ML070160199

JAFNPP - SEIS Web Reference - Lejeone Et Al 2000

ML070160199
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Site:	Quad Cities, FitzPatrick
Issue date:	12/31/2000
From:	Lajeone L, Monzingo R Commonwealth Edison Co, EA Engineering, Science, & Technology, Elsevier
To:	Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
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Environmental Science & Policy 3 (2000) S313+/-S322 www.elsevier.com/locate/envsci 316(b) and Quad Cities Station, Commonwealth Edison Company Larry J. LaJeone a,*, Richard G. Monzingo b a

Commonwealth Edison Company, 22710 206th Avenue North, Cordova, IL 61242, USA b

EA Engineering, Science and Technology, Deereld, IL 60015, USA Abstract Quad Cities Station is a 1630 MWe dual reactor facility located on the Upper Mississippi River approximately 30 miles north of Davenport, Iowa and Rock Island, Illinois. As designed, the Station utilizes river water at the rate of 2270 cfs in an open-cycle mode of operation. From the 316(b) perspective, numerous agencies and intervenors expressed major concern regarding the potential adverse impacts of open-cycle entrainment and impingement eects on the River's highly valued and diverse shery. As a result, the shery has been monitored continuously since 1971 through eld surveys directed at measurements of community composition and relative abundance, as well as sh impingement surveys of the Station's intake. From 1972 to 1983 the Station operated in a closed-cycle or partial closed-cycle mode.

Regulatory relief and intervenor approval for open-cycle operation were not granted until 1984, following several years of intensive studies directed at entrainment/impingement and methods to reduce impingement. Beginning in 1978, the freshwater drum was selected as the indicator species most likely to manifest changes in population characteristics potentially resulting from open-cycle operation. Population levels (numbers and biomass), growth, fecundity, sex ratios and survival were all monitored to determine if compensatory responses occurred within the population following increases in impingement under open-cycle operation. Included in the agreement that allowed the return to open-cycle operation was a commitment to construct and operate a sh production facility to mitigate for potential impacts.

After 14 years of monitoring under open-cycle operation, there have been no measurable changes in the local shery and, specically, none within the freshwater drum population. Naturally occurring environmental conditions have more profound in-uences on this dynamic and resilient shery than operation of a large generation facility. Station operation is relatively constant from year to year and impingement monitoring may actually be the most accurate monitoring activity. Fluctuations in annual impingement projections are re-ections of conditions within the river and the shery's response to them. Increases or decreases in sh numbers impinged at the Station in any given year are primarily due to -uctuations in the shery and the eects of existing environmental variables and not to Station operation. The shery -uctuations are re-ections of conditions within the river and the shery's response to them. 7 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Power plant; Fish entrainment; Fish impingement; Ichthyoplankton; Survival; Population estimates

1. Introduction Quad Cities Station, the design, objectives and in-terpretation of results from monitoring eorts, as well Aquatic biological monitoring of Pool 14 of the as special investigations, have been a collaborative Upper Mississippi River (UMR) in the vicinity of eort involving ComEd, consultants, regulatory Quad Cities Station has been conducted continuously agencies, resource managers and intervenors. A Steer-from 1971 to the present. Throughout the history of ing Committee, comprised of representatives from all the sectors listed above, meets annually to review study results from the previous year and to formulate

• Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-309-654-2241, ext. 2867; fax:

+1-309-654-2178. new direction for ongoing work. During this period of E-mail address: larry.j.lajeone@ucm.com (L.J. LaJeone). time the Station has operated in both open- and 1462-9011/00/$ - see front matter 7 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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S314 L.J. LaJeone, R.G. Monzingo / Environmental Science & Policy 3 (2000) S313+/-S322 closed-cycle modes. The purpose for these investi- eects on the resource. Monitoring programs were gations has been to determine if there have been any developed by a consensus of stakeholders. The exten-measurable adverse impacts to the local biota attribu- sive monitoring that has been performed has success-table to Station operation, from either thermal dis- fully resolved many issues. Ongoing monitoring to charge [316(a)] or entrainment/impingement [316(b)]. date continues to conrm earlier results of no measur-Early investigations (1971+/-1977) addressed all major able eects of Station operation on the River's sh trophic levels; however, since 1978 studies have community. For all intents and purposes, ComEd's focused on monitoring of the River's highly valued resolution of issues related to 316(b) at Quad Cities and diverse shery. 316 (a) and (b) demonstrations Station were satisfactorily completed in late 1983 with were rst submitted to USEPA in 1975 (Common- the issuance of a new NPDES permit allowing open-wealth Edison Company, 1975) followed by sup- cycle operation. The Illinois Environmental Protection plemental demonstrations in 1981 (Commonwealth Agency (IEPA) revisits issues related to 316(b) during Edison Company, 1981). An initial account of sh NPDES permit renewals. IEPA is a participant in the impingement and impact assessment was prepared by Steering Committee.

