ML20197A510
| ML20197A510 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Pennsylvania State University |
| Issue date: | 08/31/1997 |
| From: | Flinchbaugh T, Sears F PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV., UNIVERSITY PARK, PA |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20197A447 | List: |
| References | |
| CON-DE-AC07-94ID-13223, CON-DE-AC7-94ID-13223 NUDOCS 9712230076 | |
| Download: ML20197A510 (79) | |
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aa sc. u mw;. k,m . wau_a , ma3 u; a .a m m _ .m .. wx z.-<. . . July 1,1996 to June 30,1997 Submitted to: United States Department of Energy and ., The Pennsylvania State University By: C. Frederick Sears (Director) Terry L. Flinchbaugh (Editor) Penn State Radiation Science and Engineering Center Department of Nuclear Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park,PA 16802 August 1997 Contract DE- AC07-94ID-13223 Subcontract C88-101857 U.Ed.ENG 98-60 Penn State is an affirmative action equal opportunity university. PENNSTATE
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l l TABLE OF CONTENTS han i PREFA CE - T. L. Flinchbaugh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v I . IN'IRODUCTION - T. L. Flinchbaugh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II . PERSONNEL - T. L. Flinchbaugh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 111. REACTOR OPERATIONS - T. L Flinchbaugh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
' IV. O AMMA IRRADIATION FACILITY C. C. Davison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I1 V. EDUCATION AND TRAINING - T. L. Flinchbaugh, C. C. Davison .... . ........... 13 VI. NEUTRON BEAM LAB ORATORY - R. Gould . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 VII. RADIONUCLEAR APPLICATIONS LABORATORY-T.H.Daubenspeck ........ 21 VIII. ANGULAR CORRELATIONS LABORATORY G. L. Catchen ..................... 23 IX. RADIATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING CENTER RESEARCH UTILIZATION T. L. Flinchbaugh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 A. Penn State University Research Utilizing the Fxilities of the Penn State Radiation Science and Engineering Center ........................ 27 B. Other Universities, Organizations and Companies Utilizing the Facilities of the Penn State Radiation Science and En gineerin g Cen ter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX A. - Faculty, Staff, Students, and Industries Utilizing the Facilities of the Penn State Radiation Science and Engineering Center - T. L. Flinchbaugh... ...... ........... 53 APPENDIX B . Formal Gmup Tours - A. R. Helton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4 kkk
l TABLES Table Eagc 1 Personnel.................................................................................... 4 2 Reactor Operation Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3 Reactor Utilization Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4 Coball-60 Utilization Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5 College and High School Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 FIGURES Figure Eagc 1 Organization Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 O 1 IV 17 dX
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i PREFACE
' Administrative responsibility for the Radiation Science and Engineering Center (RSEC) resides .
in the Depanment of Nuclear Engineering in the College of Engineering. Overall responsibility for
, the reactor license resides with the Vice President for Research/ Dean of the Graduate School. De '
reactor and associated laboratories are available to all Penn State colleges for education and - research programs, in addition, the facility is made available to assist other educational institutions, government agencies and industries having common and compatible needs and objectives, providing tervices that are essential in meeting research, development, education and
- training needs.
De Forty-Second Annual Progress R he Pennsylvania State University Radian,eport on Science and Engineering Center is(July 1996 submitted in through J accordance with the requirements of Contract DE-AC07-94ID 13223 between the United States ' t of Energy and Imkheed Idaho Technologies Company (LITCO), and their ' .Su ontract C88-101857 with The Pennsylvania State University, his report also provides the
' University administration with a summary of the utilization of the facility for the past year.
Numerous individuals are to be recognized and thanked for their dedication and commitment in this report, especially Terry Flinchbaugh who edited the repon and Alison Helton who typed it. Special thanks are extended to those responsible for the individual sections as listed in the Table of Contents and to the individual facility users whose research summaries are compiled in Section IX.
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=I. INTRODUCTION-i MISSION It is the mission of De Pennsylvania State University Radiation Scierre and Engineering Center in p.ruddp with faculty, staff, students, alumni, government, and cuporate leaders to safely use nuclear technology to benefit society through education, research, and service.
VISION e < Our unique facility has a diverse & dedicated staff with a commitment to safety, excellence, quality, customer satisfaction, and education by example. It is the vision of the faculty and
.- staff of the Radiation Science and Engineering Center to become a leading national resource
' and make significant contributions in the following areas:
Safsg - To actiwly promote safety in everything we do. . Education - Further de alop innovative programs to advance societal knowledge through resident instruction and continuing education for students of all ages and their educators throughout the nation. Research - Expand leading edge research that increases f=damental knowledge and tec mology transfer through our diverse capabilities. Satrict - Expand and build a diverse array of services and customers by maintaining excellence, quality, customer satisfaction, and efficient service to supplement income and enhance education and research. In conduc'.ing this mission in pursuit of the stated vision, the following acdvities are highlighted among the nunwrous accomplishments reported in the pages that follow:
- Re reporting period began in July as numerous hig,h school groups participated in ~
educational programs at the RSEC under the direction of Candace Davison. This continued into the spring when high school science classes on educational field trips visited and wrfomud experiments. The student chapter of the American Nuclear Society, with Ms. Javison's support, also used the RSEC for educational events such as Boy Scout and Girl Scout merit badge programs. A complete list of groups hosted is presented in Appendix 53.
- Reactor fuel performance studies have shown that power is excessively concentrated in the central region of the core where fuel elements with a heavier Uranium loading are placed.
Efforts to design a new fuel loadmg are continuing. As a part of that effort, a revised Safety Analysis Report (SAR) and a revised Technical Specifications (TS) were submitted
'o the NRC m February of 1997 for their approval. Unti the core redesign is finalized and the S AR and TS changes are approved by the NRC, power is restricted to 75% of licensed power to limit the maximum fuel temperature.
. Hot cell use reached an all time high and is continuing into the future as Dr. Motta and his graduate students work with Materials Engineering Associates to investigate the popenies ofirradiated reactor pressure vessel metals.
-+ Construction of a thermal hydraulic loop continues in the Cobalt bay as a student design ,
project. When completed,it will serve as both a teaching and research tool, simulating features of advanced reactor concepts, n , 1
j e A new heavy water thermal column was installed during April of 1997 to increase capabilities for neutron radiography. Early results show a gn:atly enhanced neutron beam. Efforts to further characterize the neutron beam continue.
- A new Fast Neutron Irradiator (FNI) was installed in June of 1997 to accommodate larger size silicon wafers from Harris Semiconductor. Chararacterization of the neutmn spectrum in the FNI is underway, with irradiation of production runs expected to begin in the Fall of 1997.
- A grant of $30,000 was received from the College of Engineering Dean's Office to upgrade safety related reactor facility equipment. A new Uninterruptable Power Supply and new .
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) for the reactor console will be installed in the 1997-98 fiscal year. Meanwhile, Baltimore Gas and Electric has donated some new and used spare parts to provide a stopgap spare parts inventory for the reactor console until the LCDs can ~ he installed. Reactor management is taking further initiative to increase spare parts entory for the reactor console and to upgrade aging facility equipment used for various wialyses.
* 'Ihe Office of the Vice President for Research/ Dean of the Graduate School provided monies for automatic door closure and Iceking to upgrade building security. This was done as a response to increased Nuclear Regulatory Commission concem about the security of radioactive materials in laboratories. 'Ihe monies also arovided for an additional emergency exit for the lower level on the east side of the auilding.
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E PERSONNEL David Miller resigned his reactor operator intern position effective July ?l,1996. Patrick J. Boyle, Reactor Supervisor / Nuclear Education Specialist, resigned his position effective June 30,1997. Robert J. Gould, Rescash Assistant, resigned his position effective June 30,1997. Marcus H. Voth resigned as facility director on October 17,1996 and assumed a faculty appointment in the Nuclear Engineering Department. He then left university employment in June of 1997. Warren F. Witzig, Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Engineering at Penn State, served as interim facility director from October 17,1996 to April 30,1997. On May 1,1997, C. Frederick Sears assumed the position of facility director, c Lisa D. Brazee, Staff Assistant V, began a leave of absence effective June 1,1997. Alison Helton began as a wage payroll secretary on May 12,1997 to serve during Lisa's absence. Lois Lunetta, Chris Davis, Amy Bailey, Megan Kovach and Rebecca Levack worked wage payrollin assisting in facility educational programs for high school students. Elizabeth Abbott worked with Candace Davison, William Jester and Uditha Senaratne leaming about the facility and basic research as a WISER (Women in Science and Engineering Research) Student. The WISER project is funded by the NASA Space Grant Consortium. On December 31.1996, Dan Hughes, (Senior Reseamh Assistant, Nuclear Engineering, Penn State), Edward Figard (Supervisor of Maintenance, Pennsylvania Power and Light) and Patricia Loftus (Manager, Product Licensing, Westinghouse) left the Penn State Reactor Safeguards Committee after each served the maximum two terms allowed by the committee charter.
'Iheir replacements effective January 1,1997 were Alireza Haghighat (Associate Professor, Nuclear Engineering, Penn State), Theodore C. Dalr:4z (Manager, Nuclear Maintenance, Pennsylvania Power and Light) and Sandy Rupprecht (Manager of Nuclear Safety Analysis, Westinghouse). Committee member Wanen F. Witzig (Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Penn State) was reappointed to a second term effective January 1,1997, but during Engineering, his tenure as interim director was a non-voting ex-officio member.
O J 3
l TABLE -I 4 I Personnel - l
- Sculty and Staff Title .
l
" . P. G. Boyle (resigned) - Reactor Supervisor / Nuclear Education Specialist ,
I L. D. Brazee Staff Assistant V
** M. E. Bryan Reactor Supervisor / Engineer G. L Catchen Professor ** T. H. Daubenspeck - Reactor Supervisor / Reactor Utilization Speciaast *! " C. C. Davison - Reactor Supervisor / Nuclear Education Specialist " T. M. Engle Reactor OperatorIntern " T. L. Flinchbaugh Operations and Training Manager l
- M. P. Grieb Engineering Aide !
R. Gould (resigned) Research Assistant ' ** D. E. Hughes Senior Research Assistant / Manager of Engineering Services W. A. Jester . Professor J.Lebiedzik Research Support Technician'II
** D. R. Miller (resigned) Reactor OperatorIntern ** M. J. Morlang Reactor OperatorIntern
- K. E. Rudy - Operational Support Services Supervisor C. F. Sears Director P. J. Stauffer Staff Assistant VII
** M. H. Voth (resigned) Associate Professor / Director
- Ucensed Opentor
** Licensed Senior Operator Technical Service Staff J. E. Annstrong Mechanic-Experimental and Maintenance R. L. Eaken Machinist A Wave Payroll A. Bailey -
C. Davis - A. Helton M. Kov .c .
- R.levack L Lunetta 4
1 Penn Stata Rametor Safenards Committee -
" T C.Dalplaz Manager, Nuclear Maintenance, Pennsylvania Power and Light Susquehanna Steam Electric Stanon P. J. Donnachie, Jr. Health Physicist, General Public Utilities - ._
E, W. Figard - Supervisor of Maintenance, Pennsylvania Power and Light - Suscjuehanna Steam Electric Station . 1 R. W. Granlund . Fea th Physkist, Intercollege Research Programs and ' Facilities,Penn State : .~ __ l
' " - A. Haghighat . - Associate Professor, Nuclear Engineering, Pan State .
*: D. E. Hughes - Senior Research Assistant, Penn State Radiation Science and ;
- Engineering Center .
P *--
- P. Loftus Manager, Product Licensing, Westin se ,
. J. H. Mahaffy Chairman, Assistant Professor, Nucl Engineering,Penn e State .
. F. J. Remick - - Professor, Nuclear Engineering, Penn State (retired)-
~ ** S. Rupprecht Manager of Nuclear Safety Analys.is, Westinghouse -
D. Sathianathan Assistant Professor, Engineerin;I ( ics Penn State
- "" C. F. Sears Ex officio, Director, Penn State b n Science and Engineering Center
-*" M. H. Voth Ex officio, Director, Penn State Radiation Science and .
