ML072040177
| ML072040177 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Oyster Creek |
| Issue date: | 06/01/1982 |
| From: | Crocket L, Hoagland K Lehigh Univ, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research |
| To: | |
| Davis J, NRR/DLR/REBB, 415-3835 | |
| References | |
| NUREG/CR-2727 V1 | |
| Download: ML072040177 (58) | |
Text
NUREG/CR-2727 Vol. 1 Ecological Studies of Wood-Boring Bivalves in the Vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station Progress Report September - November 1981 Prepared by K. E. Hoagland, L. Crocket Wetlands Institute Lehigh University Prepared for U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, or any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for any third party's use, or the results of such use, of any information, apparatus product or process disclosed in this report, or represents that its use by such third party would not infringe privately owned rights.
Available from Division of U.
GPO.Sales Program Technical Information and Document Control S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D. C. 20555 Printed copy price: $3.25 and National Technical Information Service Springfield, Virginia 22161
NUREG/CR-2727 Vol. 1 RE Ecological Studies of Wood-Boring Bivalves in the Vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station Progress Report September - November 1981 Manuscript Completed: May 1982 Date Published: June 1982 Prepared by K. E. Hoagland, L. Crocket Wetlands Institute Lehigh University Stone Harbor, NJ 08247 Prepared for Division of Health, Siting and Waste Management Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D.C. 20555 NRC FIN B5744
PREVIOUS REPORTS Twelve reports have been prepared under Contract AT(49-24)-0347
(=NRC-04-76-347) during three years of funding from the U. S.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1976-1979, under the title:
Analysis of Populations of boring and fouling organisms in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station with discussion of relevant physical parameters.
Those reports with NTIS numbers are:
NUREG/CR-0223 NUREG/CR-0380 NUREG/CR-0634 NUREG/CR-0812 NUREG/CR-0896 NUREG/CR-1015 NUREG/CR-1209 Dec.
Mar.
Sept.
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June 1,
I, 1,
1, i~,
1, i,
1977-Feb.
28, 1978 1978-May 31, 1978 1977-Aug.
31, 1978 1978-Nov.
30, 1978 1978-Feb.
28, 1979 1979-May 31, 1979 1979-Aug.
31, 1979 Six reports have been published in this current series:
Ecological studies of wood-boring bivalves in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station.
NUREG/CR-1517 NUREG/CR-1795 NUREG/CR-1855 NUREG/CR-1939 Sept. 1, 1979-Feb. 28, 1980, 65 pp.
March 1-May 31, 1980, 31 pp.
June 1-Aug. 31, 1980, 48 pp.
Vol. 1 Sept. 1, 1980-Nov.
30, 1980, Vol. 2 Dec.
1, 1980-Feb. 28, 1981, Vol.
3 March 1, 1981-May 31, 1981, Vol. 4 June-August,
- 1981, 36 41 38 44 pp.
pp-PP.
Pp.
PP.
ABSTRACT The species composition, distribution, and population dynamics of wood-boring bivalves are being studied in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, Barnegat Bay, New Jersey.
Untreated wood test panels are used to collect organisms at 12 stations.
Physiological tolerances of 3 species are also under investigation in the laboratory.
Competition among the species is being analyzed.
In the fall of 1981, Teredo bartschi remained in Oyster Creek despite continuous prolonged outages of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station.
It did not spread to Forked River or Waretown as it had done in other years-when the effluent was present.
The peak in larval production and settlement of T. bartschi occurred between September and October.
Settlement of shipworms occurred on no monthly panels except those in Oyster Creek during the period of this report.
Laboratory experiments revealed that T. bartschi becomes inactive at 50 C (24%0/0) and T. navalis shows signs of osmotic stress below 10 0/.o at 180 C.
The shipworms in Barnegat Bay do not show a preference for settling at the mudline when the substrate is not limited.
iii
SUMMARY
OF FINDINGS The purpose of this investigation is to understand the population dynamics and competitive interactions of shipworms in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station (OCNGS) and at control stations outside the influence of the station.
The relative importance of the introduced species Teredo bartschi in causing damage, and physiological tolerances of all species, are being assessed.
On a monthly basis, wood panels are added and removed for analysis of population dynamics and to obtain live animals for the lab studies.
We also record temperature, salinity, and we estimate siltation levels at each station.
- 1. The generating station was not operating during a significant portion of the period of this report, and had not been operating during the 2 weeks preceding this period.
- 2.
When present, the thermal effluent in Oyster Creek caused a AT of about +40 C.
- 3. The salinity in Oyster Creek and Forked River was similar to that of nearby portions of Barnegat Bay.
- 4. Teredo bartschi was common at stations 11 and 12 in Oyster Creek.
One individual was found at station 10 in Oyster Creek.
- 5.
Teredo navalis and T. bartschi suffered more mortality than Bankia gouldi.
- 6. Larvae of Teredo bartschi settled late September and early October, 1981, in Oyster Creek only.
Veligers of T. navalis and T. bartschi were found in the water in the first week of October.
More specimens settled on the October than the September panels.
No shipworms settled at stations outside Oyster Creek during Sept.-Nov.,
1981.
- 7.
Ctenophores are present at the same time and place as shipworm larvae in in Oyster Creek.
- 8. Larvae of Teredo bartschi are inactive at 50 C but are not killed outright.
They may be effectively dead, as they seem not to recover when returned to 170 C.
- 9. Adults of T. navalis are behaviorally affected by salinities of 7-10 0/o0 at ~180 C.
- 10. Analysis of position of entry and direction of boring has shown that Teredo navalis, T. bartschi, and Bankia gouldi do not settle preferentially at the mudline.
- 11. Teredo bartschi can survive in Oyster Creek even in the absence of a thermal plume.
This introduced species numerically dominates the 2 native species.
There was no outbreak of shipworms outside of Oyster Creek despite low rainfall over the past 2 years.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT....
SUMMARY
OF FINDINGS LIST OF TABLES........
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii V
ix xi INTRODUCTION METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION...........
PHYSICAL FACTORS.............
SHIPWORM POPULATIONS.........
SHIPWORM PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION REFERENCES........
APPENDIX.
STATION LOCALITIES 2
5 5
30 33 35
- 3.
37 DISTRIBUTION LIST 39 vii
LIST OF TABLES Page
- 1.
Temperature Profiles in 0C, Sept. -
Nov.,
1981......
6
- 2.
Continuous Temperature Recorder Data ( 0C) for Sept. 3-Dec.
3, 7
1981
- 3. Salinity Profiles in 0/0., Sept. -
Nov.,
1981 9
- 4. Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station Outages, Circulation and Dilution Flow in gal. x 106 for Sept. -
Nov.,
1981 10
- 5.
Average Temperature and Precipitation in New Jersey, Deviation from Normal.
Sept. -
Nov.,
1981.............
10
- 6.
Numbers of Shipworms in Monthly Panels 12
- 7.
Numbers of Living Shipworms in Cumulative Panels Submerged May 7, 13 1981
- 8. Numbers of Living Shipworms plus Empty Tubes, Cumulative Panels 15
- 9. Percentage of Specimens that were Alive when Collected, Cumulative Panels 16
- 10. Length Ranges of Shipworms, in mm, Cumulative Panels 17
- 11. Numbers of Living Shipworms in Yearly Panels...
18
- 12. Numbers of Living Shipworms plus Empty Tubes, Yearly Panels 19
- 13. Percentage of Specimens that were Alive when Collected, Yearly Panels 20
- 14. Length Ranges of Shipworms, in mm, Yearly Panels 22
- 15. Percentage of Wood Weight Lost by Panels....
