ML072150287
| ML072150287 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Oyster Creek |
| Issue date: | 06/01/1978 |
| From: | Curtis C, Douglass L, Lauver T, Patterson G Univ of Delaware, Univ of Maryland - College Park |
| To: | Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation |
| Davis J NRR/DLR/REBB, 415-3835 | |
| References | |
| Download: ML072150287 (20) | |
Text
EFFECTS OF SALINE COOLING TOWER DRIFT ON SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF SODIUM
- 1!i AND CHLYRIDE CONCENTRAJIONS IN NATIVE PERENNIAL VEGETATION 3
T. L. Lauver, C. R. Curtis, G. W. Patterson, and L. W. Douglass ABSTRACT The Potomac Electric Power Company (PEPCO) generating station at Chalk Point, Maryland utilizes a natural draft cooling tower in its cooling cycle.
Brackish water is drawn from the Patuxent River for cooling, and consequently a saline aerosol drift is released from the tower into the atmosphere.
A monitoring study was estab-lished to evaluate the effects of this saline drift on native, perennial vegetation in the vicinity of the Chalk Point power plant.
Sampling from a total of 13 naturally-occurring field sites of dogwood (Cornus florida), black locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia),
Virginia pine Pinus vrg-niana), and sassafras (Sassafras albidum) was continued from May 1974 through September 1976.
Samples were collected monthly, May through September, in any given year.
Each site was comprised of ten trees of similar size and age.
Samples were analyzed for sodium ion concentration by atomic absorption spectrophotometry; chloride ion concentration was determined by potentiometric titration.
Samples were collected and analyzed prior to the operation of the cooling tower (1974),
and also since the tower was in operation (1975-76).
Statistical comparisons among the 1974, 1975, and 1976 data indicate some significant in-creases in ion concentration have occurred in a few sites, but these are small and are not attributable to cooling tower drift.
In some instances, site post-operational ion concentrations have decreased.
Aging, metabolic changes, and/or seasonal changes in rainfall are thought to contribute to the fluctuations in ion concentration.
1 Faculty Research Assistant and Professor and Acting Chairman, re-spectively, Department of Botany, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742.
2Professor and Chairperson, Department of Plant Science, University of Delaware,
- Newark, Delaware 19711.
3Associate Professor of Dairy Science, Department of Dairy Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research required the dedicated assistance of many persons, and the authors wish to gratefully acknowledge their special contributions during the three years of this study.
From the University of Maryland, Dr.
R. L. Green,. Coordinator,.Water Resources Research Center, contributed guidance and administrative expertise; A. Churgin, K. Corbett, F. Gipe, W. Haydel, F. Nutter, A. Kaminski, E. Mathis, A. Stansbury, and P. Steiner, undergraduate research assistants, all provided valuable assistance in the laboratory and in the field; B. Francis, who provided endless advice and assistance; special appreciation is extended to F. Leonard for her typing of the manuscript; and to Dr. W. L. Klarman for his technical advice.
Al The computer time for this product was supported in part through the facilities of the Computer Science Center of the University of Maryland.
i Dr. R. S. Nietubicz, Project Engineer, Chalk Point Cooling Tower Project, Power Plant Siting Program, Department of Natural Resources, State of Maryland, provided us with valuable assistance and technical guidance; we express our gratitude to. Mr. J. H. Meyer of the Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland, for occasional tech-nical discussions and photographs.
The authors also wish to acknowledge the full cooperation and assistance provided by the staff of the Potomac Electric.Power Company (PEPCO).
This research was supported entirely by the State of Maryland, Department of Natural Resources, Energy and Coastal Zone Administration, Power Plant Siting Program.
4 1-50
INTRODUCTION Conversion of fossil fuels into electrical energy by power generating stations is an inefficient process, as much waste heat is produced.
Dis-posing of heat into the surrounding ecosystem can have dramatic biological 1effects, especially if dissipated directly into a nearby waterway.
Cur-rently, the trend is toward increased usage of wet cooling towers to dis-sipate heat into the atmosphere, which usually has minimal environmental impact (Kolflat, 1974).
The Potomac Electric Power Company (PEPCO) located at Chalk Point, Maryland utilizes a crossflow, natural draft, hyperbolic cooling tower for their oil-fired, 632 Mw generating unit No..
3 (Holmberg, 1974).
At Chalk Point, brackish water is drawn from the nearby Patuxent River for inclusion in the cooling cycle.
Hence, saline aerosol drift released from the tower is a potential hazard to the ecosystem.
Manufacturer's estimates place the drift rate at.002% of the circula-.
ting water flow, or about 5.2 GPM.