' Engineering Center
' ""* - W. F. WitziS Professor, Nuclear Engineering, Penn State (retired) p
* . Served through December 31,1996
-- ** Appointed January 1,1997
*" - Resigned effective October 17,1996
"" Appointed effective May 1,1997 -
* * * *
- Re-a inied to a second term effective January 1,1997 (Ex officio non-voting member from ober 17,1996 to April 30,1997 during service as interim reactor director) 5
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I i l DM l l-i MAN. 2ER OF : MANAGER OF ADMINISTRATIVE _ ! ENGINEERING OPERATIONS ASSISTANT II : l ,. SERVICES AND'IRAINING l l I I I I RESEARCH REACIOR REACIOR REACIDR REACIDR SUPERVISOR STAFF i ASSISTANT ' SUPERVISOR. SUPERVISOR, SUPERVISOR / OPERATOR OF PACILITY ASSISTANT V : 1 NUCLEAR REACTOR ENGINEER INTERN (2) SERVICES , EDUCATION UTILIZATION i SPECIAUST(2) SPECIALIST I a i m RESEARCH I I l SUPPORT TECHNICIAN-III ENGINEERING MACHINIST A M IMENTAL AIDE AND MAINTENANCE
- i. MECHANIC l
l WAGE PAYROLIJ WAGEPAYROLIJ WAGE PAYROLIJ WORK STUDY WAGE PAYROLIJ ; WORK STUDY WORK STUDY - WORK STUDY I , t t l RSEC Organization Chart ' 1247hh ' l
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l III. REACTOR OPERATIONS , Research reactor operation began at Penn State in 1955. In December of 1965 the original core, which operated at a maximum power level of 200 KW, was replaced by a more ad /anced TRIGA core, capable of operation at 1000 KW.- The prunt core may also be operated in a pulse l u fashion in which the power level is suddenly increased fma less than 1 KW to up to 2000 KW for - short (milliseconds) periods of time. TRIGA stands for Training, Research, Isotope Pmduction, j built by General Atomic Company. 3 = Utilization of the Pt:nn State Breazcale Reactor (PSBR) falls into three major categories: Educational utilization is primarily in the form oflaboratory classes conducted for graduate and . undergaduate degree candidates and numerous high school science groups. These classes wili vary fmm the irradiation and analysis of a sample to the calibration of a reactor control rod, Research accounts for a large portion of reactor time which involves Radionuclear Applications, Neutron Radiography, a myriad of research programs by faculty and graduate students throughout the University and various applications by the industrial sector. Training pmgrams for Reactor Operators and Reactor Supervisors are offered and can be tailored to meet the needs of the participants The PSBR core, containing about 7.5 pounds of Uranium-235,in a non weapons form, is . operated at a depth of approximately 18 feet in a pool of demineralized water. The water pmvides the needed shielding and cooling for the operation of the reactor. It is relatively simple to expose a sample by positioning it in the vicinity of the reactor at a point where it will receive the desued radiation dose. A variety of fixtures andjigs are available for such positioning. Vidous containers and irradiation tubes can be used to keep sam )les dry. nree pneumatic transfer sysams wit!' different neutmn levels offer additional possi >ilities. Core rotational, east. west, and n,nh-south movements provide flexibility in positiomng the core against experimental apparatus. In normal steady state operation at 1000 kilowatts, the thermal neutmn flux available varies from appmximately 1 x 1013 n/cm2/sec at the edge of the core to approximately 3 x 1013 n/cm2/sec in the central region of the core. When using the pulse mode of operation, the peak flux for a maximum pulse is approximately 6 x 1016 n/cm2/sec with a pulse width of 15 msec at 1/2 maximum. Support facilities include a machine shop, electronic shop, laboratory space and fume hoods. . STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Tables 2 and 3 list Reactor Operation Data and Reactor Utilization Data-Shift Averages, . respectively, for the past three years. In Table 2, the Critical time is a summation of the hours the reactor was operating at some power level. He Suberitical time is the total hours that the reactor key and console instrumentation were on and under observation, less the Critical time, Suberitical time reflects experiment set-up time and time spent approaching reactor criticality. The Number of Pulses reflects derrands of undergraduate labs, researchers and reactor operator training programs. Square waves are used primarily for demonstration purposes for public groups touring the facility, researchers and reactor operator training programs. 7-
he number of Saams Planned as Part of Experiments reflects experimenter needs. De Unplanned Scram Resuldng from Personnel Action occurred when a reactor operator inadvertently bumped a console calibrate button while putting a log book stamp away. De Unplanned Scrams i Resuldng from Abnormal System Operation occurred when (1) a rabbit sample didn't retum to the pneumanc transfer system lab terminus following irradiation in the reactor core, (2) a high . radiation level alarm was received for the pneumade transfer system becauses of argon-41 build up m the system and (3) a neutron beam laboratory gate that was not securely latched was opened ; when an operator held a radiation survey meter against it. Table 3, Part A. Reactor Usage, describes total reactor utilization on a shift basis. De - summation of Hours Critical and Hours Suberitical gives the total time the reactor console key is , on.- Hours Shutdown includes time for instruction at the reactor console, experimental setup, calibrations or very minor maintenance that occupies the reactor console but is done with the key off. Significant maintenance or repair time spent on any reactor component or system that
- wohibits reactor operation is included in Reactor Usage as Reactor N ot Available. Much of the Reactor Not Available category this year is attributable to draining the south side of the reactor pool
- for installation of a new heavy water tank.
.. Part B gives a breakdown'of the Type of Usage in Hours. The Nuclear Engineering Department and/or the Reactor Facility receives compensation for Industrial Research and Service.
Umversity Research and Service includes both funded and non-funded research, for Penn State and other universities. The Instruction and Training category includes all formal university classes L involving the reactor, experiments for other university and high school groups, demonstrations for tour groups and in house reactor operator training. Part C statistics, Users / Experimenters, reficct the number of users, samples and sample hours i per shift. Part D shows the number of eight hour shifts for each year. F INSPECTIONS AND AUDITS During October of 1996, C. Frederick Sears, a former Northeast Utilities executive then a private nuclear engineering consultant, conducted an audit of the PSBR. His fulfilled a requireme it of the Penn State Reactor Safeguards Committee charter as described in the PSBR , , Technical Specifications. The reactor staff has implemented changes suggested by that report, all of which exceed NRC requirements. During December of 1996, a NRC routine nspection by Marvin Mendonca was conducted of activities authorized by the reactor facility R-2 license, with an emphasis on reactor operations. No - items of non-compliance were identified. During May of 1997, a NRC routine inspection by Stephen Holmes was conducted of activities authorized by the reactor R-2 license, with an emphasis on health physics. No items of non-
- compliance were identified.
8 1 e_ _ _v - - _ _ __- _ _ - _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ - _ - m m w- ___ _ ._ _ _
i l l TABLE 2 , Reactor Operation Data July 1,1994_- June 30,~ 1997 E21 E2fi E21 A. Hours of Reactor Opention :
- 1. Critical .
561 591 440 1
- 2. Suberitical 401 423 348 l
- 3. FuelMovement 27 84 22 B. Number of Pulses 131 % 76.
C. Numberof Square Waves 89 93 35 D. EnergyRelease(MWH) 259 245 182 E. . Grams U-235 Consumed 13 13 9 F. Scrams
- 1. Planned as Part of E periments 15 36 15 .
. 2. . Unplanned - Resulting From a) Penonnel Action 1 3 1 b) Abnonnal System Operation - 5 1 3 . t.
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TABLE 3 [ Reactor Utilization Data Shift Averages July 1,1994 - June 30,1997 24:21 21dfi 2ft21 A. Reactor Usage
- 1. Hours Critical _ -2.2 2.3 1.7
- 2. Hours Suberitical 1.6 - 1.6 1.3
- 3. Hours Shutdown 1.9 1.5 1.4
- 4. ReactorNot Available 0.0 ILfi .La TOTAL HOURS PER SHIFT 5.6 6.0 5.9 -
B. Type of Usage -' Hours
- 1. Industria. Research and Service 0.7 0.6 1.4
- 2. University Research and Service 1.5 1.9 1.0
- 3. Instruction andTraining 1.3 1.3 0.7
- 4. Calibration and Maintenance 2.0 1.9 2.7
- 5. FnclHandling 0.1 0.3 0.1 C. Users / Experiments
- 1. ~ Number of Users 2.4 2:3 2.0
- 2. PneumaticTransferSamples 0.5 0.7 1.2
- 3. Total Number of Samples 2.4 2.3 2.9
- 4. Sample Hours 2.4 2.2 1.3 D. Number of 8 Hour Shifts 255 262 265 9
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IV. GAMMA IRRADIATION FACILITY 1 4 [-
. The nemma hradiadon facility includes a pool inadiation fac' ility and a dry shie'lded i OmmmeCell 220 irradiatar. The University, in March of 1956, purchased 23,600 curies of Cobalt 60 in the form of stainless steel clad source tods to provide a pure source of gamma rays. - - - -
In hh of 1971, the University obtained from the Natick Laboratories,63,537 curies of - - Cobalt-60 in the form of aluminum clad source mds. %ese source mds have deca through several half-lives,lesving a July 1,1997 a 9roximate total of 2,511 curies.- In Jul of 1995 a : i GammeCell 220 irradiator was donated to Menn State by the David Samoff Research Center in 1 Prie. New Jersey. De GammaCell irradiator has a total source content of 4,480 curies as of ,l T+ - ! - July 1,1997i
- In the pool irradiaw, the source rods are stored and used in a pool 16 feet by 10 feet, filled * .=
with 16 feet of damiaeralized water. De water provides a shield which is madily worked through and allows great flexibility in usin.g the sources. Due to the number of sources and sim of the l . m01, it is possible to set up severa) irradiators at a time to vary the size of the sample that can be J tradiated, or vary the dose rate. Experiments in a dry environment are possible by use of either a verdc=1 tube or by a diving bell type appratus. Four different irradiation configurations have been used dapanding on the size of the samp e and dose rate required. De advantage of the pool irradiaw is that the dose rate can be varied which is optimal for agricultural and life science
- research. Maximum exposure rates of 93 KR/Hr in a 3" ID tube and 54 KR/Hr in a 6" ID tube are available as of July 1,1997.
~
De Gammacellirradiator has a maximum' dose rate of 0.36 MR/Hr considerably higher than that curmntly available in the RSEC irradiator or with other iradiators on campus.~ Other advantages of the Gammacell220 lude a large inadiation chamber (approximately 6 inches + diameter and 7.5 inches high), an automatic timer to move the sam,ple chamber away fium the source and the abili to conduct in situ tesdng of components durmg irradiation. The Gammacell
- has received cons ble use the first two years.
The Gamma Irradiation facility is designed with a large amount of working space around the - poolirradiator and includes the GammaCell 220 along with work benches and the usual utilities. Table 4 compares the past three years' utilization of the Cobalt-60 facility in terms of time, numbers and daily avenges.
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TABLE 4 Cobalt-60 Utilization Data July 1,1994 - June 30,1997 24-25 212fi sis!i 2ft21 2fE21. Pool Pool Gammacell Pool Gammacell Inadiator Irradiator Irradiator A. Time involved Glours) ,
- 1. Set Uptime 90 60 15 40 23
- 2. Total Sample Hours 2,694 2,042 605 721 752 B. Numbers 1nvolved
- 1. Samples Containers Runt 677 478 254 415 766
- 2. DifferentExperimenters 39 25 20 16 20
- 3. ConfigurationsUsed 4 3 NA 3 NA C. PerDay Averages
- 1. Experimenters 0.59 0.53 0.5 0.4 0.6
- 2. Samples 2.72 1.92 1.22 1.6 3.0 The sample hours for the GammaCell for 1996-1997 would be equivalent to 4,750 sample hours in the large poolirradiation tube.
Maximum Exposure Rate for the In-pool irradiation tubes as of July 1,1997: 6"In-pool tube 54 KR/llr 3"In pool tube 93 KR/Ilr Maximum Dose rate at the center of the Gammacell 220 chamber as of July 1,1997: 0.36 MegaRad/Hr i Note that each sample container may contain multiple samples 4 12
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V. EDUCATION AND TRAINING ! During the past year, the Penn State RSEC was used for a variety of educational services; in-
~ house training, formal labormtwy courses and many continuing education programs and tours. '
OperanzTraining: ;
%e RSEC o wrating staff has maintained reactor operator ewignce and safe facility
- operation throus i training and requalificadon. A more formal *J reactor operator training and
' : qualification program began in January of 1996. The intent of the program is to :xovide a two- ,
year training cycle covering theory, principles, regulations and actions needed fw t 2 safe ._
, operation of th sector facility. Approximately twenty-four training sessions are consteted in a
. year and include lectures, exercises and other activities. In-house reactor operatoriequalification ,
during October and November of 1996 consisted of an oral examination on abnrsmal and
- er- ' .cy pmcedures gimn
. H. Douben k and an ting test givea by M. E. Bryan.-
, A wr tten exam was administ in January o 1997 by C
, . Davison.
Operator intern Michael Morlang participated in the reactor operator training program in 1996.
- 'He was granted his senior reactor operata 1 cense by the NRC in September 1996.- l i
Govemer's man De eleventh session of the Pennsylvania Governor's School for Agricultural Sciences ' (POSAS) was held at 14nn State's University Park campus during the summer of 1996. Sixty-L four high school scholars participated in the five week program at Penn State. Ec Governor s School for Agricultural Sciences includes introduction and experience in many different agricultura disciplines, here are several parts of the program including core courses, elecove courses and ; Ir t -:i h t Study Projects (ISP's). He core courses are fundamentalinstruction given to all panicipants. " Radiation Concepts for Research App,lications" is one of the core courses in the , ! progtsm. The six-hour course consisted of four sections with sixteen students in each section.- De course was coexiucted at Penn State's RSEC by C*ada~ Davison along with Christopher *
- Davis, a graduate student in Nuclear Engineering. He students pwfucr,cd a series of ex nts focusing on the fundamentals of radiation interaction and principles of radioisotope 'ons.
Dese experiments included a demonstration of a cloud chamber, penetrating abihty alpha, beta and gamma radiation; half-life simulation and c=%dadan, De importance of statistics in taking data and other applications of radioactive materials in research were discussed. De students were also given a tour of the reactor facility. -; In addition to the core course, a founeen hour elective course on " Nuclear Applications, E i
- , -- learning about the Past and Present" was conducted for thirteen scholars. Jana LeMM '
: conducted a session on detection of radiation in the environment including Radon gas. De .
4 students also learned'about imaging using many types of radiation such as neutrun radiography,
- x ray and gamma-ray imaging including radiographs from the St. Mary's City lead Comn Project -
and a field trip to Radiology Associates. Seven students conducted independant study projects related to radiation and nuclear science.
%:ee students studied the effect of radiation on food such as musinumrs and bread. His project '
utilized the Gamma Inadiation facility along with the Scanning Electron Microscope facility. Two . students focused on the disposal of Low-Level Radioactive Waste for their ' and exanuned
? the Pennsylvania pmcess of disqualification ofland areas and public - n. The other '
pipect focused on radioactive R- ;-:-=ts in cigarettes, specifkally . decay products.De
- pro ect attempted to collect the Raden decay products from filters of the cigarene smoke.E 13
+-e ev-v.-y-
- Nuclear Engineering faculty and staff including the PEllRAD and ACURI program assisted with
- d4 different aspects of the projects by providing time, expertise and resource material. He Heal.th -
Physics personnel were very helpful ln assisting with the projects by loaning the use of radiation counting equipment and a flow gauge device, naaddng a tour of the low-level radioactive waste d storage and processing facility and providing information to the POSAS Scholars. 'l l Reactor Sharing: he University Reactor Sharing Program is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy. - De purpose of this, program is to increase the availability of the university nuclear reactor facilities : . e, to non reactor ownmg colleges and universities. De main objectives of the University Reactor . 1 Sharint program are to strengthen nuclear science and engineenng instruction and to provide I researc 1 opportunities for other educational institutions including universities, colleges, junior ) colleges, technical schor b and high schools. , i Five hundred eighty nine students and teachers from 30 different high schools and 3 colleges
- came to the RSEC for experiments and instruction (see Table ;). Candace Davison and leis Lunetta were the main instructors for the program. Other instruction and technical assistance for experiments were provided by Thierry Daubenspeck, Jana Lebiedzik, Robert Gould, Christopher Davis, Amy Bailey and Rebecca levack. ;
The RSEC staff utilized the facilities and equipment to provide educational opportunities and
. tours for student and teacher workshops, many of which were conducted as part of other programs I on campus. These programs are typically conducted througti the Penn State College of Engmeering, the Women in Science and Enpneering (WISE) Institute, the Continuing and Distance Education Pro gam, Campus Admissions and the University Relations Offices. The student programs incluc ed: the Kodak BEST (Business, Science, Engineering and Technology) for minority students, the High School Summer Intemship, the VEC-tour ; xogram, the program, Women in Science and Engineering (WISE) week, Upward Bounc ., Talent Search, Pennsylvania Junior Academy of Sciences and other pugiams associated with campus activities. Twenty-three teachers frt.m the Enter-2000 program received instruction on radiation and nuclear issues and ten of those teachers elected to tour the facility to learn more about nuclear energy and related careers.
