ML072040182
| ML072040182 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Oyster Creek |
| Issue date: | 11/01/1982 |
| From: | Hoagland K Academy of Natural Sciences, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research |
| To: | |
| Davis J, NRR/DLR/REBB, 415-3835 | |
| References | |
| NUREG/CR-2727 V3 | |
| Download: ML072040182 (48) | |
Text
NUREG/CR-2727 Vol. 3 Ecological Studies of Wood-Boring Bivalves -in the Vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station Progress Report March-May 1982 2repared by K. E. Hoagland kcademy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia "repared for J.S. Nuclear Regulatory "ommission
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NUREG/CR-2727 Vol. 3 Ecological Studies of Wood-Boring Bivalves in the Vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station Manuscript Completed: September 1982 Date Published: November 1982 Prepared by K. E. Hoagland Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Department of Malacology 19th and the Parkway Philadelphia, PA 19103 Prepared for Division of Health, Siting and Waste Management Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D.C. 20555 NRC FIN B8138
PREVIOUS REPORTS Twelve reports have been prepared under Contract AT(49-24)-0347
(=NRC-04-76-347) during three years of funding from the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1976-1979, under the title:
Analysis of populations of boring and fouling organisms in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station with discussion of rele-vant physical parameters.
Those reports with NTIS numbers are:
NUREG/CR-0223 NUREG/CR-0380 NUREG/CR-0634 NUREG/CR-0812 NUREG/CR-0896 NUREG/CR-1015 NUREG/CR-1209 Dec.
1, 1977-Feb. 28, 1978 Mar.
1, 1978-May 31, 1978 Sept. 1, 1977-Aug. 31, 1978 Sept. 1, 1978-Nov. 30, 1978 Dec.
1, 1978-Feb. 28, 1979 Mar. 1, 1979-May 31, 1979 June 1, 1979-Aug. 31, 1979 Five reports have been published in this current series:
Ecological studies of wood-boring bivalves in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station.
NUREG/CR-1517 NUREG/CR-1795 NUREG/CR-1855 NUREG/CR-1939 NUREG/CR-2727 Sept.
March June Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
i1 2
3 4
1 2
1, 1979-Feb. 28, 1980, 65 pp.
1-May 31, 1980, 31 pp.
-Aug.
31, 1980, 48 pp.
- Sept. 1, 1980-Nov. 30, 1980, 36 pp.
Dec.
1, 1980-Feb. 28, 1981, 41 pp.
March 1, 1981-May 31, 1981, 38 pp.
June 1-Aug. 31, 1981, 44 pp.
- Sept. 1-Nov. 30,
- 1981, 40 pp.
December, 1981-February, 1982, 28 pp.
ABSTRACT The species composition, distribution, and population dynamics of wood-boring bivalves are being studied in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, Barnegat Bay, New Jersey.
Untreated wood test panels are used to collect organisms at 12 stations.
Physiological tolerances of 3 species are also under investigation in the laboratory.
Competition among the species is being analyzed.
The adult population of Teredo bartschi survived the winter and spring of 1981-82 better than it did previous cold periods without a thermal effluent.
Lack of an effluent was due to a prolonged outage of the generating station.
There was no spring outbreak of shipworms.
The introduced species appears established at one station near but outside of Oyster Creek.
Three teredinid species coexist in Oyster Creek.
Larvae of T. bartschi and T.
navalis have similar responses to reduced salinity.
Bankia gouldi is the fastest-growing of the teredinids found in New Jersey, and has the lowest annual mortality.
iii
SUMMARY
OF FINDINGS The purpose of this investigation is to understand the population dynamics and competitive interactions of shipworms in the vicinity of the Oyster *Creek Nuclear Generating Station (OCNGS) and at control stations outside the influence of the station.
The relative importance of the introduced species Teredo bartschi in causing damage, and physio-logical tolerances of all species, are being assessed.
On a monthly
- basis, wood panels are added and removed for analysis of population dynamics and to obtain live animals for the lab studies.
We also record temperature, salinity, and we estimate siltation levels at each station.
- 1.
The generating station was not operating during most of winter and spring.
One outage lasted from mid December to mid April.
- 2.
When the station was operating, April and May, the AT was only about 30 C.
Beginning in mid-April, the temperatures were high enough at all stations for gonad development to begin.
- 3.
The salinity in Oyster Creek was 2-4 0/00 lower than Barnegat Bay.
Some water was being pumped even when the generating station was not operating.
- 4.
All salinities at all stations were high enough to support shipworms.
There was no drought, however.
- 5.
Teredo bartschi was found at stations 11 and 12 in Oyster Creek and Station 8
between Oyster Creek and Forked River, within the influence of the effluent from the nuclear generating station.
- 6.
The lighter shipworm attack in
- spring, 1982, compared with other
- years, is attributed to the prolonged outage of the generating station.
- 7.
When density is low, Bankia gouldi causes more damage to wood per individual than the other species.
- 8.
A significant percentage of Teredo bartschi, at least 25%, are able to survive winter temperatures without the presence of a thermal effluent.
This may be the result of natural selection.
- 9.
No larvae settled during the period of this report, yet some specimens of Teredo bartschi were able to maintain larvae in the gills through the year.
v
- 10.
Newly-released larvae of both species show osmotic stress below 7 0/00 at a temperature of 20*C.
- 11.
The fouling community in Barnegat Bay is diverse in May, with the settlement of many species of sedentary invertebrates.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS PREVIOUS REPORTS...........
ii ABSTRACT...................
iii
SUMMARY
OF FINDINGS................
v LIST OF TABLES.............
viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............
ix INTRODUCTION 1
METHODS..........
2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.............
5 PHYSICAL FACTORS........
5 SHIPWORM POPULATIONS..............
5 FOULING ORGANISMS.......
18 SHIPWORM PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY............
26 CONCLUSIONS..............
27 REFERENCES 29 APPENDIX.
STATION LOCALITIES....
31 DISTRIBUTION LIST............
33 vii
LIST OF TABLES Page
- 1. Temperature Profiles in °C, March - May, 1982.....
6
- 2. Continuous Temperature Recorder Data (*C) for March 9 - June 9, 1982.................
7
- 3. Salinity Profiles in 0/00, March - May, 1982......
