ML20197C664
| ML20197C664 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Issue date: | 11/14/1997 |
| From: | Rathbun D NRC OFFICE OF CONGRESSIONAL AFFAIRS (OCA) |
| To: | Diaz N, Dicus G, Shirley Ann Jackson, Mcgaffigan E, The Chairman NRC COMMISSION (OCM) |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20197C641 | List: |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 9712240245 | |
| Download: ML20197C664 (31) | |
Text
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< ..' ~.s#g UNITED STATES f
NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. seseH8M s
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November 14,1997 :
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MEMORANDUM TO: Chairman Jackson 5
Commissioner Dieus g ;
Commissioner Diaz Commissioner McGaffigan FROM: Dennis K. Rathbun, Director 3 Office of Congressional Affairs tf/*-
SUBJECT:
INTRODUCTION OF H.R. 3000, SUPERFUND REAUTHORIZATION On November 9,1997, Representative Mike Oxley (D-OH) and 35 others introduced H.R. 3000, "To amend the Comprehensive Environmental, Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980'(Superfund). Representative Oxley is Chairman of the Commerce Committee's Subcommittee on Finance and Hazardous Materials and will have principle jurisdiction over the bill.
Section 810 of H.R. 3000 contains language supported by NRC which addresses the finality of NRC decision-making in decommissioning and decontamination cases.
The press release issued by the Commerce Committee and section 810 of H.R. 3000 are attached.
Contact:
Tom Combs,415-1776 Attachments:
As stated
OPA SECY IG r
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9712240245 971211 PDR STPRO ESGOEN PDR
DLILEY HAILS INTRODUCTION OF BI PARTISAN COMPREHENSIVE SUP1http7/www. house.g5 commerce /res l
6 Committee on Commerce
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FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Contact:
Eric Wolschlegel Sunday, November 9,1997 (202) 225-5735 Billey Halls Introduction of Bipartisan Cornprehensive Superfund Bill 18 Democrats and 18 Republicans Co sponsor H.R. 3000, 'Superfund Reform Act' WASHINGTON (November 10) ~ House H R 3000 The Superfund Reform Commerce Committee Chairman U.S. Rep.
R hailed the introduction of not omcial GPO version)
Tom Congresss Bliley (on-VA)ipartisan lyb effort to reform s.: the nation's worst hazardous waste sites the "S rfund Reform Act," H.R. 3000, introduced ce sponsor the Bioartisan Superfung ea Monday by Chairman Michael Oxley Re-orm Act!
(Background info on H.R. 3000)
(R H) of the Finance and Hazardous Materials Subcommittee. Bliley commended Mr. Oxley and Reps. Cary Condit and Christopher John for their contributions to the bill which has 18 Democratic and 18 Republican original cosponsors.
According to Bliley,"we need to do a betterjob to protect American families and the environment from toxic waste. Superfund is supposed to do that job, but it's not working. Cleanups take too long, too much money is wasted on lawsuits and bureaucracy, and small businesssa have been terrorized enough. This bill will solve Superfund's problems.
"This is the only b,parfisan comprehensive Superfund reform bill. I commend Mike Oxley for his leadership in bringing this coalition together and the other cosponsors for putting politics aside to move forward with Superfund reform."
Original cosponsors include (in alphabetical order): Rep. Scotty Baesler (D-KY);
Rep. Bill Barrett (R-NE); Rep. Sanford Bisbo . Jr. (D-GA); Commerce Committee Chairman Tom Bliley (R-VA); Rep. Allen Bo (D-F13; Rep. Richard Burr (R-NC);
Rep. Ste aben Buyer (R-IN); Rep. Gary Con it (D CA); Rep. Robert Cramer (D-AL); F ep. John Duncan, Jr. (R-TN); Rep. Jo Ann Emerson (R MO); Rep.
Harold Ford, Jr. D TN); Rep. Rodney Frelinghuysen (R-NJ); Rep. Paul Gillmor D VA); Education and the Workforce Chairman (R-OH); Rep. Vi il Goode, Jr. (James Greenwood (R-PA)(; R William Goodlin R-PA); Rep.
(R CO); Rep. Ti Holden (D-PA); Rep. Christopher John D-LA); Rep. Scott Klug (R-WI); Rep. Steve Lar McIntyre (D-NC);3illRep. Paxongent (R-OK);
(R-NY); Rep. CollinRep. Matthew Peterson Martinez (D-CA); Rep (D-MN); Rep.
John Peterson (R-PA); Rep. Owen Pickett (D-VA); Rep. Bobby Rush (D-IL); Rep.
D-TX); Rep. Dan Schaefer (R CO ; Rep. Norman Sisisky (D-VA);
Max Rep. Charles Sandlin (Stenhoin'. (D-TX); Rep.i Billy Tauz)n (R-LA); Rep. James Traficant 3
(D-OH); and Rep. Fred Upton (R-MI).
Committee News Home 11/14/97 11:56:57 1 or2
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F:\MPB\l997\SFUND.001 II.Lf.
105Tn CONGRESS f 1st SESs!ON , ,
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
.T!r. Oxt.Ev (for hianself, lxce attneheti list of coxix>nxorx)) intnxlumi the fol-kming bill; which wax avfermi to the Coimnittee on A BILL To amend the Comprehensive Einironmental, Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980.
Bc it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-tives of the United States ofAmerica in Congrrss assembled, SECTION 1. SHORT TITLEt TABLE OF CONTENTS.
(a) SIIonT TITLE.-This Act may be cited as the "Superfund Reform Act".
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.-
See,1. Short title; table of contents.
l' Sec. 2. Referes.ces.
TITLE I-RE3!EDY SELECTION Sec.101. Remedy selection.
av.103. Objectiw risk assessment standards.
See.103. Remedy uixlates niul remedy resiew lxxml.
Sec.104. Tublic health nuthorities.
- h. ins in, tion im.tei n=%;,s.w,
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F:\MPB\l997\SFUND.001 2
See.106. Ilarant ranking sptem.
See.107. Removal actions.
See.108. !!nzanlous substance proierty use.
See.109. Effectiw date and transition niles.
TITLE II-LLtBILITY Sec. 201. Parties not resimusible for imilution.
See. 202, Clarifications of certain liability.
Sec. 203. Amendments to section 106.
Sec. 204. Civil proceedings.
Sec. 205. Limitations on contribution actions.
Sec. 206. Liability of response action contractors.
- h. 207. Expedited final settlenents.
Sec. 208. Allocations at multi-Imrty facilities.
See. 209. Tnumition nilen relating to wrtain nonliable imrties.
Sec. 210. Hayeling transactionx.
TITLE lil-BROWXFIELDS Sec. 301. Short titic.
- k. 302. Findingw.
Sec. 303. Cleanupx puruuant to State voluntary rexixmne pmgnnn,
- b. 304. Inum ent landouw-x.
Sec. 305. Ilona fide prospectiw purchaser liability.
Sec. 306. Contiguona pmperties.
TITLE IV-NATt*RAL RESOURCE DA5! AGES Sec. 401. Naturni resources defined.
Sec. 402. Consultation with natund renomren inntees.
Sec. 403. Liability.
Sec. 404. Dexignation of(nmteen.
Sec. 405. Determination of ennsation.
Sec. 406. 31easure of damngen.
See. 407. Dainage assenxments.
Sec. 408. Sekstion of tratorntion altenmtives.
Sec. 409. Use of nums mowred by trustees.
See. 410. Relation to z.ther lauw damagen occurring befon December 11,1989.
See. 411. Restoration.
Sec. 412. Use of mediation.
Sec. 413. Applienbility.
TITLE Y-STATE ROLE Sec. 501. Sinte delegation at NPL facilities.
Sec. 502. S: ate authorization at NPL facilities.
Sec. 503. Faleral funding of State actions under State delegation or State authorization.
Sec. 504. State cost simre.
Sec. 505. Concurrence of governom required for additions to National Priorities List.
See. 506. State and local reimbunsement for resimnse netions.
TITLE VI-FEDERAL FACILITIES Sec. 601. State role at Federal facilities.
Nowmber 12.1997 (5.36 p m )
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Sec. 602; innmitive teelmolopes for renuxiini action at Ftsleavl facilities.
See; 605. Federal entities amt facilities.
Sec. 607 Notifketion segnnling umentaminated pnvestr at Federal facilities. +
Soc. 608. Annual studies of priorities at Fesleral facilitie .
Sec. 609. Judicial remmits. .