Nuch t'ancents and Cyber=nes s he Nuclear Concepts and Cybers pace program was designed for students entering grades 10-12, his new ' gram was conducted for 22 scholars from July 29-August 2,1996. Candace Davison and topher Davis were the main instructors for the program. Guest lectures and sessions were conducted by department staff and faculty, he program covered radiation basics, i , understanding radiation interaction with matter, the formation of F-centers in crystals, reactivity simulation and coiwys, low-level radioactive waste, fusion, and rad.iation applications. - Using a
- computer program, students simulated reactivity additions into a model TRIGA core and then observed some of these reactivity insertions with the real TRIGA reactor. Students also d%=ul
- their own web pages on nuclear topics.-
Iols u In addition to the full or half day zograms with experiments, educational tours were conducted
-- for students, teachers, and the genera public. All groups, including the groups dJailed in the above sections, who toured the facility are listed in Appendix B. De RSEC operating staff and ,
. Nuclear Engineering Department conducted 190 formal or group tours for 3165 persons. In
. addition approximately 23 informal tours were provided to 45 people.
~ 14 l q pm@ i ze e -h
Acpdamic Inefrug1](g; The RSEC 'IRIG A reactor and Cobalt-60 irradiation facilities were used by several Nuclear Engineering courses and courses in other departments of the university. - 1 i Course Instructor Students 110m1 Semester I
-i Summer 1996 NucE 444-Nuclear Reactor Oxrations D. E. Hughes 'l 6
' Summer 1996_ SciEd 498 Exploring the Nue: car Option - C. C. Davison 24 6- ~
1996 NucE451-ReactorPhysics R. M. Edwards 12 37 >
' Fall - I W. A. Jester
' R. B. Beelman - 20 2 l
- Fall- 1996 Food Science 413-Process Plant Production '
1997 Entomology 497C- Special Topics A. Hower 1 ~4' - Spring
~
1997 NucE 4/4-Nuclear Reactor Operations D. E. Hughes 7 30 Sprms- ' M. H. Voth 14 18 Spnns 1997 NucE 450-Radiation Detection and Measurement W. A. Juter Spring - 1997 NucE 497 Special Topics . R. M. Edwards 2 16 Pblice Tmining; In January and February of 1997, a total of 37 University Police Services personnel were ' given training and retraining sessions by C. C. Davison and P. G. Boyle at the RSEC to ensure - f annilari'y with the facilities and to meet Nuclear Regulatory Commission requirements. F d 9 a 15 4
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TABLE 5 University Reactor Sharing Program College and High School Groups 19961997 Academic Year Those who came to the RSEC for experiments received instmetion on the basics of radiation and nuclear energy and rece.ved a tour of the facility. All grou?s either conducted the approach to critical experiment or saw a demonstra:lon with the reactor (w aen available). Most groups also did one of the other experiments listed below. Gamma Ray Spectroscopy Neutron Activation and Complex Decay of Silver Barium-137m Decay or Silver Decay Neutron Activation Analysis Relative Stopping Powers for ot, p and y in Air, Aluminum and Lead Number of Month School and Teacher Students & Teachers November 1 East Stmudsburg HS 20 Heather Skeldon 8 Harmony HS 17 Chad Weiwiora 21 DuBois Central HS 8 Patrick Finn 26 Shepherd College ?2 Jack Schmidt December 3 Carlisle HS 61 Robert Barrick January 23 State College HS Delta Program 9 Sara Bresler February 18 Punxsutawney Area HS 12 1.ori Burkett March 4 Bellefonte HS 18 Stephanie Grieb 14 Portage Area 71S 15 Herman Carl 18 DanielBoone HS 10 Larry Tobias 20 Bermudian Springs HS 11 Jeanne Sucht Harold Griffle *
?4 Redlands HS 15 Mrs.Jo Becker 25 Cranberry Jr Sr HS 18 David Guta Diana Miller Sheila Johnson Eric Mourey April 3 Blacklick Valley HS 25 JoAnn Tomb Annette Ostinowsky 16
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' TABLE 5 University Reactw Sharing Program College andliigh SchoolGroups 19%1997 AcaderrJe Year (Continued) Number of high Schon1 and TencYr E;udcats & Teachers Ilarborereck llS 11 April 17 Dave Sidelinger o 18 hit. Union Jr Sr llS 34 . Janet Whitaker Suranne Brown
. 22 Allegheny College 19 ,
Steve licninger David Stickler 25 St. hiary's llS 26 William Scilingo RidgwayllS 12 Ernest Koos 28 State College 11S 12 hieredith Stevens 29 hiarion CenterilS 9 John Petrosky Northeastern llS 8 hiny 1 Grrg Cauller 2 Carnp liillliS 21 PhilippGehmelzle William Kimmich 5 Berlin llS 4 J. Neil Crowell 5 Juniata College 2 Norm Siems 8 Somerset Jils 25 Jon Critchfield 9 Jersey Shore 11S 10 Garylicyd 12 hiuncyllS 23 liarold Shrimp hiark Kramer 15 State College llS 42 Tod hicPherson
- 16 DanvilleI!S 26 Deb Slattery 19 WarrenllS 13 Dan Giffin 20 WestmontliilltopIIS 17 hit. T. hioort hir. C. Burd 2 Curwensville Jr HS 18 June hiike Keely 20 DuBois Chrisuan 11S 9 Ron Downey TOTAL: 589 17 i
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1 l l VI. NEUTRON HEAM LABORATORY De Neutron Beam Laboratory (NBL)is one of the ex RSEC. A well collimated beam of neutrons, thermalized;mimental y a D20 thermal column,is passedinto facilities the NBL for use in nondestructive testing and evaluation. Work now being done utilizes a Real Time Neutron Image Intensifier, by Precise Optics, Inc., for real time radiognphy. De beam is also being used for static neutron radiogra $y and neutron attenuation studies, and flash radiograp1y utilizing pulsing. Equlyment us available to digitize the real time radiography images for image processing. A photograp ile laboratory facilitates the development and analysis of static - neutron radiographs. j The NBL was established oartially with funds from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) l with rnatching funds from the University to: I l
- 1. Educate students and the public on an important use of neutrons from a research reactor,
- 2. Establish a demonstration center. " Neutrons in Action," to show that their use is beneficial to mankind, and 3 Expand the use of neutron radiography in research, both as a tool for improving the development of U.S. industrial products and to develop new information in other fields of science and engineering.
Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory purchased time to utilize the Neutron Beam Laboratory to evaluate two phase flow during the past year and the project continues. Bettis began a second aroject which rec luired modifications to the Neutroa Beam Laboratory. Rese modifications neluded remova; of the ceiling in the Beam Area and the addition of a pit in the floor to allow radiography of an 8 foot long test section. New CCTV equipment for monitoring experiments, and an improved Real Time Neutron Image Intensifier support assembly have been purchased. A new D 20 thermal column to enhance the neutron beam in the NBL was installed in April of 1997. His thermal column can take advantage of the extra degrees of freedom provid.ed by the bridge u pgrade completed in the Summer of 994. The reactor core is coupled to the thermal column tn a position tangential to the beam line thereby impmving the neutron to gamma ratio. A significant incitase in the neutron beam intensity has resulted. Characterization of the neutron beam continues. Dr. F. B. Cheung and graduate student Byungsoo Kim of the Penn State Mechanical EngineerinJ Department are using this facility to examine a Gallium Indium alloy with static neutron raciographs. , Northeast Technology Corporation has continued to use the NBL to determine the Boron content of boraflex coupons from spent fuel storage facilities at nuclear power plants. f 19
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i VII. RADIONUCLEAR APPLICATIONS LAllORATORY Personnel of the Radionuclear Applications Laboratory (RAL) provide consulting and technical assistance to University research personnel who wish to use a radionuclear technique in their research. The majority of these research projects involve neutron activation, but the staffis able to orovide senices in radioactive tracer techmques, radiation gauging, radiation processing, and sotope production for laboratory, radionuclear medicine and industrial use. laboratory personnel continue to supply suppon for the o xration of the RSEC doing analyses of water, air monitor filters, and other samples as deemet appropriate. A reorganization of the reactor facility has led to the phasing out of the Low Level Radiation
. Monitoring Laboratory (LLRML); however, some services are still available. Analyses of emironmental and other samples for alpha / beta, and gamma activities is still available. Radon in water analysis is still offered; certificauon for this analysis has been proposed but is not yet required by the EPA. Work continued for the gross alpha, gross beta and gamma spectroscopy analyses of r.irconia materials used in producing femoral heads in hi His senice work is required by llowmedica Inc. of New th its zirconia Jersey w:p supplier, joint replace Morgan Matroc Limited, Warwickshire, England. Radon in air analysis is available but state certification for this service is no longer maintained.
Reactor analytic work previously provided by the LLRML will be provided by the RAL. Dese analyses include gross alpha / beta activity for the reactor pool water, Cobalt-60 pool water, and the reactor's secondary heat exchanger water and Tritium content analysis of reactor pool water. Gamma spectroscopy analysis will continue to be performed on these samples when the gross alpha or gross beta action limit is exceeded and on a quarterly basis. The RAL will also 0, tank exh month. The continue to measure the Tritium concentration in the Deutenum Oxide (D2 6.000 gallon holding tank for the pool make-up water will continue to be analyzed according to llealth Physics requiremunts once a year. Five hundred seventy three (573) semiconductor irradiations were perfonned last year at the RSEC laboratory personnel prepared each set of devices for irradiation, calculatert the 1 MeV Silicon Equivalent fluence received, and determined the radioisotopes produced in the devices. nese devices were then retumed to the experimenter in accordance with NRC and DOT regulations. Semiconductor chip pieces were analyzed to determine whether any trace contaminants were introduced during the production process. We facility performed sixteen (16) isotope production runs of either Na 24, Br-82 or Ar-41 for industrial use during the past fiscal year. The lab is continuing the process ofimproving its capabilities to provide radioactive tracer materials by analyzing and testmg chemicals as trques:ed
. by customers to expand its list of approved chemicals.
Penn State students and faculty members continue to use the services offered by the Radionuclear Applications Laboratory. Analysis work was performed for gmduate and ' undergraduate students in the Nuclear Engineering, Anthropology and Ilotticulture departments. A major aroject with students from the Anthropolgy department involved characterizing various samples of o asidian and rhyolite using Neutron Acuvation Analysis (NAA) to determine the concentrations of specific elements. The obsidian samples originate from Central America and the thyolite samples are collected in the United States, ne Radionuclear Applications Laboratory (RAL) was involved in a project with JWK Intemational for the NAA of Carbon-based and ceramic-based catalysts to detect contamination in 21 l
the production process of these cctalysts. These tests were run in conjunction with tests perfomied at Missouri's reactor facility. Mark Oliver of Aberdeen Army Proving Grounds used the reactor to perform an experiment measuring flux levels using diodes, Sulfur pellets, and Rhodium foils. This is a follow up of some wcek that had been performed by Mr. Oliver to characterize the flux in our 6" Fast Flux 1rradiation Fixture. Dr. Atxtul Dulloo of the Westinghouse Science & Technology Center is us!ng our reactor to irradiate devices to study the effects of irradiation on particular types of electronic devices, his is
. an ongoing study,in which the devices are irradiated and analyzed a series of time to determine the .
effects of the vanous fluence levels received by the devices. The Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute used the RALin activation analysis work , of bomb blast dispersions. A series of filters was activated and analyzed to aid in studyin.; the dispersion pattem of bomb blasts. %is is a continuation of previous work performed at tie Teactor. A new irradiation fixture, the Fast Neutron Irradiator (FNI), cas installed in June of 1997 and is in the process of being qualified to use for semiconductor irradiations. This fixture has an inner diameter of approximately 10" and, therefore, will accept larger sized devices. Analytical work performed on the new design indicates the FNI should provide a higher fast to thermal neutron flux ratio, as well as a lower gamma flux, than the 6" Fast Flux Tube (FFT) currently in use. l. 22
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-VIII. -THE ANGULAR CORRELATIONS LABORATORY De Angul.,r Correlations laboratosy has been in operadon for appmximately 11 years. De laboratory, which is located in Room 116 and Room 4 of the RSEC, is under the direction of Pmfassor Gary L Catchen. De laboratory contains dvee spectmmeters for making Perturbed Angular Conelation (PAC) measurements. One apparatus, which has been in operation for ten 1
years, measures four coincidences concunently usmg Cesium Fluoride detectors. A second j g a pectrometer was acquired six years ago, and it measures four coincidences concunently usin -
* - Larium Fluodde detectors. A third spectrometer was set up three years ago to aw - -We t;w i inmessed demand for measurement capability, ne detectors and elesunks provide a nominal !
time resoludon of 1 neec FWHM, which places the measurements at the state-of the an in the field ~ c* of Perturbed Angular Conclation Spectroscopy. j Cunently, Penn State has a unique research program that uses PAC characterine technologically important electrical and optical materials. n_ i spuhesis of ideas from two traditionally very different branches of chemistry, materials chemistry. : and nuclear chemistry. Although the scientific questions are germane to the field of materials chemistry, the PAC technique and its associated theoretical basis have been pan of the fields of
' nuclear chemistry and radiochemisay for several decades. De National Science Foundation is sponsoring the program, and the Office of Naval Research sponsored this program in the past.