9
- 4. Average Temperature and Precipitation in New Jersey, Deviation from Normal. March - May, 1982..............
10
- 5. Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station Outages, Circulation and Dilution Flow in gal. x 106 for March - May, 1982..........
10
- 6. Numbers of Living Shipworms in Cumulative Panels Submerged May 7, 1981...........
11
- 7. Numbers of Living Shipworms plus Empty Tubes, Cumulative Panels..................................................
12
- 8. Percentage of Specimens that were Alive when Collected, Cumulative Panels...............
... 14
- 9. Length Ranges of Shipworms, in mm, Cumulative Panels Submerged May 7, 1981...................
15
- 10. Numbers of Living Shipworms in Yearly Panels............
.. 16
- 11. Numbers of Living Shipworms plus Empty Tubes, Yearly Panels....................
17
- 12. Percentage of Specimens that were Alive when Collected, 1982 Yearly Panels.................
19
- 13. Length Ranges of Shipworms, in mm, Yearly Panels.........
20
- 14. Percentage of Wood Weight Lost by Panels Collected in Spring, 1982................
21
- 15. Percentage of Living Teredo bartschi Carrying Larvae in the Gills...................
22
- 16. Most Abundant Macroscopic Fouling Organisms on Racks and Panels, May, 1982...............
24 viii
ACKNOWLEDGHENTS We thank the many residents of Oyster Creek who have cooperated in our field work.
tauralynn Crocket, John Flynn, and Beth Ann Tanzosh pro-vided technicial assistance.
Eugenia Bihike of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia served as X-ray technologist.
J.C.P. & L.
Co.
provided data on the operation of the *Generating Station.
R. Smith typed the manuscript.
ix
ECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF WOOD-BORING BIVALVES IN THE VICINITY OF THE OYSTER CREEK NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION March - May, 1982 INTRODUCTION Previous studies have shown a direct causal relationship between the effluent of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station-and the pro-liferation of shipworms (Teredinidae) in Oyster Creek and adjacent portions of Barnegat Bay, New Jersey (Turner, 1974; Hoagland et al.,
1977; Hoagland et al.,
1978; Hoagland and Crocket, 1979; Hoagland and
- Turner, 1980; Hoagland et al.,
1980).
The effluent adds heat to the receiving
- waters, which extends the breeding season of teredinids, increases their growth rates, and reduces their winter mortality rates.
It has allowed the establishment of a tropical-subtropical
- shipworm, Teredo bartschi, in Oyster Creek and Forked River.
The design of the generating station's cooling system, taking salt water from Barnegat Bay up Forked River, through the plant, and out into Oyster Creek, has increased the salinity of these two creeks.
Shipworms now can reside in these creeks, which previously were unsuitable in salinity level and constancy for the establishment of stable, actively breeding shipworm populations.
The populations of Teredo bartschi compared with the native species in Oyster Creek and Forked River are the focus of current studies. This report summarizes an ongoing collection of data on physical parameters of Barnegat Bay, as well as species composition, distribution, growth, mortality, and reproduction of teredinids.
We assess the degree of shipworm damage occurring at each station.
We also report on physio-logical studies comparing the native and introduced shipworms with regard to temperature and salinity tolerances.
METHODS Stations Over the first three years of our study, 20 stations were established in Barnegat Bay to monitor boring and fouling organisms.
In September, 1979, the number was reduced to 12.
The stations are shown in Hoagland and Turner, 1980, and are listed in the appendix.
The station numbers are not contiguous because some have been discontinued.
Station 1
is a northern control station on Barnegat Bay outside the influence of the heated effluent.
Some shipworms, primarily Bankia gouldi, are traditionally found there.
Station 3 is a control station in a tidal creek outside the influence of the effluent.
Shipworms are rarely found there.
Stations 4 and 5 are in Forked River, influenced by the plant's water intake system.
There is some recirculation of heated water that affects these stations, but the main influence is that the salinity is essentially that of the bay.
Station 8 is on the bay between Oyster Creek and Forked River.
Stations 10-12 are in Oyster Creek, influenced directly by heat, increased (and constant) salinity, and other components of the effluent (heavy metals,
- silt, increased flow rate, etc.).
Since J.C.P. & L. calculates average values of heavy metal input per month, exact data necessary to charac-terize the effluent completely are not available.
Stations 14 is at or near the southern limit of the thermal plume, on Barnegat Bay in the mouth of Waretown Creek.
During the January 1982, our racks and thermometer at station 14 were destroyed by bulkheaders working in the area.
A new station 14 has been established on the opposite side of Waretown Creek in Skipper's Cove.
Station 18 on Long Beach Island is being used only as a reliable source of Teredo navalis for laboratory experiments.
Stations 6 and 15 inshore on Barnegat Bay are being used as sources of Bankia gouldi for laboratory work.
Field work Once each month, the water temperature and salinity are measured at each station.
Air temperature and time of day are also recorded.
The amount of silt settling on wood panels submerged for one month is estimated as trace, light, moderate, or heavy.
At stations 1, 5, 11, and 14, records of temperature are kept by means of constant recording instruments that are serviced once a month.
2
In May, the major macroscopic fouling organisms on panels and racks at each station were recorded.
They were listed in order of abundance, the species covering the most space being first.
White pine panels, approximately 3/4" x 4" x 8", are used to obtain shipworms for study.
There are three panel series:
- 1)
Each month, a panel that has been in the water for 1 month is removed and replaced. In this way data on monthly settlement and early growth of borers are obtained.
- 2)
Each month, a panel that has been in the water for 12 months is removed.
- 3)
Each May, a series of 12 panels is deployed.
These panels are removed one a month.
They provide information on the cumulative growth and maturation of individual borers as well as devel-opment of the boring and fouling communities.
The cumulative monthly amount of wood destruction can be evaluated.
These three panel series are called M, Y, and C, respectively.
The C series is replicated at all stations in 1982.
As field work will end in November,
- 1982, no new yearly panels are being submerged.
Panels are presoaked for 2 weeks, then set on aluminum frame racks against bulkheading or off finger docks.
They rest about 6" above the water-sediment interface.
Laboratory Work Panels are examined for pediveliger shipworm larvae and boring isopods,
- scraped, and X-rayed to locate the shipworms and provide a permanent record of damage.