Obviously, the concentration of the.
ýJ saline drift depends upon river salinity, which ranges from 3,000 to 13,000
'ppm (TDS) depending on the season (Pell, 1974).
Final drift concentration will ultimately depend on evaporative losses, make-up and blowdown rates.
Compounding the problem of salt drift from the cooling tower is the unit's stack effluent which is a source of considerable saline drift, as brackish river water is used in the particulate scrubbers (Meyer and Stan-
- bro, 1977).
Also, in the near future a second cooling tower and stack will be put into operation for generating unit No.
4, with the potential of doubling drift emissions in the area and creating even greater potential for damage to surrounding vegetation.
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The Chalk Point Cooling Tower Project, administered by the Maryland Power Plant Siting Program, is a multi-year study to ascertain the impact of saline drift at Chalk Point.
The Botany Department at the University of Maryland has been investigating the long-term effects of saline drift on native, perennial vegetation in the vicinity of Chalk Point.
The two most abundant ions in Patuxent River water are sodium and chloride.
Both ions are readily absorbed through foliar applications.
Any monitoring efforts should include analysis of foliar samples for changes in concentrations of these ions.
As salt deposition rates from cooling towers are minimal, probably soil salinity would be little effected, in comparison to toxicity of foliar salt depositions (Bernstein, 1975).
Con-siderable research has been completed on sodium and/or chloride concentra-tions in foliage of woody plant species, much of which is concerned with foliar salt deposition as a result of highway deicing operations (Smith, 1970; Hall, et al., 1972; Lumis, et al., 1973; Sucoff, 1975).
A few investigations are concerned with saline drift from cooling towers, with respect to vegetation effects (Mulchi and Armbruster, 1974;
- Hindawi, 1976; McCune, et ali, 1976; Curtis, et al., 1977; Francis, 1977).
The importance of monitoring salt levels in foliar tissues is the potential for damage by the accumulation of salts emanating from the cooling tower I -51
and/or stack effluents.
Symptoms of foliar salt damage are well documented in the literature (Bernstein, 1964; Bernstein, et al., 1972; Shortle, et al., 1972; Lumis, et al., 1973; Bernstein, 1975; Dirr, 1976).
Approaching the study of saline aerosol drift at Chalk Point requires a two-phase investigation.
The primary phase is to gather sodium and chlo-ride concentration data for several years prior to the operation of the cooling tower (Curtis, et al., 1976).
This negates the possibility of prior contamination and leads to an acquisition of base-line, or compara-tive reference data.
Base-line data acquisition is an effort to define the natural, seasonal variations of mineral uptake by given species at specific locations.
These data describe root uptake only in most cases, although this does not negate the possibility that a few sites might oc-casionally receive salt spray from the river.
The second phase of this investigation begins with the operation of the cooling tower.
Then begins the long-term acquisition of post-opera-tional data from the study sites.
Post-operative data provide information concerning any changes in sodium and chloride levels when compared to the base-line, and lends credence to any assessment concerning the impact of salt contamination on native vegetation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS The Chalk Point Power Plant is situated about 65 km (40 miles) south-east of Washington, D. C., just north of the confluence of the Patuxent River and Swanson, Creek (Fig.
1).
The area is a diversification of hard-wood-pine forests and small farms where tobacco, corn, and soybeans are important crops Forested areas on and off power plant property were surveyed to de-termine species diversity and distribution.
Four species of native trees were determined to be widespread and in sufficient numbers to allow for site location (See Table 1).
TABLE 1
+
Native tree species samples for foliar Na and CI.
The location of the tree sampling-sites is shown in Fig. 1.
Common Number Scientific name name of sites Pinus virginiana Mill.
Virginia pine 6
Robinia pseudo-acacia L.
Black locust 3
Sassafras albidum Nutt)
Nees Sassafras 3
Cornus florida L.
Dogwood 1
- Ten trees were sampled at each site on a monthly basis.
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52 I
A MAY JUNE AUGUST SCALO -
SEPTEMBER Fig.
- 1. Chalk Point Power Plant location in Maryland (upper inset)
& location of tree sampling sites
- in the vicinity of the power plant.
Fig. 2.
Monthly (May-Sept.,
1976) wind rose data taken from the 50 M level at the Chalk Point meteorolog-ical tower.
Diagrams indicate the monthly wind directions and percent time spent in each direction.
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Each of the 13 sites listed was cbmprised of 10 trees of similar size and age, and each was in close proximity to the other.
Ten trees were selected for each site to provide a reliable statistical basis.
Eight sample sites were situated on power plant property; the remaining five sites were located on private property (Fig.
