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Category:Report
MONTHYEARML23010A0882023-01-15015 January 2023 Summary of Regulatory Audit in Support of License Amendment Request to Revise Control Rod Technical Specifications PLA-8026, Biennial 10 Crf 50.59 and 72.48 Summary Report and Changes to Regulatory Commitment (PLA-8026)2022-10-19019 October 2022 Biennial 10 Crf 50.59 and 72.48 Summary Report and Changes to Regulatory Commitment (PLA-8026) PLA-7998, Submittal of Unit 1 Cycle 23 Core Operating Limits Report and Reload Safety Analysis Report2022-03-29029 March 2022 Submittal of Unit 1 Cycle 23 Core Operating Limits Report and Reload Safety Analysis Report PLA-7984, Supplement to License Amendment Requesting Adoption of TSTF-505, Revision 22022-03-0808 March 2022 Supplement to License Amendment Requesting Adoption of TSTF-505, Revision 2 PLA-7959, Owner'S Activity Report PLA-79592021-07-15015 July 2021 Owner'S Activity Report PLA-7959 PLA-7910, Submittal of Unit 2 Cycle 21 Fuel Rod Design Report to Support License Amendment Requesting Application of Advanced Framatome Methodologies PLA-79102020-12-10010 December 2020 Submittal of Unit 2 Cycle 21 Fuel Rod Design Report to Support License Amendment Requesting Application of Advanced Framatome Methodologies PLA-7910 PLA-7757, Final Integrated Plan to Comply with June 06, 2013 Commission Order Modifying Licenses with Regard to Reliable Hardened Containment Vents Capable of Operation Under Severe Accident Conditions (NRC-Order EA-13-109), Revision 12018-11-27027 November 2018 Final Integrated Plan to Comply with June 06, 2013 Commission Order Modifying Licenses with Regard to Reliable Hardened Containment Vents Capable of Operation Under Severe Accident Conditions (NRC-Order EA-13-109), Revision 1 ML18024A1142018-01-24024 January 2018 a Reaction to Cracking of Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping in Boiling Water Reactors (Includes Susquehanna Ses Design Modifications) ML17093A6682017-03-27027 March 2017 Technical Requirements Manual Unit 2, Revision 93 with Revision 13 to Table of Contents PLA-7559, Flooding Mitigating Strategies Assessment (MSA) Report2016-12-19019 December 2016 Flooding Mitigating Strategies Assessment (MSA) Report ML16231A5092016-08-25025 August 2016 Interim Staff Evaluation Relating to Overall Integrated Plan in Response to Phase 2 of Order EA-13-109 (Severe Accident Capable Hardened Vents)(Cac Nos. MF4364 and MF4365) PLA-7491, Spent Fuel Pool Evaluation Supplemental Report, Response to NRC Request for Information Pursuant to 10CFR 50.54(f) Regarding Recommendation 2.1 of the Near-Term Task Force Review of Insight from the Dai-Ichi Accident2016-06-30030 June 2016 Spent Fuel Pool Evaluation Supplemental Report, Response to NRC Request for Information Pursuant to 10CFR 50.54(f) Regarding Recommendation 2.1 of the Near-Term Task Force Review of Insight from the Dai-Ichi Accident ML16054A2432016-02-0909 February 2016 NPDES Permit No. PA 0047325 Renewal Application ML15356A2472016-01-20020 January 2016 Staff Assessment of Information Provided Pursuant to Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulation Part 50, Section 50.54(f) Seismic Hazard Reevaluations for Recommendation 2.1 of the Near-Term Task Force PLA-7414, Redacted - Susquehanna, Units 1 and 2 - Submittal of 10 CFR 71.95 Report Regarding Energy Solutions 8-120B Cask Certificate of Compliance 91682015-11-19019 November 2015 Redacted - Susquehanna, Units 1 and 2 - Submittal of 10 CFR 71.95 Report Regarding Energy Solutions 8-120B Cask Certificate of Compliance 9168 PLA-7374, Submittal of 10 CFR71.95 Report Regarding Energy Solutions 8-120B Cask Certificate of Compliance 91682015-08-20020 August 2015 Submittal of 10 CFR71.95 Report Regarding Energy Solutions 8-120B Cask Certificate of Compliance 9168 