It is possible to count and often to idenfity ship-worms from the X-rays in uncrowded panels, but X-rays do not provide quantitative data in most cases.
Therefore, using the X-rays as guides, the panels are dissected.
All the shipworms are removed, identified, examined for larvae in the gills, and measured (length only).
They are preserved in 75% buffered alcohol.
Identifications are first made by technicians, but all Teredo spp. are checked by Dr. Hoagland.
Wood fragments from the dissected panels are saved.
Calcareous tubes and other debris left by the shipworms are removed with HCI.
The wood is washed in fresh water, then dried to constant weight, allowed to cool to room temperature, and weighed.
The panels are also weighed before going into the water.
The weight difference is a measure of wood de-struction due to boring organisms.
During dissection of the wood panels, we estimate the percentage of empty tubes, which indicates mortality.
If pallets are still present in the empty tubes, we can record the species of the dead shipworm.
3
Shipworms from the replicate 12-month panels are not preserved but are kept alive and allowed to spawn in tanks containing filtered sea water (22% salinity) and new pine panels.
In this way, we have established pure laboratory populations of Teredo bartschi.
Individuals of B.
gouldi and T.
navalis from the field are being maintained in the labor-atory. These stocks are used for temperature and salinity tolerance experiments.
Larvae of Teredo navalis are being cultured in the labor-atory and used for physiological experiments.
Larvae are being fed cultures of Monochrysis lutheri and Isochrysis galbana.
Both algae and larvae are maintained in an incubator at 22°C.
The procedures for culturing shipworm larvae are those of Culliney, Boyle and Turner (1975) and Turner and Johnson (1971).
Physiological Experiment Newly-released veligers of Teredo navalis and pediveligers of T. bart-schi were placed in filtered seawater of 22 °/o,, 20"C.
The salinity was reduced gradually by injecting water of lower salinity through a
- pipet, allowing for mixing to take place via a magnetic stirrer.
The rate of reduction was approximately 3 0/00 per hour.
The behavior of 50 individuals of T. navalis and 10 of T. bartschi was observed for 3-mi-nute periods every 30 minutes.
The point at which the larvae ceased to swim normally was recorded.
4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Physical Factors Temperature profiles (Tables 1, 2) show a 16'C heating of the water of Barnegat Bay from March to May, 1982.
There was only a 2.5 to 3.5' difference among stations for any month.
In Table 1, only on the May 9 date are temperatures recorded when the power plant was operating.
Then, the AT was about 3'C.
As in previous months, the temperatures at Station 3 were about 20C above ambient due to a thermal addition unre-lated to the power plant.
More detail is available in Table 2.
The higher average temperatures at station 11 versus station 1 in the first month are an artifact, due to the chart at station 1 stopping on April
- 1. The average AT in the other months was about 3 'C.
There was no evidence of recirculation of the thermal effluent into Forked River in the month of May.
Salinity profiles (Table 3) show freshwater runoff affecting stations 1 and 3.
Table 4 indicates some lack of rain in New Jersey in March, but not in April and May.
The northern portions of the drainage area con-tributed normal or above-normal amounts of water to the area in the spring months.
The Oyster Creek area had salinities 2-4 0/0. lower than Barnegat Bay (station 8).
Even when the plant was not operating, enough water was being pumped to maintain salinities close to those of Barnegat Bay (Table 5).
All salinities at all stations listed in Table 3 were high enough to support shipworms, although station 3 had salini-ties lower than those usually associated with natural populations of Teredo navalis. Our laboratory experiments have given a value of -22o/..
for the optimal salinity for T. bartschi in Oyster Creek.
Shipworm Populations There were no shipworms in any of the one-month panels submerged in the spring of 1982.
This pattern has held true throughout our seven-year study of teredinids in Barnegat Bay.
Successful reproduction and settlement of teredinids is limited to summer and fall.
Tables 6-7 enumerate the adult teredinids found in panels submerged May 7,
- 1981, and removed the following spring.
The panels from the last
- month, May,
- 1982, are equivalent to the yearly panels.
Most of the shipworms removed from the panels were Teredo bartschi, although this introduced warm-water species was found alive in significant numbers only at two stations (both in Oyster Creek within the thermal effluent).
5
Table 1 M'
Station 1
3 4
5 8
10 11 12 14
.Differential among stations ahighest value blowest value Temperature Profiles in 'C, March -
May 1982 March 9, 1982 April 12, 1982 May 9, 1982* Differential among months 3.0b 8.0b 19.5 16.5 5.5a 10.0 21.0 15.5 3.0b 9.0 19.0 16.0 4.0 9.0 19.0 15.0 3.0b 10.5a 18.5b 15.5 5.0 8.0b 22.0a 17.0 4.0 9.0 2 2.0a 18.0 4.0 10.0 2 2.0a 18.0 20.0 2.5 2.5 3.5
- plant on
Date m was rer Table 2 Continuous Temperature Recorder Data I.
Temperature at
)nthly chart April 12, 1982 noved alily temp. at IPM 7.7 8.8 dard Deviation 1.4 1.9 L value of temp.
PM 9.4 10.6 value of temp.
PM 3.2 4.0 y Range of temp.
PM 6.2 6.6
(°C) for March 9 - June 9, 1982 1:00 P.M. E.S.T.
May 9, 1982 June 1
11 1
14.6 17.7 18.8 3.1 3.5 1.7 19.1 22.0 21.3 7.3 8.4 14.6 11.8 13.6 6.7 Mean da Stan Highest at 1 Lowest at 1 Monthl*
at 1 9,
1982 5
18.4 1.8 21.9 14.4 7.5 11 22.3 2.3 27.2 15.7 11.'5 Mean value of Max.
Daily Temp.
Standard Deviation Highest value of Max.
Daily Temp.
Lowest value of Max.
Daily Temp.
Monthly Range of Max.
Daily Temp.
aData incomplete; chart bChart stopped on April II.
Maximum daily April 12, 1982 1a Iib 8.2 9.3 1.4 2.0 10.0 12.7 3.7 4.2 6.3 8.5 stopped on April 1.