Latvaitis et al. (1976). More recently, a 24-year synop-sis of major survey ndings relative to the local shery was developed by Bowzer and Lippincott (1995). 2. The station and its environmental setting Quad Cities Station has commissioned many more aquatic studies than any other facility in the ComEd The UMR segment that extends from St Anthony system and we are not aware of any other generating Falls, Minnesota to Alton, Illinois is divided into num-facilities in the Midwest with as extensive a data base. bered navigation pools each separated by a lock and We have conducted more monitoring than is typical dam.

due to major design changes (closed-cycle, spray canal) Quad Cities Station is located near the mid-point of and because of serious questions raised about possible this system on Pool 14 of the UMR, approximately 30 miles north of Davenport, Iowa and Rock Island, Illi-nois (Fig. 1). The Station is a 1630 MWe dual reactor facility which began commercial operation in 1972. As designed, the Station utilizes river water at the rate of 2270 cfs in an open-cycle mode of operation. Conden-ser cooling water is warmed a maximum of 12.88C (238F) above ambient before being discharged to the river.

The original discharge design for Quad Cities Station was an on-shore side-jet discharge along the Illinois bank of the river. This design was utilized for only 8 months when a thermal-hydraulic study deter-mined that this type of discharge would violate the State of Illinois thermal criterium, which limits the maximum temperature rise to 2.88C (58F) above ambi-ent at the edge of the 600 ft radius mixing zone.

The Station discharge design was then modied into a multi-port diuser pipe system, which transports heated condenser water out to the main channel of the river through two 16 ft diameter pipes. Condenser water is discharged through a series of 29-in diameter diuser ports across the top of each pipe. With this system, heated condenser water is completely mixed with river water and meets the 2.88C criterion within 500 ft downstream of the diuser pipes. The Station operated in an open-cycle mode on this diuser system from August 1972 to May 1974.

In resolution of a lawsuit brought by the Attorney General of Illinois, the Izaak Walton League and the United AutoWorkers, ComEd constructed an o-Fig. 1. Pool 14 of the Upper Mississippi River near Quad Cities stream spray canal system for cooling the condenser Station. discharge water from the Station. The Station operated

L.J. LaJeone, R.G. Monzingo / Environmental Science & Policy 3 (2000) S313+/-S322 S315 in a closed-cycle or partial closed-cycle mode from was reached with the intervenors allowing open-cycle May 1974 to December 1983. However, the cooling ca- cooling using the diuser pipe system, contingent upon pacity of the spray canal system was inadequate to continued monitoring of the sh community. This allow normal plant operation, particularly during the agreement became eective in late-1983 and the summer months. Substantial generation deratings Station continues to operate in accordance with the occurred that resulted in the use of generation from agreement.

elsewhere in the ComEd system to supplement lost As previously mentioned, maximum cooling water production. -ow for the Station under open-cycle operation is 2270 Concurrent with the history of the Station, extensive cfs. At low river -ow (16,000 cfs), mean intake velocity monitoring of the river's shery has been conducted with all pumps operating is approximately 1.5 ft/s at each year to assess the impacts of Station operation. the traveling screens. Intake velocity measurements Results of these studies have not demonstrated any taken at the entrance to the intake forebay averaged measurable eects of Station operation on the aquatic less than 1.0 ft/s at a river -ow of 30,000 cfs. At aver-communities of the river under either closed-cycle or age river -ows (54,000 cfs), intake velocities are lower.

open-cycle operation. The results have been and con- When ambient river water temperature falls below tinue to be reviewed and approved by independent 4.48C (408F) in the late autumn, cooling water require-reviewers. ments for the Station can be reduced by one half. This In the early 1980s, in consideration of the ndings is accomplished by opening the ice-melt recirculation to date, ComEd petitioned the regulatory agencies and line and by idling one condenser circulating water intervenors to allow Quad Cities Station to return to pump from each unit. During this period, current vel-open-cycle cooling and to discontinue further use of ocities at the forebay entrance and traveling screens the spray canal for cooling purposes. A new agreement are also reduced by approximately 50%.