23
- 16. Percentage of Living Teredo Carrying Larvae in the Gills 24
- 17. Contents of Plankton Samples Collected Oct.
6, 1981 26
- 18. Position of Entry and Direction of Growth in 2x4" Stakes at several stations 27
- 19. Behavior of Pediveligers of Teredo bartschi at Low Temperature 31
- 20. Behavior of Adult Teredo navalis exposed to reduced salinity 31 ix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the many residents of Oyster Creek who have cooperated in our field work.
James Selman, Sheila Turner, and Dominic Dragotta provided technical assistance.
Eugenia Bohlke of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia served as X-ray technologist.
J.C.P. & L.
Co.
provided data on the operation of the Generating Station.
xi
ECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF WOOD-BORING BIVALVES IN THE VICINITY OF THE OYSTER CREEK NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION September 1-November 30, 1981 INTRODUCTION Previous studies have shown a direct causal relationship between the effluent of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station and the proliferation of shipworms (Teredinidae) in Oyster Creek and adjacent portions of Barnegat Bay, New Jersey (Turner, 1974; Hoagland et al.,
1977; Hoagland et al.,
1978; Hoagland and Crocket, 1979; Hoagland and Turner, 1980; Hoagland et al.,
1980).
The effluent adds heat to the receiving waters, which extends the breeding season of teredinids, increases their growth rates, and reduces their winter mortality rates.
It has allowed the establishment of a tropical-subtropical shipworm, Teredo bartschi, in Oyster Creek and Forked River.
The design of the generating station's cooling system, taking salt water from Barnegat Bay up Forked River, through the plant, and out into Oyster Creek, has increased the salinity of these two creeks.
Shipworms now can reside in these creeks, which previously were unsuitable in salinity level and constancy for the establishment of actively breeding shipworm populations.
The populations of Teredo bartschi compared with the native species in Oyster Creek and Forked River are the focus of current studies.
This report summarizes an ongoing collection of data on physical parameters of Barnegat Bay, as well as species composition, distri-bution, growth, mortality, and reproduction of teredinids.
We assess the degree of shipworm damage occurring at each station.
We also report on physiological studies comparing the native and introduced shipworms with regard to temperature and salinity tolerances.
METHODS Stations Over the first three years of our study, 20 stations were established in Barnegat Bay to monitor boring and fouling organisms.
In September, 1979, the number was reduced to 12.
The stations are shown in Hoagland and Turner, 1980, and are listed in the appendix.
The station numbers are not contiguous because some have been discontinued.
Station 1 is a northern control station on Barnegat Bay outside the influence of the heated effluent.
Some shipworms, primarily Bankia gouldi, are traditionally found there.
Station 3 is a control station in a tidal creek outside the influence of the effluent.
Shipworms are rarely found there.
Stations 4, 5, and 6 are in Forked River, influenced by the plant's water intake system.
There is some recirculation of heated water that affects these stations, but the main influence is that the salinity is essentially that of the bay.
Station 6 is sampled on a reduced schedule, only 4 times a year.
Station 8 is on the bay between Oyster Creek and Forked River.
Stations 10-12 are in Oyster Creek, influenced directly by heat, increased (and constant) salinity, and other components of the effluent (heavy metals,
- silt, increased flow rate, etc.).
Since JCP & L calculates average values of heavy metal input per month, exact data necessary to characterize the effluent completely are not available.
Stations 14 and 15 are at or near the southern limit of the thermal plume, on Barnegat Bay.
Station 15, like Station 6, is being sampled on a reduced schedule.
Station 18 on Long Beach Island is being used only as a reliable source of Teredo navalis for laboratory experiments.
Field Work Once each month, the water temperature and salinity are measured at each station.
Air temperature and time of day are also recorded.
The amount of silt settling on wood panels submerged for one month is estimated as trace, light, moderate, or heavy.
At stations 1, 5, 11, and 14, records of temperature and salinity are kept by means of constant recording instruments that are serviced once a month.
White pine panels, approximately 3/4" x 4" x 8", are used to obtain ship-worms for study.
There are three panel series: 1) Each month, a panel that has been in the water for 1 month is removed and replaced.
In this way data on monthly settlement and early growth of borers are obtained.
- 2) Each month, a panel that has been in the water for 12 months is 2
removed and replaced.
It provides data on timing of reproduction, species and age structure of established borer communities, and other population data.
- 3) Each May, a series of 12 panels is deployed.
These panels are removed one per month.
They provide information on the cumulative growth and maturation of individual borers as well as development of the boring and fouling communities.
The cumulative monthly amount of wood destruction can be evaluated.
These three panel series are called M, Y, and C, respectively.
The Y and C series are replicated at some stations, as indicated in the data tables to follow.
Replication is not possible at all stations because of limited space where the water is deep enough to submerge a series of shipworm panels.
Panels are presoaked for 2 weeks, then set on aluminum frame racks against bulkheading or off finger docks.
They rest about 6" above the water-sediment interface.
In May, 1980, three 5 x 10 cm wooden stakes were installed each at stations 1, 4, 8,
10, 11, and 14.
Those at stations 1 and 8 were lost.
One from each remaining station was removed in September, 1980, and reported upon in an earlier report.
One from each station was removed in September, 1981 and is reported upon here.
The stakes were X-rayed and the position of entry, direction of growth, and length of each specimen recorded.
The species were identified from the images of the pallets in the X-rays.
Plankton tows were taken near the test racks at stations 8, 10, 11, and 12 on October 6, 1981.
The concentrated plankton samples were examined while still alive for bivalve larvae and other organisms.
Laboratory Work Panels are examined for pediveliger shipworm larvae and boring isopods, scraped, and X-rayed to locate the shipworms and provide a permanent record of damage.
It is possible to count and often to identify shipworms from the X-rays in uncrowded panels, but X-rays do not provide quantitative data in most cases.
Therefore, using the X-rays as guides, the panels are dissected.
All the shipworms are removed, identified, examined for larvae in the gills, and measured (length only).
They are preserved in 75% buffered alcohol.
Identifications are first made by technicians, but all Teredo spp.
are checked by one of the senior investigators.
Wood fragments from the dissected panels are saved.
Calcareous tubes and other debris left by the shipworms are removed with HCk.
The wood is washed in fresh water, then dried to constant weight, allowed to cool to room temperature, and weighed.
The panels are also weighed before going into the water.
The weight difference is a measure of wood destruction due to boring organisms.
During dissection of the wood panels, we estimate the percentage of empty tubes, which indicate mortality.
If pallets are still present in the empty tubes, we can record the species of the dead shipworm.
3
Shipworms from the replicate 12-month panels are not preserved but are kept alive and allowed to spawn in tanks containing filtered sea water (22% salinity) and new pine panels.
In this way, we have established pure laboratory populations of Teredo bartschi.
Individuals of B.
gouldi and T. navalis from the field are being maintained in the laboratory.
These stocks are used for temperature and salinity tolerance experiments.
Attempts. are underway to establish breeding colonies of Teredo navalis.
Shipworm Physiological Ecology The behavior of the pediveliger larvae of Teredo bartschi was recorded at low temperature (50 C) and at a control temperature of 17-20° C.
Twelve individuals were placed in each of 2 shallow dishes containing 2400 seawater and observed over a 5-day period.
A piece of white pine wood was available in each dish.