8.
temperature May 9, 1
15.3 3.0 19.5 7.9 11.6 1982 11 18.3 3.4 22.5 8.6 13.9 June 1
19.6 1.6 21.8 15.2 6.6 9,
1982 5
19.2 1.8 22.5 14.8 7.7 11 23.0 2.8 27.6 15.7 11.9
Table 2, continued III. Minimum Daily Temperature April 12, 1982 May 9, 1982 June 9, 1982 1
5 11 1
11 Mean value of Min.
Daily Temp.
Standard deviation Highest value of Min.
Daily temp.
Lowest value of Min.
Daily Temp.
Monthly range of Min.
Daily Temp.
6.6 1.5 8.5 1.9 6.6 6.3 2.3 10.1 2.1 8.0 13.3 3.0 17.6 6.8 10.8 15.5 3.7 20.0 6.4 13.6 17.9 17.2 20.6 1.6 1.7 2.8 20.4 20.7 26.2 14.3 14.0 14.9 6.1 6.7 11.3 IV. Daily Temperature Range April 12, 1982 ia 11 b May 9,.1982 June 9, 1982 1
5 11 I
11 Mean AT Daily Standard Deviation Largest Daily AT for one month Smallest Daily AT for one month 1.6 0.7 2.9 0.3 3.0 1.6 6.2 0.8 2.0 0.8 3.9 0.7 2.9 1.1 5.4 0.6 1.7 2.0 2.3 0.7 0.9 1.0 3.4 3.8 5.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 aData incomplete; chart stopped bChart stopped on April 8.
on April 1.
Table 3 Salinity Profiles in 0/00, March -
- May, 1982 Differential Station March 9 April 12 May 9 among months 1
22 19 19 3
3 1 6b 18b 1 8 b 2
4 24 27a 24 3
5 2 5 a 26 24 2
8 24 26 2 5 a 2
10 21 23 23 3
11 22 23 22 1
12 21 23 22 2
14 23 Differential among stations 9
9 7
ahighest value each month blowest value each month Note:
Accuracy is
+/-10/,0 9
Table 4 Average Temperature and Precipitation in New Jersey, Deviation from Normal.
March May, 1982 Temperature(°F)
Precipitation (inches)
March
-1.00
-1.6" April
-1.00
+1.1" May
+1.00
+2.9" Table 5 Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station Outages, Circulation and Dilution Flow in gal. x 106 for March
- May, 1982 Total Water Flow (gal. x 106)
Outage Dates March 6,720 March 1-31 April 27,776 April 1-15 May 32,400 May 24-27 10
Table 6 Numbers of Living Shipworms in Cumulative Panels Submerged May 7, 1981 Date Removed:
March 9, 1982 April 12, 1982 May 9, 1982 Station B._.
T.n.
T.b. Total B._.
T.n.
T.b.
Total B.g. T.n.
T.b.
Total 1
20 8
0 28 9
6 0
15 20 7
0 27 3
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
4 0
0 0
0 2
1 0
3 0
0 0
0 5
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
2 0
0 2
8 2
0 0
2 1
2 0
3 1
0 2
3 10 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 11 2
0 64 66 2
1 4
7 0
1 16 17 12 0
0 22 22 0
0 88 88 0
1 15 16 HJ HJ Totals 24 8
86 118 1 Rep.
4 Rep.
8 Rep.
11 Rep.
2 0
0 0
5 0
0 0
0 0
0 36 7
0 0
36 14 6
1 2
0 10 92 116 23 9
33 65 8
0 0
0 0
0 0
30 14 1
2 30 3
0 2
0 8
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 11 0
2 0
Rep.
= Replicate panel.
Table 7 Numbers of Living Shipworms plus Empty Tubes, Cumulative Panels Date Removed:
March 9, 1982 April 12, 1982 May 9, 1982 Station 1
3 4
5 8
10 11 12 B.g.
T.n.
T.b. Total B..&. T.n.
T.b.
Total B.&. T.n.
T.b.
Total 20 8
0 28 0
0 0
0 0
5 0
5 0
1 0
1 2
5 0
7 0
0 0
0 2
0 120 122 0
0 100 100 9
6 0
15 0
0 0
0 2
10 0
12 1
2 0
3 1
9 0
10 0
0 0
0 2
3 65 70 0
0 115 115 20 9
0 0
0 0
0 7
0 2
4 0
1 4
47 0
0 0
0 3
23 0
2 95 29 0
7 6
52 1
26 97 H
Totals 24 19 220 263 15 30 180 225 23 29 165 217 1 Rep.
4 Rep.
8 Rep.
11 Rep.
2 5
0 7
0 3
0 3
0 0
0 0
0 0
56 56 6
1 2
0 8
0 2
0 0
0 0
41 14 3
2 41 3
9 1
1 2
3 0
1 0
0 0
7 12 2
5 8
Rep. = Replicate panel
All three of the species of teredinids were found in Oyster Creek.
Both Teredo navalis and Bankia gouldi were most abundant at Holly Park, the northernmost station.
Specimens of Teredo bartschi were found at Bayside Beach Club on the bay between Oyster Creek and Forked River but most were dead.
The replicate panel pairs were similar in species composition and abundance.
The overall attack of shipworms was heaviest in Oyster Creek, followed by Bayside Beach Club and Holly Park.
There were no shipworms at the control creek station #3, and very few in Forked River.
A comparison of tables 6-8 reveals that mortality of Bankia gouldi was very light.
Only two of 79 specimens (2%)
had died since the panels were deployed.
Both were in Forked River.
On the other hand, 62 of 110 Teredo navalia (56%)
and 392 of 669 T. bartschi (59%)
had died.
By station, mortality was least at Holly Park and greatest in Forked River.
Because the generating station was not operating during most of the
- period, mortality in Oyster Creek and Forked River was as high as elsewhere.
However, our past studies have shown that adult mortality of the two Teredo species is high every year at all stations, regardless of the presence of the thermal effluent.
Length ranges of the shipworms removed from the cumulative panels are given in Table 9.
Changes in the size ranges from month to month are due to sampling variance and mortality of large specimens.
There is no trend of larger size in Oyster Creek, and none was expected due to prolonged outages of the generating station in the past year.
Tables 10 and 11 present the numbers of living teredinids and the total
- number, respectively, found in yearly panels.
