ML050630094
| ML050630094 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Brunswick  |
| Issue date: | 12/01/2003 |
| From: | Progress Energy Carolinas |
| To: | Emch R Division of Regulatory Improvement Programs |
| Emch R, NRR/DRIP/RLEP, 415-1590 | |
| References | |
| Download: ML050630094 (34) | |
Text
BRUNSWICK STEAM ELECTRIC PLANT 2003 BIOLOGICAL MONITORING REPORT Prepared by:
Environmental Services Section Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc New Hill, North Carolina December 2003
-11 Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitoring Report Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biofoalcaf Monitoring ReDort Preface This copy of the report is not a controlled document as detailed in the Environmental Services Section Biology Program Procedures Manual and Quality Assurance Manual. Any changes made to the original of this report subsequent to the date of issuance can be obtained from:
Director Environmental Services Section Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc Harris Energy and Environmental Center 3932 New Hill-Holleman Road Box 327 New Hill, North Carolina 27562-0327 Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc Environmental Services Section Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc i
Environmental Services Section
Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitoring Report Table of Contents Page Preface.
List of Tables.iii List of Figures.................................................................
iv Metric-English Conversion and Units of Measure.............................................................
v Common and Scientific Names of Species Used in this Report................
v Executive Summary.................................................................
vi
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1-1 2.0 MONITORING PROGRAM RESULTS.2-1 2.1 Introduction..........................................................
2-1 2.2 Methods..........................................................
2-1 2.3 Results and Discussion........................................................
- a.
2-2 2.3.1 Water Quality..........................................................
2-2 2.3.2 Dominant Species..........................................................
2-2 2.3.3 Seasonality and Abundance.................
2-3 2.3.4 Fine-Mesh Screens..........................................................
2-4 2.3.5 Survival Estimates..................
2-4 2.4 Summary and Conclusions..................
2-5
3.0 REFERENCES
3-1 Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc ii Environmental Services Section Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc ii Environmental Services Section
Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitoring Report List of Tables Table Page 2.1 Cumulative density and percent of total for fish, penaeid shrimp, and portunid megalops collected during entrainment sampling at the Brunswick Steam Electric Plant during 2002 and 2003.2-6 2.2 Total number of the ten most abundant taxa estimated for larval impingement sampling at the Brunswick Steam Electric Plant during 2003, ranked by percent.................................................................................................
2-7 2.3 Total number, total weight, and percent of total of the ten most abundant juvenile and adult organisms collected in the Brunswick Steam Electric Plant impingement samples during 2003.2-8 2.4 Entrainment densities of selected taxa at the Brunswick-Steam Electric Plant during 2003.2-9 2.5 Entrainment rates of selected taxa at the Brunswick Steam Electric Plant during 2003.2-10 2.6 Total number of selected taxa estimated by monthly samples of larval impingement at the Brunswick Steam Electric Plant during 2003.2-11 2.7 Juvenile and adult impingement densities for selected species per month at the Brunswick Steam Electric Plant during 2003.2-12 2.8 Modal lengths for selected juvenile and adult impingement species collected by month at the BSEP during 2003.2-13 2.9 Time-series analysis of Brunswick'Steam Electric Plant juvenile and adult impingement data indicating trends in density from January 1977 through December 2003.2-14 2.10 Percent effectiveness of fine-mesh screens in reducing the number of selected taxa entrained per sample at the Brunswick Steam Electric Plant during 2003...............................
2-15 2.11 Estimated number and percent survival of selected larval organisms collected during impingement sampling at the Brunswick Steam Electric Plant during 2003.........................................................
2-16 2.12 Estimated number, weight, and percent survival of selected juvenile and adult organisms collected during impingement sampling at the Brunswick Steam Electric Plant during 2003................................................
2-17 Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc iii Environmental Services Section
Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitoring Report' Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Bioloalcal Monitorina ReDort List of Figures Figure Page 1.1 Location of fish diversion structure, fish return system, and return basin at the Brunswick Steam Electric Plant.1-2 1.2 Impingement and entrainment sampling locations at the Brunswick Steam Electric Plant during 2003.1-3 2.1 Mean daily freshwater flow to the Cape Fear River and monthly intake canal salinity at the Brunswick Steam Electric Plant during 2003............
2-18 2.2 Mean annual freshwater flow to the Cape Fear River, 1999-2003............
2-18 2.3 Mean monthly intake canal water temperature at the Brunswick Steam Electric Plant during 2003.2-19 2.4 Mean monthly winter and summer intake canal water temperature at the Brunswick Steam Electric Plant, 1999-2003.2-19 2.5 Number of taxa collected in entrainment and larval impingement samples at the Brunswick Steam Electric Plant during 2003.2-20 2.6 Time-series analysis of juvenile and adult Atlantic menhaden data collected during impingement sampling at the Brunswick Steam Electric Plant, 1977-2003.2-20 2.7 Time-series analysis of juvenile and adult white shrimp data collected during impingement sampling at the Brunswick Steam Electric Plant, 1977-2003.2-21 Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc iv Environmental Services Section Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc iv Environmental Services Section
I-, Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitoring Report a
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r Metric-English Conversion and Units of Measure Length Volume 1 micron (jtm) = 4.0 x 10'5 inch 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.001 m = 0.04 inch 1 centimeter (cm) 10 mm = 0.4 inch 1 meter (m) = 100 cm = 3.28 feet 1 kilometer (km) = 1000 m = 0.62 mile Area 1 square meter (m2) = 10.76 square feet 1 hectare (ha) = 10,000 m2 = 2.47 acres Temperature Degrees Celsius (0 C) = 5/9 (0F-32) 1 milliliter (ml) = 0.034 fluid ounce 1 liter = 1000 ml = 0.26 gallon 1 cubic meter = 35.3 cubic feet Weight 1 microgram (jig) = 10-3 mg or 10.6 g = 3.5 x 10 s ounce 1 milligram (mg) = 3.5 x 10-5 ounce I gram (g) = 1000 mg = 0.035 ounce 1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 g = 2.2 pounds 1 metric ton = 1000 kg = 1.1 tons 1 kg/hectare = 0.89 pound/acre Common and Scientific Names of Species Used in this Report Atlantic stingray Atlantic menhaden Anchovies Bay anchovy Striped anchovy Silversides Pinfish Star drum Silver perch Weakfish Spot Croaker Striped mullet Dasyatis sabina Brevoortia tyrannies Anchoa spp.
