Regulatory Guide 4.17

Standard Format and Content of Site Characterization Reports for High-Level-Waste Geologic Repositories

ML13038A112
Person / Time
Issue date:	07/31/1982
From:	Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research
To:
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RG-4.017
Download: ML13038A112 (65)

U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION July 1982REGULATORY GUIDEOFFICE OF NUCLEAR REGULATORY RESEARCHREGULATORY GUIDE 4.17(Task GS 027-4)STANDARD FORMAT AND CONTENTOF SITE CHARACTERIZATION REPORTSFOR HIGH-LEVEL-WASTE GEOLOGIC REPOSITORIESUSNRC REGULATORY GUIDESRegulatory Guides are issued to describe and make available to thepublic methods acceptable to the NRC staff of' implementingspecific parts of the Commission's regulations, to delineate tech-niques used by the staff in evaluating specific problems or postu-lated accidents, or to provide guidance to applicants. RegulatoryGuides are not substitutes for regulations, and compliance withthem is not required. Methods and solutions different from those setout in the guides will be acceptable if they provide a basis for thefindings requisite to the issuance or continuance of a permit orlicense by the Commission.This guide was issued after consideration of comments received fromthe public. Comments and suggestions for improvements in theseguides are encouraged at all times, and guides will be revised, asappropriate, to accommodate comments and to reflect new informa-tion or experience.Comments should be sent to the Secretary of the Commission,U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C. 20555,Attention: Docketing and Service Branch.The guides are issued In the following ten broad divisions:1. Power Reactors 6. Products2. Research and Test Reactors 7. Transportation3. Fuels and Materials Facilities 8. Occupational Health4. Environmental and Siting 9. Antitrust and Financial Review5. Materials and Plant Protection 10. GeneralCopies of issued guides may be purchased at thecurrent GovernmentPrinting Office price. A subscription service for future guides in spe-cific divisions is available through the Government Printing Office.Information on the subscription service and current GPO prices maybe obtained by writing the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission,Washington, D.C. 20555, Attention; Publications Sales Manager.

TABLE OF CONTENTSPageINTRODUCTION .............. .................. ............ ixPART A STANDARD FORMAT AND CONTENT GUIDANCE FOR DESCRIBING THECRITERIA AND DECISION PROCESS OF SELECTING CANDIDATE AREAS ANDSITES1. PROGRAM OVERVIEW .............. ......................... ...4.17-31.1 National Waste Terminal Storage Program ...... ........... 4.17-31.2 Identification of Agents and Contractors .............. ...4.17-31.3 Quality Assurance ............ ...................... ..4.17-32. DECISION PROCESS FOR CHOOSING CANDIDATE AREA AND SITE ......... ...4.17-42.1 Technical Factors .......... ............. ........... 4.17-42.2 Environmental Factors ........ .................... ...4.17-42.3 Legal and Institutional Factors ..... ............... ...4.17-42.3.1 State, Indian Tribal, and Local Laws ........... ...4.17-42.3.2 Federal Legal Framework ....... ................ 4.17-52.3.3 Land Ownership ............ .................... 4.17-52.3.4 Public Involvement .......... ................ ..4.17-52.4 Identification of Alternative Sites .... ............. ..4.17-52.5 Decisionmaking Analysis .......... .................. ..4.17-5PART B STANDARD FORMAT AND CONTENT GUIDANCE FOR DESCRIBING THE SITE,WASTE FORM AND PACKAGE, AND CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A REPOSITORY3. GEOLOGIC DESCRIPTION OF CANDIDATE AREA AND SITE .... .......... ..4.17-93.1 Geomorphology ...... ........... ..... ............. ...4.17-93.1.1 Physiography and Topography ..... .............. ..4.17-93.1.2 Geomorphic Units ........ ................... ...4.17-93.1.3 Geomorphic Processes ...... ................. ...4.17-93.2 Stratigraphy .................... .................... 4.17-103.2.1 Surface Geology ........... .................... 4.17-103.2.2 Stratigraphic Framework of Candidate Area ........... 4.17-10.:.3.2.3 Stratigraphic Framework of Site ...... ............ 4.17-113.3 Structural Geology and Tectonics of Candidate Area and Site .4.17-123.3.1 Tectonic Framework ...... .................. ...4.17-123.3.2 Tectonic History ...... ................... ... 4.17-12iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)Page3.4 Seismicity of Candidate Area and Site ...... ............ 4.17-143.4.1 Seismicity of Candidate Area ................. ...4.17-143.4.2 Seismicity of Site ................. .......... 4.17-153.5 Long-Term Regional Stability with Respect to Tectonicand Geological Processes ...... ................. ...4.17-153.6 Subsurface Drilling and Mining ..... ............... ... 4.17-153.7 Mineral and Hydrocarbon Resources ...... ............. ...4.17-163.7.1 Mineral Resources ........ .................. ...4.17-163.7.2 Hydrocarbon Resources .......... ................ 4.17-174. GEOENGINEERING ............. .......................... ...4.17-184.1 Mechanical Properties of Rock Units -Continua .... ....... 4.17-184.2 Mechanical Properties of Rock Units -Large Scale .......... 4.17-184.3 Mechanical Properties of Rock Units -Discontinua .......... 4.17-184.4 Thermal and Thermomechanical Properties -LaboratoryResults .............. ........................... 4.17-194.5 Stress Field ............ ........................ ... 4.17-194.6 Special Geoengineering Properties ..... .............. ...4.17-194.7 Excavation Characteristics of Rock Mass .............. ....4.17-195. HYDROLOGY ............ ............................... 4.17-205.1 Description of Surface Hydrology ..... ............. ... 4.17-205.2 Floods ............. ........................... ...4.17-205.2.1 Flood History ..... ......... ..... ........... 4.17-205.2.2 Flooding Protection ...... ................. ...4.17-205.3 Locations and Distances to Points of Surface-Water Use ...4.17-215.3.1 Present Quantity and Quality of Surface WaterExtracted ......... ............ 4.17-215.3.2 Projected Surface-Water Uses ...... ............. 4.17-215.4 Chemical, Biological, and Ecological Composition of AdjacentWatercourses ....... ....................... 4.17-215.5 Surface-Water/Ground-Water Disposition of Releases ........ 4.17-215.6 Regional Hydrologic Reconnaissance of Candidate Area andSite ............. ........................... ... 4.17-225.6.1 Hydrogeologic Units ...... ................. ...4.17-225.6.2 Relationships Among Hydrogeologic Units ......... ... 4.17-225.6.3 Potentiometric Level ......... ................. 4.17-225.6.4 Hydraulic Characteristics of Principal HydrogeologicUnits .......... ....................... ... 4.17-22iv TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)Page5.7 Regional Ground-Water Flow System ....... .............. 4.17-235.7.1 Identification of Recharge-Discharge Areas ...... .4.17-235.7.2 Principal Ground-Water Flow Paths ............. ... 4.17-235.7.3 Isotopic and Regional Hydrochemistry ............. 4.17-235.8 Ground-Water Uses ......... ...................... ...4.17-235.8.1 Regional Ground-Water Aquifers Used for HumanActivities. .....................4.17-245.8.2 Regional Ground-Water Management Plans .... ....... 