The behaviors recorded were swimming, burrowing, crawling, closed on the bottom, and gaping on the bottom.
Adults of Teredo navalis were obtained in pure culture in wood from Station
- 18.
For 3 panels, the salinity was gradually reduced, 30 /o per day, from 220/.o to 70/.o while the temperature was maintained at 17-180 C.
Another 3 panels (controls) remained at 22*/oo.
The number of pairs of siphons per panel was counted daily as a measure of the activity of the individuals.
The number of individuals per panel varied from 30 to 50.
Observations continued for 24 days, after which the salinity was returned to 220/oa and observations were made for 2 additional days.
The water was changed every morning in both the control and experimental aquaria.
Observations were made in the late afternoon.
4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Physical Factors The temperatures recorded at the time of sampling for shipworms are reported in Table 1.
There was no heated, effluent present in Oyster Creek on September 3rd or October 6th.
On November 4th, the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station had just resumed operation after a brief
- shutdown, and there was evidence of a thermal effluent in Oyster Creek.
The AT was about 40 C.
The general range of temperatures in Barnegat Bay in
- fall, 1981, was much cooler in the month of September, yet warmer in
- November, compared with 1980.
The temperature profilesin 1979 and 1981 were more similar, except September was slightly cooler in 1981.
The continuous temperature recorder data (Table 2) showed very similar temperatures for the 4 stations in September.
There was some thermal dis-charge in October, as seen by the mean daily maximum temperature of 14.50 in Oyster Creek, 13.2' in Forked River, and 12.80 at the two control stations north and south of the power plant.
The value at Forked River indicates recirculation of the effluent.
In November, the temperature recorder and panels at station 14 were totally destroyed by a bulkheading crew.
A comparison of stations 1 and 11 does reveal an average AT of about 40 C in Oyster Creek.
We have discontinued use of constant recording salinometers at stations 1,
4, 11, and 14 due to continual repair problems that could not be resolved by Beckman Corporation.
Salinity profiles taken at the regular sampling times are reported in Table 3.
Salinity increased from September to November at all stations.
The change in salinity was greatest at Stout's Creek (station 3).
Oyster Creek had salinity readings within 1-2*o/.
of inner shores of Barnegat Bay (e.g., stations 8 and 14).
Table 4 provides the data on the operation levels of the power plant.
Outages were extensive, including all of September and half of October (combined with the last half of August).
Water flow was maintained at a
level of about 50% during September when there was no heated effluent.
From the data in Table 4, it can be seen that slight augmentation of shipworm growth and breeding could be expected in October and November.
Table 5 presents general weather data for New Jersey.
The low precipitation in November could explain the higher salinity found then, especially at the creek station
- 3.
- However, the timing is not perfect, since the salinity values were recorded in the first week of November.
No overall trends of drought have been observed in the period of this report, although precipitation is below average.
5
Table 1 Temperature Profiles in °C, September-November 1981 Differential Station Sept.
3 Oct. 6 Nov. 4 among months 1
2 2. 5 b 16.5 14.0 8.5 3
23.5 1 9. 0 a 15.0 8.5 4
23.0 1 6.0 b 14.0 9.0 5
2 2. 5b 17.0 15.0 7.5 8
23.0 16.5 10 2 4. 0 a 16.5 17.5 11 23.0 17.0 1 7. 0 a 6.0 12 23.0 18.0 14 23.5 1 6. 0 b 1 3. 0b 10.5 Differential among stations 1.5 3.0 4.0 a highest value each month b lowest value each month
- no data 6
Table 2 Continuous Temperature Recorder I. Temperature Sept. 3-Oct. 6 1
5 11 14 Data at 1:
(0 C) for Sept.
00 PM (EST)
Oct. 6-Nov.
1 5
11 3 to Dec.
3, 1981 4
14 Nov. 4-Dec.
3 1
5*
11 14*
Mean Daily Temp. at 1PM Standard deviation Highest value of Temp.
at I PM Lowest value of Temp.
at 1 PM Monthly Temp.
Range at 1 PM 19.1 2.9 23.2 13.5 9.7 19.3 2.8 23.3 14.4 8.9 7.1 19.1 2.7 23.5 13.7 9.8 18.9 3.0 23.2 13.0 10.2 12.2 0.9 14.4 10.6 3.8 12.8 1.0 14.6 11.0 3.6 13.8 2.1 17.9 10.7 7.2 12.1 1.1 15.5 10.7 4.8 7.1 2.4 13.0 2.8 10.2 12.0 2.3 17.5 8.1 9.4 II.
Maximum Daily Sept. 3-Oct.
6 1
5 11 14 Temperature Oct.
5 6-Nov.
4 11 14 Nov. 4-Dec.
3 1
5*
11 14*
Mean value of Max.
Daily Temp.
Standard Deviation Highest value of Max.
Daily Temp.
Lowest value of Max.
Daily Temp.
Monthly Range of Max.
Daily Temp.
19.8 2.9 23.4 13.8 9.6 19.7 2.8 23.5 14.5 9.0 19.4 2.7 23.5 13.8 9.7 19.6 3.0 24.3 13.6 10.7 12.8 0.9 15.2 10.8 4.4 13.2 1.0 15.1 11.2 3.9 14.5 2.1 18.1 11.3 7.8 12.8 1.0 15.0 11.3 3.7 7.6 2.5 13.1 3.7 9.4 12.5 2.2 17.5 8.4 9.1
Table III. Minimum Sept. 3-Oct. 6 1
5 11 14 2,
continued Daily Temperature Oct. 6-Nov. 4 1
5 11 Nov. 4-Dec.
3 1
5*
11 14 14*
Mean value of Minimum Daily Temp.
Standard Deviation Highest value of Minimum Daily Temp.
Lowest value of Min. Daily Temp.
Monthly Range of Min. Daily Temp.
18.3 3.1 23.0 12.8 10.2 17.9 3.1 22.5 12.4 10.1 17.5 3.1 22.3 11.6 10.7 18.3 3.0 22.8 12.5 10.3 11.6 0.8 13.3 10.6 2.7 11.5 1.1 13.7 8.8 4.9 12.5 2.2 16.8 10.2 6.6 11.6 0.8 13.4 10.4 3.0 6.7 2.3 11.5 2.8 8.7 11.0 2.2 15.5 7.0 8.5 IV. Daily Temperature Range 3-Oct.
6 Oct. 6-Nov.
11 14 i1 5
11 Sept.
5 4
Nov.
4 -
Dec.
3 1
5*
11 1
14 14*
Mean Daily AT 1.4 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.7 2.0 1.1 0.9 1.5 Standard Deviation 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.9 Largest Daily AT for one month 3.2 4.6 4.2 3.3 2.1 4.7 4.1 2.2 1.7 4.0 Smallest Daily AT for one month 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.4
- Sta. 5 Sta. 14 paper failed to record completely.
recorder destroyed by workmen.
Table 3 Salinity Profiles in 0/00, September-November 1981 Differential among months Station Sept. 3 Oct. 6 Nov. 4 1
3 4
5 8
10 11 12 14 22 16b 26 a 2 6 a 26a 24 24 24 25 24 29b 2 7a 2 7a 2 7a 27a 26 26 27a 2 5 b 25b 29 29 28 30a 28 28 29 3
9 3
3 2
6 4
4 3
Differential among stations 10 8
5 a highest value each month b lowest value each month 9
Table 4 Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station Outages, Circulation and Dilution Flow in gal. x 106 for Sept.-Nov.,
1981 Total Water Flow (gal. x 106)
Outage Dates Sept.