1).
All trees were marked and tagged with a spe-cies identifier and tree number.
A detailed soil description was described for each site in Curtis, et al., (1977).
Each site was sampled monthly, beginning May through September.
Samp-ling usually began near the middle of each month, completed in a 2-3 day period, and never attempted on rainy days or immediately thereafter, but rather'l or 2 days later.
Approximately 10-15 grams (dry wt.) of leaves or needles were randomly collected from the lower tree crown.
Sampling was done with the collector wearing plastic surgical gloves to minimize the risk of contamination from perspiring hands.
Samples were collected in labeled, brown, paper bags.
Leaves were not washed, but brought to the laboratory and dried in a forced-draft oven for 48 hours5.555556e-4 days <br />0.0133 hours <br />7.936508e-5 weeks <br />1.8264e-5 months <br /> at 950 C.
Upon drying, samples were individually ground in a Wiley Mill to pass through a 20-mesh screen, and placed into screw-cap bottles for storage until analy-sis.
Chloride ion concentration was determined by a modification of a potentiometric titration method-outlined by LaCroix, et al., (1970).
An Orion chloride ion electrode and double junction reference electrode were used in combination with an Orion model 701 digital pH meter.
A 0.5 g leaf sample was shaken in 50 ml of 0.1 N HNO0 on a wrist-action shaker for 15 minutes.
The solution was then titrated, while stirring, with 0.01 N AgNO :0.1 N HNO The endpoint was determined as the millivolt reading of an afiquot of the 0.1 N HNO used for chloride extraction.
Standard pro-cedures for analysis requirhd the preparation and analysis of three rep-licates for each sample.
Chloride standards were titrated at the beginning of each run and a standard curve determined through regression analysis.
Sodium ion concentration was determined-by atomic absorption spectro-photometry.
A 0.5 gram leaf samp le was weighed into a 15 ml crucible and heated in a muffle furnace at 475 C for a minimum of 12 hours1.388889e-4 days <br />0.00333 hours <br />1.984127e-5 weeks <br />4.566e-6 months <br />.
The ash was then dissolved in 5 ml of 20% (w/v) HCl and gently heated (not boiled) to insure dissolution of the ashed sample.
This mixture was washed through Whatman No. 40 ashless filter paper and the filtrate diluted to 100 ml with distilled water.
Three blanks were routinely run with every 24 rep-licates.
A Perkin-Elmer model 303 atomic absorption spectrophotometer and sodium lamp were setup according to standard conditions for sodium.
At the beginning and end of each run, known sodium standards were analyzed and a standard curve generated through regression analysis.
Standard pro-cedures required the analysis of three replicates for each sample.
Results of chloride and sodium analyses are reported in.g/g leaf dry wt.
The term ion load adequately describes both internal and external foliar salt concentrations under natural conditions.
Means, standard deviations, coefficients of variation, and standard errors of the mean are routinely determined for the-three replicates of each leaf sample.
Multi-year comparisons of data are made on the computer.
Monthly trends, site comparisons, tree comparisons, and year comparisons are made by an analy-I -
54
sis of variance (Manova) program constructed by the University of Miami Biometrics Laboratory.
Further definition of significant differences be-tween means require Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) test (P =.05) of signifi-cance (Sokal and Rohlf, 1969).
RESULTS Results from sodium and chloride analyses of foliar material are summarized in a series of graphs (Figs. 3-28).
Since construction of the cooling tower and stack was not complete at the time of sampling the 1974 data are considered preoperational; 1975 and 1976 data are postoperational, in that the tower was first tested in 1975 and fully operational in 1976.
The graphs reveal characteristic trends that occur in each site.
The fol-lowing is a summary of those results:
The dogwood site (Fig. 3) exhibits an almost linear increase in chloride concentration.
Sodium ion loads show no seasonal trend (Fig.
16).
Virginia pine sites (Figs. 4-9; 17-22) do not reveal any characteris-tic seasonal variations for chloride or sodium.
However, it should be noted that Virginia pine, site 6 (Figs. 9 and 22) reflects very high lev-els of sodium and chloride when compared to any other pine site.
All black locust sites (Figs. 10-12) display a curious pattern for chloride, which is manifested as a slight increase or decrease in spring and early summer, followed by a dramatic increase in late summer.
Sodium concentrations exhibit no seasonal trends (Figs. 23-25).
Sassafras, sites 2 and 3 (Figs. 14-15) reveal a rapid decrease in chloride in early spring and reach their lowest points in July, to be fol-lowed by a steady increase through later summer.
Sassafras, site 1 (Fig.
13), clearly does not follow this same trend.