Fig. 2. Cumulative passages of total larvae and freshwater drum larvae, and mean water temperature in Pool 14, Quad Cities Station, 1984+/-1985 (data are mean of 2 years).

S316 L.J. LaJeone, R.G. Monzingo / Environmental Science & Policy 3 (2000) S313+/-S322

3. Monitoring eorts (LMS), 1985). In 1979, experimentation began with a net barrier system across the entrance of the intake Monitoring the potential impacts of Station oper- forebay in an eort to reduce sh impingement losses ation on the sh community of Pool 14 has occurred (Commonwealth Edison Company, 1981). Backwater continuously from 1971 to date using a variety of tra- rotenone surveys and sampling with haul seines were ditional collection techniques and sampling strategies. also added in 1978 to estimate the standing crop of Detailed descriptions of sampling methodologies, lo- certain sh species within Pool 14. Results of these cations and equipment are not included in this paper, eorts were then compared with impingement esti-but can be found in annual reports submitted to mates to provide some approximation of cropping ComEd. The objectives of these eorts were directed eects on population levels.

at measurements of community composition and rela- While no list of `representative important species' tive abundance. had been formulated to address 316(b) issues, dialog More direct approximations of potential Station between ComEd, regulatory agencies and intervenors impacts were developed through ichthyoplankton drift/ identied the need to study the potential impacts of entrainment surveys and impingement monitoring. open-cycle Station operation on the population Fish impingement at Quad Cities Station has been dynamics and various life history parameters of a sh monitored from 1973 to date and annual projections species most likely to be aected. The freshwater drum of total impingement are reported to IEPA. Ichthyo- was selected for these special studies based on its over-plankton drift and entrainment have been monitored all abundance throughout Pool 14, the vulnerability of at varying levels of intensity from 1975 to 1985. planktonic early life stages to entrainment, and the Shortly after the spray canal became operational in high numbers routinely encountered in impingement mid-1975 and the Station changed from open-cycle op- collections. A series of special studies began in 1978 eration to closed-cycle operation, it became apparent whose focus was to monitor population levels (num-that its cooling performance was unacceptable. Power bers and biomass), growth, fecundity, sex ratios and production was far below capacity and the Station survival of freshwater drum to determine if compensa-could not operate either eciently or economically. tory responses occurred within the population follow-Before any modications to existing NPDES permits ing increases in impingement under open-cycle or intervenor agreements could be considered; how- operation. The relatively high numbers of freshwater ever, specic questions and concerns regarding oper- drum impinged during the winter also was of particu-ational impacts on the sh community had to be lar concern, so a special research project was commis-addressed. Consequently, in 1978 some monitoring sioned to try and determine the cause (Lewis and program elements were intensied and additional Bodensteiner, 1985). Many of these special program el-special studies were developed. ements remain active monitoring eorts today as part Ichthyoplankton drift/entrainment sampling was of the Station's commitment for continued monitoring.

greatly expanded in 1978 and supplemented with an intensive study on entrainment survival (Restaino et al., 1979). This eort was essentially duplicated again 4. Results and discussion in 1984, the Station's rst year of returning to open-cycle operation (Lawler, Matusky & Skelly Engineers Assessing the potential impacts of ichthyoplankton Fig. 3. Mean annual impingement composition at Quad Cities Station during open-cycle operation, 1984+/-1994.

L.J. LaJeone, R.G. Monzingo / Environmental Science & Policy 3 (2000) S313+/-S322 S317 entrainment rst required a characterization of the case scenario of total mortality of all entrained composition, distribution and duration of the `drift'. ichthyoplankton, it is a simple matter to estimate the In Pool 14, the ichthyoplankton drift season typically numbers of ichthyoplankton entrained compared to runs from mid-April through late-July, although a few the total -ux of ichthyoplankton passing the Station