4.17-245.9 Site Hydrogeologic System ...... .................. ...4.17-245.9.1 Baseline Monitoring ...................... ... 4.17-245.9.2 Hydraulic Characteristics of Matrix and Fluid .... 4.17-255.9.3 Ground-Water Flow System ................... ....4.17-255.9.4 Ground-Water Velocity and Travel Time ........... ...4.17-265.9.5 Hydrochemistry and Ground-Water Age ............ ...4.17-265.9.6 Monitoring and Verification ..... ............. ...4.17-265.9.7 Local Ground-Water Users ................... ....4.17-276. GEOCHEMISTRY ......... ................................ 4.17-286.1 Host Rock Geochemistry ...... ................... ....4.17-286.2 Hydrogeochemistry. ......................... 4.17-286.3 Chemistry of Waste, Barriers, and Environment of aConceptual Design Repository Appropriate to Site ........ 4.17-296.4 Natural Analogs .................... .......4.17-296.5 Geochemical Stability ........... .................... 4.17-307. CLIMATOLOGY AND METEOROLOGY ...... ................... ....4.17-317.1 Recent Climate and Meteorology ..... ............... ... 4.17-317.1.1 Climate ............ ....................... ... 4.17-317.1.2 Local and Regional Meteorology ...... ............ 4.17-317.1.3 Site Meteorological Measurement Program .... ....... 4.17-317.2 Long-Term Climatic Assessment ......... ................ 4.17-327.2.1 Paleoclimatology ...... ................... ... 4.17-327.2.2 Future Climatic Variation ..... .............. ... 4.17-327.2.3 Site Paleoclimatic Investigation .............. ....4.17-33v TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)Page8. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A REPOSITORY ........ ................8.1 Design of Underground Openings ..... .................8.2 Backfill .............. ..........................8.3 Strength of Rock Mass ....... .....................8.4 Sealing of Shafts, Boreholes, and Underground Openings .8.5 Construction ............. .........................8.6 Design of Surface Facilities ........ ................9. WASTE FORM AND PACKAGE ......... ......................9.1 Description ....... .............................9.2 Design Concepts ......... ........................9.3 Research and Development ........ ..................9.4 Emplacement Environment ...... ....................9.5 Alternative Waste Forms and Waste Packages .............PART C STANDARD FORMAT AND CONTENT GUIDANCE FOR PRESENTING SITECHARACTERIZATION PROGRAM10. SITE CHARACTERIZATION PROGRAM ........ ..................10.1 Rationale for Planned Characterization Program ......10.2 Issues To Be Resolved and Information Required DuringSite Characterization ........ ..................4.17-344.17-344.17-354.17-354.17-354.17-354.17-364.17-374.17-374.17-374.17-374.17-374.17-384.17-414.17-414.17-4110.2.1 Unresolved Issues Related to Site Selection ...4.17-4210.2.2 Unresolved Issues Related to Design of GeologicRepository Operations Area ...... ............ 4.17-4210.2.3 Unresolved Issues Related to Waste Form andPackage .................... ........ ...4.17-4210.2.4 Performance Assessment Issues .............. ....4.17-4310.2.5 Issues for NRC Review ..... ............... ... 4.17-4310.3 Planned Tests and Experiments ..... ............... ... 4.17-4310.4 Planned Testing, Instrumentation, and Monitoring .... ...... 4.17-4410.5 Planned Site Preparation Activities ............ .4.17-4410.5.1 Surface Site Preparation Activities ............10.5.2 Underground Test Facility ..... ..............10.6 Milestones, Analyses, Decision Points ................10.7 Schedule .........................APPENDIX A SEMIANNUAL REPORTS ....... ..................VALUE/IMPACT STATEMENT ......... ......................4.17-444.17-444.17-454.17-454.17-464.17-47vi INTRODUCTIONOn February 25, 1981, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) issued thelicensing procedures for the disposal of high-level waste in 10 CFR Part 60,"Disposal of High-Level Radioactive Wastes in Geologic Repositories" (46 FR13971). As part of the prelicensing procedures set forth in the final rule,the Department of Energy (DOE) is required to submit a site characterizationreport (SCR) to the NRC as early as possible after commencement of planningfor a particular geologic repository operations area and prior to starting sitecharacterization* (paragraph 60.11(a)).** This guide covers, in detail, themany technical and institutional aspects of licensing a high-level waste reposi-tory. However, the basic purpose of the SCR is simple: to provide a mechanismfor identifying and delimiting the specific issues at a proposed repositorysite*** and to identify the plans for resolving those issues at an early timein order to avoid delays in the licensing process. The SCR as reflected inthe logic sequence and organization of this Standard Format and Content of SiteCharacterization Reports for High-Level-Waste Geologic Repositories (hereinafter"Standard Format") should accomplish the following:1. Establish what is known about a site from site exploration activitiescompleted to date,2. Describe the issues that. DOE has identified at a site in light ofthe results of investigations to date, and3. Describe the detailed plans to resolve the issues identified.Objectives of Site CharacterizationThe site characterization program will include exploration and research,both in the laboratory and in the field, undertaken to establish the geologicconditions at a site and ranges of parameters that characterize the site.The objectives of site characterization are:1. To collect pertinent geological and other site characteristic infor-mation that will ultimately be needed for a license application, i.e., suffi-cient information about DOE's preferred site to support a finding, prior to*As defined in 10 CFR Part 60, site characterization means the program ofexploration and research, both in the laboratory and in the field, undertakento establish the geologic conditions and the ranges of those parameters of aparticular site relevant to the procedures under Part 60. Site characteriza-tion includes borings, surface excavations, excavation of exploratory shafts,limited subsurface lateral excavations and borings, and in situ testing atdepth needed to determine the suitability of the site for a geologicrepository, but does not include preliminary borings and geophysical testingneeded to decide whether site characterization should be undertaken.**On July 8, 1981, NRC published proposed technical criteria, and other conform-ing provisions, for incorporation into 10 CFR Part 60 (46 FR 35280). Theadoption of these provisions as finalrules was assumed for purposes of pre-paring this guide. The guide will be modified, as appropriate, to take intoaccount any changes that may be made in the final technical criteria.