Sodium ion loads have no seasonal trends at all sassafras sites (Figs. 26-28).
Considerable statistical testing was utilized as a tool to analyze the data.
Table 2 is a tabular listing of site-seasonal mean comparisons for the years 1974-1976.
Analysis of variance and Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) tests (P =.05) were incorporated in the determination of these results.
Non-significant means for sodium and chloride are denoted by common super-scripts.
Means are compared within sites, and not between sites.
Results indicate there are statistically significant changes.
Dogwood, site 1, is significant for an increase of chloride in 1976, and a corresponding increase of sodium in 1976.
Changes in chloride were non-significant for Virginia pine, sites 1-5, however, an analysis of the sodium data in site 2 clearly shows the 1974 seasonal mean to be signifi-cantly higher than 1975 and 1976.
Virginia pine, site 6, shows signifi-cantly greater chloride ion concentrations for 1975 as compared to 1974 and 1976.
Sodium for site 6.also reflects significant differences for 1974, which is considerably higher than 1975 and 1976.
Seasonal means for black locust exhibit significant variations for chloride.
Sites I and 3 I -
55
F TABLE 2 Site-Year Means for Sodium and ChlorideI 2
Sodium Ion Load (ppm)
Chloride Ion Load (ppm)
Sites 1974 1975 1976 1974 1975 1976 CF-I 5 3 a 80 b 62a 2045a 2 1 1 3 a 3 0 6 0 b PV-I 35 4 5ab 4 6ab 3 5 0a 405 446 PV-2 6 1 bc 39a 33a 4 2 9 ab 4 4 4 ab 4 38 ab PV-3 8 2 ac 9 3c 90 c 430a 452a 519a PV-4 5 9 ab 7 3bc 6 2abc 3 80 a 518a 493a PV-5 6 1 abc 68bc 6 2 abc 4 0 4 a 450a 481a PV-6 4 5 0 b 281a 3 4 5a 867a 1185b 792a RP-1 69a 1 3 7ab 1 22 ab 437a 405a 6 1 7 b RP-2 72a 114a 10 7a 338a 343a 408a RP-3 79a 1 37 ab 1 32 ab 9 34 a 837a 1307b SA-1 87a 150a 72a 156a 125a 117a SA-2 87a 133a 179a 1 4 2 a SA-3 76a 141a 94a 290a 313a 4 0 8 b IStatistical results of 1974, 1975, and 1976 site-annual mean comparisons by analysis of variance (P =.05) and Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) test of significance.
Chloride and sodium data are listed for each site.
Compar-isons are made within rows for each ion.
Annual means with common super-scripts denote those figures to be non-significant at the 5% level.
2 CF-Cornus florida (dogwood); PV-Pinus virginiana (Virginia pine);
RP-Robinia pseudo-acacia (black loc-ust); SA-Sassafras albidum (Sassafras)
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3 4!
5 6
5 x4 0,
z 20I CF-1 M-U MJ JASq z0 5
0 x4 01 Z2 0
0
'pv-ý 0
M J J A SO 5
x4 3
2 o
0 7
8 9
OC 0
0 2
0 0
Q 0
x !.0 z 0.5 0
PV-3 o07 0
M J
J A
S O RP-1 0
'sA-2 U
10
'x 1.0 DC Z 0.5 0
8 7
6 755 z 3
-2 1
0 11 2P-0rC 0
z1 0
o_ /
01 MJJAS0 12 13 0
2 C6 z
I 0
o_
0 2
o_
0' 0
.0 0
14 N.
oA, 15
-SA-3 Figs. 3-15.
Seasonal variations of chloride ion con-centrations (ug/gdw) from tree sites shown in Fig.
1.
The graph labeled CF-I is the Cornus florida site.
Graphs labeled PV-l through PV-6 are Pinus virginiana sites; RP-I, RP-2, RP-3 represent Robinia pseudo-acacia sites; and SA-I, SA-2, SA-3 are Sassafras albidum sites.
Each. point represents a monthly mean for a given year.
M J J A SO0
- 1974 Seasonal Means 0
1975 Seasonal Means 0
1976 Seasonal Means I -
57
16 17 18 21 z
0 1
0 FCF-'i 20 PV-4 SO 0
Pv-1 z7 05 0
A
-Jz 0_
2 0
zQ PV-2 2
0 05 0,
0 0
I, 0
I
-J 0 M' J xgC
'Pv-i
°PV-3o
°>S" 19 23 21 22 2
0 0
z Q
2 0
x0, 0.