`straggler' larvae can still be found in August. There is and calculate a percentage of loss. Under these con-minimal to no dierence in density between day vs ditions, projected entrainment losses could have been night collections nor in depth within the water column. reported as high as 5.4% of total ichthyoplankton Ichthyoplankton density typically is higher along the (Commonwealth Edison Company, 1981). However, a Illinois bank (Station side) than along the Iowa bank number of studies at other stations have shown that or in mid channel, but not for all taxa. Freshwater the assumption of 100% mortality is not valid (Eco-drum dominate the drift assemblage, comprising over logical Analysts, Inc., 1977; Cada, 1977; King, 1978; 80% of the eggs collected and 57% of all larvae. Other Stevens and Finlayson, 1978). Entrainment survival common species are emerald shiner and common carp. studies conducted at Quad Cities Station in 1978 Lesser contributions come from sunshes, gizzard shad (Restaino et al., 1979) and again in 1984 and 1985 and bualoes. (Lawler, Matusky & Skelly Engineers, 1985, 1986)

Though the drift season extends from mid-April to demonstrated that substantial percentages of entrained July, the peak period of larval drift occurs from late- ichthyoplankton do survive condenser and diuser May to early-July, which coincides with the peak in passage depending on Station operating capacity and freshwater drum abundance (Fig. 2). During this intake water temperature. At discharge temperatures period, water temperatures range from 18 to 248C (64+/- of up to 338C (91.48F), Restaino estimated larval sur-758F). By early-July, almost 85% of all larvae and up vival of up to 70%. LMS reported similar results in to 97% of freshwater drum larvae have passed the 1984. As long as discharge temperatures do not exceed Station. These observations are integral in evaluating 37.88C (1008F), some entrainment survival does occur.

the magnitude of entrainment impacts. Applying these survival data in reference to Fig. 2, Under open-cycle operation, assuming the worst 84% of all larvae and 97% of freshwater drum larvae will have passed Quad Cities Station before discharge water temperatures become too warm to expect some level of entrainment survival. In 1984, LMS (1985) estimated that Station impact on total larvae, assum-ing 100% mortality, ranged from 0.1 to 0.7%, depend-ing on taxon. However, after applying entrainment survival data to freshwater drum, common carp and bualo species, the range of impact on these species were 0.0006+/-0.10%, 0.0000+/-0.0055%, and 0.000+/-

0.004%, respectively. These projections of cropping are not considered to adversely aect the sh commu-nity of Pool 14.

The issue of sh losses due to impingement was of greater concern to the stakeholders, particularly regarding the return to open-cycle operation in 1984. Resource management agencies and interve-nors recognized that impingement numbers would probably increase under open-cycle operation and, as a mitigative action, secured a commitment from ComEd to convert the inactive cooling canal into a game sh rearing facility. Fish produced in the canal are earmarked for stocking Pool 14 as a means of increasing game sh populations and improving sport shing opportunities in the area.

Fish impingement has been highly variable over the history of the Station due to three dierent modes of operation, experimentation with a net bar-rier system, natural -uctuations in sh abundance Fig. 4. Mean monthly impingement estimates of dominant sh and major perturbations aecting the environment.

species at Quad Cities Station under open-cycle operation, 1984+/- Assessing the impact of impingement on 91 sh 1994. species known to occur in Pool 14 of the UMR is

S318 L.J. LaJeone, R.G. Monzingo / Environmental Science & Policy 3 (2000) S313+/-S322 simplied by the fact that only a few species are comprised of young sh (young-of-year or yearlings) impinged in high enough numbers to warrant a which, particularly in the case of gizzard shad and detailed discussion. Gizzard shad and freshwater freshwater drum, cannot tolerate the near-freezing drum dominate annual impingement projections water temperatures that occur in the main channel and (Fig. 3). Collectively, these two species account for side channels during the winter months (Bodensteiner almost 90% of the numbers and biomass of all sh and Lewis, 1992, 1994).