19,657 1-30 Oct.
33,820 1-19; 31 Nov.
42,270 1
Table 5 Average Temperature and Precipitation in New Jersey, Deviation from Normal.
Sept.-Nov.,
1981 Temperature (0 F)
Precipitation (inches)
Sept.
-1.0 0
Oct.
-4.7
+0.68 Nov.
-1.0
-2.26 10
Shipworm Populations Table 6 shows that juvenile shipworms settled at only 2 stations during September and October, 1981.
Both stations were in Oyster Creek.
All of the identifiable juveniles were Teredo bartschi, and those too small to be identified beyond Teredo sp. were most likely also T. bartschi.
Specimens settling in September and removed in October showed less growth than specimens settling in August and removed in September.
Two of the 27 individuals at station 12 were dead when collected on October 6; all other specimens were collected alive.
It is interesting that the number of settling young was greater in the October panels than in those collected in September.
Release and settlement of the pediveligers of T. bartschi seems to occur in waves.
There was no settlement on monthly panels deployed on October 6 and retrieved on November 4, 1981.
In previous years, there was much heavier attack of monthly panels removed in fall months.
In September of 1978, shipworms of 3 species were found in monthly panels at stations from Holly Park to Waretown Creek, and settlement of Teredo bartschi in Oyster Creek included 133 specimens at the 3 stations.. However,. only 5 specimens settled in the following month.
In September of 1979, settlement was recorded at most stations, and all 3
species were represented.
Thousands of T. bartschi occurred on panels at the 3 stations in Oyster Creek.
Only T. bartschi were found in October (a total of 184 specimens, all in Oyster Creek).
In 1980, only 1 shipworm was retrieved from the September monthly panels, but hundreds of T. bartschi were found at station 12 in Oyster Creek the following month, and 35 T. bartschi were found at station 12 in the November monthly panel.
The reduced settlement of shipworms in the fall of 1981 might be related to the frequent and prolonged outages of the Oyster Creek generating station in the period August-October, 1981 (Table 4).
The cumulative panels deployed in May and removed in the fall (Table 7) revealed Teredo bartschi only at stations 11 and 12 in Oyster Creek.
The attack was moderate (less than 100 per panel) at station 11, but heavy (over 500 per panel) at station 12.
This pattern has existed for two seasons.
It suggests that larvae need not travel far before boring into wood, and that station 12 is more suitable than station 11 for proliferation of T. bartschi.
T. bartschi was last found in Forked River in July, 1981.
It was very abundant at all 3 Oyster Creek stations in the fall of 1978 and 1979.
The percentage of the living specimens in all Barnegat Bay stations that were Teredo bartschi increased from 65% in September to 82% in October and 94% in November.
This was due to reproduction of T. bartschi at station 12.
Bankia gouldi was slightly more abundant than T. navalis, due to greater abundance at station i, Holly Park.
Replicate panel pairs at stations 1, 4, 8,
and 11 were similar in species composition and abundance.
As in past years, there was no shipworm attack at the control creek station 3.
Shipworm attack was low at all stations outside of Oyster Creek except for station 1.
11
Table 6 Numbers of Shipworms in Monthly Panels September 3, i
Teredo sp.
1981 Total October T.bartschi StationI T.bartschi Alive 6,
1981 Teredo sp. Total Alive 11 12 1
(3)*
1 (2) 1 (3) 3 (0.5-1) 2 100 4
100 10 (0.5-1) 27 (0.5-1) 10 100 27 93
- Numbers in parentheses are lengths, in mm.
12
Table 7 Numbers of Living Shipworms in Cumulative Panels Submerged May 7, 1981 Date Removed:
September 3 Ni-~,i-nntR.*
T~n Th5 T~sr.* Total October 6 E.g.
T~n.
T-Jb.
November 4 B.2.
T.n.
T.b.
Total Total 1
10 3
0 0
13 24 3
0 27 13 6
0 19 3
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 4
0 3
0 0
3 1
3 0
4 2
0 0
2 5
0 3
0 0
3 0
2 0
2 2
0 0
2 8
1 3
0 0
4 3
2 0
5 2
3 0
5 10 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
11 2
2 31 3
38 1
2 59 62 1
1 15 17 12 0
1 83 28 112 0
1 132 133 1
0 516 517 14 1
2 0
0 3
0 1
0 1
0 2
0 2
Total 14 17 114 31 176 29 14 191 234 21 12 531 564 Replicates 1
4 8
11 10 0
1 0
2 4
3 0
0 0
0 7
0 0
0 0
12 4
4 7
II 7
1 2
0 1
3 2
0 0
0 0
13 8
4 4
13
- Based on November's data, nearly all are T. bartschi, but a few may be T. navalis.
- Panels used for laboratory experiments.
Tables 8 and 9 reveal the extent of mortality over the May-November 1981 period.
There tended to be high mortality in Forked River, followed by Oyster Creek.
Control stations 1 and 14 were nearly free of mortality.
The differential mortality by area is in part due to species composition.
Teredo navalis in Forked River and T. bartschi in Oyster Creek suffered the greatest mortality.
Growth over the May-November, 1981, period is shown in Table 10.
The largest specimens were not associated with any particular station.
Such an association was not expected, because of the absence of the thermal effluent over much-of the period.
Because the density of the shipworms per panel was low, growth was rapid.
Comparing Table 10 with Table 14 of our last report, a monthly size increase of the largest individuals of all 3 species was noticable through October 6.
Specimens of Teredo bartschi were no larger in November than in October.
The 1981 year class of all species was large enough to be sexually mature in August.
Comparing the sizes of specimens removed from cumulative panels in 1981 with previous years, we find that growth was lower for Bankia gouldi in 1981 than in 1978-1980, but about the same for the other two species.
The results from the yearly panels submerged in the fall of 1980 are reported in Tables 11-14.
The replicate panel pairs at station 11 show the effects of patchy settlement accumulated over an entire year (e.g.,
45 specimens in one panel, only 8 in another removed in October).
- However, the replicate panel pairs at station 1 and at station 14 are similar (e.g., 18 Bankia gouldi in one panel, 14 B.
gouldi and one T. navalis in another at station 1, November).
The difference is due to the species involved: T. bartschi, with its release of pediveligers, is more prone to' patchy distribution.
The pattern of settlement on the yearly panels is similar to that of the cumulative panels.
Teredo bartschi was restricted to Oyster Creek and was abundant only at station 12.
Bankia gouldi was moderately abundant at station 1. There was only one shipworm found at station 3.
- Overall, 93% of the specimens found alive in Barnegat Bay were T. bartschi.
Comparing Tables 8 and 12, there was greater settlement but higher mortality in the September and October yearly panels than the cumulative panels of the same months.
Some of the settlement occurred in September and October, 1980, but many of these individuals died over the winter of 1980-81.
The lower number of shipworms in the November, 1981 yearly panel indicates little settlement in November, 1980.
The greatest settlement of the period appears to have occurred in October, 1980.
This agrees with our findings of that year (Hoagland and Crocket, 1981, report #1939).
Mortality was great in the Teredo species, but virtually absent in Bankia gouldi (Table 12).
Of all the panels, mortality was greatest in that from station 12 in September (Table 13).
The percent mortality figures are somewhat misleading unless one considers the total number of specimens involved.
14
Table 8 Numbers of Living Shipworms Plus Empty Tubes, Cumulative Panels Date Removed: September 3 October 6 Station B._.