PV-0 MJI J
S-2 0,
I
'PV-6 MJ J-A-S 4
x3
- 2 0
_o z
0 RpM A
MJ JASC
.0 MJ JAo' 0
0 D
24 25 26 27 RP-2 0
3- 0 M51 0
0
- -,4 0
03 02 zi 0'
0 RP-'3 M J J A SO 4
0 10
-J-zI 0
'SA-U__a,!
MS J ASo0 4
3
-6 2' 0,
0 0
'SA-2 0
i _ A S 28 44_ SA -3 0
- -3
.2 0
20 z
- 0. M J
J S
Figs. 16-28.
Seasonal variations of sodium ion con-centrations (ug/gdw) from tree sites shown in Fig.
1.
The graph labeled CF-i is the Cornus florida site.
Graphs labeled PV-I through PV-6 are Pinus virginiana sites; RP-I, RP-2, RP-3 represent Robinia pseudo-acacia sites; and SA-I, SA-2, SA-3 are Sassafras albidum sites.
Each point represents a monthly mean for a given year.
- 1974 Seasonal Means o
1975 Seasonal Means
- 1976 Seasonal Means I -
58
are considerably higher in 1976 over the previous two years.
Sassafras, site 3, presents a similar situation to black locust.
A In some instances, data are missing from graphs.
In Virginia pine, site 2 (Figs. 5 and 18), there are missing points for 1974 as a result of site destruction by construction workers.
All sites of black locust, sites 1-3 (Figs.
10-12; 23-25), contain missing data.
Leaf miner infestations became severe in late summer and almost completely defoliated entire trees, short of killing them; hence, there was not sufficient foliage to sample.
Sassafras, site 2 (Figs.
14 and 27), is complete for 1974 and 1975, but lacks data for 1976, because early in the spring of 1976 the site was de-stroyed by an accidental herbicide application.
A suitable stand of sas-safras trees could not be located nearby as a replacement.
DISCUSSION Evaluation of the effects of saline cooling tower drift on native perennial vegetation must be based upon observations of either: (1) the existence of salt toxicity symptoms with correspondingly high ion concen-trations, or (2) an increase or rapid change in salt concentration (sodium and/or chloride) since the cooling tower went into operation, as compared to seasons before tower operation.
Symptoms of salt toxicity were never observed at any sampling sites in the vicinity of Chalk Point.
Literature surveys reveal that marginal or tip-burn of woody plant leaves may occur if the ion concentrations ex-ceed.5% (5,000 ppm) for chloride or.2% (2,000 ppm) for sodium (dry wt.)
(Smith, 1970; Bernstein, 1975).
Inspection of the graphs results in the general conclusion that the sites manifest no excessively high ion con-centrations, with the possible exception of the dogwood site.
Flowering dogwood is considered to be a salt sensitive species, and foliar chloride concentrations above 5,000 pg/gdw usually result in leaf damage (Francis, 1977).
Primarily, uptake of chloride ions is through root absorption at this site, rather than foliar absorption; foliar sprays were applied in Francis' research.
Threshold levels may differ depending upon the site of nutrient uptake.
Also, tolerance levels might be explained through genetic differences (Sucoff, 1975; Bernstein, 1975) or differences in age, as site trees are much older than the trees used in Francis' research.
Of considerable interest in the study of salt toxicities is that chloride is considered to be more important toxicologically than sodium (Boyce, 1974; Holmes and Baker, 1966; Walton, 1969; Francis, 1977).
In most studies there has been a direct relation between applications of chloride and injury.
Many researchers also found that woody plants are more sensitive to salt sprays than non-woody ones.
Consequently, it is most probable that saline aerosols at Chalk Point will damage leaves of trees before non-woody annuals and crops.
Table 2 indicates that statistically significant differences (P <.05) in chloride and/or sodium exist at several sampling sites:
CF-I (Figs. 3 and 16),
PV-2 (Fig.
18), PV-6 (Figs. 9 and 22), RP-I and 3 (Figs.
10 and I
59
12),
and SA-3 (Fig.
15).
Statistics provides an objective means of compar-ing postoperational data to preoperational data.
The possible effects of meteorological phenomena (rainfall, wind patterns, etc.), site effects (aging, changes in metabolic uptake, etc.), or tower operating ranges are not taken into direct consideration when yearly comparisons are made.
These factors must be considered individually before an accurate assessment can be made regarding drift effects on vegetation.
Significant site increases of ion loads have occurred primarily in 1976, an exception is a decreased concentration at the dogwood site.
Four sites: CF-I, PV-2, RP-I, and RP-3 are situated north of the cooling tower.
An examination of monthly wind rose data (Fig. 2) reveals that for the majority of the 1976 growing season, at least part of the time these sites were downwind.
