0116
Download: ML102870811 (11)
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Text

Senglupta, Abhijit From: Miller, Craig L [Craig.Miller@pgnmail.com]

Sent: Friday, January 22, 2010 8:53 AM To: Lake, Louis; Thomas, George; Carrion, Robert; 'nausdj@ornl.gov'; Souther, Martin;

'trowe@-wje.com' Cc: Williams, Charles R.

Subject:

FW: Failure Mode 5.3 Ready for Review Attachments: FM 5.3.Maintenance.pdf; FM 5.3 Exhibit 3 - Item #101 - Purity of pressure washing water-i .pdf; FM 5.3 Exhibit 1 - Interviews regarding Maintenance -1 .pdf; FM 5.3 Exhibit 2 -

ACI 515.1 R deleterious chemicals-i .pdf Mr. Lake and others, Attached for your review is the draft of FM 5.3 and its exhibits. If you have any questions, please contact Charles Williams or myself.

Thank you, Craig Miller From: Dave Brevig [1]

Sent: Thursday, January 21, 2010 5:50 PM To: Williams, Charles R.; Miller, Craig L Cc: avi mor; patrick berbon; dave.brevig@cox.net; Gary Hughes

Subject:

Failure Mode 5.3 Ready for Review To Charles and Craig, Failure Mode 5.3 has been approved by Dr Chiu and is provided for Progress Energy review.. .dave

5.3 Chemicals Introduced During Routine Maintenance

==

Description:==

Routine maintenance of industrial structures can involve the application of deleterious materials, including solvents, cleaning agents, or aggressive water.

ACI committee 515 compiled a list of potential deleterious materials, most of which are either harmless to good quality concrete, require high concentrations, will only attack porous concrete, and/or must be dissolved in water in order to penetrate the concrete.

The issue of chemical attack is addressed in another Failure Mode (FM 5.8).

This document is intended to identify any materials used in maintenance of the concrete shell and determine if these materials could have damaged the concrete.

Data to be collected and Analyzed:

1. Interview maintenance personnel regarding practices that might affect the concrete (FM 5.3 Exhibit land 3).
2. Review and analyze information regarding possible deleterious materials (FM 5.3 Exhibit 2 is the comprehensive list of potential harmful chemicals compiled by ACI 515).

Verified Supporting Evidence: None Verified Refuting Evidence:

a. Interviews with personnel of Crystal River 3 (CR3) reveal that no chemicals were applied to the concrete during regular maintenance.

==

Conclusion:==

Maintenance did not involve application of any chemicals to the concrete and was not a contributing factor to the delamination.

1/21/2010 ,, -" Page 1 of 1 reQoae totr

-oPat aW pmiin DRAFT 1

FýM 53 Exhibit 3 page 1 of 1 Item 101 -Water purity during pressure washing Per discussion with Tommie Sassard (Maintenance/Facilities Supervisor), CR3 does not/has not pressure washed the outside of the reactor building.

FM 5.3 Exhibit 1 page 1 of 1 1/20/2010 Interview with Richard Portmann( Tendon Engineer) and Richard \ sIý Pipin(Maintenance Manager) /

Interviewer: Gary Hughes PII Maintenance Issues Added Linseed oil to the Dome when damaged in1976(Documents provided to Dr. Avi Mor) 0 Have grease leaching out under equipment hatch- no idea where coming from and have not treated it- pictures in Concrete- tendon Interaction #74 Grease below equipment hatch.

0 Wax initially in sleeves 0 Do not power wash per PII information request 101 from Tommie Sassard.

0 No PMs to do any cleaning of the containment Grease Issues

  • Add Visconorust 2090-p4 grease to tendons per F&Q 17.0 'Grease Replacement"
  • F&Q 17.0 has provisions to report to the NRC if specifically add more grease than take out.
  • Have grease leaching out under equipment hatch- no idea where coming from and have not treated it- pictures in Concrete- tendon Interaction #74 Grease below equipment hatch-work order has been written and will be worked soon
  • Over the years adding higher density grease to reduce grease loss. Added more to vertical tendons a few years ago to make up for losses. Thought losses were grease settling at the bottom or oil separating from the grease

FM 5.3 Exhibit 2 page 1 of 7 I

? Vý`

This document has been a proved for use by agen- ACI 515.1 R-79 ces of the Department of Defense and for listing in the DoD Index of Specifications and Standards. (Revised 1985)

A Guide to the Use of Waterproofing, Dampproofing, Protective, and Decorative Barrier Systems for Concrete Reported by ACI Committee 515 Byron I. Zolin, Chairman Warner K. Babcock Clark R. Gunness Dorothy M. Lawrence Andrew Rossi, Jr.