No yearly panels were deployed in
- March, 1981, because of ice cover in Barnegat Bay.
The species composition and abundances at the various stations are quite similar to the 10, 11, and 12-month cumulative panels reported in tables 6 and 7.
This result is expected because no larval settlement occurred during the short period when one set of panels was submerged and the other was not.
As before, Teredo bartschi was limited to stations 8, 11, and 12.
Mortality was virtually nonexistent in Bankia gouldi, but was 75% in T.
navalis and 76% in T.
bartschi.
The greatest shipworm attack was at stations 11 and 12 in Oyster Creek, followed by Holly Park and Barnegat Bay near Oyster Creek (station 8).
The lack of shipworms at station 10 near the mouth of Oyster Creek is probably due to its being in an arti-13
Table 8 Percentage of Specimens that were Alive when Collected, Cumulative Panels Month Collected:
March 1982 April 1982 May 1982 Number Living Specimens Total no.
tubes Observed Alive Number Living Specimens Total No.
tubes Observed Alive Number Living Specimens Total No.
tubes Observed Alive Station 1
28 28 100 15 15 100 27 29 93 3
0 0
0 0
0 0
4 0
5 0
3 12 25 0
7 0
5 0
1 0
0 3
0 2
6 33 8
2 7
29 3
10 30 3
52 6
10 0
0 0
0 0
0 11 66 122 54 7
70 10 17 26 65 12 22 100 22 88 115 77 16 97 16 I-.
p.
Totals 263 45 1
4 8
11 Rep.
Rep.
Rep.
Rep.
7 0
0 36 7
3 0
56 100 0
64 116 14 1
2 30 225 52 14 3
2 41 100 33 100 73 65 11 0
2 0
217 12 2
5 8
30.
92 0
40 0
Rep. = Replicate panel.
Table 9 Length Ranges of Shipworms in Cumulative Panels Date Removed:
Station
- March, 1982 April, 1982 T.n.
1 3
4 5
8 10 11 12 28-205 170-215*
105-187 30-140 30-220*
115 16-81 T.b.
2-109*
3-69 B.g.41-153 82-85 170 106 200-210*
T.n.
130-220 12-132 87-92 7-123 95-360*
T.b.
3-105*
2-76 38-207 162-236*
151
- May, 1982 T.n.
7-217*
43-172 10-145 33-54 95-180 180-185 T.b.
2-40 2-87*
2-87*
H-t-,
1 4
8 11 Rep.
Rep.
Rep.
Rep.
68-84.
106-191 21-91 2-44 98-152 129 190-210*
70-193 46-180 3-43 36-149 93 161-230 48-152 134 38-117 84 6-40
- Largest specimen each species, each month.
Table 10 Numbers of Living Shipworms in Yearly Panels Date Removed:
April 12, 1982 May 9, 1982 Station B.&. T.n.
T.b. Total B.t.
T.n.
T.b. Total 1
16 2
0 18 26 0
0 26 3
1 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
4 0
1 0
1 0
0 0
0 5
2 0
0 2
1 1
0 2
8 5
1 0
6 3
2 6
11 10 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 11 0
0 35 35 0
0 21 21 12 0
0 78 78 0
0 0
0 Totals 1 Rep.
11 Rep.
24 4
113 141 19 1
0 20 0
0 38 38 30 3
27 60 8
0 0
1 0
11 8
12 16
Table 11 Numbers of Living Shipworms plus Empty Tubes, Yearly Panels Date Removed:
April 12, 1982 May 9, 1982 Station B.*.
T.n.
T.b. Total B.g.
T.n.
T.b.
T Total 1
17 2
0 19 26 0
0 26 3
1 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
4 0
1 0
1 0
2 0
2 5
2 8
0 10 1
3 0
4 8
5 5
0 10 3
10 8
20 41 10 0
0 0
0 0
.0 0
0 11 0
0 86 86 0
0 64 64 12 0
0 110 110 0
2 64 64 lotals 25 16 b
196 23 30 17 136 20 201 1 Rep.
11 Rep.
19 0
1 1
0 20 380 381 8
0 0
1 0
90 8
91
- Most are probably T. bartschi 17
ficial lagoon with poor general circulation into Oyster Creek and the bay.
As in the cumulative panels, mortality was light in Holly Park (Table 12).
It was heavy in Oyster Creek.
Table 13 gives the lenth ranges of the specimens removed from the yearly panels.
As in Table 9, which gives lengths for the cumulative panels, there is no pattern associated with the nuclear generating station because the generating station was not operating during most of the winter and spring (from mid December to mid April).
The percentage of the wood of each panel that was destroyed by the teredinids is presented in Table
- 14.
Despite the greater number of specimens in panels from Oyster Creek, the greatest damage was done at Holly Park.
This is because the dominant species at Holly Park, Bankia gouldi, grows faster and reaches a larger size than does Teredo bartschi, which dominated in Oyster Creek.
No sign of reproductive activity was seen in specimens of Bankia gouldi and Teredo navalis removed from the spring panels.
- However, many specimens of Teredo bartschi did carry larvae in the gills through the winter and spring (Table 15).
Interestingly, the maximum length of shipworms with larvae was consistently less than that of specimens without larvae.
Teredo bartschi is supposed to be protandrous, in which case the largest individuals should be female.
Histological examination of some of the large T.
bartschi without larvae is underway.
The percent of adults carrying larvae did not change significantly from March to May, but it varied considerably among replicate panels (eg.
50%
and 11% in March replicates from station 11).
Fouling Organisms Table 16 lists the major macroscopic fouling organisms at each station for the month of May, in order of abundance.
Abundance is determined as the coverage of space on racks and panels.
It is clear that many invertebrates and some algae already had settled in
- May, even though teredinids did not.
The greatest number of taxa occurred at station 4; the lowest number occurred at station 3 where salinity is lowest.
No taxon was found at every station.
Even stations adjacent to one another such as 10 and 11 varied greatly in species composition and rank abun-dance.
A detailed analysis of patterns will be given in our final report.
It can be noted now that the green alga Entermorpha intestinalis dominated in the Forked River area, while Electra sp.
was dominant in the main channel of Oyster Creek.