PLA-7311, Negative Blind Specimen Report, PLA-73112015-04-0909 April 2015 Negative Blind Specimen Report, PLA-7311 ML15090A3002015-04-0101 April 2015 Interim Staff Evaluation Relating to Overall Integrated Plan in Response to Order EA-13-109 (Severe Accident Capable Hardened Vents) (TAC Nos. MF4364 & MF4365) PLA-7287, Flood Hazards Reevaluation Report PLA-72872015-03-0303 March 2015 Flood Hazards Reevaluation Report PLA-7287 ML14176A9612014-06-24024 June 2014 Submittal of Non-Proprietary BWROG Technical Product, BWROGTP-11-006 - ECCS Containment Walkdown Procedure, Rev 1 (January 2011), as Formally Requested During the Public Meeting Held on April 30, 2014 PLA-7175, (SSES)- 10 CFR 50.46 - Annual Report2014-06-20020 June 2014 (SSES)- 10 CFR 50.46 - Annual Report ML14156A2342014-06-16016 June 2014 Staff Assessment of the Flooding Walkdown Report Supporting Implementation of Near-Term Task Force Recommendation 2.3 Related to the Fukushima Dai-Ichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (MF0288 and MF0289) ML14056A4492014-05-0606 May 2014 Staff Assessment of the Seismic Walkdown Report Supporting Implementation of Near-Term Task Force Recommendation 2.3 Related to the Fukushima Dai-Ichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Tacs MF0183, MF0184) ML14113A5552014-04-23023 April 2014 Draft Staff Assessment of Seismic Walkdown Report Near-term Task Force Recommendation 2.3 Related to the Fukushima DAI-ICHI Nuclear Power Plant Accident; PPL Susquehanna, LLC; Susquehanna Steam Electric Station, Unit 1. Docket No. 50-387 ML14085A3982014-03-26026 March 2014 Seismic Hazard and Screening Report (CEUS Sites), Response to NRC Request for Information Pursuant to 10 CFR 50.54(F) Regarding Recommendation 2.1 of the Near-Term Task Force Review of Insights from the Fukushima Dai-Ichi Accident PLA-7145 ML14085A4262014-03-26026 March 2014 Apendix B IPEEE Adequacy Review ML14010A3712014-01-15015 January 2014 Mega-Tech Services, LLC, Technical Evaluation Report Regarding the Overall Integrated Plan for Susquehanna Steam Electric Station, Units 1 and 2, TAC Nos.: MF0888 and MF0889 PLA-6938, Response to Request for Information Pursuant to 10 CFR 50.54 (F) Regarding Results of the SSES Flooding Walkdown (References 1 and 2) PLA-69382012-11-21021 November 2012 Response to Request for Information Pursuant to 10 CFR 50.54 (F) Regarding Results of the SSES Flooding Walkdown (References 1 and 2) PLA-6938 PLA-6809, Proposed Amendment No. 309 to License NPF-14 & Proposed Amendment No. 280 to License NPF-22: Change to Technical Specification Surveillance Requirement (SR) 3.8.1.19 to Increase Diesel Generator E Minimum Steady.2012-09-18018 September 2012 Proposed Amendment No. 309 to License NPF-14 & Proposed Amendment No. 280 to License NPF-22: Change to Technical Specification Surveillance Requirement (SR) 3.8.1.19 to Increase Diesel Generator E Minimum Steady. ML13168A4282012-03-29029 March 2012 NRC 2012 Susquehanna Steam Electric Station Unit 2 - TN1179 ML13168A4212012-03-29029 March 2012 NRC 2012 Susquehanna Steam Electric Station Unit 1 - TN1178 ML12068A1952012-02-23023 February 2012 Technical Requirements Manual Unit 2 ML11348A1102011-12-0101 December 2011 TRM1, Technical Requirements Manual, Unit 1 ML13046A1372011-11-30030 November 2011 Enclosure 8 ML1127000692011-09-26026 September 2011 Enclosure 2, Mfn 10-245 R4, Description of the Evaluation and Surveillance Recommendations for BWR/2-5 Plants ML1108712502011-03-24024 March 2011 BWR Vessel and Internals Inspection Summaries for Spring 2010 Outages ML1102504712011-01-14014 January 2011 Technical Requirements Manual PLA-6657, 10 CFR 50.59 Summary Report and Changes to Regulatory Commitments2010-10-0707 October 2010 10 CFR 50.59 Summary Report and Changes to Regulatory Commitments ML1020401442010-05-12012 May 2010 