1
- TITLE VII-CO)DIUNITY PAltTICIPATION i Soc. 701. Community imelvement.
Soc. 702. Community assistance grmips.
Be. 703. Tielmical assistance grants.
TITLE Vi!I-311SCEl,LANEOl'S-Sec. 801. Definitions.
Sec. 802. .Iksponse claims proecdures.
?
Sec. 803. Smallimmincan ominninman.
Sec. 804. Considerati<m of keni pnvnmwnt cleanup priorities.
Sec. 805. Sewingu clause.
Sec. 806. Report amt mvniight minirements.
Sec. 807. Ihnlumne nutlioritien.
Sec. 808. l'rioritization.
Hec. 819. Hemponse managenent omt worker pnitection ntamlanin.
Sec. 810. Actions svinting to mmne, leypnnluct, mul upecial nuclear material.
l TITI E IN-FUNDI.N .1
+ Bulititle A-Expemlituten Fmm tlw !!amnioun Hulmtonce &qerfund Sec. 901. Exiendituiva from tlw !!auntous Sulatance Suierfund.
Sec. 902. Autimrization of appmpriations finm genend revnues.
Subtitle B-5. Year Extennion of !!nzanloun Sulmtunce Sqwrfmut Sec. 911. 59tar extension of llazanloun Sulatanw Su;wrfuml.
I SEC. 2. REFERENCES.
2 Except as othernise expressly provided, .whenever in
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3- this Act an amendment or repeal is expressed in terms 4 of an amendment to, or repeal of, a section or other provi-
- ' 5L sion,-the reference shall be considered to be made to a
" 6 L section or other provision _ of the Comprehensive Emiron:
7 mental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 8 1980 (commonly known as "Superfund") (42 U.S.C. 9601 9L and'fol!oning).
Novembet 12,1997 (5.36 p m.) .
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. :i 221 l- develop skills in project planning or management, 2 sciences relevant to response actions, and financial 3 management. In determining the training that shall-4- be required, the President shall consider the amount ,
5 of training required under this section for workers,.
6 onsite managers and supervisora under subsection
'7 (d).'and any additional responsibilities of remedial 4 8 project managers.
9 "(B) In determining whether a remedial project 10 manager has received adequate training, the Presi-11 dent may take into account experience in managing 12 -emironmental response projects, considering the size 13 and complexity of such projects.
14 "(3) RPNIEW OF TitAINING - FACILITIES.-The h 15 President shall conduct a review of existing training l 16 facilities to determine whether a national emiron- P 17 mental training center should be established to pro-18 vide training for remedial project managers, on-19 scene-coordinators, and other response personnel.".
I 20 ' SEC. 510. ACTIONS RELATING TO SOURCE, BYPRODUCT, 21 AND SPECIAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL.
j .22 (a) MATERIAL ' SUBJECT To DECONTAMINATION 23 REGULATIONS FOR LICENSE TERMINATION.-Title III is .
24 - amended by adding at the end the following new section:
s November 12,1M7 (536 p.m.)
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F:\MPB\l997\SFUND.001
- -- 222 1 SEC, 313. ACTIONS RELATING TO SOURCE, BYPRODUCT, 2 AND SPECIAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL.
3 "No authority of this Act may be used to commence 4 an administrative or judicial action with respect to source, 5 special nuclear, or byproduct material that is subject to 6 decontamination regulations issued by the Nuclear Regu-7 latory Commission for license terniination under the 8 Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.), or 9 by a State that has entered into an agreement pursuant 10 to section 274b. of that Act, unless such action is re-Il quested-12 "(1) by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission; or 13 "(2)-in the case of such material under the ju-14 risdiction of a State that has entered into an agree-15 ment pursuant to section 274b. of that Act, the Gov-16 ernor of the State.".
17 (b) MATEltLtL RELEAScu AFTEli license TEID!l-18 NATION.-Section 101(10) is amended by inserting before 19 the period at the end of subparagraph (K) the following:
20 ", or any release of such material in accordance with regu-21 lations of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission follouing 22 termination of a license issued by the Commission pursu-23 ant to the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2011 24 et seq.) or by a State acting under an agreement entered 25 into pursuant to section 274b. of that Act".
November 12.1997 (5:36 p.m.)
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,.C;rs's[st 13U 16:31 FAI 8088886881 SRIA 9 002 l
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- %j UNITED STATES ENYWt0Nt4 ENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY l
I WASHiNOTUN, D.C. 80400 e
MS 2 2 997 . .
a
'0$WER No. 92M.4-18 j )fEMORANDUM .
4
SUBJECT:
Estab11ahment4f Cleanup Levels der CERCLA Sites with Redioactive
, Costamination '
! FROM: Stephen D.Luftig, Director " '
i Of5cc of Emergency and Ramedial Response -
- 'lany Welastock, Acting Director h OfEce ofRadiation andIndoor Air 0
.* l
! ~ TO: Addressees i .
- FURFDIE This memorandum p;sesnts clarifying guidanor for establishing protective ,
cleanup levels' for radioactive contamination at Comprehanalve Eavironmental i
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) sitas. De policies sised in this memorandum are inclusive of all radioactive contamtmants of concem 'at a site including reden.' 'Ibe directive is limitad to providing guidance regarding the :
' protection of human health and dos: not addrses levels necessary to protect ecological .
esaptors., '
8 l This dboedw pewides guldenes as elemag lowels appesed as a risk, supeews, a does level and met as a tell semessouden level. De esasseenies level tw wwless media. sash as esil, thes seriespends es a ghen risk level should be esternh.e4 en e t 7 "": hesis, beend es timen such as the easweed land use and 6e pbyeient aberessartsdn (e.s, tesponeet mutnee tsuww sella, geologr, bydre geology, mesaseology, and seelegy) et ibe sim. nls guldmes does no
' ' aber the Heelemal Oil and Haardous subeneases Polluties Camingency Plan (NCF) espostadens ngerding trasemen penseipal threat weste and the ses of sammelement and inetlealesal eeseets be low level inmes wesw.
. 3 .
&isee reden is not severed in some Federal sedamasa segulellens k I's leparant u asse ihm the cleanup guidance elatineesiens in able menerendwe belede reden. Amatueeht A is e listhg ofsenoderds for radioner.lides (instudins endom) the may be typusable er seleveal and approprisse requiremamis (ARARs) per Super 6and ehes.
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Als doomnet 3rovidas gddanos to EPA staff. .It also providw gedanos to the
- ad to tbs,regulased enemmahy on how EPA isiends that the National Oil and i
dem substanees Polludes consngmey Plan (NCP) a be -pis na ,
i guidemos is designed to denaribs EPA's national policy en taas issues. 'ns doomneat does not, l.awever, substituts for EPA's statutes or segulations, art is 18 a agulation 1 keetf. nus,it enanot impose lesally binding regulaments on F/A, Sunes r aba
- agdeied easdaadty, and may not apply is a particular diuesen based upon the 1 samensianoma. ara may abase it.is soldann in Ibs Anws, w appropdata. -
RACKG4011ND ! '
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All psmedial actions at CERCLA sites must be protective ofhuman health and . .
to environment and comply with Applicable or 7,alevant and Approprints Raquirements (ARARs) unless a walvar is justi6ed. Cleanup levels for response l actions under CERCLA are developed based on mite speciSc risk assenements, ARARa, an#ar to be sonsidered matadal'(DCs). '
A thting is anached of radiation standards that are likely to be used as ARARs -
- to establiab elannup levels or to conduct remedial actions, cleanup standards have been ,
I 'under development by EPA under the Atomic Energy Act (AEA) and will be ARARs
- i under eartain circumstances irissued. - '
r ,
i
- ARARs are oAan tbs'desenalalog ibotor in establiabing cleanup levels at i
CERCLA sitas. Ho~ wever, whers ARARs are not avullable or are not sufficiently L
protective, EPA generally eats site epecific remediation levels for.1) carcinogens at a level that sopresets an excess upper boiad lifetime cancer dak to an individual of betwesa 10 to 194; and for 2) non carsinogens such that the cumulative daks fropi .
esposws will not result in adverse diests to human populations (895 sensitive -
sub populationis) that may be suposed durks a lifetime er part of a lifetime, i ino'o rpora:Ing an adequate margin ofsafety. (Ses 40 CFR 300.430(sX2XIXAX2).)
i sinos all radionuclidas are earsinogens, ibis guldance addresses earsinogenic risk. If non. carcinogenic risks are posed by specific radionuclides, thoas deks abould be taken i
! . , lato annount in estabitshing c)wmp levels or suitable remed,tal actions. The site. -
sieclSe level of cleanup is detendnad uslag tbs nine critada'al i ecified in Section '
- M0.430(sX9Xill)of theNCP.