***Site and other terms appearing in this Standard Format have the meaningsset forth in proposed § 60.2 of 10 CFR Part 60.vii construction, of reasonable assurance that there is no unreasonable risk topublic health and safety.2. To collect necessary data from alternative sites and media to permitthe NRC to make National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) findings with respectto consideration of alternatives.Objectives of Site Characterization ReportThe purpose of the SCR is to generate a document in which DOE:1. Summarizes (either in the SCR itself or incorporated by referencefrom an environmental impact statement):a. Screening work and criteria that led to selection of the candidatearea and site to be characterized,b. The decision process by which the site was selected for character-ization, andc. Plans for screening work and characterization of alternativesites in different geologic media.2. Describes the site, conceptual design of a repository appropriate tothe site, waste form, waste packages, emplacement environment, and performanceanalysis in sufficient detail so that the site screening and selection processand the planned site characterization program may be understood.3. Identifies the uncertainties and limitations on site- and design-related information developed during site screening, including issues that needfurther investigation or for which additional assurance is needed.4. Describes the detailed programs for additional work to resolve out-standing issues and to reduce uncertainties in the data.The objective of the SCR is to expedite the licensing process by providinga vehicle for early NRC, State, Indian tribal, and public input on DOE's data-gathering and development work so as to avoid postponing issues to the pointwhere modifications would involve major delays or disruptions in the program.Early review of DOE's site characterization plans, as presented in the SCR,will provide an opportunity for NRC to evaluate whether DOE's proposed programis likely to generate data suitable to support a license application.Following commencement of site characterization, DOE will provide the NRCDirector of the Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards (NMSS) withsemiannual reports (see Appendix A to this Standard Format) that will includethe results of site characterization studies, including any new informationthat might affect the design assumptions concerning waste form and packagingand the planned repository itself. Semiannual reports will also include theidentification of new issues, plans for additional studies to resolve theseissues, the elimination of planned studies no longer necessary, and theidentification of decision points reached and modifications to schedules,.where appropriate.viii Purpose, Applicability, and Use of This Standard FormatThe purpose of this Standard Format is to suggest the types of informationto be provided in the SCR in accordance with 10 CFR Part 60 and to establish auniform format for presenting the information. Use of this format will helpensure the completeness of the information provided, will assist the NRC staffand others in locating the information, and will aid in shortening the timeneeded for the review process. This Standard Format represents a format thatis acceptable to the NRC staff. However, conformance with the Standard Formatis not required. SCRs with differing formats will be acceptable if they providean adequate presentation of the information required by 10 CFR Part 60.The Standard Format is divided into three parts:1. Part A provides guidance on the presentation of information relatedto the criteria used to arrive at the candidate area, the method and decisionprocess by which the site was selected for site characterization, the identifica-tion and location of alternative media, and the quality assurance program appliedto data collection.2. Part B provides guidance on the types of information needed to describethe site and the conceptual design (including the waste form and waste packageand its emplacement environment) of a repository appropriate to the site. Thereis no threshold amount of data to be accumulated during the preliminary siteexploration activities required prior to the submittal of an SCR. Rather,Part B provides guidance on how to submit information that is currently available.3. Part C provides guidance on the presentation of the site character-ization program, on the identification of unresolved issues, and on the plansto resolve these issues during site characterization.In its review of Part C, the NRC will look for answers to the followingquestions:a. Have the important information needs and unresolved issues beenidentified?b. Does the SCR specifically address these information needs andpresent program plans to obtain the needed information?c. Are the methods of testing and analysis proposed for the plannedsite characterization program appropriate?d. Have alternative methods of testing and analysis been identifiedand evaluated, and has an adequate basis been provided for theselection of the methods to be used?e. Will the data to be collected and the reliability of the collectionmethods and analyses be of adequate quality to support a futureconstruction authorization application?The SCR will be principally evaluated according to the completenessof Part C, its most critical part.ix In developing Part C of the SCR, DOE should ensure that attention isfocused on those aspects of siting, development of waste form and packaging,and the conceptual design of a repository appropriate to the site that mayrequire the most effort in the site characterization program. While the SCRmust be complete in developing the issues of site characterization, it isimportant--particularly in initial planning phases--that those issues consideredcritical or most important to licensing be identified and given highest priorityin the site characterization plans.NRC recognizes that the DOE program of site characterization will be aphased process. NRC expects that data included in the SCR may be better definedand more detailed for early phases of site characterization (e.g., testing inthe exploratory shaft) and less detailed for later phases (e.g., testing in anunderground facility with two shafts). As DOE completes plans for later phasesof site characterization, additional data should be submitted to NRC in semiannualreports (see Appendix A to this Standard Format).In any event, all site characterization plans for gathering the informationneeded to conduct the full 10 CFR Part 60 evaluation of site suitability anddesign acceptability that will accompany the license application should beaddressed fully in the SCR for each site.Supplemental InformationDetailed supplemental information not explicitly identified in this StandardFormat may be provided in appendices to the SCR. Examples include:1. Technical information in support of conceptual design features,2. Reports furnished by consultants,3. Summaries of how appropriate NRC regulations and guides were addressed,and4. Portfolios of maps.In cases where only representative data (e.g., selected geophysical datafrom selected borehole logs) are submitted, the original raw data should beaccessible either at the site or other appropriate locations and should bereadily available to NRC. Representative data should be of sufficient qualityand quantity to permit an understanding of the nature and extent of the set ofdata actually available.Style and CompositionInformation should be presented clearly and concisely. Claims of adequacyof designs or design methods should be supported with technical bases.Units of measurement (both fundamental and derived) should be given inthe International System of Units (SI). If common industrial usage is in otherunits and the use of SI