Replacement Steam Dryer Report, Unit 1, Start-Up, 107% Power Test Plateau 05/11/10 ML1012704392010-05-0505 May 2010 Y020100187 - List of Historical Leaks and Spills at U.S. Commercial Nuclear Power Plants ML1004801852009-12-31031 December 2009 BWRVIP-117NP-A: BWR Vessel and Internals Project - RAMA Fluence Methodology Plant Application-Susquehanna Unit 2 Surveillance Capsule Fluence Evaluation for Cycles 1-5, Final Report PLA-6568, Submittal of 10CFR26.719(c)(1) Report for Drug and Alcohol Testing Errors PLA-65682009-10-0505 October 2009 Submittal of 10CFR26.719(c)(1) Report for Drug and Alcohol Testing Errors PLA-6568 ML0921703332009-07-31031 July 2009 Enclosure 2 to PLA-6542 - SSES Replacement Steam Dryer and Flow Induced Vibration Report Unit 2 Start-Up 107.0% Power Test Plateau. (Non-Proprietary) PLA-6523, Fourteen Refueling Outage Owner'S Activity Report PLA-65232009-07-31031 July 2009 Fourteen Refueling Outage Owner'S Activity Report PLA-6523 ML0918004602009-06-23023 June 2009 Submittal of Work Environment Improvement Plan, PLA-6528 PLA-6510, Engineering Report 0000-0101-0766-NP-R0, Main Steam Line Limit Curve Adjustment During Power Ascension.2009-04-30030 April 2009 Engineering Report 0000-0101-0766-NP-R0, Main Steam Line Limit Curve Adjustment During Power Ascension. ML0907704472009-02-28028 February 2009 Enclosure 5 to PLA-6484, Susquehanna Replacement Steam Dryer Updated Stress Analysis at Extended Power Uprate Conditions, Non-Proprietary Version Engineering Report 0000-0095-2113-NP-R0 ML0907704482009-02-27027 February 2009 Enclosures 6, 7, 8 and 9 to PLA-6484, Revised Susquehanna Replacement Steam Dryer Limit Curves - Main Steam Line Mounted Instrumentation, Non-Proprietary Version Engineering Report 0000-0096-5766-NP-R1 PLA-6438, Proposed Amendment No. 274 to Unit 2: MCPR Safety Limits, Including Enclosure 2 to PLA-6438, PPL Evaluation of the Proposed Changes Unit 2 Minimum Critical Power Ratio Safety Limits, Non-Proprietary Version2008-10-30030 October 2008 Proposed Amendment No. 274 to Unit 2: MCPR Safety Limits, Including Enclosure 2 to PLA-6438, PPL Evaluation of the Proposed Changes Unit 2 Minimum Critical Power Ratio Safety Limits, Non-Proprietary Version ML0828804202008-10-14014 October 2008 River Drainage Yoy Smallmouth Bass Disease Investigations 2005 and 2007 2023-01-15
[Table view] Category:Miscellaneous
MONTHYEARML23010A0882023-01-15015 January 2023 Summary of Regulatory Audit in Support of License Amendment Request to Revise Control Rod Technical Specifications PLA-7984, Supplement to License Amendment Requesting Adoption of TSTF-505, Revision 22022-03-0808 March 2022 Supplement to License Amendment Requesting Adoption of TSTF-505, Revision 2 PLA-7959, Owner'S Activity Report PLA-79592021-07-15015 July 2021 Owner'S Activity Report PLA-7959 PLA-7559, Flooding Mitigating Strategies Assessment (MSA) Report2016-12-19019 December 2016 Flooding Mitigating Strategies Assessment (MSA) Report ML16231A5092016-08-25025 August 2016 Interim Staff Evaluation Relating to Overall Integrated Plan in Response to Phase 2 of Order EA-13-109 (Severe Accident Capable Hardened Vents)(Cac Nos. MF4364 and MF4365) ML15356A2472016-01-20020 January 2016 Staff Assessment of Information Provided Pursuant to Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulation Part 50, Section 50.54(f) Seismic Hazard Reevaluations for Recommendation 2.1 of the Near-Term Task Force PLA-7414, Redacted - Susquehanna, Units 1 and 2 - Submittal of 10 CFR 71.95 Report Regarding Energy Solutions 8-120B Cask Certificate of Compliance 91682015-11-19019 November 2015 Redacted - Susquehanna, Units 1 and 2 - Submittal of 10 CFR 71.95 Report Regarding Energy Solutions 8-120B Cask Certificate of Compliance 9168 PLA-7374, Submittal of 10 CFR71.95 Report Regarding Energy Solutions 8-120B Cask