A. initchilli A. hepsetus Atherinidae Lagodon rhomboides Stellifer lanceolatus Bairdiella chirysura Cynoscion regalis Leiostoml s xanthuruis Micropogonias undulatus Mugil cephalus Gobies Gobies Atlantic cutlassfish Southern flounder Blackcheek tonguefish Shrimp Brown shrimp Pink shrimp White shrimp Hardback shrimp Grass shrimp Swimming crab larvae Blue crabs Blue crab Lesser blue crab Gobionelluts spp.
Gobiosoma spp.
Trichittrus lepturus Paralichthys lethostigma.
Symphtruts plagiusa Litopenaeus &
Farfantepenaeus spp.
F. aztecus F. duorarun L setiferus Trachypenaeus spp.
Palaeenontes spp.
Portunid megalops Callinectes spp.
C. sapidus C. sinilis Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc V
Environmental Services Section Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc v
Environmental Services Section
Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2
B 2003 Biological Monitoring'Report I i -
Executive Summary Biological monitoring of the Cape Fear Estuary (CFE) at Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc'(PEC)
Brunswick Steam Electric Plant (B*SEP) was conducted in 2003 as part of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit requirements. Entrainment and impingement studies monitored the effectiveness of the intake modifications in reducing entrainment and impingement of fish and shellfish.
Seasonalities of organisms collected in the 2003 entrainment and larval impingement studies were similar to previous years and corresponded to seasonality's of larval organisms in the CFE. Spot was the most abundant taxa collected in both entrainment and larval impingement samples.
Entrainment of total organisms was reduced by approximately 25% with a range of 8% to 49% by using fine-mesh screens in 2003. The greatest reductions in entrainment were evident for shrimp and crab larvae, the most valuable commercial species. Based on survival estimates data, approximately 39% of the larval species historically tested for survival were returned alive to the estuary by use of fine-mesh screens and the fish return system.
Bay anchovy and shrimp numerically dominated the juvenile and adult impingement catch during 2003. Larger finfish such as Atlantic menhaden, spot, and croaker comprised the majority of the organisms impinged prior to 1983. Data collected during 2003 continued to show a shift towards impingement of smaller individuals for most of the selected species as a result of the construction of the diversion structure and the use of fine-mesh screens. This is important because larger individuals comprise the reproducing members of the population. Results of time-series analysis on 28 years of data indicated significant reductions in the impingement of larger fish and shellfish as a result of the diversion structure. Ten of eleven selected taxa, including total organisms, exhibited significant decreases in impingement densities from 1977 through 2003. The impingement density of juvenile and adult Atlantic menhaden exhibited the greatest decline. Based on survival estimates, approximately 69% of the total number and 63% of the total weight of the impinged organisms, excluding bay anchovy, were returned alive to the estuary. Greater than 90% of the blue crabs and shrimp impinged during 2003 were returned alive to the estuary. These were the most valuable commercial species.
Despite some variability in entrainment rates due to environmental and plant operating conditions there has been no evidence of long-term environmental impact.
Fish population studies conducted during 2001 and 2002 indicated no declines in abundance of any species or shifts in species composition. Results of intensive sampling throughout the 1970's, before the installation of fine-mesh screens and the fish return system, indicated that operation of the plant had no measurable adverse effect on fish and shellfish populations in the CFE. Annual population levels were determined by temperature, freshwater flow, and salinity. In addition, the BSEP intake modifications continued to be effective in reducing the number of organisms affected by the withdrawal of cooling water from the CFE. The diversion structure excluded most large organisms and many of the larval, juvenile, and adult organisms impinged were returned alive to the estuary by using fine-mesh traveling screens and the fish return system.
ProgessEnegy Crolnas In vi nvionmnta Serice Setio Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc Yi Environmental Services Section
Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Bioloaical Monitorind ReDOrt Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Bioloalcal Monitorina Re,ort
1.0 INTRODUCTION
PEC, formerly Carolina Power & Light Company (CP&L), was issued a permit in December 1974 to discharge cooling water from the BSEP into the Atlantic Ocean under a NPDES permit. Cooling water is withdrawn from the CFE. As a stipulation of the NPDES permit, biological monitoring is required to provide sufficient information for a continuing assessment of power plant impacts on the marine and estuarine fisheries of the CFE. Data are reported annually and will provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the fish diversion structure and fine-mesh screens in minimizing the entrainment and impingement of organisms.
A stipulation of the renewed 1981 NPDES permit and subsequent permits was the implementation of power plant modifications to reduce entrainment and impingement of estuarine organisms resulting from the intake of cooling water. A permanent diversion structure was constructed across the mouth of the intake canal in November 1982 to reduce impingement by preventing large fish and shellfish from entering the intake canal (Figure 1.1). To reduce entrainment, fine-mesh (1-mm) screens were installed on two of the four intake traveling screen assemblies of each unit in July 1983 and a third was installed on each unit in April 1987. The NPDES permit required that three of the four intake traveling-screen assemblies on each unit be covered with fine mesh screens. In August 2003, the NPDES permit required two full fine-mesh and two half fine-mesh screens on the four intake traveling screens per unit.
Under the permit, a maximum intake flow of 26.1 cubic meters per second (cms) per unit is allowed from December through March, and 31.1 cms per unit is allowed from April through November. Normally only fine-mesh screens are used during these periods of maximum intake flow. The flow of one unit may be increased to 34.8 cms during July, August, and September by using a fourth intake pump operating with coarse-mesh (9.4-mm) screens.
Beginning in 1994, PEC reduced the biological monitoring program with the concurrence of the North Carolina Department of Environment & Natural Resources. Based on almost two decades of operation with no adverse impact on fish and shellfish populations in the CFE, the monitoring program was modified to concentrate on the impingement and entrainment of organisms (Figure 1.2). This report presents data for 2003 on impingement and entrainment rates of larval, juvenile, and adult fish and shellfish and evaluates the effectiveness of the NPDES-required plant intake modifications.