However, it appears that salt drift did not contribute appreciably to the salt levels on these sites.
A general survey of Table 2 reveals that a majority of the collecting sites exhibits an increase of chloride for 1976, when compared to the pre-vious two years, but fail to show respective increases in sodium for that same year.
Although most of these increases are not statistically signifi-cant, there is an obvious trend indicated.
One could attribute these sub-tle increases to cooling tower drift.
However, sodium ion concentations do not reflect these same increases in 1976, but exhibit subtle increases i'n a majority of sites in 1975, when compared to 1974 and 1976.
Sodium is a major component of Patuxent River water (Meyer and Stanbro, 1977; Francis, 1977),
and should show proportionate increases with chloride.
Sites that exhibit significantly greater chloride concentrations (P <.05) in 1976 occur randomly, with no spatial relation to the cooling tower, and in most cases adjacent sites show no significant increases.
Indeed, many nearby sites reflect decreases in chloride and/or sodium ion concentra-tions.
Significant changes of sodium and choride concentrations at PV-6 can be attributable to site location, which is directly along an embankment of the Patuxent River.
The Virginia pines at this site are undergoing con-siderable physiological stress due to their habitat.
Frequently, the riv-er level is high enough to submerge the roots of some trees and often winds create salt aerosols.
Conclusions drawn from this three year study are generally that, thus-far, the cooling tower drift effects on native, perennial vegetation are negligible in the vicinity of Chalk Point.
Seasonal wind patterns un-doubtedly deposit some saline drift on several or all of the native sites in the vicinity of the cooling tower; however, shifts in sodium or chloride concentration are attributable to seasonal changes in rainfall, aging of j
tree sites, changes in metabolic activity, or natural, physiological stres-ses.
The potential for deleterious effects to vegetation by saline drift exists in the vicinity of the cooling tower.
Flowering dogwood is a salt sensitive species, as was indicated by simulated drift studies by Francis, 1977.
These same spray studies have indicated the possibility of accumu-lation of ions in the wood of dogwood.
Smith (1973) suggested accumula-4.
I -60
iiI A
tion of sodium in woody twigs of urban trees.
Hence, toxic ions may accumu-late in woody tissues over long periods of time to be eventually translocat-ed to leaves with possible deleterious effects.
Expected drift rates from the cooling tower and stack effluent (Meyer and Stanbro, 1977), coupled with the future completion of unit 4, could lead to salt damage of flowering dogwoods, especially those of CF-I which are about 1 km north of the cooling tower.
On-site damage to other species is a possibility, although remote.
Off-site damage of woody species can-not be ascertained at this time.
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61
- F-LITERATURE CITED Bernstein, L.
1964.
Salt tolerance of plants, Information Bull. 283.
23p.
U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Agr.
Bernstein, L.,
L. E. Francois, and R. A. Clark, 1972.
Salt tolerance of ornamental shrubs and ground covers.
J. Amer. Hort. Soc. 97: 550-556.
Bernstein, L.
1975.
Effects Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.
of salinity and sodicity on plant growth.
13: 295-312.
Boyce, S. G.
1954.
The salt spray community.
Ecol.
Monogr. 24: 29-67.
Curtis, C. R.,
T. L. Lauver, and B. A. Francis.
1976.
Cooling tower effects on native perennial vegetation.
Pre-operational report, Vol.
1, sections I-IX.
PPSP-CPCTP-7.
WRRC Special Report No. 2, Water Resources Research Center, University of Maryland, College Park 20742.
Curtis, C. R.,
T. L. Lauver, and B. A. Francis.
1976.
Cooling tower effects on native perennial vegetation.
Pre-operational report, Vol.
11, Appendices, PPSP-CPCTP-8.
WRRC Special Report No. 2, Water Resources Research Center, University of Maryland, College Park 20742.
Curtis, C. R.,
T. L. Lauver, and B. A. Francis.
1977.
Foliar salt in native vegetation: Seasonal variations.
Environ. Pollut. 14:
69-80.
I'g Dirr, M. A.
envi ronm
- p. 103-1 1976.
Salts and woody-plant interactions in the urban tent.
USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NE-22 10.
Francis, B. A.
1977.
Effects of simulated saline cooling tower drift on woody species.
M. Sci. thesis.
University of Maryland, College Park.
69p.
- Hall, R.,
G. Hofstra, and G. P. Lumis.
1972.
Effects of deicing salt on eastern white pine: foliar injury, growth suppression and seasonal changes in foliar concentrations of sodium and chloride.
Can. J. For.
Res. 2: 244-249.
- Hindawi, I. J., L. C. Raniere, and J. A. Rea.