T.n. T.b. T.sp. tere-Totali B.g. T.n. T.b.
dinid Total November 4 B..
T.n. T.b.
tere-Total dinid 1
10 3
0 0
0 13 24 3
0 27 14 6
0 2
22 3
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 4
0 7
0 0
0 7
1 4
0 5
2 2
0 0
4 5
0 4
0 0
0 4
0 5
0 5
2 1
0 0
3 8
1 8
0 0
1 10 3
3 0
6 2
10 0
0 12 10 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
11 2
2 31 9
0 44 1
2 72 75 1
3 34 1
39 12 0
1 84 52 0
137 0
1 133 134 1
1 541 0
543 14 1
2 0
0 0
3 0
1 0
1 0
2 0
0 2
Total 14 27 115 61 1
218 29 19 205 253 22 25 575 3
625 I,
Replicates 1
10 2
0 0
4 0
5 0
0 8
1 5
0 0
11 0
0 8
0 1
0 0
0 13 5
6 8
7 1
2 0
2 0
4 0
2 0
0 14 0
0 0
0 9
5 4
14
Table 9 Percentage of Specimens that were Alive when Collected, Cumulative Panels Month Collected:
September 3 Station Number Total No.
Living Tubes Specimens Observed Alive Number Living Specin October 6 Total No.
Tubes nens Observed Alive November 4 Number Total No.
Living Tubes Specimens Observed Alive 1
13 13 100 27 27 100 19 22 86 3
0 0
0 0
0 0
4 3
7 43 4
5 80 2
4 50 5
3 4
75 2
5 40 2
3 67 8
4 10 40 5
6 83 5
12 42 10 0
0 0
0 0
0 11 38 44 86 62 75 83 17 39 44 12 112 137 82 133 134 99 517 543 95 14 3
3 100 1
1 100 2
2 100 O'.
Total 1
4 8
11 176 12 4
4 7
218 13 5
6 8
81 92 80 66 88 234 253 92 564 8
4 4
13 625 9
5 4
14 90 89 80 100 93
Table 10 Length Ranges of Shipworms, in mm, Cumulative Panels Date Removed:
September 3 Station aF.
TCn.a October 6 T-n.
November 4
-T-jn 1
13-143 43-96 52-209*
124-132 8-185 106-165 3
4 74-151*
178 79-152 153-158 92-97 5
48-102 62-193*
148-239*
82 8
90 42-90 8-127 67-89 182-228 45-154 10 11 56-164"64-120 1-33 28 90-117 2-131*
32 112-208 1-102*
12 18 1-35 87
.5-69 35 124
.5-84 14 119 14-78 79 13-50 I-J
-.1 Replicates 1
4 8
11 6-60 74 17-90 64-127 53-76 25-106 215 155-175 147-162 78-210*
60-85 2.5-55*
3-54
- Largest specimen of each species, each month.
Table 11 Numbers of Living Shipworms in Yearly Panels Date Removed:
Station I.g.
September 3, 1981 T.n.
T.b.
Total October 6, 1981 B.g T.n.
T.b.
Total November 4, 1981 B.g.
T.n.
T.b.
Total 1
12 0
0 12 15 0
0 15 18 0
0 18 3
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 1
4 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
1 1
1 0
2 5
2 1
0 3
1 1
0 2
1 4
0 5
8 7
1 0
8 3
2 0
5 5
0 0
5 10 0
0 1
1 0
0 1
1 0
0 1
1 11 0
1 2
3 0
0 8
8 0
0 2
2 12 0
0 48 48 0
0 673 673 0
0 363 363 14 0
1 0
1 1
1 0
2 0
3 0
3 00 Total 21 4
51 76 21 5
682 707 26 8
366 400 Replicates 1
11 0
11 0
0 14 0
2 0
9 0
11 9
2 18 1
1 0
0 1
0 45 0
19 46 1
14 1
1 0
0 5
0 33 0
15 34 5
Table 12 Numbers of Living Shipworms Plus Empty Tubes, Yearly Panels Date Removed:
Station September 3, 1981 T.n.
T.b.
Total October 6, 1981 B.g.
T.n.
T.b.
tere-dinid Total November 4, 1981 B.g.
T.n.
T.b.
T.sp. tere-dinid Total 1
12 0
0 12 15 1
0 0
16 18 0
0 0
3 21 3
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
1 4
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
1 1
1 0
0 0
2 5
2 3
0 5
1 3
0 1
5 1
4 0
0 0
5 8
7 11 0
18 3
5 0
1 9
5 4
0 1
0 10 10 0
0 1
1 0
0 1
0 1
0 0
1 0
0 1
11 0
1 3
4 0
1 9
0 10 0
1 2
0 0
3 12 0
0 330 330 0
0 787 0
787 0
0 406 0
0 406 14 0
3 0
3 1
1 0
0 2
0 4
0 0
0 4
HD Total 21 18 334 373 21 12 797 2
831 26 14 409 1
3 453 Replicates 1
11 14 11 0
0 0
4 5
0 9
0 11 13 5
18 1
i 1
3 2
0 45 0
0 0
0 19 49 3
14 1
0 1
6 0
39 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
15 41 6
Table 13 Percentage of Specimens that were Alive when Collected, Yearly Panels Date Removed Station Number Living Specimens September 3, Total No.
Tubes Observed 1981 Alive October 6, 1981 Number Total No.
Living Tubes Alive Specimens Observed November 4, 1981 Number Total No.
Living Tubes Specimens Observed Alive 1
12 12 100 15 16 94 18 21 86 3
0 0
0 0
1 1
100 4
0 0
1 1
100 2
2 100 5
3 5
60 2
5 40 5
5 100 8
8 18 44 5
9 56 5
10 50 10 1
1 100 1
1 100 1
1 100 11 3
4 75 8
10 80 2
3 67 12 48 330 15 673 787 86 363 406 89 14 1
3 33 2
2 100 3
4 75 C
Total 76 Replicates 373 20 707 831 85 400 453 88 1
14 11 8
2 11 13 5
100 62 40 19 46 1
19 49 3
100 94 33 15 34 5
15 41 6
100 83 83
The lengths of the shipworms from the yearly panels are in Table 14.
As for the cumulative series, there was no strong tendency for the largest specimens to be in Oyster Creek.
Specimens of the Teredo species were larger in September than in October and November, because both T. bartschi and T. navalis settled in September of 1980.
Bankia gouldi does not settle that late in the year.
The length ranges of specimens collected in the yearly and cumulative series in October and November are similar because most of the surviving specimens in both settled over the 1981 season.
Table 15 gives the percentages of wood lost from the various test panels.
Despite the greater number of shipworms in the cumulative panels at station 12, wood destruction was no greater than in other cumulative panels.
The small size of Teredo bartschi is responsible for this result.
The percentage wood weight lost increased between October and November only at stations 8, 12, and 14.
Because of the equality of the age of most specimens in the yearly and cumulative panels, the wood weight data from the two series are comparable.
The percentage of the Teredo navalis carrying larvae in the gills is given in Table 16.
In September, 78% of the individuals were brooding young.
In October, the percentage was 73%; in November, it fell to 38%.
There were no young juveniles of T. navalis reported; all specimens were large enough to be sexually mature as females.
On the contrary, the fall panels contained numerous immature specimens of Teredo bartschi.
The smallest mature specimen measured 7 mm in length.
The percentage of adults brooding young for September, October, and November was 62%,
87%, and 63%, respectively.
The peak of production of pediveligers occurs in October.