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Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Bioloaical Monitorina ReDort
BScn t
Walden Creek Gum Log Branch Accessroad Fish return system Return b Diversion g a ' cana structure
'Plant area tX ' '/
o
'~500 1000 i
/
/2 \\i 0;,X Intake structure
- meters, 0
1000 2000 3000.
Cape Fear River feet Figure 1.1 Location of fish diversion structure, fish return system, and return basin at the BSEP.
Progress Ener9y Carolinas, Inc 1-2 Environmental Services Section Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc 1 -2 Environmental Services Section
-Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitoring Report Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Bioloalcal Monitorina ReDoil Figure 1.2 Impingement (fish return flume) and entrainment (discharge weir) sampling locations at the BSEP during 2003.
Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc 1-3 Environmental Services Section Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc 1 -3 Environmental Services Section
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Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 20 B 2003 Biological Monitoring Report
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2.0 MONITORING PROGRAM RESULTS 2.1 Introduction Past data indicated that the impingement of large fish and shellfish of the CFE was reduced as a result of the 9.4-mm mesh screening on the diversion structure (CP&L 1984, 1985a, 1985b).
Organisms small enough to enter the intake canal through the diversion structure may be impinged on the plant intake screens and returned to the CFE via a fish-return flume or they may be entrained through the plant. Previous studies by PEC have documented a reduction in the entrainment of small organisms due to installation of fine-mesh screens at the intake structure and the subsequent survival of a percentage of impinged larvae returned to the CFE via the fish-return flume (Hogarth and Nichols 1981; CP&L 1989).
Entrainment sampling during 2003 documented the species composition, seasonality, and abundances of larval and postlarval organisms passing through the cooling system. Larval impingement sampling evaluated the success of the fine-mesh screens in reducing entrainment of these organisms.
Juvenile and adult (J/A) impingement sampling documented species composition, densities, weights, and lengths of juvenile and adult organisms impinged during 2003 and provided evidence of the continued effectiveness of the diversion structure. Survival study results from previous years were used to determine the effectiveness of the return system for returning impinged organisms alive to the CFE (CP&L 1987, 1988).
2.2 Methods Intake canal water temperature and salinity measurements were collected from the fish return flume during impingement sampling. Daily freshwater flow values presented in the report were downloaded from the United States Geological Survey website. Total freshwater input to the CFE was estimated using data from stream gaging stations in the Cape Fear, Northeast Cape Fear, and Black Rivers according to the methods presented by Giese et al. (1979, 1985).
The collection gear used for entrainment and impingement sampling has remained unchanged since 1984 (CP&L 1985a). Because sampling has been conducted only once per month since 1990, results were not expanded to obtain annual estimates of organisms entrained or impinged; rather, entrainment and impingement rates, densities, and total number of organisms collected were expanded to give an estimate for 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br />. The juvenile and adult impingement program included fish and shrimp 2 41 mm, portunid crabs 2 25 mm, and eels and pipefish 2 101 mm.
Individual organisms smaller than these size limits would have been entrained without use of fine-mesh screens and were analyzed with the larval impingement program.
Densities calculated for all larval organisms were averaged to obtain a mean number per 1000 m3 of water entrained through the plant per sampling date. Densities for juvenile and adult organisms impinged on each sampling date were calculated by dividing the total number of organisms collected by the volume of water pumped through the plant. Densities were expressed as the number per million cubic meters of water pumped through the plant during each 24-hour sampling period.
Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc 2-1 Environmental Services Section Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc 2-1 Environmental Services Section
I... Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Bioloalcal Monitorina Reoort Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Bioloalcal Monitorina Reoort Time-series analysis (In [density + 1]; CP&L 1985a) was performed on juvenile and adult impingement data from January 1977 through December 2003. Selected species included bay anchovy, Atlantic menhaden, croaker, spot, weakfish, flounder, brown shrimp, pink shrimp, white shrimp, and blue crabs. The 1983 data were excluded from analysis because impingement samples were not collected during July through December of that year. One sampling effort per month was used for all years for comparable sampling effort.
Survival was determined for selected size classes of the dominant organisms that have been impinged at the BSEP in past years (CP&L 1985a, 1986, 1987, 1988). Survival estimates were calculated using survival rates determined during previous studies for fast-screen rotation (CP&L 1987, 1988). A mortality rate of 100% was used for taxa that have never been tested. Thus, the estimated survival rate for total organisms is a conservative estimate.
2.3 Results and Discussion 2.3.1 Water Quality Intake canal salinity recorded during impingement sampling ranged from a low of 6 ppt during August to a high of 26 ppt during December (Figure 2.1). Freshwater input to the CFE was greater than inputs during the previous four years (Figure 2.2). this resulted in generally lower salinity during March through August.
Intake canal water temperature ranged from 8.5 C during January to 28.4 C during August (Figure 2.3). Mean water temperature during the peak recruitment season for most winter-spawners (January-March) was slightly less than the mean for 2002 (Figure 2.4).
Little difference was evident for mean summer water temperature (June-August) among these years.
2.3.2 Dominant Species Spot was the most abundant taxon collected in entrainment and larval impingement samples during 2003 (Tables 2.1 and 2.2). The second most abundant taxa entrained was Gobiosoma spp.
(14.8%).
The numerically dominant winter-spawning species entrained were spot, croaker, pinfish and Atlantic menhaden.
The cumulative density of total organisms collected in entrainment samples during 2003 was approximately 13% greater than that collected during 2002 (Table 2.1).
Ten taxa accounted for 91.5% of the total larval organisms collected -in larval impingement samples during 2003 (Table 2.2). Spot and shrimp were the most dominant larvae impinged.
Although the relative ranking has varied, the ten most abundant species have generally dominated larval impingement samples each year since 1984.
Croaker, spot, pinfish, and Atlantic menhaden were the most dominant winter-spawning larvae impinged. The number of larval taxa collected in larval impingement samples by month was generally greater than the number collected in entrainment samples during 2003 due to the use of fine-mesh screens (Figure 2.5).
Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc 2-2 Environmental Services Section Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc 2-2 Environmental Services Section
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Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Bioloqical MonitorinaReport Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biolocjical Monitorinq Report Ten taxa accounted for 94.5% *of - the *total* number of organisms collected in J/A impingement samples during 2003 (Table 2.3). Bay anchovy was the most numerous species impinged, accounting for 67.4% of the total number impinged. Brown shrimp was the second most abundant taxon impinged, accounting for 9.7% of the total number collected. Prior to intake modifications in 1983, Atlantic menhaden numerically dominated J/A impingement samples (CP&L 1980a, 1980b, 1982, 1983).
These ten most numerically abundant taxa comprised 86.6% of the total weight collected during impingement sampling.
No threatened or endangered fish species were collected with entrainment or impingement sampling during 2003.
2.3.3 Seasonality and Abundance Seasonal variations for larvae entrained and impinged in 2003 were similar to those observed in previous years and corresponded to the seasonalities of larval fish in the CFE (Tables 2.4, 2.5, and 2.6; CP&L 1994). Peaks of abundance in entrainment and impingement of organisms can be influenced by environmental conditions such as changing freshwater discharge to the estuary, operating screens without fine mesh, increasing or decreasing the flow of cooling water as determined by plant operational needs, and sampling period (Blumberg et al 2004, Lawler et al 1988, Thompson 1989).
The typical winter and summer periods of abundance observed during 2003 in the entrainment program were also observed in the larval impingement program (Table 2.6).
Atlantic menhaden, spot, croaker, and pinfish, all ocean-spawned species, were most abundant during winter and early spring. Shrimp larvae were most abundant during spring and mid-summer. Estuarine-spawned species (e.g., anchovy, Gobiosonza spp., and silversides) were most abundant during summer. The period of abundance for portunid megalops occurred during the fall and early winter. Larval Gobionellus spp., present year-round, was most abundant during spring.
Seasonality's of larger individuals collected during J/A impingement sampling were consistent with previous years and the natural seasonality's reported for these species in the lower CFE by Schwartz et al. (1979).
Atlantic menhaden abundant during the spring were yearlings as indicated by modal lengths of 85-90 mm (Tables 2.7 and 2.8). Yearling fish also comprised the majority of spot collected during March. Peak densities of spot during May were comprised of young-of-year individuals as was the case for croaker. These results indicate that impingement of finfish was comprised mostly of young-of-year and yearling individuals. Thus, impingement of significant numbers of larger fish has been virtually eliminated by the installation of the fish diversion structure.
Bay anchovy, collected year round, was most abundant during February. Peak densities of white, brown, and pink shrimp occurred during the summer. Blue crab was most abundant during summer.
Installation of the diversion structure has resulted in a decline in the impingement densities of most J/A organisms. Results of time-series analysis indicated that total organisms and nine of the ten selected taxa exhibited significant decreases in impingement density over the past 28 years (Table 2.9). Atlantic menhaden exhibited the greatest decline in impingement density Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc 2-3 Environmental Services Section
Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitoring Report -
Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitoring Report (Figure 2.6). White shrimp was the only species that exhibited a significant increase in density over the study period (Table 2.9 and Figure 2.7). This trend was a result of a natural increase in white shrimp populations in the CFE. Previous studies have shown that significant increases in the white shrimp population in Walden Creek coincide with increases in impingement of this species (CP&L 1994).
Postlarval shrimp too small to be excluded by the diversion structure successfully recruited to the intake canal and used it as nursery habitat and were subsequently impinged (Birkhead et al. 1979; Copeland et al. 1974, 1979; CP&L 1991).
2.3.4 Fine-Mesh Screens Entrainment and larval impingement rates per 24-hour sampling period during 2003 were summed to find the total number of larvae affected. The percent effectiveness (how successfully the organisms were kept from being entrained) of fine-mesh screens was calculated as the ratio between the larval impingement rate and the total number (entrainment plus larval impingement) affected for each sampling trip. The overall effectiveness for total organisms ranged from 8%
during May to 49% in November (Table 2.10).
In addition to the number of fine-mesh screens operating, the variability of their effectiveness was influenced by species composition, seasonality, and organism size. Body size and shape have been shown to have an effect on screening efficiency for other species of larval fish (Tomljanovich et al. 1978; Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation 1984). By taxon, the overall annual effectiveness ranged from 1% for silversides to 66% for shrimp the most valuable commercial species. During November, when fine-mesh screen efficiencies were highest, the dominant larvae were shrimp and portunid megalops (taxa exhibiting relatively high fine-mesh screen efficiency) (Tables 2.5, 2.6, 2.10, and 2.11). The lowest fine-mesh screen efficiencies for the year were recorded during May when taxa such as Gobiosoma spp., Anchoa spp. < 13 mm, and silverside larvae were numerically dominant (taxa exhibiting relatively poor fine-mesh screen efficiency).
2.3.5 Survival Estimates Fourteen of the most commonly impinged larval taxa were previously tested for survival on fast screen rotation speed (Table 2.11). These fourteen taxa accounted for approximately 84% of the total larval impingement catch. Survival during fast-screen rotation ranged from 0.7% for Anchoa spp. > 13 mm to 91.7% for blue crabs. Approximately 39% of the selected organisms were returned alive to the estuary. Estimates indicated that approximately 33% of all larval taxa impinged were returned alive to the estuary (assuming 100% mortality for organisms not tested for survival).
Eleven taxa of the dominant J/A organisms impinged were previously tested for survival during fast-screen rotation (Table 2.12; CP&L 1987, 1988).
These taxa accounted for approximately 95% of the total number collected and 87% of the total weight collected.
Excluding bay anchovy, survival ranged from 15.6% for Atlantic menhaden to 96.2% for blue crabs. The most valuable commercial species (shrimp and blue crabs) exhibited the highest survival rates. Survival estimates indicated that 68.9% of the total number and 63.4% of the total Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc 2-4 Environmental Services Section Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc 2-4 Environmental Services Section
Brunswick Steam Electric Plant -
2003 Biological Monitoring Report Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Bioloalcal Monitorina Report weight of the selected J/A organisms impinged, excluding bay anchovy, were returned alive to the estuary during 2003.
2.4 Summary and Conclusions Seasonality's of organisms collected in the 2003 entrainment and larval impingement studies were similar to previous years and corresponded to seasonality's of larval organisms in the CFE.
Spot was the most abundant taxa collected in both entrainment and larval impingement samples.