1976.
aerosol drfit from a saltwater cooling system.
Protection Agency.
Ecological Research Series, NTIS.
Ecological effects of U. S. Environmental EPA-600/3-76-078.
- Holmberg, J. D.
The Marley 1974.
Drift management in the Chalk Point cooling tower.
Company, Mission, Kansas.
13p.
- Holmes, F. W., and J. H. Baker.
1966.
Salt injury to trees.
II.
Sodium and chloride in roadside sugar maples in Massachusetts.
Phytopathology 56: 633-636.
I -
62
.ofat
,.twr 8
Kolflat, T.
D.
1974.
Cooling tower practices.
Power Engineering 78:
i: !
32-40.
LaCroix, R. L., D. R. Kenney, and L. M. Walsh.
1970.
Potentiometric titration of chloride in plant tissue extracts using the chloride ion fi electrode.
Soil Sci. Plant Anal.
1: 1-6.
Lumis, G. P.,
G. Hofstra, and R. Hall.
1973.
Sensitivity of roadside trees and shrubs to aerial drift of deicing salt.
Hortscience 8:
475-477.
McCune, D. C.,
D. H. Silberman, R. H. Mandl, L. H. Weinstein, P. C.
Freadenthal, and P. S. Giardina.
1976.
Studies on the effects of saline aerosols of cooling tower origin on plants.
J. Air Pollut.
Contr. Assoc. 27: 319-324.
Meyer, J. H.,
and W. D. Stanbro.
1977.
Cooling tower drift dye tracer experiment, June 16 and 17, 1977.
Vol.
2, JHU, PPSP-CPCTP-16.
The
_X Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Mary-land.
- Mulchi, C. L.,
and J. A. Armbruster.
1974.
Effects of salt spray on the yield and nutrient balance of corn and soybeans, p. 379-392.
In S.
R. Hanna and J. Pell (eds.) Cooling Tower Environment - 1974. E.R.D.A.
CONF-740302.
Pell, J.
1974.
The Chalk Point cooling tower project, p.88-127.
In S. R. Hanna and J. Pell (eds.) Cooling Tower Environment - 1974.
E.R.D.A.
CONF-740302.
Shortle, W. C.,
J. B. Kotheimer, and A. E. Rich.
1972.
Effect of salt injury on shoot growth of sugar maple, Acer saccharum.
P1. Dis.
Reptr. 56: 1004-1007.
Smith, W. H.
1970.
Salt contamination of white pine planted adjacent to an interstate highway.
Pl. Dis. Reptr. 54: 1021-1025.
Smith, W. H.
1973.
Metal contamination of urban woody plants.
Environ.
Sci. Technol.
7: 631-636.
Sokal, R. R.,
and F. J. Rohlf.
1969.
Biometry.
W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco.
776p.
Sucoff, E.
1975.
Effects of de-icing salts on woody vegetation along Minnesota roads.
Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull.
303.
49p.
Walton, G. S.
1969.
Phytotoxicity of NaCl and CaCI 2 to Norway maples.
Phytopathology 59: 1412-1415.
I -
63
ERRATA for PROCEEDINGS OF THE COOLING TOWER ENVIRONMENT -
1978
Page Number 1-12 Figure 5:
1-15 Figure 8:
1-16 Figure 9:
1-106 Table 1:
texture c 1-119 Figure 1:
1-120 Figure 2:
1-121 Figure 3:
1-122 Figure 4:
1-123 Figure 5:
1-124 Figure 6:
1-125 Figure 7:
MMHOS/cm 1-126 Figure 8:
MMHOS /cm 1-127 Figure 9:
MMHOS/cm ERRATA Cooling Tower Environment -
1978 Nature of Correction new copy enclosed: current reproduction cannot be read.
ordinate should be g, not Mg.
ordinate should be g, not Mg.
a new page is enclosed with corrections in the surface
- olumn.
LSD =
LSD =
LSD-LSD LSD LSD Units 20.8 instead of 5.2 20.8 instead of 5.2 20.0 instead of 5.0 20.0 instead of 5.0 37.2 instead of 9.3 37.2 instead of 9.3 on EC reported should be Units on EC reported should be Units on EC reported should be pMAOS/cm instead of 1MHOS/cm instead of pMJNOS/cm instead of 1-128 Figure 10: Units on EC reported should be pMHOS/cm instead of NMHOS/cm 1-129 Figure 11: Units on EC reported should be 1jNHOS/cm instead of NMHOS/cm 1-130 Figure 12: Units on EC reported should be IMHOS/cm instead of MMHOS/cm 11-28 Figure 9: Dash line is for K = 3.69 instead of 2.97 and dash-dot line is for K = 2.97 instead of 3.69 11-34 Table 1: Number of afternoon visible plumes observed should be changed from 125 to 175 in "Characterization of Cooling Tower Plumes from Paradise Steam Plant" 6/1/78
Errata cont.