We have sent a sample of 18
Table 12 Percentage of Specimens that were Alive when Collected 1982 Yearly Panels Month Collected:
April 1982 Number Living Specimens Total No.
tubes Observed Alive Number Living Specimens May 1982 Total No.
tubes Observed Alive Station 1
18 19 95 26 26 100 3
1 1
100 0
0 4
1 1
100 0
2 0
5 2
10 20 2
4 50 8
6 10 60 11 41 27 10 0
0 0
0 11 35 86 41 21 64 33 12 78 110 71 0
64 0
Totals 1 Rep.
II Rep.
141 237 20 381 59 60 8
12 201 30 20 38 100 10 8
91 100 13 19
Table 13 Length Ranges of Shipworms, in mm, Yearly Panels Date Removed:
Station April 12, 1982 May 9, 1982 T.n.
T.b.
T.n.
T.b.
t-j C) 1 25-155 14-115 56-166 3
70 4
87 118-129 5
147-176 42-240*
180 114-170 8
140-175 17-115 150-230*
32-160 19-42 10 11 2-103 5-95 12 3-77 175-190*
1-76 14 No Panel No Panel 1 Rep.
48-202*
154 46-222 11 Rep.
72 2-116*
107 2-96*
- Largest specimen each species, each month.
Table 14 Percentage of Wood Weight Lost by Panels Collected in Spring, 1982 Date Removed:
March 9 April 12 May 9 Station 1
3 4
5 8
10 11 12 Cumulative 355 5a 0.0 9.5 5.0 14.1 8.5 16.6 10.4 Cumulative/Yearly 21.4 0.0 12.1 10.0 8.7 7.4 17.1 9.9 26.1 5.0 6.9 14.3 17.8 5.7 12.0 7.7 Cumulative/Yearly 33.2 a 8.6 11.6 9.9 7.9 2.0 9.2 9.9 46.5a 6.1 4.1 9.9 12.9 3.9 5.7 7.4 1
4 8
11 Rep.
Rep.
Rep.
Rep.
16.3 9.9 6.9 11.6 24.3 a 9.4 11.4 7.2 27.6a b
b 20.4 20.5 10.8 12.1 7.0 b
b b
b aStation with greatest destruction, each month.
bNo panel.
Used in lab studies.
21
Table 15 Percentage of Living Teredo bartschi Carrying Larvae in the Gills Month Months Sta.
Removed Submerged Max. Length of ship-worms with Larvae(mm) 62 Min. Length of ship-worms with Larvae (mm) 16 Max. length of ship-worms without Larvae (mm) 109 Min. length
% of adult of ship-shipworms worms without with Larvae (mm)
Larvae 2
50 Panel Compo-sition 40 adults, 64 total living 11 March 10 11 March 12 March 11 April 11 April 12 April 10 10 1I 11 11 36 43 28 43 39 36 31 28 43 14 44 2
45 3
11 20 25 58 23 9 adults, 36 total living 15 adults, 22 total living 4 adults, 4 total living 12 adults, 30 total living 38 adults, 88 total living 24 3
8 46 2
21
Table 15 cont.
Percentage of Living Teredo bartschi Carrying Larvae in the Gills Honrth Months
'Sta.
Removed Submerged Max. Length of ship-worms with Larvae((mm) 72 Min. Length of ship-worms with Larvae-(mm) 49 Max. length of ship-worms without Larvae (am) 116 Min. length of ship-worms without Larvae (mm) 2
% of adult shipworms with Larvae 14 11 April 12 Panel Compo-sition 22 adults, 38 total living 12
.Apri 12 67 29 77 3
23 4.0 8
NMay 11 Bay 11 May 12 12 42 37 38 87 19 33 62 -adults, 78 total living 6 living, all adults 14 adults, 16 total living 18 adults, 21 total living 3
0 12 46 25 95 5
28 12
,May 12 All dead
Table 16.
Most Abundant Macroscopic Fouling Organisms on Racks and Panels
- May, 1982 STATION 1
3 4
5 Campanulareid hydroid Balanus eburneus Anemone:
striped
+ yellow Botryllus schlosseri Blue-green glgae Electra sp.
Hydroides dianthus Corophium spp.
Nereis succinea Enteromorpha intestinalis Neopanope sayi Parchment tubes Balanus eburneus Corophium spp.
Anemone: striped Parchment tubes Blue-green algae Nereis succinea Enteromorpha intes-tinalis Bowerbankiabsp.
Electra sp.
Polysiphonia harveyi Codium fragile Mytilus edulis Botryllus schlosseri Amanthia sp.
Balanus eburneus Hydroides dianthus Microciona prolifera Ulva lactuca Parchment tubes Enteromorpha intestina-lis Codium fragile Ilyanassa obsoleta
+ eggs Hydroides dianthus Electra sp. b Doradella obscura Campanulareid Hydroid Blue-green algae Amphipoda spp.
Bittium alternatum aln order of abundance; most abundant first.
bMay be Membranipora
Table 16, continued STATION 8
Enteromorpha intes-tinalis Ulva lactuca Polysiphonia harveyi Dasya Amanthia Molgula manhattensis Agardhiella Balanus eburneus Ln Hydroides dianthus Blue-green glgae Electra sp.
Neopanope sayi 10 Dasya Bowerbankia sp.
Balanus eburneus Molgula manhattensis Hydroides dianthus Neopanope sayi Electra sp. b Enteromorpha Polysiphonia harveyi Amphipoda spp.
Blue-green algae 11 Electra sp.b Enteromorpha intestinalis Balanus eburneus
+ eggs Polysiphonia harveyi Bowerbankia sp.
Barentsia sp.
Anemone:striped Mytilus edulis Hydroides dianthus Crepidula convexa 12 Electra sp. b Balanus eburneus + eggs Bowerbankia sp.
Barentsia sp.
Enteromorpha intesti-nalis aln order of abundance; most abundant first.
bMay be Membranipora
Electra sp. to a bryzoan taxonomist; it may actually be a member of the genus Membranipora.
Oyster Creek stations are also characterized by growth of such encrusting organisms as the Entoproct Barentsia sp., the
- bryozoan, Bowerbankia sp.,
and the barnacle Balanus eburneus.
Other species of barnacles may have been present as young individuals, but they were not identified in the field.