Shipworm larvae were found in plankton samples from stations 8, 11, and 12.
The straight-hinge larvae were probably Teredo navalis.
They could also have been Bankia gouldi, but most B. gouldi settles before October.
The greatest density of larvae occurred at station 11 in Oyster Creek; station 8 had only 2 larvae.
Other organisms found in the plankton samples are listed in Table 17.
Very little was found alive in the 3 replicate tows at station 10 in a lagoon near the mouth of Oyster Creek.
At the other stations, barnacle nauplii were common.
Ctenophores and gastropod veligers were also common at the Oyster Creek stations.
There were many more species represented in the samples from Oyster Creek than those from Forked River.
The position of entry and direction of growth of shipworms entering 5x10 cm stakes is shown in Table 18.
There is no pattern of entry at the mudline for any species, nor is there a preference for entering on the lee side or the side of the stake facing the currents.
However, most specimens grow downward, regardless of the species.
Most T. bartschi were clustered at 50-60 cm above the mudline.
In 1980, the data were comparable except that T. bartschi were clustered about 8 cm above the mudline.
21
Table 14 Length Ranges of Shipworms, in mm, Yearly Panels Date Removed:
Station I
September 3, 1981 T.n.
T.b.
October B.g.
6, 1981 T.n.
November 4, 1981 B.g.
T.n.
T.b.
T.b.
1 34-94 13-211 60 18-202 3
46 4
181 57 28 5
63-68 80-270*
156 105-111 138 20-200*
8 43-194*
61-155 137-171 47-122 85-210 25-73 10 11 43 33 11 233 6-28 137 1-52 127 36-46 12
.5-130*
.5-64*
.5-57*
14 27-69 18 6
68-114 I'.,
NJ Replicates 1
14 64 48-270*
61-110 4-34 62-214*
204 156 139 130-185*
84-91 67-162 211*
.5-59 137 120 19-199 1-40
- Largest specimen, each species, each month
Table 15 Percentage of Wood Weight Lost by Panels A.
May 7, 1981 Cumulative Series Date Removed:
September 3 October 6 November 4 I
I Station 1
3 4
5 8
10 11 12 14 Replicates 1
4 8
11 8.21 0.00 0.00 6.73 6.86 0.00 8.55 8.67 8.54 9.44 9.57 8.26 8.04 36.54 0.00 14.27 11.13 8.16 0.00 14.57 13.00 7.30 25.52 0.00 10.66 9.63 12.67 0.00 12.33 19.21 8.64 10.37 12.78 9.48 8.46 B. Yearly Series 1
3 4
5 8
10 11 12 14 Replicates 1
11 14 12.28 0.00 0.00 13.93 15.32 9.75 11.11 13.54 12.06 9.15 12.35 12.33 26.18 0.00 6.83 12.55 15.82 8.81 6.50 31.5 13.41 35.04 10.80 9.80 22.63 7.67 7.60 8.30 12.27 8.53 9.27 10.66 20.22 10.04 12.65
- No data 23
Table 16 Percentage of Living Teredo Carrying Larvae in the Gills Months Submerged Max. Length of ship-worms with Larvae (mm)
Min. Length of ship-worms with Larvae (mm)
Max. Length of ship-worms without Larvae (mm)
Min. Length of ship-worms without Larvae (mm)
% of Adult shipworms with Larvae Sample Size T. navalis Sta.
Month 4
Sept.
4 Sept.
5 Sept.
8 Sept.
8 Sept.
11 Sept.
12 Sept.
14 Sept.
5 Sept.
8 Sept.
11 Sept.
4 5
8 11 12 14 4
8 14 4
8 14 14 Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
4 4
4 4
4 4
4 4
12 12 12 5
5 5
5 5
5 12 12 12 6
6 12 12 151 127 92 90 72 120 18 78 80 76 233 129 173 89 117 87 79 181 122 91 146 154 92 64 118 64 92 55 68 120 18 78 80 76 233 105 108 89 117 87 79 181 122 91 146 154 92 64 89 102 57 64 152 67 90 95 210 127 114 99 89 48 57 64 152 67 90 95 210 117 85 55 67 100 33 100 67 50 100 100 100 100 100 67 100 50 50 100 100 100 50 100 50 33 33 20 3
4 3
3 3
2 1
3 22 2
1 1
1 2
1 2
3 3
5
Table 16, continued Percentage of Living Teredo Carrying Larvae in the Gills Months Submerged Max. Length of ship-worms with Larvae (mm)
Min. Length of ship-worms with Larvae (mm)
Max.Length of ship-worms without Larvae (mm)
Min.Length of ship-worms without Larvae (mm)
% of Adult shipworms with Larvae Sample Size T. bartschi Sta.
Month i1 Sept.
11 Sept.
12 Sept.
10 Sept.
11 Sept.
11 Sept.
12 Sept.
"I3 11 I-n 12 10 11 11 12 11 11 12 10 11 11 12 Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
4 4
4 12 12 12 12 5
5 12 12 12 12 6
6 6
12 12 12 12 55 33 35 11 28 34 20 74 69 43 48 59 64 71 43 61 33 46 32 57 55 10 7
11 28 13 7
11 7
43 29 13 7
44 28 15 33 36 21 12 28 51 12 11 130 131 10 3
2 38 64 54 72 4
50 2.5 2
2 11 7
7 0.5 1
0.5 0.5 3
4 0.5 1
0.5 33 86 45 100 50 100 50 76 99 100 100 100 86 40 73 47 100 100 100 81 3
22 31 1
2 7
18 59 74 1
4 8
341 10 11 162 1
2 2
141
Table 17 Contents of Plankton Samples Collected Oct.
6, 1981 Station 8
10 11 12 Teredo navalis larvae present common common Barnacle nauplii common common common Polychaete trochophore present present present Late-juvenile polychaete pre.sent rare common present Nematodes present present present Polydora ligni present Bryozoan larvae present present Calanoid copepods present present present Harpacticoid copepods present present present Paleomonetes sp.
rare Protozoans present present present Foraminifera present present Fish eggs present Chaetognath eggs & larvae present present Lorica present Ctenophore common common Gastropod veligers common common Ostracode present Plant seeds common Marine mite present 26
Table 18 Length, Position of Entry, and Direction of Growth in Stakes at Several Stations.
Station Position of Entry hole Distance of Entry Hole above Mud Line Direction of Growth Length (cm)
Species 4
in currents edge, currents in currents 21 cm 68 59 down down down 10 edge, currents in currents leeside in currents in currents leeside in currents leeside edge, currents in currents 11 leeside lees ide leeside leeside leeside leeside leeside in currents in currents in currents in currents in currents in currents in currents in currents in currents in currents in currents in currents in currents in currents in currents in currents in currents edge, currents edge, currents edge, currents edge, currents edge, currents 5
17 20 19 3
17 56 76 72 12 70 13 61 8
15 35 44 16 37 42 48 48 49 50 51 51 51 52 53 53 53 55 55 58 60 22 51 54 56 down down down down down up down down
- diagonal, down down down up up down down up down down down down down down up up down up up down down down down up down down down up down up up 36.5 14.5 16.0 11.5 52.0 38.0 40.0 1.3 43.0 3.0 28.5 32.0 0.6 33.0 25.0 37.0 1.5 0.8 1.6 5.5 1.4 7.5 2.0 5.9 1.2 1.3 1.2 0.8 1.2 1.5 0.8 1.2 1.2 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.5 2.3 3.2 1.1 1.4 1.5 B. gouldi B.