111-3 2.1 Mathematical Modelling, 4th line:
park, 1 < M < 10 uncoupled systems consisting...
llth line:
the two components v and v of...
z x
2nd equation:
li = (KlI2v 2 + K2vv x2/v3 + K4F)/R + K3A2g/pv2 4th line after the equations:
initially had no vertical momentum (i) 111-4 dssda 1 (0.5 P a -
8 + Ky/av)/(l + c/(l -
W))
da da= (0.5 Pi b -2
+ Kz/bV)/(l + $/(l W))
111-5 page center:
This method delivers NK Gaussian plumes for the NK cooling towers which are then superposed point by point in the space downwind of the plant.
3rd line from bottom:
dW
..... the plume of tower j and a-
= (1 - W--). Fig. 2 111-13 2nd line:
..... due to the drift droplets but - mainly in the case of 111-119 2nd paragraph, lines 9 and 10:
"1.2 x 106 Kg/Km-Month" and "0.60 x 10 3Kg/Km-Ionth"' rather than "1.2 x 10 Kg/Km -Month" and "0.60 x 10 Kg/Km -Month".
111-122 2nd paragraph, line 11: same corrections as above.
111-123 'Table 2:
"total at range" values should be "10 3, not "10 6, and have units "Kg/Km-Month".
111-125 Table 3:
footnote should be "*Kg/Km-Month multiplied by 10-".
111-162 Add reference:
Thompkins, D. M. (1976) Atmospheric dispersion and deposition of saline water drops, Master of Science Thesis, Graduate Program in Meteorology, University of Maryland, College Park, Md.,
69 pp.
6/1/78
Figure 5.
50 40 Recovery of NaCI from Ropes with Known Amounts of NaCi Added Theoretical 100%
recovery
/
/
/
KEY:
14=
ra on*
12./
/
Actua1 recovery nge of data points variation of data points, e box equals one percent Moles of NaCI 30 Recovered (x
0o-5) 20 10
/
00 0
10 20 30 40 Moles of NaCi Added (x 10-5) 50
Table 1. Classification and partial chemical and physical characterization of the soils at the Chalk Point research sites.
Location with Respect Chemical Analysis*
to Cooling Tower Soil Surface Physical Analysis*
Extractable Organic Distance Direction Series Texture*
Sand Silt Clay Mg P
K Ca Na Matter pH
-_m--
-g/g-------
1.6 north Lakeland fine sand 90 3
7 67 61 22 57 17 0.9 5.1 east Lakeland fine sand 90 7
3 23 51 45 236 20 0.9 6.5 south Mattapex loam 45 45 10 28 19 71 50 19 1.5 5.5 west Sassafras fine sandy loam 73 21 6
62 12 51 96 18 0.8 5.8 4.8 north Sassafras fine sandy loam 75 19 6
29 24 59 152 20 0.9 5.8 east Woodstown fine sandy loam 76 15 9
64 50 83 210 22 1.9 5.4 south Sassafras fine sandy loam 68 25 7
50 5
31 245 20 0.6 5.9 west Westphalia loamy fine sand 83 12 5
24 65 48 24 18 1.3 6.0 9.6 north Sassafras sandy loam 54 34 12 67 53 70 102 22 2.3 5.6 east Matapeake loam 45 45 10 73 6
31 404 22 1.1 5.9 south Galestown fine sandy loam 71 24 5
37 46 93 344 17 1.1 6.1 west Woodstown loamy sand 78 17 5
53 4
28 164 21 1.0 6.0 H
ON All values are reported for samples collected at a depth of 0-15 cm.
6/1/78
ii.-
PPSP - CPCTP - 22 WRRC Special Report No. 9 U. S. NUCLLIR REGULATORY COMMISSIQ0 LIBRARY WASHINGTON, D.C.
205,5 9
STOP 555 COOUNG TOWER Environment -- 1978 PROCEEDINGS A SYMPOSIUM ON ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF COOLING TOWER EMISSIONS May 2-4, 1978 Sponsored By POWER PLANT SITING PROGRAM MARYLAND DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES and WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH CENTER UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND In Cooperation With The Applied Physics Laboratory The Johns Hopkins University Electric Power Research Institute U.S. Department of Energy Potomac Electric Power Company U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Department of the Interior at The Center of Adult Education UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND