ML081570154

Draft Regulatory Guide DG-1196, Qualification for Cement Grouting for Prestressing Tendons in Containment Structures

ML081570154
Person / Time
Issue date:	10/31/2010
From:	Vaughn Thomas NRC/RES/DE
To:
Bayssie Mekonen/RES 251-7489
Shared Package
ML081570096	List: ML081570154
References
DG-1196 RG-1.107, Rev 2
Download: ML081570154 (16)

Text

This regulatory guide is being issued in draft form to involve the public in the early stages of the development of a regulatory position in this area. It has not received final staff review or approval and does not represent an official NRC final staff position.

Public comments are being solicited on this draft guide (including any implementation schedule) and its associated regulatory analysis or value/impact statement. Comments should be accompanied by appropriate supporting data. Written comments may be submitted to the Rulemaking and Directives Branch, Office of Administration, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC 20555-0001; submitted through the NRCs interactive rulemaking Web page at http://www.nrc.gov; or faxed to (301) 492-3446. Copies of comments received may be examined at the NRCs Public Document Room, 11555 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD. Comments will be most helpful if received by December 11, 2010.

Electronic copies of this draft regulatory guide are available through the NRCs interactive rulemaking Web page (see above); the NRCs public Web site under Draft Regulatory Guides in the Regulatory Guides document collection of the NRCs Electronic Reading Room at http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/; and the NRCs Agencywide Documents Access and Management System (ADAMS) at http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/adams.html, under Accession No. ML081570154 The regulatory analysis may be found in ADAMS under Accession No. ML102720335.

U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION October 2010 OFFICE OF NUCLEAR REGULATORY RESEARCH Division 1 DRAFT REGULATORY GUIDE

Contact:

M. Sircar (301) 251-3307 DRAFT REGULATORY GUIDE DG-1196 (Proposed Revision 2 of Regulatory Guide 1.107, dated February 1977)

QUALIFICATION FOR CEMENT GROUTING FOR PRESTRESSING TENDONS IN CONTAINMENT STRUCTURES A. INTRODUCTION This guide describes a method that the staff of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) considers acceptable for the use of Portland cement grout as the corrosion inhibitor for prestressing tendons in prestressed concrete containment structures. This guide also provides quality standards for using portland cement grout to protect prestressing steel from corrosion.

The regulatory framework that the NRC has established for nuclear power plants consists of a number of regulations and supporting guidelines, including, but not limited to, Title 10, of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 50, Domestic Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities (10 CFR Part 50), Appendix A, General Design Criteria for Nuclear Power Plants, General Design Criterion (GDC) 1, Quality Standards and Records (Ref. 1), and 10 CFR 50.55a, Codes and Standards.

GDC 1 of Appendix A to 10 CFR Part 50 states, in part, that structures, systems, and components important to safety shall be designed, fabricated, erected, and tested to quality standards commensurate with the importance of the safety functions to be performed. In addition, where generally recognized codes and standards are used, they shall be identified and evaluated to determine their applicability, adequacy, and sufficiency and shall be supplemented or modified as necessary to ensure a quality product in keeping with the required safety function.

The prestressing tendon system of a prestressed concrete containment structure is a principal strength element of the structure. The ability of the containment structure to withstand the events postulated to occur during the life of the structure depends on the functional reliability of the structures

DG-1196, Page 2 principal strength elements. Thus, any significant deterioration of the prestressing elements caused by corrosion may present a potential risk to public safety. It is important that any system for inhibiting the corrosion of prestressing elements must possess a high degree of reliability in performing its intended function.

The NRC issues regulatory guides to describe to the public methods that the staff considers acceptable for use in implementing specific parts of the agencys regulations, to explain techniques that the staff uses in evaluating specific problems or postulated accidents, and to provide guidance to applicants. Regulatory guides are not substitutes for regulations and compliance with them is not required.

This regulatory guide contains information collection requirements covered by 10 CFR Part 50 that the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) approved under OMB control number 3150-0011.

The NRC may neither conduct nor sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, an information collection request or requirement unless the requesting document displays a currently valid OMB control number.

B. DISCUSSION

=

Background===

The recommendations of this guide are applicable when portland cement grout is used as the corrosion inhibitor for the highly stressed tendons of prestressed concrete containment structures. The recommendations of this guide are not intended for use in relation to the grout for foundation anchors.

