ML12339A483

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Official Exhibit - NRC000050-00-BD01 - Chernobyl on the Hudson? the Health and Economic Impacts of a Terrorist Attack at the Indian Point Nuclear Plant
ML12339A483
Person / Time
Site: Indian Point  Entergy icon.png
Issue date: 09/30/2004
From: Edwin Lyman
Riverkeeper, Union of Concerned Scientists
To:
Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Panel
SECY RAS
References
RAS 22152, 50-247-LR, 50-286-LR, ASLBP 07-858-03-LR-BD01
Download: ML12339A483 (54)


Text

United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Official Hearing Exhibit NRC000050 In the Matter of:

Entergy Nuclear Operations, Inc. Submitted: March 30, 2012 (Indian Point Nuclear Generating Units 2 and 3)

ASLBP #: 07-858-03-LR-BD01 Docket #: 05000247 l 05000286 Exhibit #: NRC000050-00-BD01 Identified: 10/15/2012 Admitted: 10/15/2012 Withdrawn:

Rejected: Stricken:

Other:

CHERNOBYL ON THE HUDSON?

THE HEALTH AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF A TERRORIST ATTACK AT THE INDIAN POINT NUCLEAR PLANT Edwin S. Lyman, PhD Union of Concerned Scientists September 2004



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INTRODUCTION



(a) The terrorist threat to nuclear power plants



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(b) The Nuclear Regulatory Commission: an agency in denial



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TABLE 5: Terrorist attack at IP 2, MACCS2 estimates of early fatalities (EFs),

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TABLE 10: Long-term economic and health consequences of a terrorist attack at IP 2, relaxed cleanup standard (25 rem in 50 years)



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(d) An even worse case



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TABLE 11: Terrorist attack at IP 2 and 3, MACCS2 estimates of early fatalities (EFs) and latent cancer fatalities (LCFs) resulting from emergency phase exposures, 100% evacuation of EPZ



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CONCLUSIONS



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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS



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