Certificate of Compliance 91682015-08-20020 August 2015 Submittal of 10 CFR71.95 Report Regarding Energy Solutions 8-120B Cask Certificate of Compliance 9168 PLA-7311, Negative Blind Specimen Report, PLA-73112015-04-0909 April 2015 Negative Blind Specimen Report, PLA-7311 ML15090A3002015-04-0101 April 2015 Interim Staff Evaluation Relating to Overall Integrated Plan in Response to Order EA-13-109 (Severe Accident Capable Hardened Vents) (TAC Nos. MF4364 & MF4365) PLA-7175, (SSES)- 10 CFR 50.46 - Annual Report2014-06-20020 June 2014 (SSES)- 10 CFR 50.46 - Annual Report ML14156A2342014-06-16016 June 2014 Staff Assessment of the Flooding Walkdown Report Supporting Implementation of Near-Term Task Force Recommendation 2.3 Related to the Fukushima Dai-Ichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (MF0288 and MF0289) ML14056A4492014-05-0606 May 2014 Staff Assessment of the Seismic Walkdown Report Supporting Implementation of Near-Term Task Force Recommendation 2.3 Related to the Fukushima Dai-Ichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Tacs MF0183, MF0184) ML14113A5552014-04-23023 April 2014 Draft Staff Assessment of Seismic Walkdown Report Near-term Task Force Recommendation 2.3 Related to the Fukushima DAI-ICHI Nuclear Power Plant Accident; PPL Susquehanna, LLC; Susquehanna Steam Electric Station, Unit 1. Docket No. 50-387 ML14085A4262014-03-26026 March 2014 Apendix B IPEEE Adequacy Review ML14085A3982014-03-26026 March 2014 Seismic Hazard and Screening Report (CEUS Sites), Response to NRC Request for Information Pursuant to 10 CFR 50.54(F) Regarding Recommendation 2.1 of the Near-Term Task Force Review of Insights from the Fukushima Dai-Ichi Accident PLA-7145 PLA-6809, Proposed Amendment No. 309 to License NPF-14 & Proposed Amendment No. 280 to License NPF-22: Change to Technical Specification Surveillance Requirement (SR) 3.8.1.19 to Increase Diesel Generator E Minimum Steady.2012-09-18018 September 2012 Proposed Amendment No. 309 to License NPF-14 & Proposed Amendment No. 280 to License NPF-22: Change to Technical Specification Surveillance Requirement (SR) 3.8.1.19 to Increase Diesel Generator E Minimum Steady. ML12068A1952012-02-23023 February 2012 Technical Requirements Manual Unit 2 ML13046A1372011-11-30030 November 2011 Enclosure 8 ML1127000692011-09-26026 September 2011 Enclosure 2, Mfn 10-245 R4, Description of the Evaluation and Surveillance Recommendations for BWR/2-5 Plants ML1108712502011-03-24024 March 2011 BWR Vessel and Internals Inspection Summaries for Spring 2010 Outages PLA-6657, 10 CFR 50.59 Summary Report and Changes to Regulatory Commitments2010-10-0707 October 2010 10 CFR 50.59 Summary Report and Changes to Regulatory Commitments ML1020401442010-05-12012 May 2010 Replacement Steam Dryer Report, Unit 1, Start-Up, 107% Power Test Plateau 05/11/10 ML1012704392010-05-0505 May 2010 Y020100187 - List of Historical Leaks and Spills at U.S. Commercial Nuclear Power Plants PLA-6568, Submittal of 10CFR26.719(c)(1) Report for Drug and Alcohol Testing Errors PLA-65682009-10-0505 October 2009 Submittal of 10CFR26.719(c)(1) Report for Drug and Alcohol Testing Errors PLA-6568 PLA-6523, Fourteen Refueling Outage Owner'S Activity Report PLA-65232009-07-31031 July 2009 Fourteen Refueling Outage Owner'S Activity Report PLA-6523 ML0918004602009-06-23023 June 2009 Submittal of Work Environment Improvement Plan, PLA-6528 ML0828804202008-10-14014 October 2008 River Drainage Yoy Smallmouth Bass Disease Investigations 2005 and 2007 PLA-6437, 10 CFR 50.59 Summary Report and Changes to Regulatory Commitments for 10/01/2004 to 08/31/20062008-10-0909 October 2008 10 CFR 50.59 Summary Report and Changes to Regulatory Commitments for 10/01/2004 to 08/31/2006 PLA-6408, EPU Start-Up Main Steam Line Strain Gage and Piping Vibration Summary Test