impinged. Far lower contributions are made by Figs. 5 and 6 illustrate annual impingement projec-bluegill (5% by number, 1.6% by weight), white tions from 1973 to 1996. Projections made from 1974 bass (1.9% by number, 1.2% by weight) and chan- to 1978 (closed-cycle or partial closed-cycle) are similar nel catsh (1.7% by number, 1.1% by weight). The to projections from 1984 to 1987 (open-cycle with net remaining 86 species typically account for 4% by barrier system). Low impingement projections from number and 5.5% by weight. 1979 to 1983 represent a period of partial closed-cycle In most years, impingement increases during the operation with the net barrier system. While the net autumn and remains high throughout the winter and barrier system eectively reduced impingement under spring regardless of Station operational mode (Fig. 4). partial closed-cycle Station operation, it could not The greatest number of sh typically are impinged function eectively under the increased intake -ows of during the winter months, with fewer sh being open-cycle operation. Debris and sh accumulated on impinged during the May to August period. Gizzard the nets so quickly that an eective barrier to the shad impingement usually peaks in January and Feb- intake forebay could not be maintained. Attempts to ruary coincident with the stresses of freezing or near- utilize the net barrier system under open-cycle con-freezing water temperatures. As gizzard shad numbers ditions continued until 1990 when the Station's decline, freshwater drum numbers increase and peak in NPDES permit was amended to remove that special March or April. Impingement of bluegill, white bass condition as a requirement. Projections for 1988 and and channel catsh peak in April, July, and August+/- 1989 were the highest impingement estimates in the September, respectively. Impingement is primarily Station's history, both years in which the net barrier Fig. 5. Estimated number of sh impinged at Quad Cities Station from 1973 to 1996.

L.J. LaJeone, R.G. Monzingo / Environmental Science & Policy 3 (2000) S313+/-S322 S319 system was still in use. Observations on the condition minnow, common carp and bluegill also abundant.

of sh entrapped on the barrier net aided in the de- Paddlesh and white crappie have declined in abun-cision to abandon this requirement. During the 4 dance, but modest numbers of lake sturgeon have been months that the net was deployed in 1984 (January, collected in recent years. Channel catsh have greatly February, November, December), over 90% of all sh increased in abundance due primarily to major changes entrapped on the net were either dead or moribund, as in commercial harvest regulations that have beneted conrmed by monitoring eorts that collected and reproductive potential. Bertrand (1997) reported simi-analyzed sh from the net, after it had been cleaned, lar changes in the sh community throughout the Illi-over two 2-h collection periods weekly (Lawler, nois portion of the UMR and attributed these changes Matusky & Skelly Engineers, 1985). Fish impingement to the decline in quality backwater habitat as a result at Quad Cities Station, though relatively high, does of siltation. Walleye abundance has increased measur-not represent a direct impact on the sh community ably in recent years as a result of stocking ngerling because the vast majority of sh impinged by the sh reared in the inactive cooling canal at Quad Cities Station are dead or moribund upon their arrival in the Station. Conservatively, the adult walleye population intake forebay. These individuals are essentially lost in Pool 14 is presently comprised of 30% stocked sh, from the shery, whether or not they become with lesser, yet measurable, contributions to down-impinged. stream pools.

In reviewing the long-term data base developed Life history studies of freshwater drum have shown from the in-stream monitoring program and popu- wide -uctuations in population levels, standing crop lation studies, there have been wide -uctuations in and catch rates, but surprisingly little variation in abundance among principal species, but community most other parameters measured. There have been no composition has remained relatively stable (Lawler, notable changes in linear growth, fecundity, sex ratios Matusky & Skelly Engineers, 1995). The sh commu- or survival estimates that can be attributed to Station nity remains dominated by gizzard shad and fresh- operation. However, there is one period of record water drum, with emerald shiner, river shiner, bullhead worthy of discussion, a prolonged drought that Fig. 6. Estimated weight of sh impinged at Quad Cities Station from 1973 to 1996.

S320 L.J. LaJeone, R.G. Monzingo / Environmental Science & Policy 3 (2000) S313+/-S322 Fig. 7. Freshwater drum population estimates from long-term sampling areas in Pool 14, 1983+/-1997.

extended from 1987 to 1989. In 1987, adult population ment and abundance of largemouth bass, bluegill and levels were the lowest ever calculated (Fig. 7). Low, gizzard shad during the same prolonged drought of stable water levels that followed over the next 2 years 1987+/-1989. These same program elements detected resulted in high recruitment and good survival, which very poor recruitment among several sh species in turn resulted in the highest population estimate ever during the prolonged record -ood of 1993. A record calculated. Between 1989 and 1990 the drum popu- fall -ood during October 1986 greatly in-uenced lation exhibited clear signs of stress through compe- impingement collections. During that event, large num-tition for available resources. Average weight of adult bers of young-of-year common carp and largemouth sh declined dramatically (Fig. 8), and mean fecundity bass were impinged. Neither species has ever com-(no. ova/100 g body weight) declined by almost 20%. prised more than a small fraction of impingement col-Survival, which averages 71% by the catch curve lections throughout the entire 25-year monitoring method, also declined to 47% and 52% in 1989 and program, except during this period. There was no evi-1990, respectively. Thin, emaciated sh were common dence in subsequent years that this event had an and impingement estimates rose accordingly. The adverse impact on the populations of either species.