Shipworm Physiological Ecology Reduction of salinity causes stress and eventual death to larvae of teredinids, but the point at which such stress is evident may differ according to the species.
Swelling and loss of ability to swim are signs of osmotic stress in teredinid larvae.
Using these criteria, 50 veligers of Teredo navalis and 10 pediveligers of T.
bartschi were observed for an 8-hour period as salinity was gradually reduced from 220/0o.
All the larvae used in the experiment had been released from adults during the previous 48 hours5.555556e-4 days <br />0.0133 hours <br />7.936508e-5 weeks <br />1.8264e-5 months <br /> and were observed to swim normally.
Control animals swam normally throughout the course of the experiment.
Virtually no change in behavior was observed for Teredo navalis until 5 hours5.787037e-5 days <br />0.00139 hours <br />8.267196e-6 weeks <br />1.9025e-6 months <br /> into the experiment when 6 0/00 was reached.
- Then, 40% of the larvae quite suddenly showed abnormal
- swimming, swelling, or both.
Twenty percent of the pediveligers of T. bartschi showed osmotic stress at 100/00 and 60% at 70/oo.
At 10 0/00, 50% of the pediveligers exhibited burrowing behavior, while only 20% of the controls exhibited such behavior.
These results suggest the hypothesis that lower salinity elicits burrowing behavior.
A repeat trial of the low salinity experi-ment with another 10 Teredo bartschi gave different results.
All specimens appeared normal until 4 0 /00 was reached, when all appeared stressed.
26
CONCLUSIONS The outbreak of teredinids in Oyster Creek and neighboring portions of Barnegat Bay does not occur when the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station is not operating in winter and early spring.
Mortality of
- adults, especially Teredo
- species, is
- high, and there is no early reproduction.
I predict on the basis of the data in this report that an outbreak of Teredo bartschi will not occur until at least the end of the summer of 1982 (September-October).
If it does occur, stations 12, 11 and 8 are the most likely centers of reproduction of the introduced species.
The population bottleneck is not as severe in 1982 as it was in past years, because individuals survived the winter at 3 stations rather than one.
At least 25% of the individuals of T.
bartschi survived; perhaps due to natural selection, the population has become more cold-tolerant than those found in Florida.
The growth of shipworms is minimal during early spring.
Teredo bartschi can retain larvae over the winter and spring.
Because the largest specimens of Teredo bartschi contained no larvae, the possibility exists that they are male and that sex change in the species is more complicated than simple protandry.
A moderate attack of Bankia gouldi causes more wood destruction than a moderate attack of T.
bartschi.
The tolerances of newly-released larvae of Teredo navalis and Teredo bartschi to low salinity are similar; around 6-7*o/o causes severe stress.
Signs of stress appear suddenly if salinity is reduced at a rate of 3 0/00 per hour.
Pediveligers of T. bartschi seem to have a slightly greater variance in lower salinity tolerance; this may be due to either the composition of the population or more likely, the later developmental stage of the larvae.
It is hypothesized that reduction in salinity within physiological tolerance may elicit a burrowing response in pediveligers of T. bartschi.
The fouling community diversifies rapidly in spring.
The fouling com-munity is highly variable from month to month and from station to sta-tion.
Diversity is lowest in Stout's Creek (station 3),
where salinity is low.
The operation of the nuclear generating station, by raising the salinity of Oyster Creek and Forked River, has increased the biomass and diversity of fouling organisms in both creeks, so that the fouling community is now more like that occurring in Barnegat Bay.
27
REFERENCES Culliney, J.
L.,
P.
J.
Boyle and R. D. Turner.
1975.
New approaches and Techniques for Studying Bivalve Larvae.
In Culture of Marine Invertebrate Animals,
- Smith, W.L.
and
- Chanley, M.H.,
eds.,
Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, pp. 257-271.
- Hoagland, K.
E.
and L.
Crocket.
1979.
Analysis of populations of boring and fouling organisms in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station.
Annual Progress Report.
Sept.
1, 1977-Aug.
31, 1978. NUREG/CR-0634.
113 pp.*
Hoagland, K. E.
and R. D. Turner.
1980.
Range extensions of teredinids (shipworms) and polychaetes in the vicinity of a temperate-zone nuclear generating station.
Marine Biology 58:55-64.
- Hoagland, K. E.,
L.
Crocket and M. Rochester.
1978.
Analysis of popu-lations of boring and fouling organisms in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station with discussion of relevant physical factors over the period: Dec.
1, 1977-Feb. 28.
1978. NUREG/CR-0223.
44 pp.*
Hoagland, K. E.,
L. Crocket and R. D. Turner.
1980.
Ecological studies of wood-boring bivalves in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, Sept. 1, 1979-Feb. 28, 1980.
65 pp.*
- Hoagland, K.E.,
R.
D. Turner and M. Rochester.
1977.
Analysis of boring and fouling organisms in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station with discussion of relevant physical parameters over the period: April 30-November 30, 1976.
Report to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
Jan. 1, 1977.
61 pp.
Turner, R. D.
1974.
In the path of a warm, saline effluent.
American Malacol. Union Bull. for 1973.
39:36-41.
- Turner, R. D. and A. C. Johnson.
1971.
Biology of Marine Wood-Boring Molluscs.
In:
Marine Borers, Fungi and Fouling Organisms of Wood, Chapter 13.
Jones, E. B. G.,
and Eltringham, S. K. (eds.), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, pp. 259-301.
- Available for purchase from the NRC/GPO Sales Program, U.S: Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C. 20555, and the National Techni-cal Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161.
29
APPENDIX:
STATION LOCALITIES STATION NUMBER 1
NAME Holly Park DESCRIPTION Dick's Landing Island Drive Bayville, N.J.
Bay control COORDINATES Lat. 390 54' N
Lon.
740 8'
W 3
Stout's Creek 4
Mouth of Forked River 5
Leilani Drive 6
Elk's Club 8
Bayside Beach Club 10 Kochman's Residence 11 Crisman's Residence 12 Gilmore's Residence End of Raleigh Drive Gustav Walters' residence Estuarine control South Shore Developed property Possible temperature increase, increased oceanic influence due to reverse flow At branch point of Forked River South Branch Forked River Increase in salinity due to plant intake canal On bay between Oyster Creek and Forked River across from 1815 Beach Blvd.,
Forked River, N.J.
Temperature increase since plant operation.
End of Compass Rd.
on
- 1 Lagoon, Oyster Creek Waretown, N.J.
Temperature, salinity siltation increase Dock Ave. on Oyster Creek, Waretown, N.J.
Temperature, salinity, siltation increase 20 Dock Ave.
on Oyster Creek Waretown, N.J., Temperature, salinity, siltation increase 390 50.7' N
740 9.8' W 390 49.6' N 740 9.8' W 390 49.6' N 740 10.5' W
390 49.4' N 740 10.9' W 390 49.0' N 740 9.7' W 390 48.5' N 740 10.6' W 390 48.5' N 740 11.0' W
390 48.5' N 740 11.3' W 31
STATION NUMBER NAME DESCRIPTION 14 Cottrell's Clam Factory 15 Carl's Boats 18 Barnegat Light End of North Harbor Rd.
Waretown, N.J. (Mouth of Waretown Creek).
Within but near limits of reported thermal plume*
Washington & Liberty Sts.
Waretown, N.J. (on the bay)
Marina adjacent to Coast Guard Station COORDINATES 390 47.7' N
740 10.9' W
390 47' N
740 11' W
390 45.8' N 740 6.5' W
- In May, Sta. 14 was moved to 19 Jolly Roger Way, Waretown, NJ, across Waretown Creek from the old site.
32
DISTRIBUTION LIST DISTRIBUTION CATEGORY:
RE Supplemental Distribution:
Part A Mr. Richard Baumgardt Dick's Landing Holly Park Bayville, New Jersey 08721 Mr. William Campbell P.
- 0. Box 668 108 Long John Silver Way
- Waretown, New Jersey 08758 Mr. Stan Cottrell North Harbor Road
- Waretown, New Jersey 08758 Mr. Wilson T. Crisman 901 Hudson Street Hoboken, New Jersey 07030 Mr.
and Mrs. Thomas Gilmore 20 Dock Ave.,
Box 205 E, R.R.1.
- Waretown, New Jersey 08758 Mr. Walter Holzman 1915 Beach Blvd.
Forked River Beach, New Jersey 08731 Mr. Charles Kochman Compass Road
- Waretown, New Jersey 08758 Mr.
Ed Sheridan 1108 Leilani Drive Forked River, New Jersey 08731 Mr. Gustav Walters 100 Manhattan Avenue, Apt. 706 Union City, New Jersey 07087 Mr. Edward Wheiler 16 River View Drive, P.O. Box 642 Forked River, New Jersey 08731 Mr.
John Turner 19 Jolly Roger Way
- Waretown, New Jersey 08758 33
Part B Battelle Columbus Laboratories Clapp Laboratories Duxbury, Massachusetts 02332 Mr. Michael Roche Supervisor of Environmental Science Jersey Central Power and Light Co.
Madison Ave. at Punchbowl Road Morristown, New Jersey 07960 Dr. Glenn Paulson Asst. Commissioner for Science Dept. of Environmental Protection State of New Jersey P.O. Box 1390 Trenton, New Jersey 08625 Mr. Alan R. Hoffman Lynch, Brewer, Hoffman & Sands Ten Post Office Square Suite 329 Boston, Massachusetts 02109 Mr. John Makai Nacote Creek Research Station Star Route Absecon, New Jersey 08201 Mr. Steve Lubow NJDEP-Division of Water Resources P.O. Box CN-029 Trenton, New Jersey 08625 Dr. Harry L. Allen US EPA Region II 26 Federal Plaza Room 832 New York, New York 10007 Dr. John Strand Ecosystems Department Battelle Northwest Lab Richland, Washington 99352 Dr. D. Heyward Hamilton, Jr.
EV-34, GTN U.S. Dept. of Energy Washington, D.C.
20545 34
- 1. REPORT NUMBER £A4ginedby DDC) 17-77)
U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET NUREG/CR-2727 Vol.
3
- 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE (Add Volume No., ifspprapridr/
- 2. (Leave blankl Ecological Studies of Wood-Boring Bivalves in the Vicinity 3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station
- 7. AUTHOR(S)
- 5. DATE REPORT COMPLETED K. E. Hoagland S e$T°Jber I YETP§82
- 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND MAILING ADDRESS (Include Zip Code)
DATE REPORT ISSUED Department of Malacology MONTH I YEAR Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Nouambher 1982 19th and the Parkway
- 6. (Leave blank)
Philadelphia, PA 19013 S. k blak)
- 12. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND MAILING ADDRESS (Include Zip Code)
- 10. PROJECT/TASK/WORK UNIT NO.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research
- 11. CONTRACT NO.
Division of Health, Siting, and Waste Management Washington, DC 20555 B8138
- 13. TYPE OF REPORT PERIOD COVERED (Inclusive dams)
Quarterly Progress Report March 1, 1982 - May 30, 1982
- 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
- 14. (Leowe blank)
- 16. ABSTRACT C200 words or less)
The species composition, distribution, and population dynamics of wood-boring bivalves are being studied in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, Barnegat Bay, New Jersey.
Untreated wood test panels are used to collect organisms at 12 stations.
Physiological tolerances of 3 species are also under investigation in the laboratory.
Competition among the species is being analyzed.
The adult population of Teredo bartschi survived the winter and spring of 1981-82 better than it did previous cold periods without a
thermal effluent.
Lack of an effluent was due to a prolonged outage of the generating station.
There was no spring outbreak of shipworms.
The introduced species appears established at one station near but outside of Oyster Creek.
Three teredinid species coexist in Oyster Creek.
Larvae of T. bartschi and T. navalis have similar responses to reduced salinity.
.Bankia gouldi is the fastest-growing of the teredinids found in New Jersey, and has the lowest annual mortality.
- 17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS 17a. DESCRIPTORS Thermal Effects Shi pworms Oyster Creek Teredo bartschi Teredo naval is Bankia gouldi 17b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN-ENDED TERMS
- 18. AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
- 19. SECURITY CLASS (This report)
- 21. NO. OF PAGES Unclassified 34 Unlimited U. SF.CURITY CLASS (This page)
- 22. PRICE nclassified S
NRC FORM 335 (7-77)
Federal Recycling Program
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