Report, Enclosure 22008-08-31031 August 2008 EPU Start-Up Main Steam Line Strain Gage and Piping Vibration Summary Test Report, Enclosure 2 ML0821206262008-07-30030 July 2008 Day Report of Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS) Model Changes Pursuant to the Requirements of 10 CFR 50.46 PLA-6388, Fifteenth Refueling Outage Owner'S Activity Report, PLA-63882008-07-0707 July 2008 Fifteenth Refueling Outage Owner'S Activity Report, PLA-6388 PLA-6358, License Condition 2.C. (36) (a) 32008-05-15015 May 2008 License Condition 2.C. (36) (a) 3 PLA-6280, License Renewal Application Evaluation of Errors in the Severe Accident Mitigation Alternatives Analysis2007-10-0202 October 2007 License Renewal Application Evaluation of Errors in the Severe Accident Mitigation Alternatives Analysis ML0707406842007-04-16016 April 2007 Issuance of Environmental Scoping Summary Report Associated with the NRC Staff'S Review of the Application by PPL Susquehanna, Lcc, for Renewal of the Operating Licenses for Susquehanna Steam Electric Station, Units 1 and 2 (TAC No. MD3021 ML0708004142007-03-20020 March 2007 High Conservation Priority - Big River Species ML0708004392007-03-20020 March 2007 Pennsylvania Fishes: Suckers ML0708004432007-03-20020 March 2007 Pennsylvania Fishes: Sunfishes ML0707204572007-03-0707 March 2007 Adw Pandion Haliaetus Information ML0707204522007-03-0707 March 2007 Adw Cryptobranchus Alleganiensis Information ML0707204752007-03-0707 March 2007 Butterflies and Moths of North America, Aphrodite Fritillary Species Detail ML0707204772007-03-0707 March 2007 Butterflies and Moths of North America, Baltimore Species Detail ML0707204822007-03-0707 March 2007 Butterflies and Moths of North America, Mulberry Wing Species Detail ML0707204872007-03-0707 March 2007 Butterflies and Moths of North America, Northern Pearly Eye Species Detail ML0707204912007-03-0707 March 2007 Butterflies and Moths of North America, Pine-Devil Moth Species Detail ML0707204542007-03-0707 March 2007 Adw Ardea Alba Information ML0707206152007-03-0707 March 2007 Wetplants and Shrubs ML0707206192007-03-0707 March 2007 Adw Myotis Sodalis Information ML0707206582007-03-0707 March 2007 Wrcf - Northeastern Bulrush ML0707206792007-03-0707 March 2007 Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program, Natural Community Types, Updated January 2007 2023-01-15
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ADW: Ardea alba: Information Structured Inquiry Search preview Home Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Aves Order Ciconiiformes Family Ardeidae Subfamily Ardeinae Species Ardea alba Ardea alba (great egret)
Information Pictures Sounds Classification 2007/03/04 08:24:01.385 US/Eastern By Jessica Jones Kingdom: Animalia Geographic Range Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Great egrets are found in the Nearctic as far south as Texas, the Gulf coast states, Class: Aves and Florida up the Atlantic coast to Maine and southern Canada, and west to the Order: Ciconiiformes Great Lakes. (Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, 2000)
Family: Ardeidae Subfamily: Ardeinae Biogeographic Regions:
nearctic (native ). Genus: Ardea Species: Ardea alba Habitat The ideal location for great egrets is near any form of water. Streams, lakes, ponds, mud flats, saltwater and freshwater marshes are inhabited by this beautiful bird. Wooded swamps and wetlands are the preferred location for great egrets and other heron species. (Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, 2000)
These animals are found in the following types of habitat:
temperate ; terrestrial ; saltwater or marine ; freshwater .
Aquatic Biomes:
lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; coastal ; brackish water .
Wetlands: marsh , swamp , bog .
Other:
riparian ; estuarine .