would be confusing, give the measurement in acceptedunits with SI units in parentheses.The SCR should follow the numbering system and headings of the StandardFormat at least down to the headings with three digits, e.g., 3.3.2 TectonicHistory.x Avoid duplication of information. Similar or identical information maybe requested in various sections of the Standard Format because it is appro-priate to more than one portion of the SCR. In such cases, present the informa-tion in the principal section, and reference it appropriately in the otherapplicable sections.Where numerical values are stated, the number of significant figures givenshould reflect the accuracy or precision to which the number is known. Whereappropriate, estimated limits of error or uncertainty should be provided.Abbreviations should be consistent with generally accepted usage throughoutthe SCR. Any abbreviations, symbols, or special terms not in general use shouldbe defined when they first appear in the SCR.Graphic presentations such as drawings, maps, diagrams, sketches, andcharts should be used where the information can be presented more adequately orconveniently by such means or when the interpretation of data can be clarified.All information presented in drawings should be legible, symbols defined, anddrawings not reduced to the extent that visual aids are necessary to easilyinterpret pertinent items of information presented in the drawings. When aseries of maps is submitted, a common scale should be used whenever possible.BibliographyBibliographic listings of documents or reports discussed in the SCR shouldappear at the end of the chapter in which they are first mentioned. For eachreport or document (e.g., articles in professional journals) listed in thebibliography, include the author, the title, the report or document number,and the date of publication and/or of submittal to NRC. For any reports thathave been withheld from public disclosure as proprietary documents, nonpro-prietary summary descriptions of the general content of such reports shouldalso be included in the bibliography. In cases where proprietary documentswere used to obtain information, provide a nonproprietary summary of thedocument. Bibliographic listings may include not only documents and reportsbut also data on file at the site or project office (e.g., drill logs, hydrologictest data).Physical Specifications1. Paper SizeText pages: 8-1/2 x 11 inches.Drawings and graphics: 8-1/2 x 11 inches preferred; however, a largersize is acceptable provided the bound side doesnot exceed 11 inches, except where required forlegibility, and the finished copy when foldeddoes not exceed 8-1/2 x 11 inches.2. Paper Stock and InkSuitable quality in substance, paper color, and ink density for handlingand reproduction by microfilming or image-copying equipment.xi

3. Page MarginsA margin of no less than 1 inch should be maintained on the top, bottom,and binding side of all pages.4. PrintingComposition: should be single-spaced text pages.Type font and style: must be suitable for microfilming.Reproduction: may be mechanically or photographically reproduced. Textpages should preferably be printed on two sides with the image printedhead to head.5. BindingPages should be punched for standard 3-hole loose-leaf binder.6. Page NumberingPages should be numbered with the two digits corresponding to the chapterand first-level section numbers followed by a hyphen and a sequential numberwithin the section, i.e., the third page in Section 4.1 of Chapter 4 shouldbe numbered 4.1-3. Do not number the entire report sequentially. (Notethat, because of the small number of pages in many chapters, this StandardFormat is numbered sequentially throughout the document.)xii PART ASTANDARD FORMAT AND CONTENT GUIDANCEFOR DESCRIBING THE CRITERIA AND DECISION PROCESSOF SELECTING CANDIDATE AREAS AND SITES4.17-1 Part A of the Standard Format is designed to provide guidance on thefollowing issues, as set forth in paragraph 60.11(a):1. The types of information needed to evaluate the criteria used to arriveat the candidate area;2. The method by which the site was selected for site characterization;3. The identification and location of alternative media and sites atwhich DOE intends to conduct site characterization and for which DOEanticipates submitting subsequent SCRs;4. A description of the decision process by which the site was selectedfor characterization; and5. A description of the quality assurance program to be applied to datacollection.4.17-2

1. PROGRAM OVERVIEW1.1 National Waste Terminal Storage ProgramBriefly summarize how the site chosen for site characterization fits intothe national waste terminal storage program for identifying alternative sitesin different rock types.1.2 Identification of Agents and ContractorsIdentify the DOE project management organization. Describe the DOE technicalprojects and tasks. Prime agents or contractors for site investigations, design,waste form and packaging, and performance analysis should also be identified.All principal consultants, outside service organizations, and key research groupsto be involved with site characterization should be listed. The division ofresponsibility and lines of communication among these various parties shouldbe delineated.1.3 Quality AssuranceDescribe the quality assurance (QA) programs that have been applied duringsite exploration activities and that will be applied to data collection duringthe planned site characterization program. The QA methods should be presentedin sufficient detail to allow NRC to make an independent evaluation of theprecision, accuracy, reproducibility, analytic sensitivity, and limitation ofdata acquisition and analysis methods that were used during site explorationand will be used during site characterization.4.17-3

2. DECISION PROCESS FOR CHOOSING CANDIDATE AREA AND SITEThis chapter should describe the decision process through which a partic-ular site was selected for site characterization. This description shoulddefine the criteria used to arrive at the selection of the candidate area, themethod by which the site was selected for characterization, the identificationof alternative sites, and a description of the decision mechanism used toevaluate the technical, environmental, legal, and institutional criteria.*2.1 Technical FactorsIn accordance with 10 CFR Part 60, discuss the application of thefollowing types of technical criteria used in screening and selecting the site.1. Geological,2. Hydrological,3. Meteorological,4. Geochemical,5. Geomechanical,6. Geophysical,7. Resource evaluation,8. Human activity, and9. Any other pertinent factors that affected the site selection process.2.2 Environmental FactorsDescribe how the following environmental factors influenced site selection.1. Radiological,2. Ecological,3. Air quality,4. Water quality,5. Land resources and use,6. Esthetics,7. Historical, archeological, and cultural resources, and8. Socioeconomics.2.3 Legal and Institutional Factors2.3.1 State, Indian Tribal, and Local LawsDiscuss the extent to which State, Indian tribal, and local laws andregulations have entered into the site selection process, including any specificState constitutional provisions, laws, regulations, or local ordinances thatare relevant to site selection.*To the extent that the information described in this chapter appears in anenvironmental impact statement prepared by DOE for site characterization atthe named site, it may be incorporated into the SCR by reference.4.17-4