Entrainment of total organisms was reduced by approximately 25% with a range of 8% to 49% by using fine-mesh screens in 2003. The greatest reductions in entrainment were evident for shrimp and crab larvae, the most valuable commercial species. Based on survival estimates data, approximately 39% of the larval species historically tested for survival were returned alive to the estuary by use of fine-mesh screens and the fish return system.
Bay anchovy and shrimp numerically dominated the juvenile and adult impingement catch during 2003. Larger finfish such as Atlantic menhaden, spot, and croaker comprised the majority of the organisms impinged prior to 1983. Data collected during 2003 continued to show a shift towards impingement of smaller individuals for most of the selected species as a result of the construction of the diversion structure and the use of fine-mesh screens. This is important because larger individuals comprise the reproducing members of the population. Results of time-series analysis on 28 years of data indicated significant reductions in the impingement of larger fish and shellfish as a result of the diversion structure. Ten of eleven selected taxa, including total organisms, exhibited significant decreases in impingement densities from 1977 through 2003. The impingement density of juvenile and adult Atlantic menhaden exhibited the greatest decline. Based on survival estimates, approximately 69% of the total number and 63% of the total weight of the impinged organisms, excluding bay anchovy, were returned alive to the estuary. Greater than 90% of the blue crabs and shrimp impinged during 2003 were returned alive to the estuary. These were the most valuable commercial species.
Despite some variability in entrainment rates due to environmental and plant operating conditions there has been no evidence of long-term environmental impact.
Fish population studies conducted during 2001 and 2002 indicated no declines in abundance of any species or shifts in species composition. Results of intensive sampling throughout the 1970's, before the installation of fine-mesh screens and the fish return system, indicated that operation of the plant had no measurable adverse effect on fish and shellfish populations in the CFE. Annual population levels were determined by temperature, freshwater flow, and salinity. In addition, the BSEP intake modifications continued to be effective in reducing the number of organisms affected by the withdrawal of cooling water from the CFE. The diversion structure excluded most large organisms and many of the larval, juvenile, and adult organisms impinged were returned alive to the estuary by using fine-mesh traveling screens and the fish return system.
Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc 2-5 Environmental Services Section Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc 2-5 Environmental Services Section
Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitoring Report Table 2.1 Cumulative density (No./1000 n3) and percent of total, for fish, penaeid shrimp, and portunid megalops collected during entrainment sampling at the BSEP during 2002 and 2003 (based on ranking for 2003).
2002 2003 Cumulative+
Cumulative+
Taxon density Percent density Percent Spot 901 11.7 2,678 30.7 Gobiosoma spp.
1,665 21.6 1,292 14.8 Anchoa spp. (Ž13 mm) 1,060 13.8 1,187 15.6 Croaker 576 7.5 980 11.2 Anchoa spp. (< 13 mm) 960 12.5 636 7.3 Pinfish 141 1.8 426 4.9 Silversides 77 1.0 288 3.3.
Shrimp 810 10.5 242 2.8 Atlantic menhaden 673 8.8 224 2.6 Gobionellus spp.
62 0.8 179 2.0 Other taxa 769 10.0 603 6.9 Totals1 7,694 100.0 8,735 100.0
+ Cumulative density is the sum of all sample densities.
sTotal may vary from summation due to rounding of individual taxon.
Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc 2-6 Environmental Services Section
Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitoring Report Table 2.2 Total number of the ten most abundant taxa estimated for larval impingement sampling at the BSEP during 2003, ranked by percent.
Taxon Total number+
Percent Spot 3;3 x 106 22.9 Shrimp 2.4x 106 17.1 Anchoa spp. (213 mm) 2.1 x 106 14.7 Croaker 1.7x 106 12.2 Pinfish 1.0x 106 7.3 Weakfish 7.4 x 105 5.2 Portunid megalops 5.5 x 105 3.9 Atlantic menhaden 4.3 x 105 3.0 Gobiosoma spp 3.9 x 105 2.7 Gobionellus spp 3.7 x 105 2.6 Other taxa 1.2 x 106 8.5 Totalls 14.3 x 106 100.0
+Total number is a sum of the twelve sampling-day totals.
UTotal may vary from summation due to rounding of individual taxon.
Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc 2-7 Environmental Services Section Environmental Services Section Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc 2-7
Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitoring Report Table 2.3 Total number, total weight, and percent, of total of the ten most abundant A
juvenile and adult organisms collected in the BSEP impingement samples during 2003.
Taxon Number+
Bay anchovy Brown shrimp White shrimp Croaker Blue crab Weakfish Blackcheek tonguefish Atlantic menhaden Spot Pink shrimp Other taxa 156,215 22,493 20,247 5,778 2,763 2,553 2,500 2,467 2,367 1,704 12,746 Percents 67.4 9.7 8.7 2.5 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.7 5.5 Weight (kg)+
136.9 74.1 62.0 22.8 24.5 7.4 6.6 24.1 11.9 3.8 57.9 Percents 31.7 17.1 14.3 5.3 5.7 1.7 1.5 5.6 2.8 0.9 13.4 Total 231,746 100.0 432.1 100.0
+Numbers and weights are sums of the twelve sampling day totals.
~Percentages may not add up to 100 due to rounding.
Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc 2-8 Environmental Services Section
Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitoring Report Table 2.4 Entrainment densities (mean no./1000 m3 -per sampling day) of selected taxa+
at the BSEP during 2003.
Month Taxa Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Anchoa spp.
0 0
0 0
306 198 102 13 14 3
0 0
(< 13 mm)
Anchoa spp.
395 252 27 25 34 238 53 13 104 13 20 0
(I 13 mm)
Atlantic menhaden 3
25 91 99 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
6 Silversides 0
0 0
189 76 21 0
1 0
0 0
0 Pinfish 61 93 171 98 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
3 Spot 71 251 2,037 313 6
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 Croaker 99 157 249 23 36 0
0 0
0 222 102 93 Weakfish 0
0 0
0 13 75 0
3 0
0 0
0 Gobionelluts SDD 0
0 14 17 1
7 18 40 25 36 14 7
Gobiosoma spp 0
0 0
0 284 784 71 84 63 6
0 0
Shrimp 2
0 47 101 3
4 6
14 54 13 0
0 Portunid megalops 2
0 0
0 2
9 1
0 79 6
3 38 Total organisms 647 833 2,687 897 828 1,423 263 199 352 303 139 164
+Selected taxa comprised > 1% of the total sampled in either entrainment or larval impingement.