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te.4 meu #emnertalcrue)srv= ~ news.wim er suldsam named by Fedust a Suse sweemanu n.: me em insey 64.ains ned 4. am have se suas of pamaial ARAh. Newww, Tace wm be -
ecesidwed elens artib ARAR4 as part of the she risk amassement and insy be used in desenniming te s
. absenup Aw pronomies of bonhb had the emetreament. . ,
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oghuet 1sU seass FAI 3e3:389881 ea!A B004
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- 4 k is impunant to note est a newpotetial ARAR wu escantly promulgatad i i
NRC's Radiological Cdtar(a for Ueense Tenninadon (see 62 FR 3,053, July 21, j 1pp7). We aspem 6'a t NRC's impla==*daa of tbs rule for Llosnee Tennimadon , .
i; C ~'='9 ruli) wf!!:ssult in eleanups withia the Sqperfund dak range at the vast onlodty ofNRC altes. Howmr, EPA bu detsneland that tbs does lhalts I
- susbliabad in this rule as promulgated gesrally wul not' provide a protestive basis for ,
i amablishing preliminary neediation gods (P50sheder CERCI.Af The NRC sule wt an slowable danamp Im! of 2s antiran per year (equhelm e appradassely 5 x 1P -
namend ufalse dik) = es pdmary mandard wie aumptions allowing dem undts of i
e, a too mulirem per year (equivalet a syproximanly 2 x ne ine.6 sed utstime .
. i i sisk). Asoordhsly, wblie 6e NRC mh mandard must to em (orwn!ved) at shas where j k is applicable or islevant and appropdata, cleanups at tbans shes will tyyloally beve to be more stdagent than ssiutred by b NRC don limits in order to most the CERCLA l
- and NCF requirement to be protective.8 Ouldance that proslas for cleanups oundde the * -
sink range (in general, cleanup levels enseeding 15 mdllirn per year which equates to !
! approximstely 3 x le increased lifetime risk)is similarly not protective under CERCLA pd ganarally abould not be used to enablish cleanup levels. .
l Tbs lack of a proteedve comprehensive est of regulatory cleanup lmis for .
vediation, asethat with the possibility of confhslon as to the status of other Federal
- i Asocy reguladons and guidanse as ARARs or TBCs, sqay cause uncertainty as alennup levels deemed protaedve undar CERCLA. Untffsive a protective comprehe radiation cleanup rule is available, this guidanos clarifies the Asocy's position on' ,
. CERCLA cleanup levals for radiation. ,
\ . . .
- on.ftcTnt Thl guldance cladfies that slaanups ofendionuclidas are severned by tbs dsk mage for all carcinoses established in the NCP when ARARs are riot available or are not suf5ciently protective. This is to say, such cleanups should generally achieve dak levels in the 1,0d to IP cange. EPA bu a consistent methodology for assessing cancer j siaks and detanninlag PROS at CERCLA shes no manar the type of sentamination.'
i l
- 'See least, Carol Brewmar, Adsdniarmer, PA, to mMey Aasiaen, Chabman, Huelar % Ragdansey %
Cabl
- Faheuery 1,1997 *
! 8 08e'stealument 9 Gura dIInlled af tie liesle $1r he esashuales tst te.dess ll mig ls Gia NRC rule art not
. ad W preessive. ,
'u.s. srA, amask Assessment oniosnm he superAnd voimme 1 Haman Ne% Evwenise Mamma riant,'sruseri esso 2. Desember ine. U.s. sea, amiA Aasmanem oddsam en superned: venume 1 name Hashh r e i n t.
Ivalumnies Mamm1 (Part 5, Dr*Jepass er Rhk4ased Pntiminary Reesidea osehi, srArs40% treoJ, -
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. Cancer dd:s for rdl=~lt% shodd yeardy be esdansed unlag tbs alops &ctor apprenah 6dandSed in this methodology. Slops hasors were developed by EPA for
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more iban 300 mdionus11 des in tbs #aalth (fsses Asssensar Asnmey Tablas i (NEAST).' Cleanup levels,for radioaselve eseaarnimadan at CERCLA dies should be
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establisbad as ibey would ier any abamloa! that pows an umanospinble dak and tbs daks , j should be abaW=d in standed Ageney dak language aandstant whb CERCLA.
- guidanos. . !
l . . Histeden!!y. nedladon suposure and clasaup levels have oAan been supressed in '
mhs alga to indistion (e.g., innliness or pleocudes). It is important for tbs purposes j etstority that a sonalstent set of exisdag dak based units (l.s., # x10') der slaamups .
, generally be used.!his will also allow for ease and clarity ofpresendas sumulative :
i dak for all contaminants, an objoetive consistant with EPA's policy on dak * .-
l
, abaractarhatton.' ;
i -
Cancer dak 6osa both radiological and non endiologloa! aanta=tamata abould be sumanad io provide dak asthnstes for persons exposed to both types of certinogenic
, eonaminants. Although thens daks initially may be tabulated esperately, dak esimates eositained l'a proposed and final site decision documents (e.g., proposed plana, Record
- of Decialons (RODS), Action Mamos, ROD AmanAmante, Explanation of SignL6 cant - i i Differences (EgDs)) abould be setmed to provide en estimals of tbs cosabland dak to . '
ladividuals presented by a!! carcinogenic aaata=i taanta. *' .
- . BdE1JJdENTEI10N .
i i The approach in this guidanos abould be canaldered at cument and Amve {
CERCLA sites for which response deelslons have not been made. ' '
]
l . OversE Exposure Lhnit l l
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! Claenup should ' generally achieve a level of risk *ithin tbs 10d.to 104 l , earcinogenic risk range based on tbs reasonable muudmum exposure for an ladividual. '
i ne cleanup levels to be spec 15ed include exposures tom r!'. potendal pathways, and l- ibrough all media (t.g., soil, ground watar, surface water, sediment, gir, structinu, .
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- N.a. era.94mesisann 4- sammuryvehtm FY. ees Aa int,'acusawa,osess,May toes;and u.s.
- PA.14sahb a$ans Assessmens Summary Tables FY.1994 Supplanssi.'8PAfs4WR 9stl41, Nev.19ts. l 8
i Fer entbar diammelea of DA's Po'.lsy, see sessierenden toen DA Adalaisenser Omot Browma enticed: *1PA
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l tises). As acted la previous poHeyr "the upper bomulary of the risk sange is not a ,
! diasrets lins at 1 x IP. ahhough EPA generally uses 1 m.le in maklag stak - >
l unmangement destsions. A spes!6s sisk estisante amound 1P anay be sesmidered anseptable ifjustl8ed based on i j'* aonditions".' >
If a does m===' is condunted at the she"Iban if alluren per year -
. Omruny) sSesilve does equivalent (EDE) abound sensenDy be the aanhnamn dose limit Apr humans. nis level equates to approshnetely 3 x le lacrunned tidsthme stak and is eonststant with levels generally seasidered protective la olhar govemmensal astions, ,
pardoulady regula Lons and guidanos developed by IPA la other sadission,oosnol ymgrams." ,
j . 1Backgrenad Costaminatient ;
Background radiation levels will sensen11y be dstormined as h.d -.s levels .
- are delanninad for othat aantaminanta on a si" ;+iAc baals, la some cases, the same !
l eonstitusats are found in on site samples as well as in boekground samples. De levels ,
l . of each sonstituant are compared tibackground to detaanine its impast, if any, on sits. >
entsied andvhies. Eackground is generally measured only for those radionustides that are --' =t= u of concem and is sompared on a onetaminan't spec 15c baals to cleanup level. For example, background levels for redimii 226 and redon 222 would generally l act be evaluated at a sits if those radianuclides wars not site.entated opee==laante-t i.
8 l 64mme toss Analstant Adminteemer Dem Osy as tw Regians;%Is of the Beastine Risk A====='le SuperfEd Ny Salesdes Deensions" 08WER Direedve 935$.0 30, Apr0 22,1991.
mg levels est bened en All ARs should be apteemed as elsk, abbouah bals may es to sans time he expressed te nawan. . .