2.3.2 Federal Legal FrameworkTo the extent that other Federal agencies have statutory responsibilitiesaffecting repository site selection, discuss how these responsibilities haveentered into the site selection process. Also, discuss any other Federalstatutes, treaties, and administrative regulations that affect site selection.2.3.3 Land OwnershipDiscuss the manner in which land ownership and the ability to acquirejurisdiction and control affect site selection.2.3.4 Public Involvement2.3.4.1 State, Indian Tribal, and Local Government Participation in theDecisionmaking Process. Identify the government units affected by the proposedsite, the methods used to accommodate their viewpoints, and the provisions madefor their continuing involvement in the site selection process.2.3.4.2 Public Participation. Identify the provisions made for publicinput into the site selection process, the nature of public involvement, andhow public attitudes affected the site selection process.2.4 Identification of Alternative SitesIdentify and describe all other sites and media for which DOE is conducting,or intends to conduct, site characterization. Indicate the current status ofthe site investigations, an outline of planned activity, and actual or estimatedsubmittal dates for the SCRs.2.5 Decisionmaking AnalysisFor the selected candidate area and site, describe the method by whichthe site was evaluated against the criteria in Sections 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3.Include a discussion of any quantitative methods used, problems associated withthe availability and reliability of data, any value judgments made, and anexplicit identification of the tradeoffs made among the various criteria.If the results of performance assessment were used in the decision processto (1) screen sites or (2) choose the site for the characterization program,these results, as well as the performance assessment techniques (includingsimplifying assumptions and boundary conditions) should be discussed. Thediscussion of the performance assessment should be presented in sufficientdetail to permit an independent evaluation. In the discussion of the performanceassessment, specific sections of other documents (e.g., user manuals and codedocumentations) may be incorporated by reference, provided these documents areeither publicly available or, if proprietary, are readily available to NRC.4.17-5

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PART BSTANDARD FORMAT AND CONTENT GUIDANCEFOR DESCRIBING THE SITE, WASTE FORM AND PACKAGE, ANDCONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A REPOSITORY4.17-7 Part B of the Standard Format is designed to provide guidance on thetypes of information needed to describe the site to be characterized (para-graph 60.11(a)(1)). The main purpose of describing the site and conceptualdesign of a repository appropriate to the site (including a description of thewaste form and waste packaging and environment) will be to provide informationto support the site screening and site selection process, provide informationto allow issues to be identified, and provide information to support the sitecharacterization program for resolving the issues. The descriptions shouldinclude the method of investigation used to obtain the information, the methodsof evaluation used, and the limitations and uncertainties of either the methodof investigation or the data used in the evaluation.The NRC recognizes that, because of the generic nature of this StandardFormat, some of the information requested in Chapters 3-8 (e.g. , volcanichistory) may not be appropriate to specific sites. The NRC also recognizesthat the level of detail requested in some sections of Chapters 3-8 may not beavailable at the time the SCR for a particular site is submitted.4.17-8

3. GEOLOGIC DESCRIPTION OF CANDIDATE AREA AND SITEA description of the geology of the candidate area and site should beprovided in this chapter. This information is needed to understand the selec-tion of the site for characterization, the relationship of the conceptualdesign of a repository appropriate to the specific site, and the rationale forthe proposed site characterization program.Where geophysical techniques such as gravity, heat flow, and magneticsurveys have been conducted in support of geologic studies (e.g., subsurfacestratigraphy or structure), this fact should be noted in the appropriatesections of this chapter. When geologic information has been obtained fromthe literature, the sources should be referenced.3.1 GeomorphologyDescribe the physiography, topography, geomorphic units, and geomorphicprocesses for the candidate area and site. Discuss the application of geomor-phology to site screening and selection for characterization.3.1.1 Physiography and TopographyDescribe the physiographic province(s) in which the candidate area andsite are located. This should include the description province name(s), arealextent, relationships to surrounding province(s), distinguishing characteristics(e.g., elevation, relief), and major active processes modifying the present-daytopography. This informatiorr should be provided by means of topographic mapsof the candidate area and site using appropriate scales and contour intervalsneeded to support other studies associated with this site. When available,representative ground-level photographs, vertical and oblique aerial photographs,and satellite imagery should be included. Sources of information Used to obtainthe above descriptions should be listed.3.1.2 Geomorphic UnitsDescribe each geomorphic unit by giving its name, areal extent, distin-guishing characteristics, and other pertinent information. All units shouldbe shown on a topographic map. Geomorphic units should be defined using acombination of factors influencing geomorphic processes such as near-surfacegeology and soil, relief, landform morphology, and biota.3.1.3 Geomorphic ProcessesDescribe any geomorphic process that could affect the ability of the siteto isolate radioactive waste. Each process should be discussed from the per-spective of past, present, and estimated future activity. Emphasis should beplaced on present and Quaternary processes since these may be the most usefulfor estimating future activity. However, information on older processes shouldalso be given where it is useful for understanding present ground-water systemsor predicting future changes (e.g., salt dissolution or collapse breccias) orwhere it can contribute to estimating the potential occurrence of futureprocesses.4.17-9 Each geomorphic process should be described, including (1) rate of activ-ity, (2) frequency of occurrence and cycles, and (3) controlling mechanisms orfactors.3.2 StratigraphyUsing available information, describe the stratigraphic framework of thecandidate area and site, including both surface and subsurface geology.Distinguish between Quaternary and pre-Quaternary stratigraphic units.Descriptions and illustrations (e.g., maps, columns, cross sections) shouldbe given in sufficient detail, legibility, style, and quality to permit theirevaluation by independent reviewers.Uncertainties associated with stratigraphic extrapolations should bediscussed.3.2.1 Surface GeologyProvide a map of the surface geology and, where the information is avail-able, relate surface rock units to those in the subsurface. Where feasible,nationally recognized geologic symbols should be used.