To date, the staff has evaluated applications proposing grout as the corrosion protection system for both bar tendons and strand tendons. The recommendations of this regulatory guide therefore apply to a grouted tendon system when the tendon is fabricated from either bars or strands. For the grouting of wire tendons, the applicant may develop a program based on similar quality standards as listed in the Reference Section, Bibliography, Appendix A and submit it for staff evaluation.

Unlike greased tendons, grouted tendons are not available for direct inspection after they are grouted. Applicants are advised to thoroughly evaluate the proposed grout and grouting procedure before using the grout in the construction of the containment structure.

It is recommended that the applicants for grouted tendon system demonstrate that the proposed system will provide high level of reliability in every step in the design and installation of the system. It is strongly suggested that the containment post-tensioning system design incorporates:

Pre-installation testing that would demonstrate acceptability of the system components (Ref. 4),

Post-installation verifications process that would ensure that the transportation and storage of the system components have not affected their reliability in service Grouting Procedure as recommended in this regulatory guide, and Inservice Inspection Program that would demonstrate the functionality of the containment on periodic basis (Ref. 2).

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the American Concrete Institute (ACI) have jointly published the Code for Concrete Containments, known as either the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,Section III, Division 2, or ACI Standard 359, which this guide refers to as the

DG-1196, Page 3 ASME Code (Ref. 3). This regulatory guide endorses the sections related to cement grout for grouted tendon systems of 2001 edition of the ASME Code with the 2003 addenda, with the exceptions discussed herein.

Significant technology advances in post-tensioned highway bridge construction and other building structures and some of the changes made in the ASME Code have prompted a need to revise this regulatory guide for the qualification of cement grouting for prestressing tendons in containment structures. The ASME Code provides some requirements for grout constituents and for the physical and chemical properties of grout. Regulatory Position section of this guide briefly describes minimum quality standards for grout materials and references the ASME Code articles where the NRC staff has found them to be applicable and acceptable. The regulatory position also outlines important considerations that affect proper grouting. The staff has used References 4, 5, 6, and 7 and data furnished by applicants that have proposed grout as the corrosion inhibitor for prestressing steel to establish this position.

Table A-1 of Appendix A to this guide lists relevant American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards that the applicant may use to establish procedures and criteria for the specific grouted tendon program. However, the listing of these references does not constitute a blanket endorsement by the staff of their content. The following paragraphs discuss specific areas of concern that the NRC staff recommends applicants satisfactorily address during the development of a grouted tendon system.

The effectiveness of grout to perform its intended function of inhibiting corrosion depends mainly on the following two characteristics:

(1)

The grout (whether freshly mixed or hardened) should not cause a chemical attack on the prestressing elements through its interaction with the material of the tendon steel, the anchor hardware, or the duct.

(2)

The grout should completely fill the tendon duct on hardening to prevent water from collecting and freezing.

Various deleterious chemicals and chemical compounds, such as chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, and sulfides, have been reported as potential sources of corrosion of prestressing steel. Most of the reported failures of prestressing elements have been attributed to the presence of (1) chlorides in the atmosphere or in the constituents of grout or (2) hydrogen sulfide in the atmosphere (Refs. 8, 9, and 12). Nitrates and sulfates generally found in mixing water have been postulated to be potential sources of stress corrosion of prestressing steel. However, Reference 10 reports that oxygenated anions such as sulfates and nitrates do not exhibit intense corrosive properties in a concrete environment, and Reference 5 reports that most chlorides are neutralized during the hydration of portland cement. The threshold values below which some of these substances will not participate in initiating corrosion have not been established. Hence, ensuring that these corrosion promoters are limited to the lowest practical levels in grout constituents would be a safe and prudent approach. Water contaminated with hydrogen sulfide should not be used for grouting.

The limits recommended for chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, and sulfides in Regulatory Position C.l should not be exceeded in the overall composition of the grout. The quantities of these chemical compounds in each of the grout constituents should be determined individually by the applicable ASTM methods.listed in Appendix A Portland cement that conforms to Type I or Type II cement in ASTM C150-07, Standard Specification for Portland Cement Concrete (see Table A-1 of Appendix A to this guide), is suitable for the grout. However, grouting under certain climatic or environmental conditions may dictate the use of

DG-1196, Page 4 other types of cements. Chlorides are normally present in cement, but the amount is usually not reported.

The determination of chlorides in cement should be a requirement when specifying the cement for grout.