. "Forter A 2= tan and analysis of en beels Ier 61s pesammeedeales is eastelmed la te asserials le 6e desetet for 3 the AEA smederd under 1. f . - by EPA which le evalleble mihe estlewing edernes:U.S. EPA,401 M toest, t.W,.
l Saen Miso 0, Air Ds6het He. A43 37, Washingesa D.C. 30440. The assasiel is else evalleble vie snarer modem $
esough to Quaesy tagulealen Elaearsale Sensin Seard (80MoMe37 ouseide 6e Washington eres and 73 7900423 r ) m m4me enesh to nadisia sim asesop Reevissica Hemernes (bap#m.spagwhedisaeveisennt).
4 nasau
, canoes, tevens tened en assu ender ARAna ihm en a nurstas souvyr sended (t a, as many a es whole body,is sneak a te arm 64, and as enne es my seer artaiset arsen) may espear is preek grener stak een een based n u man ups he a svares, esmspeed is sepesehnesely is enmW EDs, uslas semes r6sk me6edelesia, simitely, ARARs bened as ets/75 ewunk senaderd emed as a ARAR (Le,15 enruemk to whale hady and ?$ serem9 to esy artneal argen) would en omrege esmopaed to teos alensgs bened as 15 mromb RDL (See else "Comperisse of otelmi organ ad EDE Radissia Does Rae tanis ler Shwelens lowMag ht-w tase Omm of Radimien
.and ledeer Air. Apr01997.) See else Amestament 3. .
3
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- 4
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! .. es/ss/97 130 at:84 FAI set 2889681 eRIA g007
. 9 . * .
i
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i In eartain shusdons background levels of a sherelated aamatw may equa! -
4 . er asesed Pros established for a site. In these situations background and alt >esisted s . kvels ersediadon will be addressed as they as for albar anneandaants at CERCLA
. shes." .
- hadme andInsatutionalcontrons: .
I '
Tbs sonnantrados letiels for vadeus media that enaespond to the anospeable dak i hvet established for stannup w!!! depend la part on land use at the sits. Land uses'that w!!! be svuDable following sempledom of a sesposes action are datamined es part of ,
i
- the nanady salendan process owsidadng the reasonably endelpstad land use or uses
- along whb elber factors.# .Insdtutional controls (ICs) gesrally should be included as a -
. oomponent of cleanup alternatives that would sequire' restricted land use in order to sasse the response will be protective over tina. The insitutional controls should
, prevent an unanticipated ebange in land use that could result in unacceptable exposures .
ta residual cantamination, or at a alnimum, alert future users to the residual daks and j ' monitor for any changes in use.
1 l Futer'sChanges in Iand Use: .. .' -
.. i
! Where waste is left on sits at levels that would se9 d re lindtad use and restricted ',
i exposure to ensure protectivanass, EPA w!!! nonduct reviews at least once svary Sve l yean to monitor the site for any changes including changes in land use. Such reviews should analyse the implementadon and effeedveness of any ICs whh the surne degree .
'. of ears as olhar parts of the remedy. Should land use change in spite ofland use '
1 . . . .
ny,, n,,, istmanin nesses zrA's appreesh sw addrwiles banker.ww a czacs.A seus en: Nasenes oli l end Mesordeus submeness P.thnion Caselassney Pine, $$ FR 87174718, Mord 8.1990; U1 BPA 'Ouldsmes en l Remedlel Aedens air Cases =Inensd Orenad weser at 5 parted Shan," EPA /5440.as403 Desember 1988, pg. &p; i UA EPA "$st! Sassanlag Omid=== User's Odde,.*7Af$44R4641 s, April Ises, pg. s; and UA EPA *Rhk I Asenmeem omnessa en superhad Volume l Humes Hes>A Evelesalen Mesuel(Pan A)," EPAr$46'l 0942 Desemba ises, pp. &s a He and 51e se Mt. k almund be aseed shot swebe ARAna spedseeny ederen how se hma .
beAground less einamup levels. For ammpte, seen sedisaies ARAR levels me emahabad as toerumsou above ,T l hashgresad eseeh (les ennebed shen ser a beang ofndimos mandards ter are likely se be used es ARARs.)
h ease 2 - -- -
es6er tes Asuew 6e generst guldsmes ehed above, beskgrmed sound be addressed la the
- menen enested by as ARAR AmAks, ese se 40 crn w2, m svennbh m ambiisk eise.ep inveh sw som ; -
. asneelty essening sedimensudes,not pene 6e meer elsk (eash as adhan 2as er Derlem is soll, sad bdeer me
,,, m - - ..; ; , , ,, , ,i,,, ,,,,,i,,,,,,
85ei:':N Land use esammysens, desielee sinken ebeuld sensah she gddesse provided is ne esmerendum tem Ellies laws A.A, OtWER ankled;" Land Use in 6e CERCLA Remedy Esteseies Presens"(0$WER Directive .
No. 9355.h64), be.g 28,1998.
4 *
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L espieret 1su mH FA sesassessa sat' 0 00s i . :
j sestrictions, k will be neosasary to evaluate tbs imp 11ondons of that abange for tbs selected wmedy, and wbsther the nuandy remains prossetive (e.g., s'grestar volume of i
sou mey ased to be sawved er manged to achiew as assspeable level e f isk for a i less russisdveland uns). .
Gewand,Waterlevels: ,
Cosistent wkb CERCLA and the NCP, sesponse assions ist ==s-alamaA
- . yound wusar at mdiation altas must attain (or walve vs agiproprints) tbs Maximum j
ra===laam 1441s OdC14) er non aaro Mashmanr 'ama= lama' Inval Goals (McLos) established under ibs safe Drinking Water Act, whars abs McLa or McLos I
are relevant and appropriate for the she, This will typlaany be the sese wbst, grond waters are a surrent or potential source of drinklag water." The ARARs should l generally be ansland throughout the plume (i.e., in tbs aquifer).
- j Modeung Assessment of Future Espesures: >
Nak levels, ground water cleanup, and doss' timhs should be predicted using appropriate models tr, examine the estimated fusure threats posed by residual radioactive material following tbs completion of the tosponse action." The modeling
- assessment.should
- (1) assume abat the current physical charmataristics (e.g., important surfan's $satures, solls, geology, hydrogeology, estaorolob', and ecology) w!!! continue to adst at the site; Q) take into annount for each particular radionuclids that is a ahs-stated contaminant, the foUowing isotors: .
l ndioactive deony and the ingrowth ofrMioactive decay peducts when assessing risklevels; , . .
tbg year ofpeak conossadon in abe groun~d water when assassing hon * *
(e.g., namediating previous ma'a=1ami= and preventing Asture contamination)
L of ground water, arid; -
1
' tbs year ofpeak dose when assessing dose limits; and.
- 0) model the expected movement of radioactive matarial at tbs alte both within media
, (i.e soll, ground watst, surface water, sediment, structures, air, biota) and to other '
anodia. .
%n makins decisiana em Found **r p'semelen, desisles makes should mesak tw asidem pended in
'w.msmeen mm,ense somser ud an stu namnem 'rmensiesia sw hw oned woor a cancLA stus-(OlWER Diresive No. 935$.7.od) Camber 1996. .
L
' **F,seedinswassi sus =*as ** hosts fw ihis o
em U.s. :PA.' Risk Aammesm Ouldana for sep s.4 v lem t Hanna Hen)6 Evenussian hennual(Part A)laseria Final, EPAN$4't.4Wo02, Desember 19:9. pp.
to 22 and 10 24. -
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ests's/st isu seass FAI rosesses; ca 4 goo, i s y}taTRY.R UC*ORMATION
- The subjem snatter specialists for ilds direcdve are Jeffrey Phillips of OERR and John Karbank' of ORIA. General queadons about this directive, abould be dirooted to 130M24 9346.
, 44% .
m, ; .
Nadona!SuperfundPolleyManagers ,
superfund Branch Chlah (Ragions ).X)
. Superfund Branch Chiefs. Omos of R sional Counsel (Regions !.Xy Radiadon Program Managers (Regions I, IV, V, VI, VII, X)
Radiation Branch Chief (RegionII) - '
Rasidential Domaln Soodon Chief (Region m)
- Radladon and Indoor Alt. Program Branch Chief (Region VE) .
Radiation and Indoor 05c4 Director (Region IX) '
Federal Facilldes Leadership Council OERR Centar Directors CC: .J ,
Jun Woolford,FFRRO '
Elizabeth Cotsworth, OSW .
. Craig Hooks, FFEO -
Barry Breen, OSRE . -
Joanna Gibson, HOSC/0 ERR '
Earl Salo, OOC 9
8 .