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Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitoring Report
'Table 2.5
_ Entrainment during 2003.
rates (million.per sampling day) of selected taxa+ at the BSEP Taxa Anchoa spp.
(< 13 mm)
Anchoa spp.
( 13 mm)
Atlantic menhaden Silversides Pinfish Spot Croaker Weakfish Gobionellts spp Gobiosoma spp Shrimp Portunid megalops Total organisms Volume (XlO m3)lu Jan 0
Feb 0
Mar 0
Apr 0
May 1.648 Month Jun Jul 1.064 0.582 Aug 0.072 Sep 0.081 Oct 0.015 Nov 0
Dec 0
1.781 1.137 0.120 0.136 0.182 1.281 0.304 0.071 0.578 0.069 0.108 0
0.013 0.113 0.408 0.534 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0.031 0
0.274 0.320 0.444 0
0 0
0.007 0.007 0
0.417 1.133 0.705 0
0 0
0 0
0 0.773 9.192 1.124 0
0.063 0
0.214 0
1.017 0.526 1.686 0.125 0
0.092 0
0.544 0
0.409 0
0.030 0.193 0.072 0.007 1.526 0.015 0.009 0.114 0
0 0
0.406 0.038 4.223 0.023 0.048 0
0 0
0 0
0.104 0.405 0.033 0.008 0.008 0
0 0
0.016 0.228 0.477 0.078 0
0 0
0 0
0 0.137 0.354 0.299 0.439 0
0 0
1.196 0
0.192 0.030 0.071 0.030 0
0 0
0.550 0
0.074 0
0 0.016 0
0.015 0
0.420 0
0.029 0
0 0.171 2.918 3.757 12.124 4.828 4.459 7.661 1.500 1.124 1.976 1.632 0.748 0.739 4.512 4.512 4.512 5.383 5.383 5.383 5.701 5.661 5.682 5.383 5.383 4.512
'Selected taxa comprised > 1 % of the total sampled in either entrainment or larval impingement.
'REstimated volume of water pumped at the BSEP each sampling day.
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Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Bioloaical Monitoring Report Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Bioloaical Monitorina ReDort Table 2.6.
Total number (million per sampling day) of selected taxa+ estimated by monthly samples of larval impingement at the BSEP during 2003.
Month Taxa Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Anchoa spp.
0 0
0 0
0.034 0.238 0.064 0.022 0.004 < 0.001 0
0
(< 13 mm)
Anchoa spp.
0.657 0.584 0.133 0.028 0.057 0.169 0.042 0.063 0.122 0.025 0.196 0.029 (I 13 mm)
Atlantic 0.008 0.028 0.160 0.227 0.003 0
0 0
0 0
0
<0.001 menhaden Silversides 0
0 0 0.008 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 Pinfish.
0.108 0.528 0.264 0.133 0
0 0
0 0
0
<0.001 0.004 Spot 0.147 0.916 1.894 0.296 0.258 0
0 0
0 0
<z0.001 0.001 Croaker 0.205 0.315 0.097 0.107 0.087 0.019 0
0 0.002 0.409 0.468 0.039 Weakfish 0
0 0
0 0.056 0.629 0.003 0.051 0
0 0
0 Gobionellus spp.
0.002 0
0.043 0.088 0.007 0.018 0.066 0.117 0.004 0.009 0.016 0.003 Gobiosonia spp.
0 0
0.002 <0.001 0.024 0.280 0.024 0.021 0.029 0.003 0.001 0
Shrimp 0.001 0
0.608 1.226 0.010 0.020 0.069 0.232 0.235 0.031 0.004 0.010 Portunid megalops 0.001 0
0.009 0.036 0.019 0.051 0.002 0.031 0.219 0.016 0.023 0.142 Total 1.147 2.474 3.340 2.280 0.370 1.597 0.339 0.646 0.661 0.505 0.712 0.233 organisms
+Selected taxa comprised > 1% of the total sampled in either entrainment or larval impingement.
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Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitoring Report Table 2.7 - Juvenile and adult impingement densities (No./million M3 of water entrained during each 24-hour sampling period) for selected species+ per month at the BSEP during 2003.
Bay Atlantic White Brown Pink Blue Month anchovy menhaden Spot Croaker shrimp shrimp shrimp crab Jan 3,031 3
4
< 1 35 0
1 1
Feb 16,823 4
5 0
1 0
< 1 0
Mar 1,391 87 144
< 1 2
0 21 6
Apr 1,769 86 5
45 0
0 11 7
May 1,596 148 118 421 0
7 32 53 Jun 432 12 53 99 0
2,598 0
144 Jul 286 26 45 323 1,038 590 0
184 Aug 100 91 60 151 1,498 882 120 131 Sep 88 2
1 0
162 15 11 10 Oct 184 0
0 3
670 21 50 61 Nov 3,217
< 1 0
4 175 0
65 51 Dec 4,015 12 29 3
95
< 1 10 10
+Selected species, with the exception of bay anchovy, are commercially and recreationally important species that accounted for greater than I% of the total catch by number or weight.
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Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitoring Report Table 2.8 Modal lengths (mm) for selected+
juvenile and adult impingement species collected by month at the BSEP during 2003.
Atlantic White Brown Pink Month menhaden Spot Croaker shrimp shrimp shrimp Jan ID 70 DE 90 NC§ ID Feb 90 70 NC ID NC ID Mar 85 75 ID ID NC 60 Apr 85 ID 55 NC NC ID May 41 45 45 NC ID 45 Jun ID 45 45 NC 60 NC Jul 105 55 65 50 90 NC Aug.
55 55 55 65 80 50 Sep ID NC NC 105 ID ID Oct NC NC ID 105 70 60 Nov ID NC ID 85 ID 50 Dec ID 80 ID 110 ID ID
'Selected species are commercially and recreationally important species which accounted for greater than 1% of the total catch by number or weight.
lFish 2 41 mm and crabs 2 25 mm.
§NC= None Collected.
LID = Insufficient number collected (< 10).
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Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitoring Report Table 2.9 Time-series analysis of BSEP juvenile and adult impingement data indicating trends in density [ln(no./million m3+1)] from January 1977 through December 2003.
Taxon Trend+
Slope R2 Atlantic menhaden 0.00036 0.99 Weakfish 0.00021 0.98 Blue crabs 0.00017 0.99 Spot 0.00017 0.99 Croaker 0.00019 0.98 Flounder 0.00013 0.98 Pink shrimp 0.00010 0.98 Bay anchovy 0.00008 0.99 Brown shrimp 0.00004 0.98 White shrimp 0.00022 0.99 Total organisms 0.00012 0.99
+Trends are explained with the following notation:
NS =P>0.05
- = 0.01 < P 5 0.05
- = 0.001 < P
- 0.01
- = P
- 0.001
+ = Increasing trend
= Decreasing trend R2 = Amount of variation explained by the dependent variable in the time-series model.
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Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitoring Report Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitoring Report Table 2.10 Percent effectiveness' of fine-mesh screens in reducing the number of selected taxa entrained per sample at the BSEP during 2003.
Month Taxa Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Annual Shrimp 13 NPO 74 69 40
- 47.
68 75 44 30 100 100 66 Portunid 13 NP 100 100 68 52 20 100 33 35 59 45 43 megalops Anchoa spp.
(< 13 mm)
NP NP NP NP 2
18 10 23 5
2 NP NP 10 Anchoa spp.
27 34 53 17 24 12 12 47 17 27 65 100
( 13 mm)
Spot 32 45 17 15 90 NP NP NP NP NP 100 100 Croaker 32 31 8
46 31 100 NP NP 100 26 46 9
Pinfish 28 56 26 20 NP NP NP NP NP NP 100 22 Atlantic 38 20 28 30 100 NP NP NP NP NP NP 1
menhaden Silversides NP NP NP 1
0 0
NP 0
NP NP NP NP Gobionellits spp.
100 NP 41 49 50 32 39 34 3
5 18 9
Gobiosona spp.
NP NP 100 100 2
.6 6
4 8
9 100 NP Total 28 40 22 32 8
17 18 37 25 24 49 24 Organisms 27 22 27 34 28 1
28 5
25
'Percent effectiveness = [no. collected in larval impingement samples/( no. collected in larval impingement samples + no. collected in entrainment samples)] x 100
'NP = Not Present.
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-Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitoring Report Table 2.11 Estimated number and percent survival of selected larval organisms collected during impingement sampling at the BSEP during 2003.
Taxon Number collected Percent survival+
Number survivedl Spot 3,280,896 29.4 964,583 Shrimp 2,445,408 90.3 2,208,203 Anchoa spp. (2 13 mm) 2,104,128 0.7 14,729 Croaker 1,747,440 33.7 588,887 Weakfish 739,296 12.6 93,151 Portunid megalops 550,800 87.0 479,196 Atlantic menhaden 425,808 3.2 13,626 Gobionellus spp.
372,240 15.4 57,325 Striped mullet 75,024 69.8 52,367 Flounder 74016 93.2 68,983 Blue crabs 68,688 91.7 62,987 Searobin 33840 89.8 30388 Hardback shrimp 20,016 78.8 15,773 Pink and white shrimp 5,472 95.8 5,242 Total selected taxa 11,943,072 39.0 4,655,441 Total all taxa§ 14,304,240 32.6
+
Reference:
CP&L 1987 and 1988 (fast-screen rotation).
1UThe number survived is a total for the 12 sampling days and not the entire year.
5Survival estimate is for all taxa including those not tested for survival during fast-screen
- rotation. This estimate is very conservative in that 100% mortality is assumed for taxa not tested. In reality, many of these individuals survived.
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Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitoring Report Table 2.12 Estimated number, weight (kg), and percent survival of selected juvenile and adult organisms collected during impingement sampling at the BSEP during 2003.
Number Weight Percent Number" Taxon collected collected survival+
survived Bay anchovy 156,215 136.9 4.9 7,655 Brown shrimp 22,493 74.1 90.4 20,334 Shrimp (pink and white) 21,951 65.8 93.7 20,568 Croaker 5,778 22.8 45.1 2,606 Blue crabs 3,594 26.3 96.2 3,457 Weakfish 2,553 7.4 35.0 894 Blackcheek tonguefish 2,500 6.6 83.1 2,078 Atlantic menhaden 2467 24.1 15.6 385 Spot 2,367 11.9 60.4 1,430 Flounder 438 5.2 71.1 311 Striped mullet 57 0.5 92.0 52 Total 220,413 376.0 59,769 Percent survivals 25.8%
44.9%
(all species) by number by weight Percent survivals 68.9%
63.4%
(all species by number by weight excluding bay anchovy)
Reference:
CP&L 1988 (Fast-screen rotation).
"The number survived is a total for the 12 sampling days and not the entire year.
5Survival estimate is for all taxa including those not tested for survival during slow-screen rotation. This estimate is very conservative in that 100% mortality is assumed for taxa not tested. In reality, many of these individuals survived.
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2003 Biolog-ical Monitoring Report Brunswick Steam Electric Plant Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 BioIoicaI MonitorinQ Report 2,000 0cn E,g 1,500 0
I A
.A I
X M 4 A
35 30.
25 o 20.0.
20 1 15 a 10 U 5
0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC I
- Intake canal salinity -
Freshwater Flow Figure 2.1 Mean daily freshwater flow to the Cape Fear River and monthly intake canal salinity at the BSEP during 2003.
500 -
-0 400-o 300-L-
c 200-T 100-U-
0 -
2003 1999 2000 2001 2002 Figure 2.2 Mean annual freshwater flow to the Cape Fear River, 1999-2003.
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Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitorina Report Brunwic Stem Eectrc Pant 003Biolalcl Mnitorwina Roor 30 25 sz 20 0
C)D-X 150 10-5 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 2.3 Mean monthly intake canal water temperature ( C) at the BSEP during 2003.
30 0.E-a)co 25 20 15 10 5
0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
- Winter Cl Summer Figure 2.4 Mean monthly winter and summer intake canal water temperature the BSEP, 1999-2003.