*3.2.2 Stratigraphic Framework of Candidate AreaProvide a framework for the stratigraphy of the candidate area in thefollowing manner:1. Present a map of the candidate area. State the technical bases (e.g.,sedimentary basin) for the boundary of the candidate area, and include allareas relevant to studies supported by stratigraphy.2. Illustrate the stratigraphy and lithology of the candidate area usingsuch materials as geologic maps, representative lithostratigraphic columns,and cross sections. Lithostratigraphic sequences should be characterized inthree dimensions in sufficient detail to give clear orientation and order tothe detailed descriptions of rock units in the candidate area. For eachlithostratigraphic sequence, list major unconformities, the age, range ofthickness, spatial extent, major rock units, and vertical and lateral varia-tions. Present an overall geologic time sequence (periods, epochs, and ages)for the rock units of the candidate area.3. Present a genetic model for the origins and development of the rocksequences that includes a general geologic history through time of the rocksequence and the processes that formed and altered the sequence. Include sub-jects such as sedimentary tectonics, source area, depositional and diageneticenvironments, volcanism, plutonism, and metamorphism.*See Data Sheet Numbers 1-4, American Geological Institute, 5205 Leesburg Pike,Falls Church, Virginia 22041.4.17-10

3.2.3 Stratigraphic Framework of SiteDescribe the stratigraphy of the site, using surface and subsurface informa-tion when available. This information can be obtained from the literature orfrom the results of preliminary site exploration activities. Provide represen-tative photographs and geophysical logs for the lithostratigraphic units whenavailable. For wells that have been cored, representative driller logs,lithologic and geophysical logs, and core photographs should be provided.Lithostratigraphic units can be formal (groups, formations, or members)or informal (sequences or lithofacies) and should represent the degree of sub-division of the rock mass necessary to permit an evaluation of the planned sitecharacterization program.Each lithostratigraphic unit should be described.* Descriptions shouldinclude but not be limited to:1. The name, using established nomenclature,2. Lithologic and mineralogic composition,3. Diagnostic physical and paleontological characteristics useful foridentification and correlation (e.g., color, sedimentary structures, texture,fabric, trace elements content, fossil content),4. Physical characteristics significant to isolation of radioactive wastesuch as bedding, mineralogy, grain size, intergranular fillings, cement, andsecondary mineralization,5. Geophysical characteristics or signatures (surface and subsurface,including downhole),6. Vertical and lateral variation of composition and characteristics andcomparison to surrounding units (lithofacies maps),7. Thickness and spatial extent (isopach maps, geologic columns, crosssections, fence or block diagrams),8. Structure (specific attitude measurements or inferred structure fromgeophysical data) and its variation (reference other sections of the SCR asneeded for detail),9. Vertical and lateral relationships to surrounding rock units (contactsand unconformities),10. Age, and11. Genesis or origin of the unit, including rock formation processes andmodels (deposition, intrusion, extrusion) and rock alteration processes andmodels (metamorphism and diagenesis).*See "Code of Stratigraphic Nomenclature," in the Bulletin of the AmericanAssociation of Petroleum Geologists, Vol. 45, pp 645-665, 1961, and subsequentrevisions.4.17-11

3.3 Structural Geology and Tectonics of Candidate Areaand SiteDefine the tectonic elements of the candidate area and site, and describeany pre-Quaternary and Quaternary structures present. If known, structuralfeatures that may create pathways from the depths of the conceptual design ofa repository appropriate to the site to the accessible environment* should bedescribed regardless of age. Structural features that provide informationabout the tectonic stability of the site should be described. In addition,structural features occurring in active areas of strain release that haveconstituted major tectonic boundaries in their geologic history or that may bereactivated to create tectonic instability should also be described.3.3.1 Tectonic FrameworkDiscuss the tectonic framework of the candidate area and site. Identifythose tectonic processes that have been active since the start of the Quater-nary. Maps and cross sections that show all major tectonic features, includingcrystalline shields, sedimentary basins, uplifts, orogenic and fold belts,volcanics, major faults, and major joint sets, should be provided when available.3.3.2 Tectonic HistoryDescribe the tectonic history of the candidate area and site from theearliest recognizable tectonic elements through the end of the Pliocene. Thetectonic history should include the age and sequence of development of all majorcrystalline shields, sedimentary basins, uplifts, orogenic and fold belts,volcanics, major faults, and major joint sets.3.3.2.1 Volcanic History. The volcanic history should be described whenapplicable to a particular site or candidate area. Maps of the candidate areaand site showing the distribution of extrusive and intrusive rocks should beprovided.If there is more than one period of volcanic activity in the candidatearea or if there has been repeated volcanism during the Quaternary, a tablelisting the volcanic episodes should be included. The table should describethe type of extrusive or intrusive rock, composition of the volcanics, age,geometric relationship to other volcanics, and the stratigraphy of thesurrounding rocks. A description of each major period of volcanism should bepresented for each volcanic episode listed on the table.The mineralogy and geochemistry of each volcanic unit should be presentedin this section and referenced in other appropriate chapters of the SCR.Alteration, contact metamorphism, and mineralization of country rocks surroundingthe flows should be discussed as well as any weathering and alteration of thevolcanic rocks themselves. Fracturing and faulting associated with volcanism,including attitude, spacing and size of fractures, and cross-cutting relation-ships among fractures in country and volcanic rocks, should be described.