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c IJhely Federst Radistion Appisemble er Relevnet med A,,gi.%-y 1 - '
(araks) g-!
The setsdied drsR table of Faleral s' tandards is a listhg of Federal redission seguistions that any bei" orRdent sind .
A,-w A Res.:. _e"(ARAPa) fs Superfand response actions.This list is not a( r J J- -AlistofFedsmisadission standards. It snow also be csweioned that the niection of ARARs is sise-specific and $sese A JA determinations may differ linut the setsched analysis forsoone of the following ARARs.
g
- i
.- LHietyFederalRadfatted(AEA UMTRCA,CAA, CWA.SDWA)ARANs ,
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- AppNcable' , gg,g,,,,,g ..
- aged Appnspelste !
- or Leef or CleeIsE4b Meninnan conenminant levels (MCLs). Drinking 40 CFR 141% Rarely- At the ampwhese Whesespenniersurfine muser l '
j weser regolations designed to prosect herman ,
- wseer win be 'M is W spotensis8 ar heskh from the potensist adverse effects of . . directly se25 ormese ennent sommeofdrinking' - -
drinking water contaminsnes.
~
people er,willbesuppEed water ,,
. no 15 orsnoceservice '
- connections. .
I Concenerseion limits for liquid efBuents frosn' 40CFR440 Fey (Asmeff; Applies to Dischugestosurfaseisseers -
!- facilities that extract and process areniwn. SubpartC surfacewuserdischarges ofsensetimesofM -
- . radiinn and vanadiumcres. . Fress cesteinIdads of weser. .
sninesand smins .
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IJkely Federal Radiatleen (AFA 'UMTRCX; CAA, CWA, SW ABAEs . *3 1
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m i. d e .
VWeemis standeed g '!
APP8 ca b i . .
poesnemey a Relevant
- i. . Standard - CNaSon ' (ConducWOperaSon g =
orLevelof :
^
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! lbletal Water Quality Criscrie (FWQC) and WeserQuality- Discharge nom a RhWessesminseed j sue Wasa QualityStendanfs(WOS). -
Criteria: Report CERCi.A site to surfmee surfmae weser.(LC) ; i f Criteriarstandards for protection e(aquasic life ofshe National ;
weser'.(00) ~ ~~ ~
l an#pr human heshh depending upon the Teclueical .
j W weser use. Advisor *y
. ~
Commine6 te she . . !,
- . Secretaryofhe - -
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Inserior; Aprit I, .
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-
- t Concentresien IIInits for CItenep ofrediern-226, 40 CFR Never-9msedards'me .
. - %eesE h radium.228. and shorima in soil at insetive 192.12(a),v applicableonly so eseamu>226,sostmus-228, j uranian processing sites designesed for remedial 192.34b)(2),and INTRCAsites shutme samurtherium ,
sction.' .
- 92.4I enesmyt Eens CERCLA -
i
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Remediation Goels For CERCLA sites." . -
- '2 -
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.s Likely Federal Radiatlose (AEA, WCAA, CWA, SIMFA) ARARs -
Whenis stenson! -
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- "d*"8 C#**"' and A ppnipsemeer E-l Cloenup 1 f -
Requisensent 4
Combined expossie limits fBr clesmy orrs&m 40 CFR , Never:SIsaduds'are - Sites wille sneesteiw E l
- deesy products in buiWings as inoctive wanism 192.12(b)(1)and applicsWe only to h Getis casendy.
l ;
rmoJng sites designseed for remedial action 192.41(b) UMTRCAsites thatsee ermay pseendsNy.sessitis l -
enesuyt finne CERCLA sedanthatiscaused by site
. selseedh
! milysningGess the sailisse l
- b=imises ;
t f
i l Concenerseien limits for cleanup of gemms 40 CFR Never: M ue ' - SiteswldiesEssesivei 4
redistion in buiWings se inscrive wanian 192.I2(bX2) - applicableoudyto - m estiscenemely, processing sites designated for rensedist actime UMTRCAsists thatme ersusy potemalsEy.amit ;
~
caempt ficanCI6tCLA gammes sm5seios
! . Desigri requirements for remedist set.'ons that 40 CFR 192.02 Never:Standuds are Sises widivuess>220 orendon- .
) involve dispessi forur " a combined _ ,,"E "A only as 222ashwhich h ofredon-220 sad enden.222 so the UMTRCAslees estsee , wilt be disposedefes> site.
] ,
czcapt fions CERCtk j somosphere at inecsin arsniene processing sites
- i designskd for renedial action
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potenemeyaRelevant . E Stanstard N (Con BucWOpermWon ,,,,
. =
" fleguleensent Ctesesup4 E :
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%T .-._. 2 ees.tiives For the lens disposal or 10 CFR 61.4I (AsNIrffExiseing Feiviouslyclosedsites E l .
- inw level radioeceis waste (t.Lw). Iicensed tlydispessi esannimingLLW Kibemesse wlIlbepesinensedyleAon i , . sises atthe einseofficenes E senewus.(LC) slee.
} .
j Wmetwi d4 -
! . eccer. .. .
t Nelional Ennission SW for Huesnlous Air 40CFR 61 Aistsene asnissions CleanupofediersItes with j Pollessnes (NESHAPs) under Ibe Clean Air Act, Satparts H andI duringsk clemsspof sodiosesiveh . !.l d o s ,per io <,on. ai m s. . re*,.ir ~ ,.nd M NRC ilities. .
j -
(CD) . !
i Radiological criserie for license tennimation. 10 CFR20 Exiseingh d sites as Pte,Isamfy elseed slees.
SubpereE die eisme of h sersninselen.(LC) 4
- Y
! *avet orCsesnap (t>C) refers to those standards which are typicaRy ARARs for decennining the Tsumi level ofclesnap.
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es/ Tsu tosse FAI tett486s81 GR!A hs . pers? - -
0 014 5
i August 20,1997 l
i Auschment Bt !
Analysis of v. tat Radiation Dose umit '
le Proketiva of Human Health , ;
i at CERCLA Sites * '
. i l
. (including Review of Dose Limits in -
l NRC Dooommissioning Ru!e) ,
- , introduction .
t The Nucinar Regulatory &=ntsalaa (HRC") has finalimi a rule titled .*
- .- '1Ladiological Cdtada for Ucense Terminadon"(see 62 PR 39058, July 21,1997). EPA
- i. has determined that the dose limits establisfied in this rule generally will not provide a protective basis for establishlag preliminary somediadon goals (" PROS")mdst the Cw.Masive Enviror.mantal Response, Compensatipo and Liability Act
(" CERCLA").' The NRC rule sets an allowable cleanup level of 25 millirem per year
- i stractive dose equivalent (EDE)(equivalent to approximately 5 x 10d lifetime cancer
! risk) as the pdmary standard with snamptions allowing 4teandp levels of up to 100
' adtlitem per year (aren@r) EDE (equwalent to approxinutely 2 x 103 lifetime risk).8
' Whus the NRC standards must be met (or waived) at sites.where it is app!! cab!: or
. selevant and appropriate, cleanup' s at these shes will typically have ts be more protsetive than required by the NRC sule dose lindts in order to meet the requirement to be protective established in CERCLA and the 1990 revisions to the National 011 and .
- Hazardous, Substances Pouution Contingency Plan ("NCP").8 Protectiveness for carcinogens under CERCLA is generally ditannined with reference to a cancer dak range oflod to 104 deemed acceptable by EPA. Consistent with this risk range, EPA has considered cancer dak from radiation in a number of -
difforsat contexts, and has consistantly s'o ncluded that levels of 15 mrsm/p EDE (which e :
8
,$r4 lamer, Carol Dewamer, Ahednieruser, EPA.to thirley Jeeksen, Geirnen Nuelser Regulesary Commission. >
- - February 7.1997.
a tr Jr els 'Malysis risk eeneses tw does leved wars deriM usnns a risk assessment mededology con Mh CEACI A guidanes A r assessing risks. -
agi,3g,,,y,,,gg,,,, g,g ,,,,gg,, ,,,,,g,g;en eleanups masids de risk serige is senerally not pressedys and
~ ta.s .a, n m , - .m a s. .
. 1
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...__bJ#--<. ,.h+.- .----,-w,-,-,,,,,e.r->,..r---r,,--y-.v-.--.,,-.wwy,.vw-w+- ---.y- - .....v,-er - - - -
, es/ss/97 71010:37 FAI 202233D881 est!A 0o1s
.s . .