Admixtures should be free of any substance likely to damage the prestressing steel. Practical experience by engineers viewed the use of aluminum powder to produce expansion as having possible deleterious effects (Ref. 8). Under an alkaline environment (with a pH greater than 9), the aluminum powder generates minute bubbles of hydrogen gas, which would not endanger the tensioned steel at the prevailing range of pressures and temperatures. However, the potential for an attack of hydrogen on steel does exist if the tensioned steel elements or stressed anchorage components contain surface flaws and laminations. ACI 212.3R-04, Chemical Admixtures for Concrete (Ref. 7), issued 2004, prohibits the use of aluminum powder.

The protective mechanism of grout is primarily dependent on its ability to provide a continuous alkaline environment around the tensioned steel elements. The natural alkalinity of the primary product of cement hydration (i.e., calcium hydroxide) tends to be at a pH value of 12.5. The leaching of alkaline compounds with water, a possible reaction in an acidic or sulfide-containing environment, or the presence of oxygen and chloride ions may individually and collectively reduce the effectiveness of the alkaline environment. Reference 11 reports that the ability of chloride ions to develop corrosion increases with the decreasing alkalinity of the calcium hydroxide solutions. Thus, it is advisable to monitor the pH value of the in-place grout under actual field conditions and ensure that it remains above a value at which the available chloride ions in the composition of the grout do not reduce the passivating effect of the grout.

In addition, a general practice is to use a grout pump of the positive displacement type and able to maintain an outlet pressure of at least 145 pounds per square inch (1 newton per square millimeter) (see Refs. 4 and 5 ). However, grout with a thixotropic additive may need higher pumping pressures for long vertical tendons. The applicant should conduct tests to demonstrate that high pressures will not deteriorate the quality of grout; damage the duct, duct splices, or surrounding concrete; or deform the containment liner.

In addition to controlling the chemical composition of grout materials and the mixing and injection of the grout to ensure the intended protection of the prestressing steel, it is advised that applicants take other precautions to mitigate the corrosion of the prestressing steel, as follows:

Keep the tendon clean, dry, free from deleterious corrosion, and undamaged up to the time it is grouted. Specific protection measures should be provided at coastal sites, at sites that have a high moisture level, or at sites near industrial areas.

Protect a preassembled tendon-sheathing assembly that is to be installed before concreting against a corrosive environment during assembly, handling, storage, transportation, placement, and tensioning.

Before placing the tendon in the duct, ascertain that the duct is free of obstructions, moisture, and other deleterious substances.

Ensure that ducts used to protect grouted tendons are mortar-tight and nonreactive with concrete, prestressing steel, and grout. The contact surfaces of the tendons and the sheathing are potential areas for the formation of corrosion cells and hydrogen evolution. From the perspective of tendon corrosion, this practice is critical if the elapsed time between the tensioning and grouting is long and if the duct contains moisture with or without deleterious substances.

DG-1196, Page 5 Take steps to minimize the time duration between tensioning and grouting processes. This is critical from the standpoint of stress corrosion or hydrogen stress cracking.

Portland cement grout can provide effective corrosion protection of prestressing tendons if applicants take the appropriate precautions to eliminate potential sources of corrosion. To this end, the highest achievable quality control is necessary for each constituent of the grout, the tendon material, the tendon duct material, and the method of mixing and pumping the grout and ensuring that the tendon is surrounded from end to end with qualified grout.

C. REGULATORY POSITION Codes, standards, specifications, and guides (listed in Reference Section, Bibliography, and Appendix A), either in their entirety or in part, cover the qualification for cement grouting for prestressing tendons in containment structures. The NRC staff considers the sections of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code section III, Division 2 - Code for Concrete Reactor Vessels and Containments related to cement grout for grouted tendon systems acceptable subject to the regulatory positions on specific code sections as described below.

1.

CC-2241, Constituents for Cement Grout Acceptable admixtures may be used if tests have demonstrated that their use improves the properties of grout (e.g., increases workability, reduces or controls bleeding, prevents water separation when pumped at high pressure, entrains air, expands the grout, or reduces shrinkage). The quantities of harmful chemical compounds in the admixture should be kept to a minimum. Hydrogen peroxide and powdered aluminum metal are not acceptable air-entraining admixtures (Ref.7). Calcium chloride should not be used as a constituent of the admixture. The following are the limits on deleterious substances and pH:

a.

The quantity of the following chemical compounds (added individually for each constituent and expressed as parts per million parts of water) in the overall grout composition should not exceed the following limits (Ref. 13):

(1) chlorides 100 ppm (200 ppm if the pH is maintained above 12);

(2) nitrates 100 ppm (3) sulfates 250 ppm (4) sulfides 2 ppm (see Ref. 14 for the test method).

b.

The pH value of the grout at the inlet and the outlet of the duct should be maintained at above 11.6 (or 12 if the allowable chloride content is 200 ppm).

c.

During the duration of the grouting period, the amount of deleterious chemical compounds in the grout constituents should be checked both weekly and whenever the composition of the grout constituents is changed or is suspected of having changed due to contamination, exposure, source variation.

Sulfates in the form of sulfur trioxide as a cement component need not be considered.

DG-1196, Page 6

2.

CC-2243.2, Physical Properties of the Grout The water-cement ratio should be as low as possible for the proper pumping of the grout; however, the water-cement ratio should not exceed 0.45 by weight. Water shall not be added to increase grout flowability that has been decreased by delayed use of the grout.

3.

CC-2441, Tendon Ducts, Channels, Trumpets, and Transition Cones The size of the duct should allow for the insertion and tensioning of tendons without undue difficulty. Vents and drains should be checked for possible obstructions before grouting. Ducts should be maintained free of water.

4.

CC-4281, Equipment for Grouting The grouting equipment should include a mixer that is capable of continuous mechanical mixing and that can produce a grout free of lumps and undispersed cement. To this end, the applicant should conduct tests to demonstrate the optimum range of mixing time and to determine the sequence of placing the constituent materials in the mixer under extreme anticipated environmental conditions.

A screen having clear openings not more than 1/8 inch (3 mm) for standard grout, and 3/16 inch (5 mm) for grout with a thixotropic additive, should be provided between the mixed grout and the pump to ensure that the grout does not contain lumps. If lumps of cement remain on the screen, the batch should be rejected.

5.

CC-4282, Grouting The grout temperature should not exceed 90 degrees Fahrenheit (32.2 degrees Celsius) during the mixing and pumping operations unless the applicant can establish through testing that a higher temperature will not adversely affect the quality and performance of the grout.

An applicant that chooses to use qualified grout or concrete as a means to permanently protect the anchor hardware is strongly advised to provide the protection on the following bases:

a.

All exposed anchor hardware should be thoroughly examined before being provided with the permanent protection.

b.

The permanent protection should be designed and constructed in a manner that would prevent the intrusion of water and deleterious chemical compounds to the anchorage components.

6.

CC-4432, Tendon Assembly The tendon should be clean, dry, free from deleterious corrosion, and undamaged up to the time of grouting. The preassembled tendon sheathing assembly should be protected against corrosive influences when the assembly commences and during and at the end of the grouting operation.

DG-1196, Page 7 D. IMPLEMENTATION The purpose of this section is to provide information on how applicants and licensees1 may use this guide and information regarding the NRCs plans for using this Regulatory Guide. In addition, it describes how the NRC staff has complied with the Backfit Rule, 10 CFR 50.109 and any applicable finality provisions in 10 CFR Part 52.

Applicant and Licensees Use Applicants and licensees may (i.e., voluntarily) use the information in this regulatory guide to develop applications for initial licenses, amendments to licenses, or other requests for NRC regulatory approval (e.g., exemptions). Licensees may use the information in this regulatory guide for actions which do not require prior NRC review and approval (e.g., changes to a facility design under 10 CFR 50.59 which do not require prior NRC review and approval). Licensees may use the information in this Regulatory Guide or applicable parts to resolve regulatory or inspection issues (e.g., by committing to comply with provisions in the regulatory guide).

Current licensees may continue to use the guidance that was found acceptable for complying with specific portions of the regulations as part of their license approval process, which may be a previous version of this Regulatory Guide.

A licensee who believes that the NRC staff is inappropriately imposing this Regulatory Guide as part of a request for a license amendment or request for a change to a previously issued NRC regulatory approval may file a backfitting appeal with the NRC in accordance with applicable procedures.

NRC Staff Use The NRC staff does not intend or approve any imposition or backfitting of the guidance in this Regulatory Guide. The staff does not expect any existing licensee to use or commit to using the guidance in this Regulatory Guide in the absence of a licensee-initiated change to its licensing basis. The NRC staff does not expect or plan to request licensees to voluntarily adopt this Regulatory Guide to resolve a generic regulatory issue. The NRC staff does not expect or plan to initiate NRC regulatory action which would require the use of this regulatory guide (e.g. issuance of an order requiring the use of the Regulatory Guide, requests for information under 10 CFR 50.54(f) as to whether a licensee intends to commit to use of this regulatory guide, generic communication, or promulgation of a rule requiring the use of this Regulatory Guide) without further back-fit consideration.

During inspections of specific facilities, the staff may suggest or recommend that licensees consider various actions consistent with staff positions in this regulatory guide. Such suggestions and recommendations would not ordinarily be considered backfitting even if prior versions of this Regulatory Guide are part of the licensing basis of the facility with respect to the subject matter of the inspection.

However, the staff may not represent to the licensee that: (i) the licensees failure to comply with the positions in this Regulatory Guide constitutes a violation; (ii) the licensee may avoid the violation by agreeing to comply with this Regulatory Guide; or (iii) the only acceptable way for the licensee to address the NRC-identified non-compliance or violation is to commit to this Regulatory Guide (i.e., including this Regulatory Guide in the facilitys licensing basis).

1 In this section, licensees include applicants for standard design certifications under 10 CFR Part 52.

DG-1196, Page 8 If an existing licensee seeks a license amendment or change to an existing regulatory approval, and the staffs consideration of the request involves a regulatory issue which is directly relevant to this Regulatory Guide and the specific subject matter of the new or revised guidance is an essential consideration in the NRC staffs determination of the acceptability of the licensees request, the staff may require the licensee to use this Regulatory Guide as a prerequisite for NRC approval. This is not considered backfitting as defined in 10 CFR 50.109(a)(1) or a violation of any of the issue finality provisions in 10 CFR Part 52.

Conclusion This regulatory guide is not being imposed upon current licensees and may be voluntarily used by existing licensees. In addition, this Regulatory Guide is issued in conformance with all applicable internal NRC policies and procedures governing backfitting. Accordingly, the NRCs staff issuance of this regulatory guide is not considered backfitting, as defined in 10 CFR 50.109(a)(1), nor is it deemed to be in conflict with any of the issue finality provisions in 10 CFR Part 52.

DG-1196, Page 9 GLOSSARY admixtureMaterial added to the grout for the purpose of achieving certain properties.

anchorageAn assembly of various hardware components that secures a tendon at its ends after it has been stressed and imparts the tendon force into the concrete.

bar tendonsHigh-strength steel bars that are normally available from 16 to 44 millimeters (5/8 to 1-3/4 inches) in diameter and are usually threaded with very coarse thread.

bleedThe autogenous flow of mixing water within, or its emergence from, newly placed grout caused by the settlement of the solid materials within the mass.

corrosionThe chemical or electrochemical reaction between a material, usually a metal, and its environment that produces a deterioration of the material and its properties.

duct/sheathA hole or void provided in the concrete for the posttensioning tendons. A duct may be provided by embedding metal sheathing in cast-in-place concrete.

groutA mixture of cementitious materials and water, with or without mineral additives or admixtures, that is proportioned to produce a consistency that may be pumped without segregation of the constituents when injected into the duct to fill the space around the prestressing steel.

grout opening or ventAn inlet, outlet, or vent in the duct for grout, water, or air.

pHA measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, which is numerically equal to 7 for neutral solutions; pH increases with increasing alkalinity and decreases with increasing acidity. The pH scale commonly in use ranges from 0 to 14.

prestressing steelThose elements of a posttensioning tendon that are tensioned and anchored to provide the necessary permanent prestressing force.

strandAn assembly of several high-strength steel wires wound together. A 7-wire strand usually consists of six outer wires wound in a long-pitch helix around a single straight wire of a similar diameter.

stress-corrosion cracking Cracking of a metal produced by the combined action of corrosion and tensile stress (applied or residual).

tendonA single or group of prestressing elements and their anchorage assemblies, which impart a compressive force to a structural member. Also included are ducts, grouting attachments and grout. The main prestressing element is usually a high strength steel member made up of a number of strands, wires or bars.

thixotropicA material property that enables the cement grout to stiffen in a short time while at rest but allows it to acquire a lower viscosity when mechanically agitated.

wire tendonsTendons consisting of small-diameter, high-strength steel wires.

DG-1196, Page 10 REFERENCES2

1.

10 CFR Part 50, Domestic Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC.

2.

Regulatory Guide 1.90, Inservice Inspection of Prestressed Concrete Containment Structures with Grouted Tendons, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC.

3.

ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,Section III, Division 2, Code for Concrete Containments, 2001 Edition through 2003 Addenda, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY.3

4.

Guide Specification for Grouting of Post-Tensioned Structures, 1st Edition, Post-Tensioning Institute, Phoenix, AZ, February 2001.

5.

Maxwell-Cook, P.V., Report on Grout and Grouting of Prestressed Concrete, Proceedings of the Seventh Congress of the Federation International de la Precontrainte, 1974. International Federation for Structural Concrete (FIBFederation International du Beton, the parent organization of Euro-International Concrete Committee (CEB) and International Federation for Prestressing (FIP), Case Postale 88, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.

6.

ACI 301-05, Specifications for Structural Concrete, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2006.

7.

ACI 212.3R-04, Chemical Admixtures for Concrete, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2004.

8.

Szilard, R., Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Tendons in Prestressed Concrete Bridges, American Concrete Institute Journal, 66(1), January 1969: p.42-59.

9.

ACI 222R-01, Protection of Metals in Concrete against Corrosion, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2001.

10.

Scott, G.N., Corrosion Protection Properties of Portland Cement Concrete, American Water Works Association Journal, 57(8), August 1965. 3

11.

Hausman, D.A., Steel Corrosion in Concrete, Materials Protection, National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, TX, November 1967. 3

12.

Leonhardt, F., Prestressed Concrete Design and Construction, 2nd Edition, William Hurst, Berlin, 1964.

2 Publicly available NRC published documents are available electronically through the Electronic Reading Room on the NRCs public Web site at: http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/. The documents can also be viewed on-line or printed for a fee in the NRCs Public Document Room (PDR) at 11555 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD; the mailing address is USNRC PDR, Washington, DC 20555; telephone 301-415-4737 or (800) 397-4209; fax (301) 415-3548; and e-mail pdr.resource@nrc.gov.

3 Copies of American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) standards may be purchased from ASME, Three Park Avenue, New York, New York 10016-5990; telephone (800) 843-2763. Purchase information is available through the ASME Web-based store at http://www.asme.org/Codes/Publications/.

DG-1196, Page 11

13.

NUREG/CR-0092, Corrosion of Steel Tendons in Concrete Pressure Vessels - Review of Recent Literature and Experimental Investigations, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC.

14.

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st Edition, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, 2005.

DG-1196, Page 12 BIBLIOGRAPHY U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Documents NUREG-Series Reports NUREG-0800, Standard Review Plan for the Review of Safety Analysis Reports for Nuclear Power Plants: LWR Edition, Chapter 3, Design of Structures, Components, Equipment, and Systems, Section 3.8.1, Concrete Containment, Revision 0, November 1975, Revision 1, July 1981, and Revision 2, March 2007.

Regulatory Guide Regulatory Guide 1.35.1, Determining Prestressing Forces for Inspection of Prestressed Concrete Containments, July 1990.

Non-NRC Documents Gerwick, B.C., Construction of Prestressed Concrete Structures, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,

New York, 1993.

Nawy, E.G., Prestressed Concrete a Fundamental Approach, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1996.

Post Tension Tendon Installation and Grouting Manual, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, May 26, 2004.

Appendix A to DG-1196, Page A-1 APPENDIX A LIST OF RELEVANT AMERICAN SOCIETY OF TESTING AND MATERIALS STANDARDS Table A-1 lists relevant American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards by ASTM designation and title.

Table A-1. List of Relevant ASTM Standards ASTM DESIGNATION TITLE C109-99 Standard Method of Test for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. Cube Specimens)

C150-07 Standard Specification for Portland Cement Concrete C185-01 Standard Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement Mortar C191-07 Standard Method of Test for Time of Setting Hydraulic Cement by Vicat Needle C260-06 Standard Specifications for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete C494-05 Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete C937-02 Standard Specification for Grout Fluidifier for Preplaced Aggregate Concrete C939-02 Standard Test Method for Flow of Grout for Preplaced Aggregate Concrete C940-98 Standard Test Method for Expansion and Bleeding of Freshly Mixed Grouts for Preplaced Aggregate Concrete in the Laboratory C942-04 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Grouts for Preplaced-Aggregate Concrete in the Laboratory C953-06 Standard Test Method for Time of Setting of Grouts for Preplaced-Aggregate Concrete in the Laboratory C1090-05 Standard Test Method for Measuring Changes in Height of Cylindrical Specimens of Hydraulic-Cement Grout C1152-04 Standard Test Method for Acid-Soluble Chloride in Mortar and Concrete C1218-99 Standard Test Method for Water-Soluble Chloride in Mortar and Concrete D512-04 Standard Test Methods for Chloride Ion in Water D516-07 Standard Test Method for Sulfate Ion in Water D596-06 Reporting Results of Analysis of Water D1129-03 Terms Relating to Water D1293-05 pH of Water and Waste Water D3867-04 Standard Test Methods for Nitrite-Nitrate in Water