Physical Description http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ardea_alba.html (1 of 5)3/7/2007 11:14:04 AM
ADW: Ardea alba: Information Mass Great egrets are less then 1 meter long from bill to tail, 1 meter tall, have a wingspan of 912 to 1140 g 1.5 meters, and weigh about 912 to 1140 g. On average, males are larger than females. (32.1 to 40.13 oz)
They are completely white with a long yellow bill and dark gray legs. During flight their neck is usually in an S shaped curve. They are very elegant birds with plumage Length resembling lace. (Gough, Sauer, and Iliff, 1998; Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1 m (average) 1998; Sheehey, 1998) (3.28 ft)
Wingspan Some key physical features: 1.50 m (average) endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry . (4.92 ft)
Sexual dimorphism: male larger, ornamentation .
Reproduction Breeding interval Great egrets are seasonally monogamous animals. Male egrets are responsible for Great egrets breed once selecting a territory and performing a series of rituals in order to attract a female. per year.
Copulation occurs within the males territory. (Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1998) Breeding season Breeding season begins in mid-April.
Mating systems:
monogamous . Eggs per season 3-4 (average)
Typically, great egret nests are built with other heron nests in a colony in wetlands and Time to hatching wooded swamps. Nests are a flimsy platform constructed of sticks, twigs, and stems built 23-24 days (average) as high as possible. The eggs are a pale greenish blue, and are incubated by both the Time to fledging male and female for about 23 to 24 days. Nestlings usually fledge 2-3 weeks after 2-3 weeks (average) hatching. With a clutch size of only 3-4 eggs, great egrets will lay replacement eggs if any of the first eggs are damaged. Great egrets are capable of reproducing after two years Age at sexual or and raise one brood per year. The breeding season begins mid-April. (Connecticut reproductive maturity Department of Environmental Protection, 2000; Illinois Department of Natural Resources, (female) 2 years (average) 1998)
Age at sexual or Key reproductive features: reproductive maturity (male) iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ;
2 years (average) fertilization ; oviparous .
Both male and female great egrets participate in incubating and feeding the semi-altricial young. Nestlings are initially fed by regurgitation, followed by bill-grabbing, where the parent holds prey over the nestling to grab at as it eats.
(Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, 2000; Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1998)
Parental investment:
no parental involvement; pre-fertilization; pre-hatching/birth (protecting: male, female); pre-weaning/fledging (provisioning: male, female).
Lifespan/Longevity Great egrets have a lifespan of about 15 years in the wild (22 in captivity). (Burger and Gochfeld, 1997)
Behavior Great egrets are very territorial when it comes to courtship, nesting and feeding. They are diurnal feeders and at dusk they gather from surrounding areas to form communal roosts. Post-breeding dispersal is very common among great egrets. After the young hatch, they accompany the adults on long journeys. Many heron species rob other species in order to obtain more food. Great egrets steal a very high percentage of their food from other smaller herons. They also fight for food within their own brood. For many avian species food availability has an effect on aggression. However, it has been found that great egrets are highly aggressive in many situations even when food is not limited. (Drummond, 2001; Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1998; Kushlan, 1978) http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ardea_alba.html (2 of 5)3/7/2007 11:14:04 AM
ADW: Ardea alba: Information Home Range There is no information available on the home range for this species at this time.
Key behaviors:
flies; diurnal ; motile ; territorial ; colonial .
Communication and Perception Great grets communicate through elaborate courtship rituals, and with vocalizations that are a harsh low corr. Much of the way these birds communicate is illustrated by their elaborate courtship dances, and territoriality. When defending their territory they may squawk harshly, leap at, or jab their beak at the intruder. (Chisholm, 2001; Oregon Zoo, 2002)
Communicates with:
visual ; tactile ; acoustic .
Perception channels:
visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical .
Food Habits Frogs, snakes, crayfish, fish, mice, crickets, aquatic insects, grasshoppers, and many other insects constitute the typical diet of a great egret. Other large wading birds have similar feeding habits and compete with great egrets for food resources. (Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, 2000; Hill, 2001; Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1998)
As opportunistic predators, great egrets usually feed on smaller aquatic and terrestrial insects and vertebrates and are considered to be heterotrophs. Wading slowly through the water, they are extremely successful at striking and catching fish or insects. Studies found that, standing still, great egrets were able to ingest more prey of intermediate size than if they moved around. This suggests that their goal is not to catch the largest quantity of food, but to catch high quality food. (Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, 2000; Hill, 2001; Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1998)
Primary Diet:
carnivore (piscivore ).