. l .
. . . August 20,1997 equate to approximately a 3 x 1P cancer rink) or less a' rs protective and achievable.'
EPA has explicitly ridected levels above 1! :nrank EDI na belag not suffielently .
proindv . .
The dow levels established in the NRC Decoramladoning mle, however, ars not .
baand on th's risk range or on en analysis of other achievable protective cleanup levels used for radiation and other carcinogenic standards. Rather, they me based on a diffuent Anmework fx risk management recommended by the Internadonal Commission on Radiadon Protectic.a OCRP) and the National Cour.:11 on Radiation Protecti.on and Measursments (NCRP)..NRC's appilaation of this framework starts with the premise that exposure to radiation from all man made sources, axeluding madical and natural bukground exposures, of up to 100 mrern/yr., which equates to a cancer risk of 2 x 104, is acceptable. Band on that pretnise, h concludes that exposure from de==tssioned facilities of 25 mrem /yr, whleb equatu to a casca risk of approximately 5 x 10d is acceptable, and allows the granting of excepticins in certain instances permitting exposure up to the full dosage of 100 mrum/yr frdn there facilities. EPA has carefully reviewed the basis for the NRC dose levels and does not believe they are generally protective within the framework of CERCLA and the NCP. Simply put,NRC has provided, and EPA is aware of, no tichnical, policy, or legal rational,efor treating radiation risks differsetly from other risks addressed under CERCLA arsi for allowing radiation risks so .
(at beyond the bounds of the CERCLA risk range. .
s '
h skovid be amend ther 15 swam y 8 r is a does level, am a media rsmediation level. Accordingly.thl: levcl could be sahlend a CIRCLA shes throust '.ppenpriate she specific combinanoni of acilve remediatloa and land we restrictiohs to esure ne anneseptable exposwes. -
I 1 . .
-2 e
a
,,osom av ain m nuusut .m . osts j l .
. August 20.1937
- 1. Rationale for 15 mromfyr as Minimally Aeooptable Dose Limit j . To determine an aneeptable realdual level of risk to s residual radioactivs amerials following a response aedon that would be protestive aflusaan bashb EPA
, a-amlaad the precedents established by EPA fbr anosplable exposures to radiation in ;
segulations and siteggioclGc cleanup decisions in liskt of the CERCLA risk range for earsinogens. EPA's conclualon is that to be considered protective under CERCLA,
~
sammlial actiob should generally aitain does levels of no more than 15 mram/yr ED1! for tone sites at which a does assessment is conducted. Tids dose level corresponds to an excess Mfetime sanoer risk of approximately 3 x 10d.
i 1.1 .The CERCLA elsk range .
i "Under CERCLA, all vernedies are required to anain cleanup levels that "at a i minimum. . . aarurs protaction of human health and the environment." CERCLA gl21(d)(1). The NCP provides that, for earsinogans, preliminary vsmediation goals should n;snarally be set at levels that.rspessent an upper-bound lifetime cancer risk to an '
, ladividual of betwenn 10' and 10. 40 CFR i 300.430(eX2XIXAXI). This regulatory level was set based on EPA's conclusion that the CERCI A protecCveness usandate la complied with "when the amount of e@sure is reduced so that the risk posed by oont*=ta=ats is very small, i.e., at an acuptable level. EPA's risk range of 108 to 10d '
represents EPA's opinion on what are generally acosptable levels." $5 Fed. Reg. at 8716 ,
(March g,1990). EPA's adoption of this risk range was sustained injudicial review of the NCP. State of Ohin vlPit97 F.2d 1520,1833 (D.C. Cir.1993). *
. Under appropriate circumstances, risks of greater than 1 x 10d may be acceptable. .
, CERCLA guidance states that "the upper boundary of the risk range is not a discrete line '
at 1 x 10d, although EPA generally unos 1 x 10d in making risk management decisions.
A specific risk estimate around 10d may be considered nocoptable ifjustified based on ei;e epecific conditions?s Other EPA regulatory programs have developed a similar -
approar.h to 9-tata: scoeptable levels of sancer risk. For example, in a Clean Air Act rulemnidag establiabing NESHAPs for NRC Licensees, Department of Energy hellities, and many othee kinds of sites, EPA soncluded that a risk level of"3 x 10' is essentially equivalent to the presumptively safe level of I a 10d." 54 Fed. Rag at 51677 i and,51632 (December 15,1989). EPA explichly es}ected a risk level of 5.7 x 1&d as not '
being equivalent to the presumptively safe level of 1 x 10d (in the case of elemental
- phosphorus ptants)in this rulemaldng. 54 Fed. Rag. at 51670.
a.aale of the Basalme lusk Assessment in Superhmd Remedy solemien hhtensa tem EPA Aaalaant Adminlarster Don R. CW, April 22. t 991.
t 3 .
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t es/st/et 150 se:H FAI settutest enga Ooit T ' t, . . .
- *t
- 1 i
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.. . . August 20,1g07 i
4 1.2 Prior sismaldas deelsions -
. j EPA has mamined &c proteadvaness of vedous sadlados levels os a number of I
~
essaslons, la each ensa, EPA's dessimination ofwbst consdtutes an adequate level of proisetion was remebed in a manner eensisiant with EPA's segulados of other .
eerslaegens. De somalualons Aom these efforts support the detonnlantion that 15 l sareineyr IDE sbould generally be the maximum does level allowed at CERCLA she4.
, For esamepla, EPA's Environmental Radiadon Protection standards for Managesnest and ,
a Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fust. High Level and 'nansuranic Radionedvs Wastes (High- ;
! 14 vel Waste Rule, 40 CPR Part 191) sets a dose limit of 15 wwem/yr EDE for all , ,
pathways. -
l ;
In addidon, EPA set an offactive dow equivalent of 10 inremeyr EDE (imcluding li sedon 222) for alt senissions of radionuclides'6om federal &cilities, NRC licensens, and '
i uranium fuel ey-le fhcllides under the Nedonal Emissions Standards for Hazardous Alt .
j Pollutants (NESHAP,40 CFR Part 61). %I: lower limit included all air pathways, but ,
i ancluded releases to surhoe and ground waters. . '
l Not all EPA rules apply the cunent dose snethodology of effective dose equivalent
! (EDE). A dose lhalt of 15 mrom'yr EDE is also consisisbt with the does levels allowed -
under older multi media standardt that were based on ibe cddcal organ approach to dose -
I limitation. Critical organ standards developed by EPA and NRC consist of a combinadon of whole body and critical organ dose limits. nres of these arideal organ standards -
(EPA's tranium fuel cycle rule,40 CFR 190.10(a), t ;d forNP.C licensens;NRC's low levs! waste mle,10 CFR 61.41; and EPA's management and storage of high level waste by NRC and agreement states mie,40 CPR 191.03(a)), referred to bers as
'25n5/25 mromfyr' dose limits, are expressed as 25 mrum/yr to the whMe body,75 -
arem4r to the thyrold, and 25 suurnfyr to any critical organ other.than the thyroid. One standard (EPA's management and storage elblah level waste by DOE rule,40 CFR >
191.03(b)), refened to here as a "2555 anram/yr" done limit, is expressed u 25 suemfyr to the whole body and 75 areaWr to any oritloal ~ organ (including the thyrold). To eompare the done level allowed under mandards expressed in terms of EDE with the dose invals allowed under the critical organ reproach sci dose limitadon, EPA has analysed the esdmated effective dose equivalent lors1s that woulit result if sits. were cleaned up to the \
aumedaal dose limits used in theos standards.' he analysis ladiantes that if sites wars
- alaaned up unde h 25n5/25 mromfyr dose limit, the sosidual anota:ninadon would eonospood to approx 1:nately 10 arenWr EDE. For altas alenned up under a 25n5 ;
aren@r dose Ihnit, the realdual contaminadon would sorrespond to approximmely 15 t
. % de.e of Crisie ! Orson und EDE Redmaien Dese Aas Lhnin for Simmelens leveM Ceinandnaaed Offies of Radiosion and ladoet Ale, April 1997. .
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August 20,1997 ersavyr EDE Thess Sadings are similar to those mandoned la the pnimmble to the high. .-
1 level waste rule (40 CFR Part 191; Decembu 20, IW); $8 FR 66402). In that sulemaldag, EPA noted that abe dou !! alt of 2$ andyr to the whole body or.75 areadyr to any wideal organ, which was used in a pervleus high level waste rule
- (September 19,1985; $0 FR 38066) servesponds to the same level of risk as that assoclesad with a 15 antem/yr EDE. A eleanup level of 15 enre
- Wyr EDE is abus generally
- eensisiest with all of abese othe senadards, althmsh abers are adaer differenees.