Arthur E. Blackman, Sr. Kenneth A. Heffner Stella L. Marusin Donald L. Schlegel Donald E. Brotherson A. L. Hendricks Charles J. Parise Lawrence E. Schwietz Robert W. Gaul James E. Kubanick Charles 0. Pratt The revising committee is listed at the end of the document.

This Guide updates and expands the scope of the cember 1966 ACI JOURNAL. William H. Kuenning was committee report "Guide for the Protection of Con- chairman when this Guide was published. Albert M.

crete Against Chemical Attack by Means of Coatings Levy was chairman from 1974 to 1977 when some of and Other Corrosion Resistant Materials," which ap- the information, found in the chapters on "Water-peared in the December 1996 ACI JOURNAL. The pre- proofing Barrier Systems" and "Dampproofing Bar-vious Guide has been revised and is found in rier Systems," was developed.

Chapter 6 of this Guide entitled "Protective Barrier Systems." In addition, there are new chapters on "Waterproofing Barrier Systems," "Dampproofing CONTENTS Barrier Systems," and "Decorative Barrier Systems."

Chapter l-Introduction, page 515.IR-2 A separate chapter on conditioning and surface 1.1-General discussion preparation of concrete is included because it is rele- 1.2-The systems concept for barriers vant to all the other chapters. 1.3-Barrier performance difficult to define This Guide is not to be referenced as a complete 1.4-Economic factors for barrier selection 1.5-Inspection during application unit.

1.6-Safety requirements Keywords: abrasive blasting; acid treatment (concrete); acid resistance; ad-hesion; asphalts; chemical attack; chemical cleaning; coatings; concrete Chapter 2-Barrier systems: types and bricks; concretes; detergents; emulsifying agents; epoxy resins; finishes; performance requirements, page 515.1R-3 furan resins; glass fibers; inspection; joint sealers; latex (rubber); mortars 2.1-Definitions of barrier systems

[materials); paints; phenolic resins; plastics, polymers, and resins; polyester resins; polyurethane resins; protective coatings; repairs; sealers; silicates; 2.2-When waterproofing is used sulfur; surfactants; temperature; tests; vaporbarriers; waterproofing. 2.3-When dampproofing is used 2.4-When protective barrier systems are used 2.5-Susceptibility of concrete to attack by chemicals Foreword 2.6-When decorative painting barrier systems are used ACI Committee 515 was organized in 1936 and pub-lished a report "Guide for the Protection of Concrete Chapter 3-Concrete conditioning and surface Against Chemical Attack by Means of Coatings and preparation, page 515.1R-12 Other Corrosion Resistant Materials," in the De- 3.1 -General requirements 3.2-Repair of surface defects 3.3-Stopping or rerouting of water 3.4-Surface preparation ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Standard Practices, and Commen-taries are intended for guidance in designing, planning, executing, or inspecting construction, and in preparing specifications. Refer- Co-p(yngT 1986, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved includ-ence to these documents shall not be made in the Project Docu- ing rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including ments. if items found in these documents are desired to be part of the making of copies by any photo process, or by any electronic or mechan-the Project Documents, they should be incorporated directly into the ical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for sound or visual Project Documents. reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.

FM 5.3 Exhibit 2 page 2 of 7 515.1R-6 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE Table 2.5.2 ýffect of chemicals on concrete ksee end of Table 2.5.2 for special notations)

Material Effect Material Effect Ashes Harmful if wet, when sulfides and

  • Acetic acid, all Disintegrates slowly concentrations sulfates leach out (see sodium sulfate)

Acetone Liquid loss by penetration. May Ashes, hot Cause thermal expansion contain acetic acid as impurity (which see) Automobile and diesel May disintegrate moist concrete by exhaust gases (n) action of carbonic, nitric, or sulfurous Acid waters (pH of 6.5 Disintegrates slowly. In porous or acid or less) (a) cracked concrete, attacks steel