Animal Foods:
mammals; amphibians; reptiles; fish; insects; aquatic crustaceans.
Predation Known predators Adult great egrets have no non-human predators and now have some legal protection against humans. However, eggs and nestlings are exposed to numerous predators including crows (family Corvidae), vultures (family Cathartidae), and raccoons (Procyon crows (Corvidae) lotor, which are the most threatening). (Connecticut Department of Environmental vultures (Cathartidae) raccoons (Procyon Protection, 2000; Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1998) lotor)
Ecosystem Roles As predators great egrets affect the populations of their prey.
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative There are no known adverse affects of great egrets on humans.
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ardea_alba.html (3 of 5)3/7/2007 11:14:04 AM
ADW: Ardea alba: Information Prior to the 20th century there was great demand for the lacey plumage of great egrets for women's hats and other fashionable garments. (Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, 2000)
Ways that people benefit from these animals:
body parts are source of valuable material.
Conservation Status IUCN Red List: [link]:
Prior to the 20th century, the population of great egrets was nearly decimated by the No special status.
demand for their lacey plumage for womens hats and other fashionable garments. With great concern for the welfare of great egrets, legal restrictions were placed on the harvesting of this animal. Great egrets were placed under the protection of the Migratory US Migratory Bird Act:
Bird Treaty Act of 1812. By the mid 1900's populations of great egrets were steadily on [link]:
the rise. Today, populations are doing well. However, there are still many human-induced Protected.
threats to the survival of great egrets. Loss of habitat, water pollution, and various air pollutants all contribute to the dangers faced by great egrets. Hydrocarbons are especially US Federal List: [link]:
problematic because they cause great egrets to lay thinner eggs that are more No special status.
susceptible to cracking or damage before the young hatch. Mercury has been found at high levels in the feathers of numerous avian species including great egrets. The amount CITES: [link]:
of mercury found depends on age, sex, geographic location, and mercury concentrations No special status.
in the habitat around them including the air, soil and organisms they consume. These contaminations have also been found to negatively effect behavior, physiology, and State of Michigan List:
reproduction. (Burger and Gochfeld, 1997; Connecticut Department of Environmental [link]:
Protection, 2000) No special status.
Contributors Jessica Jones (author), Western Maryland College.
Randall L. Morrison (editor), Western Maryland College. Alaine Camfield (editor), Animal Diversity Web.
References Burger, J., M. Gochfeld. 1997. Risk, mercury levels, and birds: relating adverse laboratory effects to field biomonitoring.
Environmental Research, 75: 160-172.
Chisholm, D. 2001. Showy snowy and great egrets!. Photographic Society of America Journal, November: 32.
Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, 2000. "Wildlife in Connecticut" (On-line). Accessed 11/20/2003 at http://dep.state.ct.us/burnatr/wildlife/factshts/gegret.htm.
Drummond, H. 2001. A revaluation of the role of food in broodmate aggression. Animal Behaviour, 61: 517-526.
Gough, G., J. Sauer, M. Iliff. 1998. "Patuxent Bird Identification Infocenter" (On-line). Accessed 11/20/2003 at http://
www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/Infocenter/infocenter.html .
Hill, K. 2001. "Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce" (On-line). Accessed 11/20/2003 at http://www.sms.si.edu/
IRLSpec/Ardea_alba.htm.
Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1998. "Illinois Natural History Survey" (On-line). Accessed 11/20/2003 at http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/chf/pub/ifwis/birds/great-egret.html.
Kushlan, J. 1978. Nonrigorous foraging by robbing egrets. Ecology, 59, No. 4: 649-653.
Oregon Zoo, 2002. "Oregon Zoo Animals:Great Egret" (On-line). Accessed 11/20/2003 at http://www.zooregon.org/
Cards/Cascades/great_egrets.htm.
Sheehey, A. 1998. "A Field Guide to the Birds of Kern County" (On-line). Accessed 11/20/2003 at http://www.
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ardea_alba.html (4 of 5)3/7/2007 11:14:04 AM
ADW: Ardea alba: Information natureali.com/GrEg.htm.
2007/03/04 08:24:04.318 US/Eastern To cite this page: Jones, J. 2002. "Ardea alba" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed March 07, 2007 at http://
animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ardea_alba.html.
Disclaimer: The Animal Diversity Web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. ADW doesn't cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe.
Though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control.
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