De PAC technique is based on substituting a radioactive probe atom such as either 1111n or l 181Hfinto a specific site in a chemical system. Because these atoms have special nuclear j wopertiet the nuclear (electric quacupole and magnetic dipole) moments of these atoms can -
- nteract with the electric field gradients (cfg's) and hyperfine magnetic fields pmducal by the extranuelear environment. <
Salk nuclear electric quadm mie interactions can 'de a measure of the strength and ' nucleus. In the case of static interacdons, symmsy of the crystal field in t w vicinity of the
- the vibradonal monon of the atoms in the lattice is very rapid relative to the PAC timescale, i.e.,
0.1-500 neoc. As a result, the measured ef3 appears to anse from the time averaged positions of ; the atoms, and the sharpness of the spectra lines reflects this " motional narrowing" effect. In 3 contrast to stade interactions, time-varvmr interactions arise when the efg fluctuates dudng the intermediate stase lifedme. Dese interactions can provide information about defect and ionic l transport. De effect of the efg fluctuating in either strength or direction, which can be caused, for i example, by lons "hoppir.g" in and out of lattice sites, is to destroy the orientation of the ! intermedi.ae state. Experimentally, this loss of orientation appears as the attenuation or " smearing-out" of the angular conclation. And, often a correspondence can be made between the rate of attenuation and frequency of the motion that produced the attenuation. l 1 Magnetic hyperfine interactions, which can be measured in fenomagnetic and paramagnetic bulk and thin-fum materials, are used to study the effects of defects and lattice distonions in metal a and semiconducting structures that have nominal cubic symmetry. De general approach is to . , , measure the magnetic hyperfine interaction in a material with few defects. De cubic symmetry requires that the electric quadrupole interaction vanishes. When either defects or distonions are i zoduced, a quadrupole interacten arises that attenuates the usually wr.il def'med magnetic unteracdons. Hus, the analysis of this attenuation can provide information, for example, about the , i
- type of defect that produced the quadrupole interaction, Cunent labcratory research is detailed in Section A of this report. ,
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IX. RADIATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING CENTER RESEARCII UTILIZATION . Research continues to be the major focus of the RSEC. A wide variety of research projects are currently in progress as indicated on the following pages. He University oriented research projects are arranged alphabetically by department in Section A. Theses, publications, papers and technical presentations follow the research description to which they pertain. In addition, Section B lists other urdversity and industrial research utilizing the facility. j He reportin;; of research information to the editor of this re mrt is at the option of the researcher, ard tiertfore the research arojects in Sections A and 11 are only representative of the research at the facility, ne projects c escribed involved 6 poster sessions,10 technical reports, - presentations, or papers,2 talks,12 publications,1 patent, I undergraduate honor's thesis,7 masters' theses, and 8 dxtoral theses. He examples cited are not to be construed as publications or announcements of research. The publication of research utilizing the RSEC is the prerogative of the researcher. Appendix A lists all university, industrial and other users of RSEC facilities, including those listed in Sections A and B. Names of personnel are arranged alphabetically under their department and college or undet their company or other affiliation. During the past year,43 faculty and staff members,41 gmduate students and 7 undergraduate students have used the facility for research. His represents a usage by 13 departments or sections in 5 colleges of the University. In addition, 44 individuals from 26 industries, research organizations or other universities used the RSEC facilities. a 6 25
l i 1 i l Page Intentionally Left Blank e
- S 9 26
I SECTION A. PENN STATE RESEARCH UTILIZIN3 THE FACILITIES OF THE RADIATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING CENTER Anthronolorv GEOCHEMICAL VARIATION IN PREHISTORIC ObblDIAN SOURCES EXPLOITED BY KAMINALJUYU MAYA IN GUATEMALA.
Participants:
K. Hirth O. Bondar A. J. Vomax . Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation, Radiation Counters and laboratory Space he abilit to identify the sources of raw material exploited by prehistoric so:letics gives archaeol ists valuable insights into the economic and political structure of these groups. Between 1,500 B. and A.D.1,500, the Guatemalan center of Kaminaljuyu served as the fxal point for archistorie activity that developed, around A.D. 600,into a major Maya center. After this time, iowever, the high level of organization in this society disintegrated to a much more simple level. Neutron activation analysis is a probing technique for chemically characterizing sources of geologic raw material. Bis research examined eighteen samples both between major sources and within sources with samples from different quarties. He results, which increase the resolution of exisdn g data, show that increased defm' ition of the prehistoric political landscape should be possib c. Undergraduate Honors Thesis Sponsor: University Scholars Program $300 Anthmoolorv OBSIDIAN SOURCE ANALYSIS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SPECIMENS FROM XOCHICALCO, MEXICO
Participants:
K. Hirth G. Bondar Services Provided: Neutmn Irradiation, Radiation Counters and Laboratory Space . De study is attempting to reconstmet prehistoric trade routes by matching the chemical composition of obsidian to natural geological outcrops of the same matenal. This will allow us to . reconstruct the movement of matenalin the past along ancient trade routes. One ihnitation of past studies was the small sample size used to reconstruct trade routes. his project will use a sample of about 300 specimens to identify prehistoric econonuc activity. Instead of using all obsidian as the sample, artifacts will be stratified by tool class and examined to detemune if there were economic differences (and sources)in the obsidian used to manufacture different tools. The 1995 96 school year was used to establish the methodology used to carry out the analysis. Apptuximately 150 samples were analyzed during the 1996-97 academic year Work will continue through the 1997 98 academic year. 27
i A report of our preliminary findings," Supply Side Economics: Obsidian Sources and the Means of Procurement for Xochicalco's Production Specialists", authored by G. Bondar, K. Hirth, and T. Daubenspeck, was presented at the 1997 national meetings of the Society for American j Archaeology. Sponsor: _ National Science Foundation $1.500 Anthropology PREHISTORIC METARHYOLITE USE AND MIGRATION IN THE MID. ATLANTIC
Participants:
X. Hinh G. Bondar Services Provided: Neutron irradiation, Radiation Counters and Laboratory Space 4000 yean ago, significant changes occuned in the Native American cultures of the Mid Atlantic and Nonheastern regions of what is now the United States. 'Ihese have been attributed to either a migration of southern people into the region or, alternatively, a transfer of traits from southern
- cultures. 'Ihis study will attempt to clanfy this issue. ;
I One of the ma hr cultural changes that occuned was the dramatically increased use of a lithic material called is limited to several widely. separated formations, metarhyolite. one of which Metarhyolite runs, roughly, alongin the a northregions of study / south line through thi
- Mountains. I hypothesize that I should be able to differentiate between group migration and l culturaldiffusion in this setting.
t Using the NAA capabilities of the Breazeale Nuclear Reactor facility, I intend to chemically characterize artifacts and geolope sources so as to match archaeological artifacts from dated sites to their sources of raw material.1 expect to see a north through time if a migration had occuned. progression of source exploita , Cunently, no quantitative examination of data has related to this issue. However, the significance , of this research extends beyond the borders of this study area. One reason why I selected this 1 topic was because it has the potential to discem an actual population migration based mrely on the prove useful material to examine culture prehistanc ofmigrations aprehistoric througsociety, hout the world.if successful, this method of ana> At present, this research is at the stage of determining methodology and collecting data. Work on ;
- this pro.iect will continue throughout the next several yean. .
Doctoral *Ihesis: Bondar, O. H., and K. O. Hinh, adviser. Prehistoric Metarhyolite Use and Migration in the Mid. ; Atlantic Region. In progress.
- Publication:.
s Progress report at the 1997 Workshops in Archaeometry conference at SUNY/ Buffalo, February 1997. 28
- . . = . -.-... _ a. . - . - - _ - _ _ _ _ . - . _ . - -
l Blachemlurv and Molecelar Biolorv GENETIC AND MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF A DROSOPIIILA liOMOLOG OF i MYOD.
Participants:
S. M. Abmayr C. A. Keller Service Provided: GammaIrradiation j j Gamma irradiation of Drosophila is routinely used tc, generate deletions in particular regions of the fly's genome. Our research l ocuses on the identification and characterization of genes avolved in muscle development in the fruit fly. Nautilus, one gene of interest, is the Drosophila homolog of l MyoD, a gene that has shown to be involved in vertebrate muscle developrnent. The nautilus gene has been cloned and we are in the pmcess of identifying its role in myogenesis in the fly embryo. To study the effects of the loss of naurilus, we are generating mutations that disrupt the nautilus gene. Several large deletions that remove nautilus,in addition to nearby genes, have aheady been generated. In brief, the progeny ofirradiated flies are examined for the loss of genetic markers in this region to identify the desired deletions. These deletions occur with a frequency of approximately 1 in 10,000 progeny. DoctoralThesis: Keller, C. A., and S. M. Abmayr, adviser. Genetic and Molecular Analysis of a Drosophila llomolog of Myod. In progress. Publication: Abmayr, S.M. and C.A. Keller.1997. Drosophila Myogenesis, and Insights Into the Role of Naurllus, the MyoD liomolog. Curr Topics Dev. B .ol. In press. Presentation:
" Genetic and Molecular Analysis of Muscle Development in Drosophila." November 1,1996.
l Dept. of Biology,'Ihe University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA. Talk. Sponsor: National Science Foundation $330,000 /3 years l Biochemiurv and Moleenlar Biolony IDENTIFICATION OF GFNES ASSOCIATED WIT 11 MYOBLAST FUSION. .
Participants:
S.M. Abmayr
- B.A. Bour '
M. Chakravarti Service Provided: Gamma Irradiation Gamma inadiation is routinely used in Dmsophila to generate deletions in regions of interest in the
. fly's genome. Our research involves the identification and examination of genes that are involved in musclo development of the fruitfly. One such gene, sns, was originally found on the basis of its mutant phenotype,in genetic screens designed to identify new genes involved in myogenesis.
'Ihis mutauon has been genetically mapped on the chromosome and at present our focus is to clone the gene responsible for the defect in muscle development in the sns mutants. Deletions that remove this gene as well as its flanking regions in the genome have beers generated to provide us 29
with DNA breakpoints that would refine the location of the gene. The progeny of the irradiated flies are examined for the loss of genetic markers in this reg on to identify the desired delet ions. he frequency of these deletions is approximately 1 in 10.(X)0 progeny. Doctoral % eses: l Bour, B.A., and S.M. Abmayr, advir,er. Molecular and Genetic Characterization of Myogenic Genes Within Cytological Region 43-46 in Drosophila Melanogaster. In progress. Chanvarti, M., and S.M. Abmayr, adviser. Genetic and Molecular Characterization of Genes , . Associated with Myoblast Fusion in Drosophila. In progress. . Erickson, M.R.S., and S.M. Abmayr, adviser. De Identification and Characterization of the Drosophila Myoblast City Gene. In progress. , Publication: Erickson, M.R.S., B.J. Galletta and S.M. Abmayr.1997. Drosophila mbe encodes a conserved ! protein that is essential for myoblast fusion, dorsal closure and cytoskeletal organization. J. Cell Biol. In press. Presentations: A, ayr, S.M., M.R. Erickson, B.J. Gelletta, C.A. Keller and M. Grill. June 22 27,1997. Genes Associated with Muscle Development in Drosophila. Gordon Research Conference on Developmental Biology. Andover, Nil. Poster. Abmayr, S.M., M.R. Erickson, and B.J. Galletta. April 16,1997. The myoblast city gene Encodes a 111 ghly Conserved PrrAcin that is Essential for Myoblast Fusion. Keystone Symposia on Molecular and Cell Biology: Molecular Biology of Muscle Development, Snowmass, CO. Poster. Erickson, M.R., B.J. Galletta and S.M. Abmayr. April 16-20,1997. "The myoblast city (mhe) Gene Encodes a liighly Conserved Protein that is Essential for Myogenesis" 38th Annual Drosophila Research Conference, Chicago, IL. Talk.
" Genetic and Molecular Analysis of Muscle Development in Drosophila." November 1,1996.
Dept. of Biology, nc Umversity of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA. Talk.
" Myogenesis in Drosophila: Genes and Genetics" Septt.nber 21,1996. BMB/ Biology Joint Research Forum, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. Talk.
Sponsor: NationalInstitutes for Health $963,687 (total costs /5 years) Chemktry Depamnent SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYPHOSPHAZENES FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS.
Participants:
H. R. Allcock W. R. Laredo R. Draughn Service Provided: Gamma Irradiation 30
1 Polyphosphazenes are curnntly being investigated for their use as temporary scaffolds for fibroblast cell growth. The aim is to grow cells on a polynwr mat-ix in vitro followed by l implantation of the device into an area of the body that has undergone trat ma or degenerative decay. The body can then use its own nmchanisms to funher the growth and proliferation of the cells to form the desired tissue (cartilage, endothelial cells, smooth muscle). The polymer is designed to eventually degrade, leaving the regenerated tissue intact and confonning to the f dimensions of the matnx. The polyphosphazenes synthes zed and tested have a wide variety of I side poups from amino acid derived, which are blodegradable, to trifluomethoxy derived, which I are bioinert. One of the key requirements of these polymers prior to testing is sterility. There are different ways this can be achieved including radiation. Polymen were gamma irradiated (Cobalt- *
- 60) at five different levels - 1.25,2,2.5,3.5, and 5 Mrads. Most of the polymers studied cross- i linked at levels greater than 2. Since cross linking alters the degradation characteristics, work is l being carried out to determine the minimum radiation required to sterilize without cross linking.
- Doctoral 1hesis:
Laredo, W.R. and II.R. Allcock, adviser. Polyphosphazenes for Biomedical Applications. In progress. Putlication: Allcock, ll.R., Laredo, W.R., and Draughn, R. L. Fibroblast Cell Growth on 2 D and 3 D Polyphosphazene Matrices. To be submitted late 1997, early 1998. Chemktry Denartment SYNTIIESIS OF POLYPIf 0SPIIAZENES FOR USE AS GEL ELECTROLYTES,
Participants:
II. R. Allcock E. C. Kellam, Ill T. J. Ilartle Service Provided: GammaIrradiation m Polyphospharenes are being examined for use as gel elecne yte materials for potential battery apphcations. In order to form a gel, a small molecule additive must be incorporated into the 3hazene, 1olymer matrix.1hc current po ymer being examined, a methoxyethoxyethoxy polyphos acks dimensional stability and the ability to swell and retain solvent unut it is cross imkec . Currently one of the best known methods of cross linking these samples is via gamma irradiation. After cross linking, the sam ale is placed in a variety of high dielectric constant solvents and
- allowed to swell, then testet for conducting properties. The goal is to find a level of radiation that .
initiates a degree of cross linking which will afford dimensional stability, allow absorption of a small molecule and subsequent gel formation, as wc!! as allowing high levels ofionic conduction.
. Currently 2 Mrads of irradiation is being tested and there are plans for varying exposures in the ,
future based on the results. DoctoralThesis: Laredo, W.R. andII.R. Allcock, adviser. Polyphosphazenes for Biomedical Applications,2000. Publication: Allcock,ll.R., LareA, W.R., and Draughn, R. L. Fibroblast Cell Growth on 2 D and 3 D Polyphosphazene Matrices. To te submitted late 1997 carly 1998. 31
ChernIttry Denartment BLOCK CO. POLYMER SYNTilESIS WITilIN TIIE ADDUCTS OF TRIS (OPIIENYLENEDIOXY)CYCLOTRIhf 0SPil AZENE . Panicipants:' 11. R. Allcock P. Pdmrose ; Service Provided: Gamma inwtiation
'Ihe Joal of this project is to synthesize block co-polymers which normally do not form using stanc ard solution techniques. This may be achieved first by inclusion of an initial monomer within the adducts of tris (o-phenylenedioxy)cyclotriphosphazene. Second, this solid is evacuated to remove excess monomer and thnn exposed to gamma irradiation for a specific period of time.