  • Baking soda See sodium bicarbonate
  • Alcohol See ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol Barium hydroxide Not harmful Alizarin Not harmful Bark See tanning bark
  • Almond oil Disintegrates slowly
  • Beef fat Solid fat disintegrates slowly, melted fat
  • Alum See potassium aluminum sulfate more rapidly Aluminum chloride Disintegrates rapidly. In porous or *Beer May contain, as fermentation products, cracked concrete, attacks steel acetic, carbonic, lactic, or tannic acids (which see)
  • Aluminum sulfate Disintegrates. In porous or cracked concrete, attacks steel Benzol (benzene] Liquid loss by penetration
  • Anmmonia, liquid Harmful only if it contains harmful Bleaching solution See specific chemical, such as ammonium salts (see below) hypochlorous acid, sodium hypochlorite, sulfurous acid, etc.

Ammonia vapors May disintegrate moist concrete slowly or attack steel in porous or cracked *Borax Not harmful moist concrete

  • Boric acid Negligible effect Ammonium bisulfate Disintegrates. In porous or cracked concrete, attacks steel *Brine See sodium chloride or other salt Ammonium carbonate Not harmful Bromine Gaseous bromine disintegrates. Liquid bromine disintegrates if it contains
  • Ammonium chloride Disintegrates slowly. In porous or hydrobromic acid and moisture cracked concrete, attacks steel
  • Buttermilk Disintegrates slowly Ammonium cyanide Disintegrates slowly Butyl stearate Disintegrates slowly Ammonium fluoride Disintegrates slowly Calcium bisulfite Disintegrates rapidly Ammonium hydroxide Not harmful
  • Calcium chloride In porous or cracked concrete, attacks Ammonium nitrate Disintegrates. In porous or cracked steel. (b) Steel corrosion may cause concrete, attacks steel concrete to spall Ammonium oxalate Not harmful *Calcium hydroxide Not harmful
  • Ammonium sulfate Disintegrates. In porous or cracked Calcium nitrate Not harmful concrete, attacks steel
  • Calcium sulfate Disintegrates concrete of inadequate Ammonium sulfide Disintegrates sulfate resistance Ammonium sulfite Disintegrates Carbazole Not harmful Ammonium Disintegrates. In porous or cracked Carbolic acid See phenol superphosphate concrete, attacks steel
  • Carbon dioxide Gas may cause permanent shrinkage Ammonium Disintegrates (see also carbonic acid) thiosulfate
  • Carbon disulfide May disintegrate slowly Animal wastes See slaughter house wastes
  • Carbon tetrachloride Liquid loss by penetration of concrete Anthracene Not harmful
  • Carbonic acid Disintegrates slowly (c)

Arsenious acid Not harmful 1 '1:)1 4C

FM 5.3 Exhibit 2 page 3 of 7 SURFACE BARRIER SYSTEMS 515.1R-7 Table 2.5.2-(Continued)

Material Effect Material Effect Castor oil Disintegrates, especially in presence of *Cottonseed oil Disintegrates, especially in presence of air air Chile saltpeter See sodium nitrate Creosote Phenol present disintegrates slowly China wood oil Liquid disintegrates slowly. Cresol Phenol present disintegrates slowly Chlorine gas Slowly disintegrates moist concrete Cumol Liquid loss by penetration Chrome plating Disintegrates slowly Deicing salts Scaling of non-air-entrained or solutions (o) insufficiently aged concrete (b)

Chromic acid, all Attacks steel in porous or cracked Diesel gases See automobile and diesel exhaust concentrations concrete gases Chrysen Not harmful Dinitrophenol Disintegrates slowly

  • Cider Disintegrates slowly (see acetic acid] Distiller's slop Lactic acid causes slow disintegration Cinders Harmful if wet, when sulfides and Epsom salt See magnesium sulfate sulfates leach out (see, for example, sodium sulfate) *Ethyl alcohol Liquid loss by penetration Cinders, hot Cause thermal expansion *Ethyl ether Liquid loss by penetration Coal Sulfides leaching from damp coal may *Ethylene glycol Disintegrates slowly (d) oxidize to sulfurous or sulfuric acid, or ferrous sulfate (which see) Feces See manure Coal tar oils See anthracene, benzol, carbazole, *Fermenting fruits, Industrial fermentation processes chrysen; creosote, cresol, cumol, grains, vegetables, or produce lactic acid. (e) Disintegrates paraffin, phenanthrene, phenol, toluol, extracts slowly (see lactic acid) xylol Ferric chloride Disintegrates slowly Cobalt sulfate Disintegrates concrete of inadequate sulfate resistance Ferric nitrate Not harmful
  • Cocoa bean oil Disintegrates, especially in presence of Ferric sulfate Disintegrates concrete of inadequate air quality
  • Cocoa butter Disintegrates, especially in presence of Ferric sulfide Harmful if it contains ferric sulfate air (which see)

Coconut oil Disintegrates, especially in presence of Ferrous chloride Disintegrates slowly air Ferrous sulfate Disintegrates concrete of inadequate

  • Cod liver oil Disintegrates slowly sulfate resistance Coke Sulfides leaching from damp coke may Fertilizer See ammonium sulfate, ammonium oxidize to sulfurous or sulfuric acid superphosphate, manure, potassium, (which see] nitrate, sodium nitrate Copper chloride Disintegrates slowly Fish liquor Disintegrates (f)

Copper plating Not harmful *Fish oil Disintegrates slowly solutions (p)

Flue gases Hot gases (400-1100 F) cause thermal Copper sulfate Disintegrates concrete of inadequate stresses. Cooled, condensed sulfurous, sulfate resistance hydrochloric acids disintegrate slowly Copper sulfide Harmful if it contains copper sulfate Foot oil Disintegrates slowly (which see)

  • Formaldehyde, 37 Formic acid, formed in solution,
  • Com syrup Disintegrates slowly percent disintegrates slowly Corrosive sublimate See mercuric chloride Formalin See formaldehyde I. ^ I~ . I-

FM 5.3 Exhibit 2 page 4 of 7 515.1R-8 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE Table 2.5.2-(Continued)

Material Effect Material Effect

  • Formic acid, 10 Disintegrates slowly Lignite oils If fatty oils are present, disintegrates percent slowly
  • Formic acid, 30 Disintegrates slowly percent *Linseed oils Liquid disintegrates slowly. Dried or drying films are harmless
  • Formic acid, 90 Disintegrates slowly percent Locomotive gases (r) May disintegrate moist concrete by action of carbonic, nitric or sulfurous
  • Fruit juices Hydrofluoric, other acids, and sugar acids (see also automobile and diesel exhaust gases) cause disintegration (see also fermenting fruits, grains, vegetables, Lubricating oil Fatty oils, if present, disintegrate slowly extracts)

Gas water (g) Ammonium salts seldom present in Lye See sodium hydroxide sufficient quantity to disintegrate Machine oil Fatty oils, if present, disintegrate slowly Gasoline Liquid loss by penetration

  • Magnesium chloride Disintegrates slowly. In porous or
  • Glucose Disintegrates slowly cracked concrete, attacks steel
  • Glycerine Disintegrates slowly Magnesium nitrate Disintegrates slowly
  • Grain See fermenting fruits, grains, *Magnesium sulfate Disintegrates concrete of inadequate vegetables, extracts sulfate resistance
  • Honey Not harmful Manganese sulfate Disintegrates concrete of inadequate sulfate resistance Horse fat Solid fat disintegrates slowly, melted fat more rapidly Manure Disintegrates slowly
  • Margarine Solid margarine disintegrates slowly, Humic acid Disintegrates slowly melted margarine more rapidly
  • Hydrochloric acid, all Disintegrates rapidly, including steel concentrations Mash, fermenting Acetic and lactic acids, and sugar disintegrate slowly Hydrofluoric acid, all Disintegrates rapidly, including steel concentrations Mercuric chloride Disintegrates slowly Hydrogen sulfide Not harmful dry. In moist, oxidizing Mercurous chloride Disintegrates slowly environments converts to sulfurous acid and disintegrates slowly Methyl alcohol Liquid loss by penetration Hypochlorous acid, 10 Disintegrates slowly Methyl ethyl ketone Liquid loss by penetration percent Methyl isobutyl ketone Liquid loss by penetration Iodine Disintegrates slowly
  • Milk Not harmful. However, see sour milk Kerosene Liquid loss by penetration of concrete Mine water, waste Sulfides, sulfates, or acids present
  • Lactic acid, 5-25 Disintegrates slowly disintegrate concrete and attack steel in percent porous-or cracked concrete
  • Lamb fat Solid fat disintegrates slowly, melted fat *Mineral oil Fatty oils, if present, disintegrate slowly more rapidly Mineral spirits Liquid loss by penetration
  • Lard and lard oil Lard disintegrates slowly, lard oil more rapidly *Molasses At temperatures *-120 F, disintegrates slowly Lead nitrate Disintegrates slowly Muriatic acid See hydrochloric acid Lead refining solutions Disintegrates slowly
  • Mustard oil Disintegrates, especially in presence of (q) air Leuna saltpeter See ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate Nickel plating Nickel ammonium sulfate disintegrates solutions (v) slowly