return to a more normal water year in 1991, preceded These young sh were washed out of protected habi-by 2 years of relatively high mortality, resulted in sub- tats where they would have overwintered.

stantial increases in average weight, increased fecund- Impingement monitoring has been one of the most ity, average survival and a marked decline in informative and sensitive of all data gathering tech-impingement. It would appear that natural mechan- niques used at Quad Cities. Nuclear stations operate isms of compensation were functioning. as `base load' facilities. Consequently, there is only Several program elements have been suciently sen- minor variation in cooling water usage between years sitive to document changes for several species follow- and their in-uence remains relatively stable. Wide ing major hydrologic events. Electroshing catches and annual -uctuations in the numbers of sh impinged impingement monitoring detected increased recruit- re-ect actual changes in sh abundance in the pool,

L.J. LaJeone, R.G. Monzingo / Environmental Science & Policy 3 (2000) S313+/-S322 S321 Fig. 8. Freshwater drum average weight at 350 mm total length, 1980+/-1997.

and measure climatic and hydrologic eects on sh either dead or moribund prior to their arrival on survival. the Station's intake screens. These long-term studies have not identied any measurable adverse impact of open-cycle operation on the sh community of

5. Summary Pool 14.

One major advantage of this long-term data base Twenty-seven years of sheries monitoring in Pool has been the opportunity to observe several periods of 14 of the UMR have been conducted in an eort cyclic -uctuations within the sh community, and the to determine whether operation of Quad Cities high degree of variability within the freshwater drum Station has had a measurable impact on sh popu- population. The in-uences of naturally occurring en-lations in the pool. Over the past 14 years, eorts vironmental perturbations (-oods, drought, and severe have been directed at evaluating possible eects of winter) may have more profound eects on the sh open-cycle operation, which include discharge eects community than operation of a large generation as well as entrainment/impingement. A review of facility.

this long-term data base has led to the conclusion Because Station operation is relatively constant from that the UMR is an extremely dynamic ecosystem, year to year, impingement monitoring may be the which is in-uenced by many natural variables that most sensitive assessment tool of all. Fluctuations in aect the entire ecosystem. These variables may op- annual impingement estimates are re-ections of en-erate independently or in consort with one another, vironmental conditions within the river and the sh-and similar environmental conditions seldom, if ery's response to them. Increases or decreases in sh ever, occur during consecutive years. The fact that numbers impinged at the Station in any given year are individual organisms are lost due to entrainment primarily due to -uctuations in the shery and the and impingement by the Station is not disputed. In eects of prevailing environmental variables and not estimating the number of sh lost to the river by to Station operation.

impingement, the direct impact is confounded by Conversion of the inactive cooling canal into a game the observation that the majority of these sh are sh rearing facility and the subsequent supplemental

S322 L.J. LaJeone, R.G. Monzingo / Environmental Science & Policy 3 (2000) S313+/-S322 stocking of game sh into Pool 14 following the return A demonstration to The United Stated Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 296 pp.

to open cycle operation has resulted in a `win+/-win' Commonwealth Edison Company, 1981. Supplement to 316 (a) and situation for all parties involved. Regulatory agencies, 316 (b) Demonstration for Quad Cities Nuclear Generating intervenors and ComEd view this mitigation as a fair Station. Chicago, Illinois. 181 pp.

and equitable solution to an arguable issue. Rec- Ecological Analysts Inc., 1977. Survival of Entrained reational angling opportunities have greatly improved Ichthyoplankton and Macroinvertebrates at Hudson River Power in Pool 14 and several other navigation pools as a Plants. Report prepared for Central Hudson Gas & Electric Co.,

Consolidated Edison Co. of New York, Inc. and Orange and result of this commitment. Rockland Utilities, Inc. 114 pp.