Once irradiated, this solid will be exposed to a second monomer and will be left to sit for appraximately one week. '!hrough this simple procedure, it is hoped that block co-polymer formation will be achieved. , Entomology RADIATION OF IIOUSE FLY PUPAE Panicipants: A. Ilower O. Godwin Service Provided: Gamma Irradiation Use of radiation as mortality factor and as a sterilant for house fly. Focx1 Science IRRADIATION OF MUSIIROOMS . s ' CTS ON QUALITY AND SIIELF LIFE Panicipant: R. Beelman Service Provided: Ganuna Irradiation Twx1 Science IRRADIATION OF CilICKEN SKINS AND BEEF TISSUES TO DESTROY HACKGROUND MICROFLORA PRIOR TO INOCULATION WITil FOODBORNE . PATilOGENS, . Panicipant: S. Knabel Service Pmvided: GammaIrradiation Gamma inadiation was used to kill all background mictoflora on fresh chicken skins and beef tissue samples. 'Ihe irradiated chicken skins were subsequently inoculated with Salmonella , typhimurium and the irradiated beef tissues inoculated with E. coli 0157:117 and then treated with vadous combinations of high pil/high temperature to determine the rate of destruction. Sponson Depanment of Food Science 32
I i MadanienlEnginnedag l NEUTRON RADIOGRAPHIC' ANALYSIS OF MACROSEGREGATION IN ; l BINARY METAL ALLOYS-Panicipants: P. B. Cheung _ B Kim I Service Provided: Neutron Radiography Convective transport are im portant during solidificadon of metal alloys. Fluid flows in the two phase (mush and the fully nu ted regions are caused by thermally and solutally induced buoyancy forces 3 solidincanon of s. Pluid flows in the mushy and the melt regions i have a profound innuence on the tuotall structure and chemical homogeneity of the final - ng alloy is responsible for macrosegregadon, a l casdng. Moreover,conveedon in the ' inawaribution of solute in casdngs.- A combined numerical and experimental study of convective phenomenaduring solidincation of On in ' Gallium Indium) alloy has been perf and the effects of varying . thermal boundary condldon have been considered. Exleriments have been performed in a vertical ' i
' equare cavity, which is cooled from a side wall while t u other wall is heated. Ex ts are - t underway to analyse the solidified ingot for aray macrosegregation using Neutron 'ography and !
comparisons will be made with numerical predictions. j , 4mm. 'Ihe intensity of i Neutron Radiography uses a collimated beam of neutrons to penetrate the neutmn beam exidnt the specimen depends on thickness and neutron a a 5=bsor xion characteristics of the specimen. 'Ihere s a lar se difference in neutron absorption coefficients for Gallium (Os) ; i and Indium (In). In other wort s, Gallium is relatively trans.,urent to the neutron beam while ! j Indium is simnsly absorbing. 'Ihe neutron radiograph of the solidified ingot will show the distribution of Ga and In constituents, which is related to convection pattems during solidification. l t To relate the neutmn beam intensity with 0. sin concentradons, a calibradon device was fabricated. Using the calibration device, a few experiments at the Nuclear Ret.ctor were garmed. 'Ihe films obtained usin g Neutron Radiography wcse analyzed to develop a correladon uses the film t i density and C a In concentradons. Presently, films of the solidified ingot are being taken and the distribution of On In constituents is being determined analyzing the film, using the relationship found from the calibration device. _: f DoctoralT.esis: ; Kim, B., and P. J. Prescott, adytser. An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of I .4 Convection Heat and Mass Transfer During Solidificadon of Binary Metal Alloys. . , in progress. a Publication: , , Kim. B., and P. J. Prescott. Neutron Radiogra ic Measurement ofference, 1996 NationalHeat Transfer Macrose%ation in anj Expen' mentally ASME, August 3-6,1996 Solidified Houston,BinaryTexas. Metal Al y,In press. l
?
33 , M r
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Nudear Enrineering STRUCTURAL PilASE TRANSITION AND Tc DISTRIBUTION IN Hf DOPED . LaMnO3 INVESTIGATED USING PERTURBED. ANGULAR. CORRELATION l' SPECTROSCOPY
Participants:
O. L. Catchen W. E. Evenson , D. Allred l l Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation and Angular Correlations Lab l 1 Using petturbed angular correlation (PAC) spectroscopy, via the 1st}{r_4 stTa probe,
- i we have measured Mn site electric field gradients (EFGs) at Ta nuclei in ceramic samples of LaMnO 3. Two crystallographic phases coexist over a temperature interval of = 16 K near the orthorhombic-to rhombohedral transition at = 724 K, which shows a thermal hysteresis of
=
EFG 1.710.2 K. Concurrently,5, parameten, Vn,9, and and the ratio of the probe concentrations At/A2. T apparent coexistence of two phases in this weakly first order transition, we present a model that assumes a spatial distribution of T,- values. This distribution could arise from a spatially non-uniform distribution of Mn + d ions. We show the PAC technique to be a uniquely powerful probe of local symmetries that reflects the effects of a local distribution of valences, which drive the , phase transition. Publication: Catchen, O. L., W. E. Evenson and D. Allred. Structural Phase Transition and Te Distribution in lif Doped LaMnO3 Investigated Using Perturbed Angular-Correlation Spectroscopy, Physical ReviewB,53: R3679 R3682, August 1996. Nuclear Engineering CIIARACTERIZING PilASE TRANSITIONS IN Tile PEROVSKITES PbTIO3 AND BaTIO3 USING PERTURHED. ANGULAR. CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY
Participants:
O. L. Catchen E. F. liollinger T. M. Rearick Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation and Angular Correlations Lab Perturbed angular-correlation (PAC) spectroscopy was used to measure in ceramic samples of PbTiO3and BaTi% the temperature dependence of the Ti-site electric ficld gradients (EFOs) at temperatures very uose to the ferroelectric to paraclectric transition tempratures T9. The samples were doped with small amounts oflif that carried the ;8111f-+181Ta pro:e radioactivity. A high-frequency nuclear quadrupole interaction that decreases very little as the tem wrature approaches Te chameterizes the PbTiO 3 transition. He tetragonal and cubic phases for Pb703appear to coexist over a temperature interval of 8 i 1 K, and the transition shows a thermal hysteresis of about 4 K. In contrast, a lower frequency interaction that decreases rapidly as temperature approaches Te, characterizes the BaTiO3 transition. Both phases of BaTiO3 appear to coexist over an interval of about 2 K, and the thermal hysteresis is about 1 K. At terrperatures above Te, both PbTiO3 and BaTiO3show weak, non vanishing Ti site EFOs. Althougi, for BaTiO3 , this effect limits that accuracy with which critical effects can be measured, we estimate a power law exponent = 0.21 34
i i 0.05, which most likely is somewhat lower in magnitude than the actual critical exponent. For the explanation of our observations we assume the existence of a distdbution of Te values. 'Ihe distribution would arise because the crystals could have spatially non uniform distributions of nucleation sites, which for PbTiO 3and BaTiO3 could be point defects. Master's Thesis: l Ilollinger, E. F., and O. L Catchen, adviser. Charactedzation of the Ferroelectric to-Parnelectric ' Phase Transition in Barium Titanate by Perturbed Angular Correlation Spectroscopy,1995. Publication: Catchen, O. L, E. F. Ilollinger and T. M. Rearick. Characterizing Phase Transitions in the Perovskites PbTiO3 and BaTiO 3Using Perturbed Angular Correlation Spectroscopy. . Zeischrift der Naturforschung, Sla,411 421, July 1996. Nuclear Ennineerinn ELECTRIC. FIELD GRADIENTS AND SUPERTRANSFERRED MAGNETIC IIYPERFINE FIELDS AT tstTa PROHE IONS IN TifE PEROVSKITES LaMnO3 AND NdMnO3
Participants:
O. L. Catchen R. L. Rasera T. M. Rearick Services Provided: Angular Correlations Lab, Labo/atory Space and Isotope Production Penurbed yray angular correlation measurements hr.ve been carried out on the antiferromagnetic perovskites NdMnO 3and LaMnO with 3 the dilute tracer 18811f substituted into the Manganese site. Above the N6cl temperature TN, both compounds show a very large (mollaMnO )3= 158(1) Mrad /s, (moiNdMnO3] = 191(1) Mrad /s and highly anisotropic electric-quadrupole interaction (EQI) at the 1stTa probe (11 = 0.8 in both cases). Below TN a supertransferred magnetic hyperfine field appears, of a strength comparable to that of the EQl. Analysis of the resulting combined interacuon suggests that the angle [1 between the principal axis of the EQI tensor and the direction of the magnet c field is near 65 . Publication: Rasera, R. L., O. L. Catchen and T. M. Rearick. Electric Field Gradients and Supertransferred ' Magnetic ilyperfine Fields at istTa Probe lons in the Perovskites LaMnO3 and NdMnO3 10th Intemational Conference on Ilyperfine Interactions, Leuven Belgium, August 28 - Septembu 1,1995, Baltzer Science Publishers, Basel, Switzerland,1996. . Stdtar Encincedne TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF Mn SITE MAGNETIC llYPERFINE FIELDS AND ELECTRIC FIELD GRADIENTS IN LaMnO3 AND NdMnO3 MEASURED USING PERTURHED ANGULAR CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY
Participants:
O. L. Catchen R. L. Rasera i 35 1
Services Provided: Neutmn Irradiation and Angular Correlations Lab Using penurbed angular-correlation (PAC) spectroscopy, via the 18111f 4181Ta probe, we have measured the temperature dependence of the magnetic hyperfmc field (MIIF) and the clectric field gradients (El 0) at the Mn sites in the compounds LaMnO3 and NdMnO3, which magnetically order at 140K and 85K respectively. We prepared ceramic samples of these compounds doped only with 0.07 at. % lif to cany the 18111f radioactivity, and we sintered the samples at 1770K under Ar gas to reduce the Mnh lon concentration. The measured perturbation functions for both compounds, the Mn site EFGs, which we measured at
- temperatures tetween 10K and 295K, show essentially no dependence on temperature, and the associated quadrupole frequencies and asymmetries of the EFGs are very large: an=158.3(2) 1 . Mrad s 1 and n - 0.82(1) for LaMnO 3and an=190.9(3) Mrad s 1 and q - 0E0(2) for NdMnO3 - ,
For teth compounds, a power law with an exponent of 0.4(2) represents well the reduced. , temperature dependence of the super transferred MilGs, which have zero K magnitudes of : 34.8(x) kOc for LaMnO 3and 28.6(x) kOc for NdMnO .3 In addition to these quantities, the analysis of the combined magnetic dipole and electric-quadrupole interaction yields the Euler angle P between the principal z~ axis of the EFG and the direction of the MIIF, which is 56.5(5)Q at 10K for LaMnO3and 62.5(5)Q at 10K for NdMnO3. For LaMnO 3, this angle shows no discemible temperature dependence; but, for NdMnO 3, this angle decreases slowly and linearly as temperature increases. These results demonstrate that PAC spectrosco?y can provide new, unique structural information about magnetic ordering in these compounds witi which theoretical calculatloas can te tested. Publication: Catchen, G. L., W. E. Evenson and D. Alired. Structural Phase Transition and Te Distribution in lif Doped LaMnO Investigated 3 Using Perturbed Angular Correlation Spectroscopy, Physical Rcriew B. S: R3679 R3682, August 1996. Nuclear Engineering VARIOUS ANALYES OF SAMPLES USING Tile SERVICES OF Tile i RADIONUCLEAR APPLICATIONS LAHORATORY < Panicipant: T. II. Daubenspeck Services Prmided: Neutmn Irradiation, Neutron Activation Analyses, Radiation Counters, Flux Monitoring, Shielding Design , Sixteen (16) isotope production runs were perf( l rd during the past year; 13 runs for Tru Tec and 3 runs for Tracerco. These runs included 10 irrautations to produce 1.685 Ci of Argon-41,5 runs to pmduce 2.35 Ci of Hmmine 82, and I run to produce 0.5 Ci of Sodium 24. Penn State is also involved with assisting Tru Tec in the design of a new and impmved Argon shipping container, A total of 573 semiconductor irradiations were performed during the past year at the RSEC Ilarris Semiconductor - 503, TRW, Inc. - 44, Raytheon Company 20, Ilughes Aircraft - 4, and E Systems - 2. Irradiation and analysis of Carten tused and ceramic based catalysts to detect contamination in the production process of these catalysts. (Lawrence Forsley JWK International Corporation) Irradiation and analyses of obsidian and rhyolite samples. (Greg Bondar Anthropology) 36 1- w-gam-- -er ys,-+-9 g w ,,_;.,,,,,.,.,,. , _ ,
Irradiation and measurement of diodes, Sulfur pellets, and Oux foils for continued characteriztlon i of the neutron Dux in our 6" irradiation fixture. (Mark Oliver Abenleen Army Proving Grounds) the effects of radiation on panicular types of devices. Irradiation (Dr. Abdul Dullooand Westinghouse analyses of Science devices to study & Technology Center) Irradiation and analyses of filters to determine bomb blast dispersion pattems. (Mark Moore he Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute)
. Flux measurements using Gold Aluminum, Aluminum, Zirconium,Imn, Scandium, and Nickel
- foils for determination ot neutmr. Spectrum in 10" diameter Fast Neutmn Irradiation (FNI).
NAA dh as for high school / college / miscellaneous tours. (Davison Nuclear Engineering) . Nuclear Encineering NE 451, UNDERGRADUATE LABORATORY OF REACTOR EXPERIMENTS Panicipants: R. M. Edwards W. A. Jester Victor Shyu M. E. Bryan Services Provided: Laboratory Space, Machine Shop, Electronics Shop, SUN SPARC server computer system, Reactor Instrumentation and Suppon Staff.
%c Nuclear Engineering 451 course 1 the second of two required 3 credit hboratory courses.
Each weekly laboratory exercise usually consists of 2 lectures and onc labonitory session. He first course (NucE 450) covers radiation instrumentation af measuiement and is conducted in the 2nd semester of the junior year. By the beginning of the senior year, the students have already covered the LaMarsh Intmduction to Nuclear Engineering text including reactor point kinetics. He 451 course then emphasizes experiments using the instrumentation that wa coveted in the first course arxl is divided into two (more or less) equal " tracks", These tracks can be coarsely described as TRIGA and non TRIGA experiments and each is the major responsibility of a different professor. He non TRIG A track includes 3 graphite pile,2 analog simulation, and I power plant measurement experiment. In 1996, the TRIG A track included:
- 1. Digital Simulation of TRIGA Reactor Dynamics
- 2. ".arge Reactivity Insenion (Pulsing)
- 3. ControlRodCalibration
- 4. ReactorFrequency Response
- 5. Neutron Noise
- 6. ReactorContml This sequence was fust intmduced in 1991 when the reactor control experiment replaced a tractor gamma field measurement experiment and the digital simulation exercise was modified to point kinetics from its previous focus on Xenon dynamics. he laboratory utilizes Macintosh computers with GW Electronics MacAdios Jr data acquisition hardware and Superscope 11 software. he Superscope 11 softwam was a major software upgrade for 1993 and with its new point by point seamless mode enabled effective reacdvity calculations and control experiments. The Mathworks SIMULINK simulation software was used for the digital simulation exercise for the first time in 1992. Reactor control is offered as a graduate course in our depanment but until 1991 our undeptaduates did not receive a complete intmduction to feedback control. In the Fall of 1994, a new UNIX network compatible control system was utilized for the reactor control experiment. The new system was also acquired to enhance the NSF/EPRI sponsored research and is describeci in 37
more detail in subsequent sections. The UNIX Network compatible controller programtrdng is i performed using the Mathworks SlhiULINK block pmgramming language in a SUN SPARC workstation. An automatic C code generation process pmduces ud downloads the necessary real-time pmgram for execution in a micropmcessor based controller with an E111ERNET network interface to the host workstation. We 1994 version of the control experiment thus unified all of the MATLAB/SIMULINK instruction earlier in the course into a demonstration of state-of the an CASE based control system design and implementation. Nuclear Engineering NE 456. UNDERGRADUATE INDEPENDENT STUDY ON REACTIVITY COMPUTERS Panicipants: R. M. Edwards Pat Boyle Mohammed Asad Jim Schwer Services Provided: Laboratory Space, SUN SPARC server computer system, Reactor Instrumentation and Support Staff. Ec project systematically studied various permutations of reactivity computer configurations in order to determine the performance of different setups. Reactivity computers were implemented on UNIX and Macintosh computers. Signals were obtained from multiple CIC setups, log channel of the auxiliary fission chamber, and calibrated linear channel from the reactor control console. A reactivity computer was developed using LabTech notebook on a PC computer but was not tested. We asymptotic period method was compmd with the reactivity computers and the UNIX computer setup gave the closest value with least standard deviation from official PSBR values. De Macintosh computers consistently gave slightly lower values than the UNIX setup.
%c UNIX computer setup is a high perfonnance data-acquisition, analysis and (expensive) control system utillred 1 the NSF/EPRI project described previously. He Macintosh computers utilize a relatively towa st low p rformance (cheap) data acquisition system.
Shadow effects were studied and some small effects observed. Repon: Asad, Mohanuned, Jim Schwer and Roben M. Edwards. "NucE 4% Control Rod Calibration Experiraents at the Penn State Breazeale Reactor," Spring 1997. Nuclear Encineering NSF/EPRI: EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF POWER REACTOR INTELLIGENT CONTROL
Participants:
R. M. Edwants K. Y. Lee D.3.Ilughes 38
Services Provided: Laix>ratory Space, Machine Shop, Electronics Shop, SUN SPARC server computer system, Reactor Instmmentation and Support Staff. This was a major four and one half year project supported by the National Science Foundation and Electric Power Research Institute. Initiated in January 1993 and concluded in June 1997, the project was composed of five major tasks: 1) Advanced Direct Contml Experiments,2) Intelligent Control Research,3) Multivariable Control Capability 4)11ybrid Reactor / Simulation, and 5) Dissemination of Results. Specific activities during the 1996-97 academic year are summarized in the following descriptions.
~
Final Reports to Sponsor: Experimental Development Of Power Reactor Intelligent Control; Overview and Results from - Tad: I Advanced Direct Control Experiments and Task V Dissemination of Results, EPRI RP 8030-04, June 1997. Experimental Development Of Power Reactor intelligent Control; Task II Intelligent Contml Research on TRIGA, EPRI RP 8030-04, June 1997, Experimental Develo ) ment Of Power Reactor Intelligent Control; Task Ill Multivadable Contml on TRIGA, EPRI R9 8030-04, June 1997. Experimental Development Of Power Reactor Intelligent Contml; Tsk IV Hybrid Reactor / Simulation Capability, EPRI RP 8030-04, June 1997. Sponsors: FERMI $12,000 (1992) NSF/EPRI (19931996) $300,000 FERMI $18,000 (1994) also, for the following two NSF/EPRI projects: Nuclear Engineering NSF/EPRI ADVANCED REACTOR TEMPERATURE CONTROL ALGORITIIMS
Participants:
R. M. Edwards G. L Meyers D. E. Hughes M. E. Bryan Services Pmvided: Laboratory Space, Machine Shop, Electronics Shop, SUN SPARC server computer system, Reactor Instrumentation and Support Staff. Advanced reactor temperature contml algorithms were developed in the first component of the NSF/EPRI project. The experimental protocol is based on a prototype TRIGA Reactor Optimal
. Control experiment conducted by Jim Turso during the Stunmer of 1991 and subsequent work by Mike Ibwer in 93 94, Steve Kenney in 94 96, and Miguel Cecenas and Richard Johns in 95-96.
In the lE 97 academic year, Gary Meyers concluded final expedments on robust control for reactor temperature. Master's Thesis: Meyers, G. L, and R. M. Edwanis, adviser " Robust Control of Reactor Temperature." A Master of Science'Ihesis in Nuclear Engir.ecting. In progress for December 1997 gradur. tion. 39
Paper: Meyers, O.L and R.M. Edwards," Robust Temperature Control For Advanced Reactors,"'Ihc ProceeAings of American Nuclear Society Meetinc on Advanced Reactors Safety. ARS'97 pp. I131 1138 Orlando, FL (June 1997). Nuclear Engineering NSF/EPRI MULTIVARIABLE CONTROL DEVELOPMENT , Panicipants: R. M. Edwards D. E. Ilughes
- 11.1). Gougar Services Prov!ded: Laboratory Space, Machine Shop, Electre 'ics Shop, SUN SPARC server computer system, Reactor Instrumentation ad Pt ppon Staff.
Experimental multivadable control capability was developed cs the thim component of the NSF/EPRI funded project. The benefits of advanced algorithms and intelligent control could be more clearly demonstrated in a multiple input multiple output system whera, failure in the ability to manipulate one of the inputs can be accommodated by appropriate action in remaining operational controlloops. In 1996-97 the design, construction and mitial testing of the shroud was completed. Supporting analyses included evaluation of past and recent coolant temperature profile measurements and detailed thermal hydraulic analyses using the COBRA and VIPRE codes. Master's hesis: Oougar,11. D. "Thermalliydraulle Analysis of the Penn State TRR;A Reretor for Multivariable Control," A Mast.r of Science hesis in Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, May 1997. Nuclear Engineering NEUTRON RADIOGRAPIIY EXPERIMENTS FOR VERIFICATION OF SOLUBLE BORON MIXING AND TRANSPORT MODELING UNDER NATURAL CIRCULATION CONDITIONS Panicipants: M. A. Feltus O. M. Morlang Service Provided: Neutron Radiography The n.ajor goal of this experimental research project is to provide separate effects tests in order to . benchmark Baron transpon models used in best-estimate thermal-hydraulic codes, such as RELAP and TRAC, Using simple and complicated fluid flow geometries, Boron mixing effects can be determined under natural circulation and low flow conditions using non intmsive, non-destructive Neutron Radiography techniques. His research effort seeks to provide experimental results to quantify Boron transpon and mixing effects and assess the Boron mixing models used in the NRC RELAP and TRAC thermal. hydraulics code series. The first series of experiments will model simple flow configurations to create Boron transport separate effects tests to benchmark code results. Later, tests will simulate natural circulation and low flow conditions in the reactor vessel during Boron injection during Anticipated Transients Without Scram (A'lWS) events and severe accident scenarios. ne Neutron 40
qualify thermal-hydraulic Boron tracking models, turbulent mixing assumptions, ctc., to upgrade NRC code models to really yield best-estimate insults. Neutron Radiography techniques provide a non intrusive, non-destmetive nxthed to "see" turbulent effects in fluid flow streams. De neutron imaging is able tMistinguish an image based on hydrogen content and other elements, rather than simple mass attenuation, as in the case of x- ' ray or gamma-ray imaging techniques. This means that the turbulent effects and small scale phenomena can be differentiated, without perturbing the fluid flow stream with instrumentation or flow blockages. Mor,: conventio tal fluid flow measurements yield udk mixing effects; however, the small concentration of Baron and solute phenomena can not be readily visualized. Resolution - can be achieved by real time or steady state video camera visualization. This implies that geometric effects, turbulent ud laminar flow, and Boron mixing effects can be determined under natural circulation and low flow conditions using Neutron Radiography. De proposed Neutron Radiography technique provides significant advantages over more convenuonalfluid flow methods: *
- 1. There is no perturbation in the flow stream by instmmentation.
- 2. Various densities, solution concentrations, flew rates, etc., can be used to demonstrate turbulent mixing effects.
- 3. The fine fluid flow structure can be resolved in apparatus that is not transparent, and resolved in three dimensions.
This research effoit will provide experimental benchmark information for Boron transport and mixing, for real time transient effects, and static imaging. The results from the tests can be used to qualify the Boron tracking models in NRC and industry thermal hydraulics codes, such as RELAP, TRAC, and RFTRAN. By using a neutron-transparent fluid at different flow rates, densities, and temxntures,it is possible to simulate Boron injection effects in ATWS conditions for BWR and PW"t cores. Effects of turbulence and mixing can be simulated and measured to
- assess thermal hydraulic code predictions.
DoctoralThesis: Morlang, G. M., and M. A. Feltus, adviser. Neutron Radiography Experiments for Verification of Soluble Boron Mixing and Transport Modeling Under Natural Circulation Conditions. In progress. Sponsor: Nuclear Regulatory Commission $56,406 Phase I(1IS3-1IS4)
$69,878 Phase II(1IS4 - 7S8)
Nuclear Engineerine
, DETERMINATION OF TIIE NUCLEAR INDUCED ELECTRICAL '
CONDUCTIVITY IN 311E FOR M/.GNETOllYDRODYNAMIC ENERGY CONVERSION
Participants:
R. Gould D. E. Ilughes L Bitteker Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation Preliminary flux measurements were made in the experimental stainless steel test chamber in L:j r%r of 1996, with pulsing experiments conducted in December 1996. The pmpose of the 41
l experiment was to obtain cxxrimental data needed to continue the concept of nuclear-driven magnetohydrodynamic (MED) energy conversion. The experiments consisted of a seties of I clectrical conductivity measurements in a quasi static volume of pure 3He for a gas temperature of 300-1500K, a gas density (rel, to std. atm. density) of 1 x 104 atm, and a neutron flux of 1 x 10-1 x 1026 cm.2s 1. The goal of these experiments was to provide a baseline data set for comparison to the model and to better determine the value of the concept of nuclear-driven MHD energy conversion. Leo Bitteker was a graduate student at the University of Flodda. He worked with Los Alamos
, National Lab in the design and construction of his experimental rig. .
Mastt r's Thesis: Bitteker, L. Determination of the Nuclear-Induced Electrical Conductivity in 3He for Magnetohydrodynamic Energy Conversion. University of Florida,1997. Nuclear Engineering PlPE WALL THICKNESS MEASUREMENT USING SCATTERED GAMMA RAYS
Participants:
R. Gould E. S. Kenney E. H. Klevans M. E. Bryan D. Wulsch K. Burkert Services Pmvidc4: Hot Cell Lab, Laboratory Space, Machine Shop .ind Electronics Shop Measurement of pipe wall thickness is a critical issue in the nuclear and petroleum industries. There is need for an instrument that can make these measurements through insulation, with pipes that are empty or filled with water. An expenmental field usable gamma backscatter device that achieves these objectives has been developed, based on the use of a Hg-203 radioactive source. Because overheating led to a failed source, much of this year has been used to develop and extensively test a r ew design for the irradiator. It is anticipated that a major power plant field test willbe conducted in March 1998. Master's Theses: Wulsch, D., and E. S. Kenney, adviser. Field Testing anc Practical Application of a Compton Backscatter Pipe-Wall Thickness Gauging System.1997. Burkert, K. and E. H. Klevans, adviser. New System Development and Field Testing for the Compton Backscatter Gauge. In progress. Patent: Gould, R., E. S. Kenney, S. Khan and X. Xu. A Compton Back-Scatter Pipe Wall'Ihickness Gauge Employing Focusing Collimator and Annular Detector, Patent filed May,1997. Sponser: Utility Company 42
1 Naclear Encineerine EVALUATING TWO PHASE FLOW U' G L "5 TON RADIOGRAPHY
Participants:
R. Gould D. E. Hughes S. S. Glickstein (Bettis) J. H. Murphy (Bettis) . Services Pmvided: Neutron Radiography, Machine Shop and Electronics Shop . His project is using neutron radiography to observe 2 phase fluid flow experiments. An upgraded flow loop has been built, and flow measurements at pressures up to 2000 psi are ongoing. A - second project is set to begin early in the 97S8 fiscal year to study reflood in a hot channel at atmosphe:.lc pressure using the techniques developed for this work. Sponsor: Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory $40,654 Nuclear Encineering STRESS CORROSION CRACKING IN NICKEL-BASED STAINLESS STEELS
Participants:
R. Gould A. Motta R. Daum Service Provided: Hot Celllaboratory His project is using Hot Cell #2 to house 3 autoclaves in wmeh irradiated stainless steel fracture specimens are loaded te observe stress corrosion cracking in a PWR environment over a two year xriod. 71 fracture specimens with a total activity of 36 Curies are presently stored in a cave m flot Cell #1. A Scanning Electron Micmscope and a Fein-Focus X-ray inspection system have been installed with tests to begin early in the 97S8 fiscal year. Sponsor: MaterialsEngineering Associates $78,000 Nuclear Encineering FUEL MANAGEMENT STUDY OF PSU TRIGA REACTOR CORE
Participants:
D. E. Hughes . S. H. levine P. G. Boyle Services Provided: Reactor Operations, Access to PSU Main Frame Computer During the recent operating history of Penn State's TRIGA reactor, the fuel temperature, at full power of one Megawatt as indicated by the in-core thermocouple, had risen close to the scram point of 600"C. Review of the Safety Analysis Report (SAR) also revealed that the maximum temperature enalyzed for a source term release was 466 C. To reduce the indicated fuel element temperature the maximum power was de-rated to 75 % (750kw). Additional constraints on operating hours per week as well as wait times before permitting fuel movement were applied to stay belev the consequence of the current S AR maximum hypothetical accident. 1 43
A of the core loading continues, utilizing standard fuel management tools (LEOPARD,- ATOR-2 and MCRAC), to determine the ratio of the maximim elemental power density as compared to the average core wer density or normalized power (NP). Experiments were run to determine the ability to the NP, and consequently indicate fuel element ; temperature, of a specific core loca on (loading). A core is being designed to reduce the maximum fuel temperature to below 550'C (possibly even below 500*C) while operating at one Megawatt (full power).
- To use a new core design, the technical specifications must be altered to allow placing the 12 wt% ~
instnunented element in a core position other than the B-ring. Additionally, the SAR and technical , ;' specificadons will be revised to increase the number of permitted operating hours in a week. The results of this study will be published in a technicaljournal and presented at the ANS conference in ] November 1997. ' , Publications: Levine, S. H., and P. G. Boyle. Behavior of 12 wt% TRIGA Feel After Many Years of Operation. To be presented at the ANS 1997 Winter Meeting, Albuquerque, New Mexico, November 16-20,1997. Levine, S. H., and P. G. Boyle. Operational Characteristics of the New 12 wt% TRIGA Fuel. To be presented at the ANS 1997 Winter Meeting, Albaquerque, New Mexico. .l November 16 20,1997. Nuclear EngineerinF RADIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE MATERIALS USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF FEMORAL HEADS
Participants:
W. A. Jester R. W. Granlund J. lebiedzik Services Provided: Radiation Counters, Laboratory Space and Low Level Radiation Monitoring Laboratory A quality assurance procedure has been developed in conjunction with Howmedica to insure that the zirconia used to pmduce the femoral heads does not contain harmful amounts of alpha and beta emitters. Suppliers of this material send to the LLRML two thin disks produced from each of their batches for low level alpha and beta activity measurements. Only if the activity of these two
. samples pass the various quality assurance criteria can the raw material be sent to Howmedica for .
the production of femoral heads. During this current year an extensive study was conducted to determine the statistical uncenainties associated in &termining the alpha and beta activity of this
. material. .
Sponsor: - - Howmedica,Inc. $5,000 Ndelm hineerini NUCE 450, RADIATION DETECTION' AND' MEASUREMENT-n F.cdcipents: W. A. Jester M. H. Voth M. Gougar 44
Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation, Radiation Counters and Laboratory Space NucE 450 introduces the student to many of the types of radiation measurement systems and associated electmnics used in the nuclear industry as well as nany of the mathematical techniques used to pmcess and interpret the meaning of meastr ed data, ne radiation instruments studied in this course include, GM detectors, gr.: flow propordonal counters, NaI(TI) detectors, BF3 counters, ion chambers, wide range GM detectors, and surface barrier detectors. The data collection and analysis techniques studied include radiation counting statistics, gamma ray and charged particle spectroscopy, and the interfacing of computers with nuclear instrumentation. , Nuclear Encineerinc . POST IRRADIATION INSPECTION AND TESTING OF NEUTRON ABSORBER MATERIALS
Participants:
D. Kline D. Vonada K. Lindquist Services IYovided: Neutron Irradiation and Laboratory Space The purpose of this work is to quantitatively characterize the in-service physical ,ro xrties of neutron absorber materials used in spent fuel storage racks and shipping casks. JtiLities use surveillance coupons of neutron absorber materials such as BORAFLEX, BORAL, borated gra?hite and NEUTRASORB borated stainless steel to track the performance of these materials in cas cs and racks. The coupons are tested with respect to dimensional changes, weight changes, hardness changes, density changes, changes in dynamic shear modulus and neutron attenuation characteristics. The latter measurements are performed in the Neutron Beam Laboratory. Sponsor: Various Electric Utilities Nuclear Encineerine DISSOLUTION RATE OF TIIE NEUTRON ABSORBER MATERIAL BORAFLEX
Participants:
D. Kline D. Vonada K. Lindquist Services Provided: Laboratory Spacc and Technical Support
. This project's objective is to quantify the dissolution rate of Boraflex, a polymer-based neutron ,
absorber material,in simulated spent fuel pool emironments. The test conditions include different temperature, irradiation exposure, and the presence of solubility inhibitors. The data are used as the basis for a computer model of Boraflex in the spent fuel pool environment. He data on solubility inhibitors serves as the basis for a demonstration program at a BWR spent fuel pool. Zinc acetate will be added to the spent fuel pool water at Oyster Creek to reduce the dissolution rates and extend the useful service life of Botaflex. Sponsor: Electric Power Research Institute 45 l
Nuclear Encineering DEVELOPMENT /I'ESTING OF A DEVICE TO MEASURE TIIE BORON.10 AREAL DENSITY IN SPENT FUEL RACK NEUTRON ABSORBER MATERIALS
Participants:
D. Kline D. Vonada K. Lindguist M. Hams , Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation and Cobalt-60 Facility
~
This pmject started with proof-of principle testing in the Neutron Beam Laboratory. Based on the results of these tests, a prototype measurement device was designed and fabricated. The prototype equipment was tested in the Cobalt-60 pool. After this initial testing, the device was shipped to the Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station Unit 2 for demonstration in a spent fuel pool. The equipment has been used at several BWR plants around the country. A device suitable for measurements in PWR racks is now being designed and fabricated. Initial testing of this equipment was carried out in the Cobalt-60 pool. The PWR equipment was demonstrated at Duke Power Company's McGuire 2 Station. Sponsor: Electric Power Research Institute Nuclear Eneineering DETERMINATION OF NEUTRON ATTENUATION FACTOR OF IRRADIATED BORAFLEX COUPONS
Participants:
M. Morlang T. Daubenspeck Services Provided: Neutron Beam Laboratory, Neutron Activation Analysis and Machine Shop Neutron attenuation testing was performed for samples of NeutroSorb PLUS plate using gold foil activation. Sponsor: CarpenterTechnology $10,540 Nuclear Encineerinn
. INVESTIGATING CRYSTAL AND MAGNETIC-HYPERFINE FIELDS IN Zr3Fe .
AND ZrFe2 USING PAC SPECTROSCOPY.
Participants:
A. T. Motta S. E. Cumblidge G. L Catchen A. Paesano, Jr. Services Provided: Neutmn Irradiation and Angular Correlations Lab De intermetallic compounds Zr3 Fe and ZrFe2 have technologically im:xrtant pmperties, but the character and origins of these properties go beyond the current picture t Tat solid-state and materials 46
! physics provides. Therefore we have initiated research using perturged-angular-correlation (PAC) spectroscopy via the islHf ? robe to investigate crystal fields in the non-magnetic phases and magnetic hyperfme fields (MHF's) in the magnene phases. We use PAC spectroscopy to charactedze the kinetics and thermodynamics of point defects by measudng the temperature dependence of the local electric-field gradients (EFGs) at the nuclear probe sites. To characterize the magnetic ordering, we measure the temperature dependence of the impurity-probe-site MHFs, which can, for example, provide information about the dimensionality and direcuonality of the magnetic ordering. This information may provide the basis for a model that relates the directionality of the exchange interactions to the corres mnding bulk-crystal magnetic properties.
, So far, we have investigated the compounds Zr3Fe ani ZrFe2. Only one Zr site exists in the C15 Laves phase structure of ZrFe2,but we observe two distinct MHFs at the Zr sites, with slightly different i:mperature dependences. This result implies that two distinct hyperfme fields are transferred to two magnetically inequivalent Zr sites from the Fe sites, also known from M6ssbauer measurements to be magnetically inequivalent. In the nonmagnetic Zr3Fe phase, we observe two Zr site EFGs that correspond to the two crystMlographically inequivalent Zr sites.
Sponsor: NSF $80,000/3 years Nuclear Encineering STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF ALLOY 750.
Participants:
A. T. Motta Digby Macdonald Robert Daum Robert Gould Services Provided: Laboratory Space, Machine Shop, Hot Cell Lab, Neutron Radiography. Stress corrosion cracking of reacter intemals is a major threat to the continued safe operation of nuclear power plants beyond their design lives. Stress corrosion cracking requires the combined effects of stress, corroding emironment and susceptible microstmeture. In collaboration with the Materials Science Dept. at Penn State, we are conducting an investigation of the stress corrosion mechanisms of Inconel X-750, under reactor conditions. Inconel X-750 is used in special reactor applications requiring great strength and hardness, such as springs and jet pump nozzles. In this research, we will investigate the role of Hydrogen in the cracking process, by conducting both slow strain rate tests (SSRT) and compact tensien type experiments. Other alloys to be investigated include alloy.; 718,625 and 690. The cracking process will be conducted in autoclaves where the elecnochemical mtential (ECP), temperature, and conductivity will be
- monitored on-line, and where the Hyc rogen content of the water will be a parameter. Post ,
corrosion examinations include an examination of fracture surface, hydrogen profiling with both Neutron Radiography and a LECO system.
~
Master'sThesis: Daum, R., A.T. Motta, adviser. Effect of Hydrogen on Stress-Corrosion of Alloys X-750 and 625. In progress. l 47
Nuclear Engineerine MEASURING PRESSURE VESSEL EMBRITTLEMENT USING POSITRON ANNIIIILATION SPECTROSCOPY Panicipants: A. T, Motta G. L. Catchen S. E. Cumblidge Service Provided: laboratory Space , One r,f the leading mechanisms of reactor degradation is pressure vessel embrittlement that could cause vessel failure in the case of a pressurized thermal shock during rewetting after a loss-of- ', coolant accident. The ductility of the pressure vessel, as measured by the Charpy V-notch test, decreases with increasing neutmn fluence. To develop a non destructive means to detect submicroscopic defect structures that evolve in pressure vessels during irradiation is thus highly desirable. The goal of this project is to evm. ate positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) as an independent means to caaracterize neutron radiation damage to pressure vessels. Neutron irradiated pressure vessel materials fumished by Westinghouse were irradiated at room temperature to a neutron fluence of 1017 n.cm-2. The positron lifetime distributions could be represented by a three lifetime constrained fit that correspond well to two different types of defects, one with a_ lifetime amund 165 ps and one with a hfetime around 300 ps. The average positron lifetime (T) increases with neutron fluence. By anacaling at 450 C for different times, we determined that 30 minutes provices enough time to anneal all of the damage. At higher temperatures, we have examined end-of-life pressure vessel materials exposed to fa, st neutron fluences of 8 x 1018 n.cm.2 and 1.5 x 1019 n.cnr2. In these samples, t was much smaller that in samples irradiated at room temperature, indicating that the damage is dynamically annealed at 300 C. Master's Thesis: Cumblidge, S. E., A. T. Motta and G. L. Catchen, advisers. Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy: Measurement of Embrittlement of Pressurr-Vessel Steel,1996. Paper: Cumblidge, S. E., A. T. Motta and G. L. Catchen, advisers. Examination of Irradiated Pressure Vessel Steel Using Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectruscopy. Fall meeting of the Materials Research Society, Boston, Massachusetts, December 2-6,1996. Publication:
- Cumblidge, S. E., A. T. Motta and G. L. Cr.:chen. " Neutron Damage in Reactor Pressurt-Vessel -
Steel Examined Using Positmn Annihilation Lifetime Spectmscopy," Materials Research Symposium Proceedings, vol. 439, pgs. 483-488,1997. Sponsor: FERM1 $25,000 Nuclear Engineering POINT DEFECTS IN INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS OF TIIE Zr-M SYSTEM
Participants:
A.T. Motta G. L. Catchen A. Paesano, Jr. 48
t Services Provided:- l Neutron Irradiation, Angular Correlations lab, Lalwidory Space and Machine Shop ' , s An intemadonal <*H=haration has been established between 'Ihe Pennsylvania State University,
-.'Ihe FederalUniversity of R oi Grande do Sul, Brazil and Argonne Nanonal Laboratory, to study
- the defect energedes and configurations of point defects in the intermetallic compounds --
? ZrFe2, Zr3 F e and other intermetallies of the Zr-Fe M system (M = Cr, Ni, Al, Co).
and
'the nuclear pmbe techniques of Perturbed Angdar Correlation, M6ssbauer Spectroscopy,iated 1,: Positron Annihilation Lifedme Spectroscopy will be used to study defects on neutron irrad .'
i intermetallic samples."'Ihese studies will be complemented by the study of the airsyhization ii Computer simulations of these response of the cornymnds .under usm, article charged irrad at on.g platuce the embedded structures wil; also atom meth be perfor
, .i experiments and from the computations can then inform each other, confaming experiments, suggesting new ones and verifying theoretical models.
Currently, sampics of ZrFe2 and Zr3 containing radioactive Hf produced in the reactor are being examined by PAC. These samples were pier issi by are melting and heat treating in reactor Room ( 6 and the hot celllaboratory area.
- Sponsor: NSF. $80,000 /3 yrs 1
i Plant Pathology a
- FUSARIUM RESEARCH
Participants:
J.Juba J. Skelley K. Kouterick - S. Pennpacker L Service Provided: Gamma Irradiation Camation leaves and birch leaves are irradiated in the Cobalt-60 facility in order to provide a sterile
- growing medium for Fusarium species at the Fusarium Research Center. .
4 m-9 49 u
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i i SECTION B. OTHER UNIVERSITIES, ORGANIZATIONS AND COMPANIES UTILIZING THE FACILITIES OF THE RADIATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING CENTER University or Industry Tyne of Use , Ab rdeen Army Proving Grounds Neutron Activation Analyses AMPIncorporated Environmental Analyses Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute Neutron Activation Analyses - Reactivity Computer Neutmn Radiography Bettis Labs, Westinghouse Brigham Young Uruversity Angular Correlation Carpenter Technology Neutmn Radiography Centre Analytical Environmental Analyses Converse Consultants East Radiological Analyses E-Systems SemiconductorIrradiation Gannett Flemming Environmental Analyses Harris Semiconductor SemiconductorIrradiation Howmedica Radiological Analyses Hughes Aircraft SemiconductorIrradiation JWK Intemational Neutron Activation Analyses Mateiials Engineering Associates Hot Cells Miembac Bradford Environmental Analyses M an Matmc Limited Radiological Analyses N cast Technology Corporation Neutron Radiography Oglevec Ltd. Gamma Irradiation Raytheon SemiconductorIrradiation Tru-Tec Isotopes forTracer Studies TRW SemiconductorIrradiation United Water of Pennsylvania Environmental Analyses University of Florida Neutron Irradiation Westinghouse Neutron Irradiation e i e - 51
~
Page Intentionally Left Blank 52
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-APPENDIX A Personnel Utilizing the Facilities of the Penn State RSEC.
Faculty (F) Post Doctoral (PD), Staff (S), Graduate Student (G), Undergraduate (U), Visiting Faculty (VF), Visiting Staff (VS), IAEA Fellow (IAEA)
/nwn., auw .