gouldi T. navalis B.
gouldi B.
gouldi B.
gouldi B.
gouldi B.
gouldi B.
gouldi B.
gouldi B.
gouldi T. navalis T. bartschi B.
gouldi T. navalis T. navalis T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T.
bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi 27
Table 18, continued Station Position of Entry hole 11 edge, lee edge, lee edge, lee edge, lee edge, lee edge, lee edge, lee edge, lee edge, lee edge, lee edge, lee edge, lee edge, lee edge, lee edge, lee edge, lee edge, lee edge, lee edge, lee edge, lee edge, lee edge, lee Distance of Entry Hole above Mud Line 62 48 48 49 52 52 53 54 54 55 55 56 55 57 60 60 62 64 65 68 69 57 Direction of Growth up up up up down up down diagonal down down down down up down down down down down down down down down Length (cm) 1.0 1.0 2.1 8.0 2.0 1.6 1.6 1.2 2.3 2.1 1.4 2.2 0.8 2.3 6.3 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.4 4.4 0.3 Species T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi T. bartschi in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in currents currents currents currents currents currents currents currents currents currents currents currents currents currents currents currents currents currents currents currents currents currents currents currents 54 80 80 75 61 60 60 40 57 57 54 54 57 52 52 60 61 61 62 66 53 48 48 47 borehole borehole borehole borehole borehole borehole borehole borehole borehole borehole borehole borehole borehole borehole borehole borehole borehole borehole borehole borehole borehole borehole borehole borehole 28
Table 18, continued Station Position of Entry hole Distance of Entry Hole above Mud Line Direction of Growth Length (cm)
Species 14 edge, currents in currents leeside in currents 0.3 2
21 31 down down down down 5.8 5.5 8.1 9.1 B. gouldi T. navalis T. navalis T. navalis
SUMMARY
Settlement in currents leeside Growth up down Within 10 cm of mudline yes no B. gouldi T. navalis T. bartschi 8
4 24 living 29 dead 4
3 26 1
2 15 11 5
35 3
1 0
9 6
74 29
Shipworm Physiological Ecology The pediveligers of Teredo bartschi were inactive at 50 C (Table 19).
They remained alive after 5 days at that temperature.
However, when returned to room temperature (170 C),
they did not succeed in penetrating the wood.
Control specimens from the same female were more active at the control temperature range of 17-200 C, and 5 of the 12 eventually penetrated the wood.
The salinity for all experiments was 24 0/00.
The effect of reduced salinity on adults of Teredo navalis is shown in Table
- 20.
Activity of the control individuals was quite variable among panels.
Panel A averaged over 90% active individuals with little day-to-day variance.
Panel B was usually above 85% active, but on one day, only 25% of the individuals were seen.
Panel C showed the lowest and most variable activity (often under 50%).
There was no trend from day to day.
The experimental panels showed activity levels comparable to those for control panel C.
No ill effects of reduction of salinity were observed until the salinity reached 10 0/00. Then, recovery time after the water was changed extended over 4 hours4.62963e-5 days <br />0.00111 hours <br />6.613757e-6 weeks <br />1.522e-6 months <br />.
The salinity was left at 10 0/00 for 3 days, and activity increased in all 3 panels each day.
Then. the salinity was reduced to 7 0/00, and again there was a prolonged recovery period, with activity increasing over a 3 day period.
The siphons were never extended fully at 7 0/00.
Therefore, to avoid losing the specimens, the salinity was returned to 22 0/oo.
Activity levels of the experimental panels were again comparable to thoseýof the controls.
These results are very similar to those given in an earlier report (#1517) for Teredo bartschi.
30
Table 19 Behavior of Teredo bartschi larvae at Low Temperature Day:
0 TemD:17° 170 1
2 3
50 170 50 170 50 180 4
5 50 190 50 200 Behavior Swimming 5
5 0
4 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 Burrowing Crawling 2
3 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
2 0
1 2
1 0
1 0
1 0
3 0
1 0
5 Closed on bottom Gaping on bottom*
3 3
11 4
3 7
0 0
1 2
9 1
5 5
1 3
4 1
7 0
11 2
8 4
- Not dead.
Capable of responding to touch.
Table 20 Behavior Salinity of Adult Teredo navalis Exposed to Reduced Salinity
% of Animals with Siphons Extended Reduced Salinity 0/o.
Controls (22
/oo)
A B
C A
B C
Day 1
3 4
5 6
7 9
16 17 19 26 22 19 16 13 10 10 10 7
7 7
71 75 79 83 17 71 100 13*
46*
33*
100 94 90 90 6
62 82 24*
74*
80*
66 61 55 61 5
41 59 39*
55*
68*
91 96 93 91 93 93 91 90 100 25 85 85 95 55 55 14 28 66 38 34 98 100 90 85 95 100 22 58 80 100
- Siphons partially extended.
90 31
GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The data collected in the fall of 1981 fit the pattern established in previous years.
Teredo bartschi accounts for most of the shipworms in Oyster Creek.
It survives periods when the thermal effluent is absent, but does not spread to nearby localities as it does when there is an effluent.
The native species were few in number throughout Barnegat Bay in 1981; they were apparently not influenced by the low rainfall in New Jersey during the past 2 years.
Field data on settlement of larvae indicate that no species clusters at the mudline, although settlement of Teredo bartschi is patchy.
The seasonal peaks of settlement of larvae of the three species do not coincide.
The major peak for Bankia gouldi is mid-summer, while those for Teredo bartschi and T. navalis are in late September or early October.
T. bartschi has multiple peaks of settlement.
Physiological studies conducted thus far show that shipworms of all species have similar low salinity tolerances, and that below 10 0/00, symptoms of osmotic stress occur.
This result is important in that the operation of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station has eliminated periods of low salinity in the affected portions of Oyster Creek and Forked River (particularly the south branch).
Therefore it has increased the potential for shipworm outbreaks in these areas.
Fortunately for those concerned about shipworm damage, frequent and prolonged plant outages have reduced woodborer attack in Oyster Creek and Forked River.
The persistence of Teredo bartschi in Oyster Creek since 1974 and its population characteristics allowing rapid.population growth indicate that the only final solution will be the cessation of operation of the plant.
However, the infestation can be reduced by removing infected wood.
We have found higher mortality in the Teredo species than in Bankia gouldi.
The role of heavy metals, disease, and parasites in mortality of woodborers and fouling organisms requires further study.
33
REFERENCES
- Hoagland, K.
E. and L.
Crocket.
1979.
Analysis of populations of boring and fouling organisms in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Gener-ating Station.
Annual Progress Report.
Sept. 1, 1977-Aug.
31, 1978.
113 pp.*
- Hoagland, K.
E. and L. Crocket.
1981.
Ecological studies of wood-boring bivalves in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station.
Sept. -
Nov.,
1980.
NTIS #1939, vol. 1, 36 pp.
- Hoagland, K.
E. and R.
D. Turner.
1980.
Range extensions of teredinids (shipworms) and polychaetes in the vicinity of a temperate-zone nuclear generating station.
Marine Biology 58:55-64.
- Hoagland, K.
E.,
L. Crocket and M. Rochester.
1978.
Analysis of popu-lations of boring and fouling organisms in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station with discussion of relevant physical factors over the period: Dec.
1, 1977 -
Feb.
28, 1978.
44 pp.
- Hoagland, K. E.,
L. Crocket and R. D. Turner.
1980.
Ecological studies of wood-boring bivalves in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, Sept. 1, 1979 -
Feb.
28, 1980.
65 pp.*
- Hoagland, K. E.,
R.
D. Turner and M. Rochester.
1977.
Analysis of boring and fouling organisms in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station with discussion of relevant physical parameters over the period:
April 30-November 30, 1976.
Report to the U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
Jan. 1, 1977.
61 pp.
Turner, R. D.
1974.
In the path of a warm, saline effluent.
American Malacol. Union Bull. for 1973.
39:36-41.
- Available for purchase from the NRC/GPO Sales Program, U. S.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D. C. 20555, and the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161.
35
APPENDIX:
STATION LOCALITIES STATION NUMBER NAME DESCRIPTION COORDINATES Lat.
390 54' Lon.
740 8'
1 Holly Park Dick's Landing Island Drive Bayville, NJ Bay control N
W 3
4 5
6 Stout's Creek Mouth of Forked River Leilani Drive Elk's Club Bayside Beach Club Kochman's Residence Crisman's Residence End of Raleigh Drive Gustav Walters' residence South Shore Developed property Possible temperature increase increased oceanic influence due to reverse flow At branch point of Forked River South Branch Forked River Increase in salinity due to plant intake canal On bay between Oyster Creek and Forked River across from 1815 Beach Blvd.,
Forked River, NJ Temperature increase since plant operation.
End of Compass Rd.
on
- 1 Lagoon, Oyster Creek
- Waretown, NJ Temperature, salinity siltation increase Dock Ave. on Oyster Creek
- Waretown, NJ Temperature,
- salinity, siltation increase 390 50.7' 740 9'
390 49.6' 740 9.8' 390 49.6' 740 10.5' 390 49.4' 740 10.9' 390 49.0' 740 9.7' 390 48.5' 740 10.6' 390 48.5' 740 11.0' 8
10 11 37
STATION NUMBER NAME DESCRIPTION COORDINATES 12 14 15 18 Gilmore's Residence Cottrell's Clam Factory Carl's Boats Barnegat Light 20 Dock Ave. on Oyster Creek
- Waretown, NJ.
Temperature, salinity, siltation increase End of North Harbor Rd.
Waretown, NJ (Mouth of Waretown Creek)
Within but near limits of reported thermal plume Washington & Liberty Sts.
Waretown, NJ (on the bay)
Marina adjacent to Coast Guard Station 390 48.5' 740 11.3' 390 47.7' 740 10.9' N
W N
W 390 47' N
740 11' W
390 45.8' 740 6.5' N
W 38
DISTRIBUTION LIST Distribution Category: RE Supplemental Distribution: Part A Mr.
Richard Baumgardt Dick's Landing Holly Park Bayville, New Jersey 08721 Mr.
William Campbell P.O. Box 668 108 Long John Silver Way
- Waretown, New Jersey 08758 Mr.
Stan Cottrell North Harbor Road
- Waretown, New Jersey 08758 Mr. Wilson T.
Crisman 901 Hudson Street
- Hoboken, New Jersey 07030 Mr. and Mrs.
Thomas Gilmore 20 Dock Ave.,
Box 205 E, R.R.I.
Waretown, New Jersey 08758 Mr.
Walter Holzman 1915 Beach Blvd.
Forked River Beach, New Jersey 08731 Mr. Charles Kochman Compass Road
- Waretown, New Jersey 08758 Mr.
Ed Sheridan 1108 Leilani Drive Forked River, New Jersey 08731 Mr.
Gustav Walters 100 Manhattan Avenue, Apt. 706 Union City, New Jersey 07087 Mr.
Edward Wheiler 16 River View Drive P.O. Box 642 Forked River, New Jersey 08731 39
Part B Battelle Columbus Laboratories Clapp Laboratories Duxbury, Massachusetts 02332 Mr. Michael Roche Supervisor of Environmental Science Jersey Central Power and Light Co.
Madison Ave. at Punchbowl Road Morristown, New Jersey 07960 Dr. Glenn Paulson Asst. Commissioner for Science Dept. of Environmental Protection State of New Jersey P.
- 0. Box 1390 Trenton, New Jersey 08625 Mr. Alan R.
Hoffman Lynch, Brewer, Hoffman & Sands Ten Post Office Square Suite 329 Boston, Massachusetts 02109 Mr. John Makai Nacote Creek Research Station Star Route Absecon, New Jersey 08201 Mr. Steve Lubow NJDEP-Division of Water Resources P.O. Box CN-029
- Trenton, New Jersey 08625 Dr. Harry L. Allen US EPA Region II 26 Federal Plaza Room 832 New York, New York 10007 Dr. John Strand Ecosystems Department Battelle Northwest Lab Richland, Washington 99352 Dr.
D.
Heyward Hamilton, Jr.
EV-34, GTN U.
S.
Dept. of Energy Washington, D.
C.
20545 40
- 1. REPORT NUMBER (Assigned by DDC) f7 77)
U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET NUREG/.CR-2727, Vol.
1
- 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE (Add Volume No., if wpropriare)
- 2. (Leave blak)
Ecological Studies of Wood-Boring Bivalves in the Vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station Pro qress Report
- 3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
September -
November 1981
- 7. AUTHOR(S)
- 5. DATE REPORT COMPLETED K. E. Hoagland and L. Crocket MONTH YEAR May 1982
- 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND MAILING ADDRESS (Include Zip Code)
DATE REPORT ISSUED Lehigh University MONTH YEAR Wetland Institute
.lne Stone Harbor, NJ 08247
- 6. (Leave blank)
- 8. (Leave blank)
- 12. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND MAILING ADDRESS (Include Zip Code)
- 10. PROJECT/TASK/WORK UNIT NO*
U.S.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research
- 11.
CONTRACT NO.
Division of Health, Siting, and Waste Management B5744 Washington, D. C.
20555
- 13. TYPE OF REPORT PERIOD COVERED (Inclusive dares)
Quarterly Progress Report September 1, 1981 - November 30, 1981
- 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
- 14. (Leave olank)
- 16. ABSTRACT (200 words or less)
The species composition, distribution, and population dynamics of wood-boring bivalves are being studied in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclepr Generating Station, Barnegat Bay, New Jersey.
Untreated wood test panels are used to collect organisms at 12 stations.
Physiological tolerances of 3 species are also under investigation in the laboratory.
Competition among the species is being analyzed.
In the fall of 1981, Teredo bartschi remained in Oyster Creek despite continuous prolonged outages of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station.
It did not spread to Forked River or Waretown as it had done in other years when the effluent was present.
The peak in larval production and settlement of T. bartschi occurred between September and October.
Settlement of shipworms occurred on no monthly panels except those in Oyster Creek during the period of this report.
Laboratory experiments revealed that T. bartschi becomes inactive at 50 C (240/o0) and T. navalis shows signs of osmotic stress below 10 /..
at 180 C.
The shipworms in Barnegat Bay do not show a preference for settling at the mudline when the substrate is not limited.
- 17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS 17a.'DESCRIPTORS Thermal Effluents Shi pworms Oyster Creek Teredo bartschi Teredo navalis Bankia gould 17b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN-ENDED TERMS
- 18. AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
- 19. SECURITY CLASS (Ths reporT)
- 21. NO. OF PAGES UNCLASSIFIED Unlimited
- 20. SECURITY CLASS (Thi,spagej
- 22. PRICE UNCLASsiFTFn S
NRC FORM 335 (7-77)
Federal Recycling Program
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