In summary, the sh population of Pool 14 of the King, R.G., 1978. Entrainment of Missouri River sh larvae through UMR is extremely dynamic and resilient. Individual Fort Calhoun Station. In: Proceedings of Fourth National species and the overall shery have exhibited both Workshop on Entrainment and Impingement, Chicago, Illinois, 5 December 1977, pp. 45+/-56.

long-term and short-term -uctuations in response to a Latvaitis, P.B., Bernhard, H.F., McDonald, D.B., 1976.

wide range of environmental in-uences. This long-term Impingement studies at Quad Cities Station, Mississippi River.

data base aords the opportunity to observe multiple In: Proceedings of Third National Workshop on Entrainment occurrences of short-term cycles, overcoming a pro- and Imingement: Section 316(b) research and compliance. New blem with short-term investigations, i.e., the investi- York, 24 February 1976, pp. 269+/-289.

gator cannot fully interpret at which point the cycle Lawler Matusky Skelly Engineers (LMS), 1985. Quad Cities Aquatic Program, 1984. Prepared for Commonwealth Edison Company, was entered without additional information. Chicago, Illinois.

We do not advocate or believe that every facility Lawler Matusky Skelly Engineers (LMS), 1986. Quad Cities Aquatic needs to compile such a lengthy record of documen- Program, 1985. Prepared for Commonwealth Edison Company, tation. However, when and where recent historical sh- Chicago, Illinois.

ery data are available, they should be reviewed to aid Lawler Matusky Skelly Engineers (LMS), 1995. Quad Cities Aquatic Program, 1994. Prepared for Commonwealth Edison Company, in evaluating the current status of the sh community. Chicago, Illinois.

Regulators and resource managers, who must base de- Lewis, W.M., Bodensteiner, L.R., 1985. State of Health of cisions and actions on short-term investigations of Freshwater Drum (Aplodinotus grunniens ) through the Winter in aquatic ecosystems, are urged to balance the desire for Pool 14 of the Mississippi River. Interim report to Commonwealth Edison Company, Chicago, IL.; By the extensive site specic data with the utility of that data.

Cooperative Fisheries Laboratory, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois.

Restaino, A.L., Bartholomew, P.S., McGrath, M.J., 1979. The References Survival of Entrained Ichthyoplankton at Quad Cities Station, 1978. Report to Commonwealth Edison Company, Chicago, Bertrand, W.A., 1997. Changes in the Mississippi River Fishery Illinois. 59 pp.

Stevens, D.E., Finlayson, B.J., 1978. Mortality of young striped bass along Illinois, 1976+/-1996. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 12 (4),

585+/-597. entrained at two power plants in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Bodensteiner, L.R., Lewis, W.M., 1992. Role of temperature, dis- Delta, California. In: Proceedings of Fourth National Workshop solved oxygen, and backwaters in the winter survival of fresh- on Entrainment and Impingement. Chicago, Illinois, 5 December 1977, pp. 57+/-70.

water drum (Aplodinotus grunniens ) in the Mississippi River.

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, 173+/-184.

Bodensteiner, L.R., Lewis, W.M., 1994. Downstream drift of shes Larry J. LaJeone has been Project Manager for all environmental in the upper Mississippi River during winter. Journal of studies at Quad Cities Station from 1983 to the present. He obtained Freshwater Ecology 9 (1), 45+/-56. a B.A. in Biology from Buena Vista College, Storm Lake, Iowa in Bowzer, T.W., Lippincott, B.L., 1995. A Synoptic Review of Long- 1969 and a M.Sc. in Zoology (Fisheries) from Southern Illinois Uni-term Fisheries Monitoring in Pool 14 of the Upper Mississippi versity, Edwardsville, Illinois in 1972.

River near Quad Cities Station. Prepared for Commonwealth Edison Company, Chicago, IL. 65 pp. Richard G. Monzingo was employed by the Commonwealth Edison Cada, G.F., 1977. The Entrainment of Larval Fishes at Two Nuclear Company for 24 years. His last position was as Principle Technical Power Plants on the Missouri River in Nebraska. Ph.D. thesis. Expert for Biology. He obtained a B.A. in Biology from Hunter Col-University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska. 133 pp. lege, New York in 1968, a M.Sc. in Zoology from Lehigh University, Commonwealth Edison Company, 1975. Three-sixteen a & b Bethlehem, Pennsylvania in 1970 and a Ph.D. in Zoology from Demonstration. Quad Cities Nuclear Station, Mississippi River. Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania in 1973.