Finally, siandards for ibe cleanup of oartain radionettvely esotaminated shes have
, - been lessed under the Uranian Mill Tallings Radiation control Act (UMTRCA), P.L.
' 95 604, Those standards are codined at 40 CFR Part 192. Among other provlsions, the UMTRCA standards limit the soneantration of radlwn 226, redium>228, tborium 230 and enrium 232, within 15 eentimeters (cen) of the surface to me more than 5 piooCwies per .
gram (pci/g) over background. They also limit the sonasnention of thou radionuclides . l l below the surfans to no more than 15 pCL/g over background. Since thane standards were . . l developed for.the spectSc conditions found ht the mill sitas so which they apply (for l l : example, all mill sites are risquired by law to remain ta federal control), sorrelating these - -
l l .- -
- ennosotrations to dos. requires a site speel5c determination eensidedng both the 4
distribution and nature of contaminants at the she and the selected land use. Therefore, I
show standards are less relevant for deteradalas if 15 sr'$m/yr EDE is sonsistant, i However', naalysis ladicates that the cleanup of UMTR';A altes is consistant with the .
minimally asseptable dow limit of 15 mrom/yr ED*' .mder a essidendal exposure '
i
' soonerlo for indium 226, endium 228, and thorium 232, and is much mors stringent for .
aborium 230.' For land use* other than roeidential (e.g., eommercial/ industrial, secreational) the UMMCA cleanup standards ers more stringent for all'four .
, sodionuclides.' . . !
13 Site SpecL6c Decialona - '
EPA bra s=ntand n a cleanup decisions made under Superhnd to address sites i
sentaminated with mdioactive wastas. Many of these clonup actions used the Uhf!RCA
'bassesamme (Amenn met Fneessiae# Causesfeer meMasimaf Dest Aaws. Ofte Al',Joly 31,1796. ,
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'A lead ofIi asem9r is else suppened by EPA's drea Fedeel Redselen Pismaelen Ovidenes for Espeews of the a'
Osamel PtA4s (ss FR 4Hid. Desen6er 23,19N). The den oldenes s fossameods Stat Gia aunsJose dose to indiddoels a
tem spesins sowess er emesettes of sewese be enebhahed as eenell tessicas of a 100 usem4r upper bound on deses tem all assent and ponential anwe.sewees sembined. and elies the resulesiens alpiare discussed la tension t 2 of this paper as i appeeprias implemanation of ahis senesumendenen. All ofIhe regvleiery tamnples shed support the selecden of sleenop
,' levels et is serem'rt et less. He ever, basesse this suldense is in draft feein and is settleet to esatinued senew within EPA
' prier to Amaliarlen k should met be used es e bests ror establishins eeryenble elesnup levels. *
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eleanup standard (40 CFR Part 192) as an ARAR. Some of the shes used State 1 segulations as ARARL For a number orador DOE cleanup actions such as those at the Hanford reservation and Rocky Flats, a 15 mrumfyr EDE cleanup levs! has been decided upon or proposed. In other eases of CERCLA andlation cleanup actions that are not based
. on ARARs, cloacup levels between"1 x 1P and 1 x le have been selected (Bomark, NJ; Fernald, OH; Charleston Naval Shipyard, SC; and Mars Island Naval Shipyard, CA).
Overau EPA Sads that a !$ mram% EDE level (with a risk of 3 x 10d) is at the upper and ofremediation levels that have generaUy been selected at radioactively contaminated CERCLA shase -
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! 2.0 Dose Limits in NRC's Rule are not Protechve l EPA sovlewed tbs dose limits that are aantal=t in NRC's Radiologloal Cdteda
! for Llosass Termination (see 62 FR 39058, July 21,1997). TheNRCrule allows a .
l cleanup level of 25 serem/yr EDE (equivalent to approximately 5 m lod lifetime dak) whh suamptions allowing elemoup levels of up to 100 arenWr EDE (equivalent to i ,
approxhnstely 2 x 108 nlfedme risk). These limits are beyond tbs upper bound of the risk i
' snage generally considered protective under CERCLA. In addidon, they present risks abat are higher than levels EPA has found to be protective for earcinogons in gancrat and i ist radiation,la particular,in other eentexts. EPA has no techoloal or policy basis to * -
- . eenclude that these levels are protective under CERCLA. -
The risk levels corresponding to the 25 to 100 iirauhr EDE range allowed by the
! NRC rule (5 x 10dto 2 x 104) me unacceptably high relative to 1 x 10', which is the risk l level generally used as the upper botadery of the CERCLA risk range for making dsk management decisions at CERCLA sites. This dotarminadon is consistant with EPA's i
explicit rejecdon of a dak level of 5.7 x 10d for elemental phosphorus plants in the
- preamble for a NESHAP rulernaklug (54 FR 51670). In the same preamble, EPA stated
~
that a risk level of"3 x 10d is estandally equivalent to the presumptively safe level of I x
! l lod" (54 FR 51677). It was during this same NESHAP N!amaking that NCRP first recommended to EPA its regulatory scheme (a dose limit of 25 mromfyr EDE for a single source that if met would not require analyzing other sources, otherwise a dose limit of 100 aren@r EDE hom all sources combined) that NRC citas as a source for the regulatory approach taken in its decommissioning rule.' EPA rejected NCRP's recommended regulatory scheme, and proenulgated dose limits of no more than 10
, snreshr EDE in its NESHAP rulernaking for sadionuclides, while concluding that
' indMdual dose levels greater than 10 mromly ede are !===ta st with the requimnents ofsecolon 112' of the Clean Air Act. 54 Fed. Reg. at $1686. '
' The documentation and analysis supporting the NRC mis dose levels provide no basis for such a sign 1Geant departure f! rom the CERCLA risk range. Indeed, as discussed 1 above, EPA's pakt analyses and experience have demonstrated that exposures of 15 -
' aruntyr EDE or less are analnable and that such a departure is unwannated. A dose ilmlt of 25 mrom/yr EDE represents almost a doubling of the allowable risk 90m '
previous radiation rulesnakings; tbs risk represented by a does limit of 100 anremfyr EDE -
is seven times as high ha previously allowed. As note in Section 1.2, a dose limit of 2'5
- ares 4r effective dom equivalent is laaaamisiant. with the does levels allowed under older Nouvel of Air se.laslams of Radionus.11das' NCRP Foshion Statement No. 6. The suport shed by N No. lid, smemly refronens We povleus NCRP peskion stamment, r
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I esandards sing a pesvious does unehodology (edti rnedia standards that wert based on abe arideal organ gyroach to dose limitation). If these older dose standards wars to be *
- applied to the aleang of contaminated sitas, the everage dose level would correspond to ,
1 approzhnetely 10 or 15 mrs Wyt EDE on avenge." Also, analysis indicates 1bst tbs i sleanup of UMTRCA sites using ibe 5 pCi/s and 15 pCi/g soll standards under 40 CFR 192 is enestseast with an apper bound of 15 anranlyr EDE under a nas! realdential exposes scenario for radium 226, radlum 228, and thorium 232, and is much more ;
. saingent for thorium 230." For land unas other than residential (e.g.,
somr.arstal4ndutidal, escreadonal) the UMTRCA cleanup standards are more stringent '
inrallfour radionuclides.
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ofCrhien! Organ and EDE Railsabe Dess hans 1.hnha flur'Sinselord IsrvoMas Corsaminand Land" Ofrae of Radianen and indset Alt, Apell 195!. ,
Alt, July 21,1996.
"Anassenmew (Aadess med ThaNimm 3 11 Coweeedew .ura.=atDaw Assas. Ofres of Radane
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- {# UNTTED STATES ENVIRON 64ENTA1. PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, D.C. 30460 *
. AG22SN- .,
! souowmmesanos ev M Sp 9 dst .
' 9 OSWER No.9200.4-23 MEMORANDUM '
SUBJECT:
Clarification of the Role of Applicable, or Relevant and Appmpriate Raquirements in Establishing Pr=88=8* y FWi= don Ooals under i
! lsh l
- FROM
- TimothyJ.Fiel Jr., - [ -
l Assistant.u.s.r stor .
i l TO: Addressees .