( C) at Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc 2-19 Environmental Services Section Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc 2-19 Environmental Services Section
- Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitorinq Re~ort IBrunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Bioloalcal Monitorina ReDort 70 60 cox(U 0
.0 E
z 50 40 30 20 10 0
Figure 2.5 Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Annual Number of taxa collected in entrainment and larval impingement samples at the BSEP during 2003.
8 7
- 1 I
+6 6 enr 5 a) 4.
V 1
Diversion structure completed Significant decrease 0
1 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 Year Figure 2.6 Time-series analysis of juvenile and adult Atlantic menhaden data collected during impingement sampling at the BSEP, 1977-2003.
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Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitoring Report Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Bioloalcal Monitorina ReDort 8 -
7 2-
+ 6-0.? 5 1-co Diversion structure completed Significant increase 1_/
I.
77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 Year Figure 2.7 Time-series analysis of juvenile and adult white shrimp data collected during impingement sampling at the BSEP, 1977-2003.
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Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitoring Report Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitoring Report
3.0 REFERENCES
Birkhead, W. A., B. J. Copeland, and R. G. Hodson. 1979. Ecological monitoring in the lower Cape Fear River Estuary 1971-1976. BSEP Cape Fear Studies, Volume VI. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
Blum berg, A. F., D. J. Dunning, H. Li, D. Heimbugh, and W. R. Geyer. 2004. Use of a particle tracking model for predicting entrainment at power plants on the Hudson river. Estuaries. 27 (3): 515 - 526.
CP&L. 1980a. Brunswick Steam Electric Plant, Cape Fear Studies Interpretive Report. Carolina Power & Light Company, New Hill, NC.
1980b. 1979 monitoring program. BSEP Cape Fear Studies, Supplement I. Carolina Power
& Light Company, New Hill, NC.
1982. Brunswick Steam Electric Plant annual biological monitoring report, 1981. Carolina Power & Light Company, New Hill, NC.
1983. Brunswick Steam Electric Plant annual biological monitoring report, 1982. Carolina Power & Light Company, New Hill, NC.
. 1984. Brunswick Steam Electric Plant annual biological monitoring report, 1983. Carolina Power & Light Company, New Hill, NC.
.1985a. Brunswick Steam Electric Plant annual biological monitoring report, 1984. Carolina Power & Light Company, New Hill, NC.
. 1985b. Brunswick Steam Electric Plant Cape Fear Studies, Interpretive Report. Carolina Power & Light Company, New Hill, NC.
. 1986. Brunswick Steam Electric Plant annual biological monitoring report, 1985. Carolina Power & Light Company, New Hill, NC.
. 1987. Brunswick Steam Electric Plant annual biological monitoring report, 1986. Carolina Power & Light Company, New Hill, NC.
1988. Brunswick Steam Electric Plant annual biological monitoring report, 1987. Carolina Power & Light Company, New Hill, NC.
1989. Brunswick Steam Electric Plant annual biological monitoring report, 1988. Carolina Power & Light Company, Southport, NC.
1992. Brunswick Steam Electric Plant annual biological monitoring report, 1991. Carolina Power & Light Company, Southport, NC.
Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc 3-1 Environmental Services Section Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc 3-1 Environmental Services Section
Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Bloloalcal Monitorina Ranort Brunswck Steam E tri 1994. Brunswick Steam Electric Plant annual biological monitoring report, 1993. Carolina Power & Light Company, New Hill, NC.
. 2002. Brunswick Steam Electric Plant annual biological monitoring report, 2001. Carolina Power & Light Company, New Hill, NC.
Copeland, B. J., W. S. Birkhead, and R. G. Hodson. 1974. Ecological monitoring in the area of Brunswick Nuclear Power Plant, 1971-1973. Report to Carolina Power & Light Company.
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
Copeland, B. J., R. G. Hodson, and R. J. Monroe. 1979. Larvae and postlarvae in the Cape Fear River Estuary, North Carolina, during operation of the Brunswick Steam Electric Plant, 1974-1978. BSEP Cape Fear Studies, Volume VII. Report No. 79-3 to Carolina Power & Light Company. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
Giese, G. L., H. B. Wilder, and G. G. Parker, Jr. 1979. Hydrology of major estuaries and sounds of North Carolina. United States Geological Survey. Water resources investigations 79-46.
Raleigh, NC.
1985. Hydrology of major estuaries and sounds of North Carolina.
United States Geological Survey. Water-supply paper 2221. Alexandria, Va.
Hogarth, W. T. and K. L. Nichols. 1981. Brunswick Steam Electric Plant intake modifications to reduce entrainment and impingement losses. Carolina Power & Light Company,. New Hill, NC.
Lawler, J. P., M. P. Weinstein, H. Y. Chen and T. L. Englert. 1988. Modeling the physical and behavioral mechanisms influencing the recruitment of spot and Atlantic croaker to the Cape Fear Estuary. Am. Fish. Soc. Sym. 3: 115-131.
Schwartz, F. J., P. Perschbacher, L. Davidson, C. Simpson, D. Mason, M. McAdams, K. Sandoy and J. Duncan. 1979. An ecological study of fishes and invertebrate macrofauna utilizing the Cape Fear River Estuary, Carolina Beach inlet, and adjacent Atlantic Ocean, 1973-1977.
BSEP Cape Fear Studies, Volume XIV. Report to Carolina Power & Light Co., Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina, Morehead City, NC.
Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation. 1984. Advanced intake technology study. Research project 2214-2. Prepared for the Electric Power Research Institute. Prepared by Stone &
Webster Engineering Corporation. Boston, MA.
Thompson, T. E. 1989. Factors limiting the movement of spot, Leiostonlus xanthunrs, into a freshwater-oligohaline tidal marsh. Master's thesis. Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, N.C.
Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc 3-2 Environmental Services Section Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc 3-2 Environmental Services Section
Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Biological Monitoring Report Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 2003 Bioloalcal Monitorina ReDort Tomljanovich, D. A., J. H. Heuer, and C. W. Voigtlander. 1978. A conceptfor protecting fish larvae at water intakes. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 30:105 - 106.
Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc 3-3 Environmental Services Section Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc 3-3 Environmental Services Section