FM 5.3 Exhibit 2 page 5 of 7 SURFACE BARRIER SYSTEMS 515.1R-9 Table 2.5.2-(Continued)

Material Effect Material Effect Nickel sulfate Disintegrates concrete of inadequate Potassium hydroxide, Disintegrates concrete sulfate resistance 25 percent or over Niter See potassium nitrate *Potassium nitrate Disintegrates slowly Nitric acid, all Disintegrates rapidly Potassium Harmless unless potassium sulfate concentrations permanganate present (which see)

  • Oleic acid, 100 Not harmful Potassium persulfate Disintegrates concrete of inadequate percent sulfate resistance Oleum See sulfuric acid, 110 percent Potassium sulfate Disintegrates concrete of inadequate sulfate resistance
  • Olive oil Disintegrates slowly Potassium sulfide Harmless unless potassium sulfate Ores Sulfides leaching from damp ores may present (which see) oxidize to sulfuric acid or ferrous sulfate (which see) Pyrites See ferric sulfide, copper sulfide Oxalic acid Not harmful. Protects tanks against *Rapeseed oil Disintegrates, especially in presence of acetic acid, carbon dioxide, salt water. air Poisonous. Do not use with food or drinking water Rock salt See sodium chloride Paraffin Shallow penetration not harmful, but Rosin Not harmful should not be used on highly porous surfaces like concrete masonry (u) Rosin oil Not harmful
  • Sauerkraut Flavor impaired by concrete. Lactic Phenanthrene Liquid loss by penetration acid may disintegrate slowly Phenol, 5-25 percent Disintegrates slowly Sea water Disintegrates concrete of inadequate sulfate resistance. Attacks steel in
  • Phosphoric acid, Disintegrates slowly porous or cracked concrete 10-85 percent Sewage Usually not harmful (see hydrogen
  • Pickling brine Attacks steel in porous or cracked sulfide]

concrete Silage Acetic, butyric, lactic acids (and Pitch Not harmful sometimes fermenting agents of hydrochloric or sulfuric acids)

  • Poppy seed oil Disintegrates slowly disintegrate slowly
  • Potassium aluminum Disintegrates concrete of inadequate Slaughter house Organic acids disintegrate sulfate sulfate resistance - wastes (w)
  • Potassium carbonate Harmless unless potassium sulfate Sludge See sewage, hydrogen sulfide present (which see)

Soda water See carbonic acid

FM 5.3 Exhibit 2 page 6 of 7 515.1 R-10 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE Table 2.5.2-(Continued)

Material Effect Material Effect Sodium carbonate Not harmful, except to calcium Sulfurous acid Disintegrates rapidly aluminate cement Tallow and tallow oil Disintegrates slowly

  • Sodium chloride Magnesium chloride, if present, attacks steel in porous or cracked concrete. (b) Tannic acid Disintegrates slowly Steel corrosion may cause concrete to spall Tanning bark May disintegrate slowly if damp (see tanning liquor)

Sodium cyanide Disintegrates slowly Tanning liquor Disintegrates, if acid Sodium dichromnate Dilute solutions disintegrate slowly