- , PURPOSE
- . . I 1his memorandum clarifles the relationship between the two key remedy aslec' t ion ,
mandates of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Cvdon and Liability Act (CERCLA) as ameded by the Superfund Amendments and Resuthoriastion Act of
- 1986 (SARA): 1) the toqulrument to protect human health and the environment; and 2) the requirement to attain, or walve ifjustified based on she-speel5e cir-*~e, applicable or relevant and appropriata requL e. (ARARs). Specifically, this >
memorand.no clari$es that, in rare instances, the Agency may establish pr=N-t== y ;
!
- assediation goals (PRGs) at levels more WMvs than required by ARARs, even at ahas that do not involve muhip): ana'a=Imaats or pathways of exposure.
This document providas guidance to Regional staff, in dealing with the public and .
Iba regulated commalty, regarding how EPA intends to implement the National 011 and Hazardous Substances Pollution C*ada ency Plan (NCP). It dancribes .stional policy.
This document is not a substhuta for EPA's stamans or regulations, nor is it a regulation heelf. Thus, h cannot knpose legally binding requirements on EPA, States, or the segulated aammunity, and snay not apply to a particular situation based upon the -
elre== *--m. '
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! RACKGROMD .
In adadaisiedag tbs CERCLA pogram alone tbs pomulgadan of tbs 1990 ewhsons e em NCP, quandons bow pededimDy adma over 6 niadonddy between abe
- seassiry mandates to
- 1) potect kanan health and tbs envbooment; and, 2) satala, or j waive ifjustiSed based en she epeetSc i _ - --- , ARARa.. SpeclAcaUy, queadons .
i neve edsen over ths'absenstanses meer which it is appropdate to estehumb FROs that l
~ are anos potessive than ARARa. It has been DA's polley that "hompuanas whb a l
^-84 ;
- ARAR gensesDy wul be eensidend potective even ifit is omside the :
- [eencer) dak sange (unless there are sewanating oboenstanees such as esposures to l
! , midtiple aa=*==tamaa or p.i:...,e oferp)."'
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l FURT1tER EXFLANATION OF PO M * ,. j
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- It samalas EPA's policy not ARARa will generally be considered protective i ab*sent multiple contandaants or.psthways ofexporse. However, this Directive alarifles
} *
. that, in vare situadonA, EPA Regional ofEcos abould establish FR0s at levels mese l protective than nequired by a given ARAR, even absent multiple pathways or
- maatamiama, where applicadon ofibn ARAR would not be p' roesstive ofhanan baalth
- i sic the environment. This jt--" abould be made bassil on a se, view of tbs le'vol of dak associated with applicadon of the ARAR; the soundness of abe techaloal baals for the -
i
- ' ARAR; and otbar Actors relating to the ARAR or to its appliestion at an individual site.
I This balanced appiroach m'oe't Adly haplements tbs seguirements of the NCp and ,
L the CERCLA. On one hand,it was cleurty kPA's intention in poundssting the NCP that ,
i PRGs would generaDy be based on ARARs in the abeanos ofmultiple aa*=l==* or i .
pathways. Gag 40 CFR 300.450(e)(2)(1)(D); $5 Fed. Reg. at 8712.) This approach is
- l' sound; the protectiveness of baalth-based segulatory levels abould not routinely be : - .
evaluand in individual CERCLA sundy salandon delalons. -
j ' On 6e oest hand, ARARs mannot be an absolute upper bound on olanup levels
. in every eau inibe ebeenee ofmultiple pe$ ways or ===i==. CsacLA.and me ,
'; 121(dXI). (2); 40 CFR i 300.430(f)(1)(!)(A).) Indeed, protecting human bealth and the .
.- anybomment is iba parannoudt ot$ecdvs of the SuperAnd program. Esa $5 F,ed. Reg.
4 80$WRA Dinuellre 93$s.030."Rene of the besoties Risk Assessount le Superhed Remedy Seleotten
.- Deeleiene*(Apru 22,1991). This pelley is ennalmess wiei the NCP. ($ss s0 CFR 300.430(e)(2)(1)(D)(autheriains seasidensiec of the anneer dek nase wears W of AAAas wul sesuk le emn.:'iulve senser plek of stessar then 10*
4se to amhlple pashwere er esaseminases). Sea alan 19e0 NCF Poemable. 88 pet AsG. m 8711("(w) hse boekb.6esed ARARsenenwinnineerenas ameisseypaness, 4 inmehipi esysem.'ermiempieennemise nrAini
+ seals' bases se niewpeniss rink 4ened amiers, sua a e. seeme dik nees>> ,
s
foo/se/ettuose:41Pazsenessesst- estra eord l
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- = we wcP dy a.ie.d.a e es.d.d on CRRCws .nem.bing mand e a peess hinnan hashb and the environment").) Fwebanners GRCL4 seguires that samedial.andons gain ARARs % mintaan,"alssly annisagdadag that sumedial .
eseiens may be ==. preenedvs Iban swi sired by ARARs when airsumstenses a seydre. '
(CERCLA $ 121(()(2XA).) ' '
IPA's poucy of generaDy establising FROs based on ARARs, in the absense of mehiph Pseways.= ==i-d==== is bued en en annardon est individ=1 ARARs ,-
w01 he prote6tive. For enample, the NCP supresdy autbadnes eendderation of the i enneer risk range la seeing Pros whers amala=== ofARARs wedd resuh in a .
i emndadvs dak in excess of 10' de to indtiple - wt=ats or pathways. (40 CFR. <
l 300.430(eX2XIXD).) Tbs aasmaptian undadyhig this provision is plainly that individual
} ARARs would aableve a sial; of 10 orless. Shallarly, the NCP preamble explalas that ,
! EPA w!!! modify PROS to be preessein whers sunuladvs risks "anabe ARARs
! aceprotective"(55 Fed. Rag, at 8713); again, the assanption is that individual ARARs I would be protective absent tbass cumulative Maks. Ip eases whart, based on available j lefonandon, this ampumption is not accurate PRO: abould be est at levels mors protandve, l . than rapiired by the ARAR in order to ensus protection of b maan health and tbs i .
inv>nmat. . .-.
4 IMPIIMENTATION 6
' In tbs rare aircunstances whars, based on available infonnation, appscation of an
, ARAR would not be protandvs of human baalth or abs environmet EPA abould ,
establish PR0s at levels 'that av more protective than sagdred bf the ARAR own' absent adtiplepathways or aaahla=* . As notad above, in deciding wbstbar a PRO should he estabushed at a level more protective thari sequired by an ARAR, sonddarados should be given to the level of dak associated with application of the ARAR; the soundness of tbs technical basis for the AR4R; and other &ctors reisting to tbs ARAR or to its application at anindividual site..
Before making a she speal5s estarininstion tbst an ARAR st a give she is not .,
protective of banas beelth and tbs envizcament and'abould not be used as the basis for s,
. eseddishing ' PROS, the she decialon makar abould consult with Haa8 9 artars, unless a I
priot dstormigadg's has been made by Handquartars est a particular, ARAR abould not gemareDy be used to establish Pros at CERCLA shes.8 The subt lect ====r specialist for
_* eds guidance is Robin Anderson of OERR and Brian Omat of 00C. General questions abos eds gddann siwdd be dirund to 1-s00424-9346. .
sy,, ,, ,,,,,g, er a " . daarudanden ear the assetsel unds ensbushed by a sortlealer ARAR ,
" shseld amt generaDy be used as te basis to asubEsk P9tos at CIRCLA shes, ses es menerendem $se Sespban D.
1m86s ihnsd: "Esubushment of sisasup sevels sur GRQ.A shes'wle endiseselw -8=ada=* (OsWER Dbeadw
- Ss00.418) AssusleP7,p.s. '
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Nagonal supanad Feuey Man g.r, l 1 sqperned amach chlet(Reslonst X) -
supuned anach chist, ofam of Resional connal (Reslons 1 X)
Radiada P8*sa= % (Restons I, rv, y, vi, vu, x) .
RadladenBmach Chld(RagionH)
Residesdal Domain Sudan Wd(Region M) andlados and ladoer Air Program Branch Chief (Ragion VM) ,
j . Radlados andIndoor OfEos Diressor(Ragion DC) . -
Federal FacMidanlandarship Councu .
- . ,. OERR Center Directors CC
- , .
Steve Luttig OERR, , . -
Jkn Woolford,NO E11:abeth Cotsworth, osW CraigHooks FFEO '
Bany Breen, OSRE -
Joanna Gibson, HOSC/OERR Earl Salo, OOC .. .
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