*For a definition of the term accessible environment, refer to proposed § 60.2of 10 CFR Part 60.4.17-12 The effects of the volcanism on the interstitial and secondary porosityand permeabilities of the country rocks and the effect of volcanism on theregional hydrogeology should be described. If this information is not currentlyavailable, present plans in Part C for obtaining it during site characteriza-tion.Based on the Quaternary volcanic history, predict the potential for futurevolcanic activity in the candidate area with emphasis on the next 10,000 years.3.3.2.2 Faulting History. The faulting history of the candidate areaand site should be described. The description should include the distribution,characteristics, attitude, spacing, length, strike direction, dip of the faultplane, and width and nature of the fault zone of the faults. This should beaccompanied by a map showing the location, strike, and dip of all known andsuspected faults. The extent to which faults may act as pathways to theaccessible environment from the conceptual design of a repository appropriateto the site should be estimated if possible.Provide information on surface offsets and net slip of all the Quaternaryfaults and the amount of basement offset associated with each fault. All assump-tions for determining true offset should be explicitly stated. The movementhistory, including rate of displacement and recurrence interval, should beidentified. Absolute and relative dating techniques should be applied wherepossible. If more than one period of Quaternary faulting is present withinthe candidate area or site, the fault systems of different ages should betabulated, and the evidence for the age of each fault should be presented.3.3.2.3 Folding History. The folding history of the candidate area andsite should be discussed, and a map thatishows the location and trend of fold..belts in the candidate area should be included.Describe the geometry, symmetry, wavelength and amplitude of the folds,their mode of origin (eog., flexural slip), and their attitude relative to theearth's surface (upright, inclined, overturned, or recumbent).. The trend andplunge of the fold axis and the strike and dip of the axial surface of eachmajor fold, along with its sense of asymmetry, should be mapped. Cleavage,fractures, and faults associated and penecontemporaneous with the folding shouldbe delineated from available information. Any change in porosity and permeabil-ity of the rocks due to folding should be discussed.Describe the overall nature of the folding. "Thin-skinned" tectonics shouldbe distinguished from "thick-skinned" or basement tectonics.If more than one period of folding is present, the evidence that allowsthe relative and/or absolute dating of the individual episodes of folding shouldbe included.3.3.2.4 Jointing History. The jointing history of the candidate areaand site should be described as thoroughly as possible. A map showing thelocation and trend of all known joint sets should be included. For each jointset, the areal distribution, the attitude, and the intensity of jointing (i.e.,joint spacing) within the candidate area and site should be presented. Absoluteor relative dating of the joint sets should be provided when known.4.17-13 The mineralogy and age of fillings along joints of any age should bediscussed. The possibility that joints may form pathways from the depth of aconceptual design of a repository appropriate to the site to the accessibleenvironment should be discussed. The effect of various joint sets on thefracture permeability of the rock should be provided, or the appropriatesections of Chapter 5, "Hydrology," should be referenced. The relationship ofjoints to the regional faulting and folding should be described.The mode of origin of the joints (i.e., extension or shear mechanism) shoul.dbe discussed. If microcracks are present, describe their geometric and geneticrelationships to systematic and nonsystematic joints.A table listing the various joint sets, in order of age along with theirprincipal characteristics, should be included.3.3.2.5 Uplift, Tilting, and Subsidence. Uplift, tilting, and subsidencein the candidate area and site, including effects caused by withdrawing orinjecting fluids and mining, should be discussed when applicable. This dis-cussion should include the suspected causes of uplift, tilting, and subsidenceas well as the rate, magnitude, and areal extent of the uplift, tilting, andsubsidence. Quaternary deformation not classified as folds, faults, or joints,e.g., features related to salt tectonics, should also be described.3.3.2.6 Active Stress Field. The active stress field in the candidatearea and site should be discussed. All in situ stress measurements that havebeen done within the candidate area should be summarized. The data should betabulated to show the method of stress measurement (e.g., overcoring, the flatjack method), the depth of the measurement, and the actual magnitude andorientation of the principal stresses.3.3.2.7 Vertical Crustal Movement. Existing data on crustal movementsshould be summarized and tabulated. Time-dependent gravity and geodetic surveysand geomorphic analyses of landforms should be summarized.3.4 Seismicity of Candidate Area and SiteThe seismic information presented in this section should provide a descrip-tion of the available seismic data and their relationship to the geologic andtectonic conditions of the candidate area and site. The rationale for using anyseismic parameters as bases for any portion of the conceptual design of arepository appropriate to the site should be explained. Information needs forwhich sufficient data are not currently available should be identified, andplans to obtain the information should be set forth in Part C of the SCR.3.4.1 Seismicity of Candidate AreaProvide a description of the seismic history of the candidate area. Relatehistoric earthquakes to seismic and tectonic zones. Whenever it is available,the following information should be provided: hypocentral coordinates, origintime, magnitude, total dislocation, focal mechanism, and error estimates forthese data. Present a regional scale map of all the listed earthquake epicenters.4.17-14 Identify the technique used to locate all hypocenters and to determine magnitudes..Differentiate earthquakes on the basis of focal depth, where applicable.Whenever applicable, define the precise locations of hypocenters of smallearthquakes, and use these locations to map zones where relief of crustal stressis occurring. Identify seismic conditions that influenced the conceptual designof a repository appropriate to the site.Provide a listing of all known historic earthquakes of magnitude greaterthan 3 or MM intensity greater than IV that have been reported for the candi-date area. When information is available, estimates of intervals of recurrence,maximum probable and credible earthquake magnitudes for the candidate area,and how these estimates were derived should also be discussed.The probability of future major earthquakes within the candidate area shouldbe discussed. Available information on focal mechanisms should be evaluatedwith respect to tectonics and stress distribution. Information needs for whichsufficient data are not currently available should be identified. Plans forobtaining this information should be included in Part C of the SCR.When earthquakes are located on the basis of arrival times of seismic waves,the particular seismic waves should be identified. The local seismic-velocitymodel used for interpreting and refining travel-time data should be documented.Revised locations of earthquake epicenters or hypocenters that differsubstantially from original locations should be noted. Whenever a revisedlocation is adopted in place of an original location, an explanation for thepreference should accompany the revised location. Focal mechanisms thatdiffer significantly from the majority derived