~ n wu. m a fCOLLEGE:OFiXGRICULTURE!,. - aCOLLEGE!OF ~ ENGINEERINGb
' ; y; 3 ,
~ - g y < y gg , 'c Entomolorv Mechanical Eneineerinc
- Hower,' An (F) Cheung, Fan Bill (F)
Goodwin, Gregory (G) Kim, Byungsoo (G) Prescott, Patrick (F) . Food Science Beelman, Roben (F) Nuclear Engineerine Knabel, Stephen (F) Asad, Mohamned (U) Raynor, Tim (G) Boyle, Patrick (S) Teo, Alex (G) Baxter, Robert (U) Woody, Jon (G) Bilovsky. Vincent (U) Bryan, Mac (S) Plant Patholorv Burken, Kevin (G) Juba, Jean (S) Catchen, Gary (F) Skelley, J. (F) Cumblidge, Steven (G) Kouterick, Kyle (G) Daubenspeck,Thierry (S) Pennypacker, Stanley (F) Daum, Robert (G) Davis, Chris (G) Davison, Candace (S) DeChaine, Michael (G) Edwards, Robert (F) Feltus, Madeline (F) Flinchbaugh, Terry (S) Gougar, Hans (G) Gould, Roben (F) Grieb, Mark (S) Hughes, Dan (F) Jester, William (F) Johns, Richard (G) ga - .. _ _ 3/- m mxu,de Kenney, Edward (F) Kenney, Stephen (G) SM_COLLEGELOFsEARTHfAND$ Klevans, Edward (F) M6 JMINERAthSCIENCESRd N -
, gy 7% ;'~We@ Kwon, Junhyun (G) e lebeidzik,Jana (S)
Center for Advanced Materials Levine, Samuel (F) MacDonald, Digby (F) Lunetta,Iois (S) Meyers, Gary (G) Electrical Encineering Miller, David (S) Garcia, Humberto (G) Morlang, Mike (G) Lee, K. Y. (F) Motta, Anhur (F) Miller, David (F) Paesano, Andrea (VF) Ramaswamy, P. (G) Rearick,Todd (G) Rudy, Kenneth (S) Encineering Science and Mechanics Sanchez, Roberto (G) Billman, Cun (U) Schwer, James (U) Conley, John (G) Senarame, Uditha (G) Frye, Christopher (G) Shedlock, Daniel (U) Lenahan,Panick (F) Shyu, Vica>n (G)
.l Yount, J. T. (G) Todd Donald (G) 53
APPENDIX A (Continued) Personnel Utilizing the Facilities of the Penn Sta e RSEC. Faculty (F) Post-Doctoral (PD), Staff (S), Graduate Student (G), Undergraduate (U), Visiting Faculty (VF), Visiting Staff (VS) LCdLL5GElbF ENGINEERING i CDLLEGELOF,LIBERAd ARTS $ Nuclear Eneineering An'hronolocy Voth, Marcus (F) Walter, Phil (G) Bondar, Gregory (G) Wulsch, Dan (G) Hirth, Kenneth (F) - Vornax, A. J. (U)
. .t
; COLLEGE!OF SCIENCE; ,
.- x.
School of Encineering Technolocv and Commonwealth Campus Encineering Chemistry Sathianathan, Dhushy (F) Allcock, Harry (F) Cannon, Angela (G) Draughn, Robin L. (G) Hartle, Thomas (G) Kellam III, Edwin (G) Kellar, Clay (G) Laredo, Walter (G) Primrose, Aaron (G) Biochemistry and Molecular Biolocv Abmayr, Susan (F) Bour, Barbara (G) Chakravarti, Malabika (G) Erickson, M. R. S. (G) Keller, Cheryl A. (G) LINTENk' LLEdIATE"PROdRAMS$ s Health Physics Augustine, Edward (S) Boeldt, Eric (S) Granlund, Rodger (S) Hollenbach, Donald (S) Wiggins, Jim (S) l l 1 54
APPENDIX A-(Continued) [
?
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Oliver,Madt , AMPIncorporated ....................... Dunlap, Bill Cohill, Brian Armed Forces Radiobiology ....................... ResearchInstitute
- Bettis Labs, Westinghouse- .......................
Glickstein, Stan 1 Murphy, Jack - Brigham YoungUniversity ....................... Alked, D. ' Evenson, W. E. CarpenterTechnology ....................... Del Corso, Greg Centre Analytical ...................... Robb, Shawn Lloyd, Kevin Brusse, Bill Converse Consultants East ....................... E. Systems ....................... Uber, Craig
- Gannett Flemming .... .................. Abbe, Dough Lane, David
- Borza, Peter Harris Semiconductor .......................
Kalkbrenner, F. i 7arosky, Elaine J Howmedica ....................... Wang, Kathy > Hughes Aircraft ...................... Craig, Ed JWK Intemational ....................... Forsley, Lawrence MaterialEngineering Associates ....................... Loss, Frank J. Taylor, Robert E. Microbac Bradford . ....................... Anduson, J. L. Morgan Matmc Limited ....................... Munay, Michael Nortleast Technology Corporation ....................... Harris, Matt
- Kline, Don ,
Lindquist. Kenneth O. Vonada, Doug Oglevec Ltd. ....................... Wiles, Linda S. Raytheon ....................... Lake, F. M. Mikulski, C. V. Roberts, K. S. Stransky, D. F. Tru-Tec ....................... Bothe, Mike Kolek, Jerome s Flenniken, Mike TRW ....................... Graham, Russ Lunn, Terry Randall, Don University of Floride (and Los Alamos ....................... Bitteker, Leo NationalLab) University of Maryland ....................... Rasera, Robert L.
- Westinghouse ....................... Dulloo, Abdul Ruddy. Frank M# 7 NW* C ^~WiM8 C M 4W wo nf sA vmww3@4 4
pgg%w%gh[w%e% -esserMISCELisnNEOUSE'@M%[r*fbjp ew% w w% m e gys$w Various Cobalt - 60 irradiations for high school classes' research projects. 55
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APPENDIX B FORMAL TOUR GROUPS JULY 19% NUMBER OF JUNE 1997 DAX NAME OF FOUR GROUP PARTICIPANTS PGSAS Independent Study Projects 7 July 1 2 PGSAS. Group 3 16 2 PGSAS Group 2 16 PGSAS- Group 1 17 2 2 PGSAS Group 4 16 PGSAS- G roup 2 16 3 PGSAS Group 3 16 3 PGSAS Uroup 4 17 3 PGSAS- Group 1 17 3 PGSAS- Group 4 16 5 PGSAS Group 3 16 5 PGSAS Group 1 17 5 DGSAS- Group 2 16 5 8 STS Class 14 11 L U Exploring the Nuclear Option-SciEd 498 24 11 VEC-tour 16 12 Electrical Engineering Dept. - Korean Scientists 2 1 15 BM Krarner Tour 15 Introduction to Engineering Program Tour 9 15 College of Engineering Centennial Tour-Grp 2 10 15 College of Engineering Centennial Tour-G rp 1 23 16 Best Program Tour 25 17 VIEW Group Tour 12 18 VEC-tour 10 19 Aerospace Group 8 19 Introd action to Engineering Program Tour 9 20 Dr. Br. rana.': Holidaysburg Class Tour 19 22 PGSAS Elective 14 23 STARS Tour 20 23 Harrisburg RecruitingTour 18 8 23 PGdAS-Elective 14 24 PREF Tour 15 25 Upward Bound Tour 10 25 PGSAS-Elective 14 26 Enter 2000 Tour 10 26 PGSAS-Elective 11 29 Navy Tour 4 29 Cyberspace Workshop 22 57
APPENDIX B FORMAL TOUR GROUPS (Continued) JULY 1996 NUMBER OF _ LUNE 1997 DAY, NAME OF TOUR GROUP PARTICIPANTS 29 - PGSAS Elective 14 30 PGSAS Elective 14 30 Cyberspace Workshop 22 - 30 Cyberspace Workshop 22 31 Materials Science 101 Tour 14 31 Cyberspace Workshop 22 ' 31 Cyberspace Workshop 22 31 PGSAS Elective 14 31 VIEW GroupTour 21
- 3) PGSAS 64 August 1 Nuclear Concepts and Cyberspace Workshop 22 1 OTCTour 3 1 Cyberspace Workshop 22 2 Cyberspace Parents Tour 32 2 Cyberspace NAA Demo 22 16 NAA Meeting 2 19 Student Appointment 1 29 Food Science Tour 27 September 3 NucE 301 Class 3 4 STS-200 Class 48 5 STS-200 & Math Sci 101 57 6 STS-200 3 6 Student Tour 1 17 NucE 497D Class 3 17 Special Speaker Tour 3 18 DER Tour 10 18 ANS Tour 9 20 Student Tour 2 24 Bettis - Larry Foulke Tour 1 25 Geo Sciences Tour 3 6-26 American Nuclear Society Tour 6 27 Testloop Meeting 3 28 1996 Parents Weekend Open House 333 October 3 Electrical Engineering Power School Tour 22 4 EG-496 Class 2 5 Boy Scouts / American Nuclear Society Tour 42 7 Prospective Student Tour 2 11 EG-496 Class 1 14 University Scholars Tour 4 58
APPENDIX B FORMAL TOUR GROUPS (Continued) JULY 1996 NUMBER OF
.1DNE 1997 DAX NAME OF TOUR GROUP PARTICIPANTS STS 200 Class 12 15 EG 496 Class 2
. 18 Engincedng 50 Tour 8 22 2 25 Davidson (Talent House) Tour D20 Tank Meedng 2 e 25 Political Science Class Tour 15 31 East Stroudsburg High School Tour 20 November 1 1 Intermediated Unit 9 Tour 24 497 Class 2 1 EPPRI Employees Totn 4 1 1 Mt. Union Elementary SchoolTour 17 5 Bio-Science-3 Tour 5 Harmony Schcol District Tour 17 8 Davis . amily Tour 4 11 11 Lockheed Manin Tour 10 11 ElectricalWork Bid 4 Grumman Tour 3 12 1 14 Student Tour 1 15 BNFL Tour 1 18 Hanford Steam Boiler Tour Nuclear Regulatory Commission 1 18 19 US Navy - Captain Brown Tour 1 19 FERMITour 3 21 Student Tour 2 21 DuBais Central High SchoolTour 8 22 EPP Training 4 26 Shepherd College - Jack Schmidt Tour 12 December 3 Curlisle Area High School West (Group 1) 21 3 Catlisle Area High School West (Gmup 2) 21 2 3 Carl'sle Area High School West (Group 3) 19 4 Amecican Nuclear Society Students Tour 18 a 5 PSTA Tour 65 6 PSTA Tour 49 11 Dr. Catchen's Tour 3 1 13 Student Tour January 23 State College Delta ProgramTour 9 February 10 US/ Australia Trade & Business Council Rep. I 10 Prospective Student Tour 3 59
APPENDIX B FORMAL TOUR GROUPS (Continued) JULY - 19% NUMBER OF JUNE 1997 DAX NAME OF TOUR GROUP PARTICIPANTS ; 11 Pmspective Student Tour 2 1 18 Punxsutawney Area High School Tour 12 , 19 Mt. Nittany Intermediate School Tour -Grade 5 3 ! 28 Jr. Science & Humanities Symposium Students 3 l March 4 Boalsburg Elementary School (Groups 1&2) 50 . i 4 Bellefonte Area High School 9th Grade Science 18 i l 4 VEC-tour 2 5 Boalsburg Elementary School (Gmup 1) 24 5 Boalsburg Elementary School (Group 2) 25 14 Prospective Student Tour 2 14 Ponage High SchoolTour 15 18 Daniel Boone High SchoolTour 10 20 Bermudian Springs High School Tour 11 24 ME Faculty & EPP Tour 8 24 Redlands High SchoolTour 15 24 Graduate Student Tour 1 25 Cranberry High SchoolTour 18 25 Army ROTCTour 3 25 ESM Tour 2 25 Girl Scouts Tour 66 31 Science Education Students Tour 24 April 1 Potential Graduate Student Tour 3 3 Blacklick Valley Higt) SchoolTour 25 4 American Nuclear Society Student Conference 7 5 1997 Engineering Tour 209 9 Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Co-60 Tour 2 11 Loyalsock High School Tour 19 11 Science & Engineering Women Tour 2 17 Harbor Creek High School Tour 11 i 17 Talent Searth 23 18 Mt. Union Jr/Sr. High School Tour 34 22 Allegheny College Tour 19 - 24 "Take Our Daughters to Work" Tour 10 25 St. Mary's/ Ridgway High School Tour 38 28 State College High School Tour 12 28 Shaver Creek Educators Tour. 9 28 PECO Tour 1 29 Marion Center High SchoolTour 9 60
APPENDIX B FORMAL TOUR GROUPS (Continued) JULY 1996 NUMBER OF JUNE 1997- DAY, NAME OF TOUR GROUP PARTICIPANTS 29 Mechanical Engineering Dept. Head & Guest 2 Northeastern High SchoolTour 8 May 1 1 Talent Search 19 2 Camp Hill High SchoolTour 21 e 3 1997 Nuclear Concepts Teachers Workshop 14 5 Berlin High SchoolTour 4 5 Juniata Valley CollegeTour 2 6 Houserville Elementary School Tour (Group 1) 29 6 Houserville Elementary School Tour (Group 2) 31 6 Talent Search Farrell High SchoolTour 8 8 Somerset Area Jr. High School Tour 25 9 Jersey Shore Area High SchoolTour 10 12 Muncy High School Tour 23 13 Houserville Elementary SchoolTour 29 15 State College High SchoolTour 42 NucE Internship 1 15 16 Danville High SchoolTour 26 17 1997 Commencement Students & Family 51 19 Warren High SchoolTour 10 20 Westmont Hilltop High School Tour 17 22 Wingate Elementary SchoolTour 17 23 Workshop Participants Tour 5 2 Curwensville Jr.High SchoolTour 18 J :ne 6 Westinghouse /Bettis Tour 4 6 ICDE Conference Tour 4 6 Westinghouse / Bettis *.our 2 9 Baltimore Gas & Electric 2 1 13 Potential Graduate Student Tour 4 13 19 VEC-tour 20 DuBois Christian SchoolTour 9 24 Wise Group B Tour 27 s 24 Wise Group A Tour 25 25 Engineering Education Workshop 9 26 VEC-tour 13 27 Mechanical Engineering Tour (Informational) 17 27 Mechanical Engineering Tour (Technical) 22 30 High School Engineering Intems 8 TOTAL: 3165 In addition, twenty-three informational tours were conducted for forty-five people. 61
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