  • Tartaric acid solution Not harmful
  • Sodium hydroxide, Not harmful (h) 1-10 percent Tobacco Organic acids, if present, disintegrate slowly
  • Sodium hydroxide, Disintegrates concrete 20 percent or over Toluol (toluene) Liquid loss by penetration Sodium hypochlorite Disintegrates slowly *Trichloroethylene Liquid loss by penetration
  • Sodium nitrate Disintegrates slowly *Trisodium phosphate Not harmful Sodium nitrite Disintegrates slowly Tung oil Liquid disintegrates slowly. Dried or drying films are harmless Sodium phosphate. Disintegrates slowly (monobasic) Turpentine Mild attack. Liquid loss by penetration Sodium sulfate Disintegrates concrete of inadequate *Urea Not harmful sulfate resistance Urine Attacks steel in porous or cracked Sodium sulfide Disintegrates slowly concrete
  • Sodium sulfite Sodium sulfate, if present, disintegrates Vegetables See fermenting fruits, grains, concrete of inadequate sulfate vegetables, extracts resistance Sodium thiosulfate Slowly disintegrates concrete of Vinegar Disintegrates slowly (see acetic acid) inadequate sulfate resistance Walnut oil Disintegrates slowly
  • Sour milk Lactic acid disintegrates slowly *Whey Disintegrates slowly (see lactic acid)
  • Soybean oil Liquid disintegrates slowly. Dried or *Wine Not harmful. Necessary to prevent drying films harmless flavor contamination Strontium chloride Not harmful Wood pulp Not harmful
  • Sugar Disintegrates slowly Xylol (xylene) Liquid loss by penetration Sulfite liquor Disintegrates *Zinc chloride Disintegrates slowly Sulfite solution See calcium bisulfite Zinc nitrate Not harmful
  • Sulfur dioxide With moisture forms sulfurous acid Zinc refining solutions Hydrochloric or sulfuric acids, if (which see) (x) present, disintegrate concrete
  • Sulfuric acid, 10-80 Disintegrates rapidly Zinc slag Zinc sulfate (which see) sometimes percent formed by oxidation
  • Sulfuric acid, 80 Disintegrates Zinc sulfate Disintegrates slowly percent oleum

FM 5.3 Exhibit 2 page 7 of 7 SURFACE BARRIER SYSTEMS 515.1R-11 Key to special notations-Table 2.5.2 Sometimes used in food processing or as food or beverage ingredient. Ask for advisory opinion of Food and Drug Administration regarding coatings for use with food ingredients.

a Waters of pH higher than 6.5 may be aggressive if they also contain bicarbonates. (Natural waters are usually of pH higher than 7.0 and seldom lower than 6.0, though pH values as low as 0.4 have been reported. For pH values below 3, protect as for dilute acid.)

b Frequently used as a deicer for concrete pavements. If the concrete contains too little entrained air or has not been aged more than one month, repeated application may cause surface scaling. For protection under these conditions, see "deicing salts."

c Carbon dioxide dissolves in natural waters to form carbonic acid solutions. When it dissolves to extent of 0.9 to 3 parts per million it is destructive to concrete.

d Frequently used as deicer for airplanes. Heavy spillage on runway pavements containing too little entrained air may cause surface scaling.

e In addition to the intentional fermentation of many raw materials, much unwanted fermentation occurs in the spoiling of foods and food wastes, also producing lactic acid.

f Contains carbonic acid, fish oils, hydrogen sulfide, methyl amine, brine, other potentially reactive materials.

g Water used for cleaning coal gas.

h However, in those limited areas of the United States where concrete is made with reactive aggregates, disruptive expansion may be produced.

n Composed mostly of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and water vapor. Also contains unburned hydrocarbons, partially burned hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, and oxides of sulfur. Nitrogen dioxide and oxygen in sunlight may produce ozone, which reacts with some of the organics to produce formaldehyde, peracylnitrates, and other products.

o These either contain chromium trioxide and a small amount of sulfate, or ammonium chromic sulfate [nearly saturated) and sodium sulfate.

p Many types of solutions are used, including (a) Sulfate-Contain copper sulfate and sulfuric acid.

(b) Cyanide-Contain copper and sodium cyanides and sodium carbonate.

(c) Rochelle-Contain these cyanides, sodium carbonate, and potassium sodium tartrate.

(d) Others such as fluoborate, pyrophosphate, amine, or potassium cyanide.

q Contains lead fluosilicates and fluosilicic acid.

r Reference here is to combustion of coal, which produces carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbo-hydrates, ammonia, nitric acid, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, soot, and ashes.

u Porous concrete which has absorbed considerable molten paraffin and then been immersed in water after the paraffin has solidified has been known to disintegrate from sorptive forces.

v Contains nickelous chloride, nickelous sulfate, boric acid, and ammonium ion.

w May contain various mixtures of blood, fats and oils, bile and other digestive juices, partially digested vegetable matter, urine, and manure, with varying amounts of water.

x Usually contains zinc sulfate in sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid concentration may be low (about 6 percent in "low current density" process) or higher (about 22-28 percent in "high current density" process).

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