for the region should be speci-fically noted.3.4.2 Seismicity of SiteThe seismicity of the proposed site should be described. The relation-ship between the seismicity of the proposed site and geologic features shouldbe discussed. Information needs for which sufficient data are not currentlyavailable should be identified. If applicable, plans for seismic studies andmonitoring programs should be described in Part C of the SCR.3.5 Long-Term Regional Stability with Respect to Tectonicand Geological ProcessesBased on Quaternary and present-day active tectonic, geophysical, andgeological processes, an assessment of the future stability of the candidatearea should be presented with emphasis on the next 10,000 years. Pre-Quaternary structures located within active stress fields should also beassessed. All models, assumptions, parameters, and sensitivity tests to be usedfor making these assessments should be explicitly stated.3.6 Subsurface Drilling and MiningComprehensive information pertaining to past and present drilling andmining operations should be presented for the candidate area and site. This4.17-15 should include a tabulation of all active and abandoned wells, boreholes, andexcavations at the candidate area distinguishing between those wells, boreholes,and excavations that preceded site exploration and those that were part of siteexploration. The tabulation should also include such information as the loca-tion, depth, diameter, drilling method, casing left in the hole, and method ofplugging or sealing. The methods used to investigate the extent of previousdrilling and excavation should be discussed. A map showing the location ofactive and abandoned wells, boreholes, and excavations and the plan view ofthe conceptual design of a repository appropriate to the site should beprovided. If the information is available, describe the former use ofprevious boreholes and the types of testing that were conducted in them.Copies of representative data, logs, and interpretations should be included.Documentation related to calibration procedures and data-massaging techniquesshould be provided. Interpretation of results should be supported with ade-quate references. Discuss the adequacy of the historical record in determiningthe likelihood of undiscovered wells, boreholes, and excavations in the volumeof rock and their possible effects on the site. Also include any known bore-holes that were lost because of cave-ins or equipment failures.Provide available information on the effects of the active and abandonedwells, boreholes, and excavations on the principal hydrogeologic units. Ifsufficient information is available, the presence of potential pathways shouldbe indicated and the net flux and hydraulic gradients created by them shouldbe assessed. (If the information in this paragraph is included in the dis-cussion of hydrology, the appropriate sections of Chapter 5, "Hydrology," maybe referenced.)Provide descriptions, plans, and sections of all active or inactive under-ground mines within the candidate area, including both conventional mines andin situ extraction types of operations whenever applicable. Describe the kindsof minerals extracted, methods of mineral extraction, the volume of rockremoved, and the volume of rock replaced. Include a statement of the presentcondition of the workings as to subsidence, stability, and flooding.3.7 Mineral and Hydrocarbon ResourcesInformation pertaining to the mineral and hydrocarbon resources of thecandidate area and site should be presented in this section.3.7.1 Mineral ResourcesTo the extent that information on the mineral resources is available priorto site characterization, the following information should be provided.The resources of the site should be compared with the resources in compar-able areas (those of similar size and geology). Total resources, both identi-fied and undiscovered as defined in the U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1450a,*should be included.*"Principles of the Mineral Classification System of the U.S. Bureau of Minesand the U.S. Geological Survey," U.S.G.S. Bulletin 1450a, 1976.4.17-16 Provide a tabulation of the total resources, including (1) the quantityof resources, (2) the cutoff values used in estimating.(1), (3) the presentgross value of each substance, (4) the present net value of each substance,i.e., the gross value less the costs for exploring, developing, extracting,and marketing the substance, and (5) the unit values of the minerals evaluatedin (3) and (4). For each substance, describe the method of assessment.3.7.2 Hydrocarbon ResourcesDescribe and locate any past or present oil and gas wells in the candidatearea. Discuss the likelihood of future development in the candidate area,including both reserves and potential resources.4.17-17

4. GEOENGINEERINGIn this chapter the mechanical, thermal, and thermomechanical propertiesof the rock units and the expected mechanical boundary conditions that are thebasis for the conceptual design of the geologic repository should be presented.Each discussion should include a brief summary of generic information from similarrock units and projects and site-specific information,* if available. Theinformation should be in sufficient detail to (1) permit an understanding ofthe geomechanical basis of the proposed conceptual design of a repositoryappropriate to the site (Chapter 8), and (2) support the discussion of designissues in Part C. The discussions should include values or ranges of valuesfor the design parameters used in the conceptual design and should provide therationale for selecting these preliminary values.For each of the properties of the rock units, include a discussion of theequipment and procedures used, including their limitations and the errorsproduced by them. (Equipment and procedures should be referenced to the appro-priate standards, e.g., ASTM, where available.) Geologic borehole logs, geologiccross sections, or photographs accumulated during preliminary site explorationactivities should be provided when possible to show where tests were conductedor samples were taken. Any measures taken to preserve or restore the in situchemical and physical environment during site exploration should be described.The anisotropy of the properties should be addressed. If isotropic approxima-tions are assumed, justify that assumption.4.1 Mechanical Properties of Rock Units -ContinuaPresent the mechanical properties of the rock units as determined bylaboratory tests on samples of the potential host rock and of other rock unitsimportant for the conceptual design of a repository appropriate to the siteand its performance if available. Also present available generic data fromsimilar rock units. Include site-specific information, when available, onelastic and inelastic behavior, compressive and tensile strength, and effectsof heating and fluid pressure on these properties.4.2 Mechanical Properties of Rock Units -Large ScalePresent the results of any large-scale laboratory and field tests such asplate-bearing tests, hydrostatic test chambers, flat jacks, Goodman jacks, andconvergence tests. ("Large-scale" here means tests of sufficient size to takeinto account the discontinua (fractures, joints, inhomogeneities, etc.) of themedia.) Discuss the relationship of the results of the laboratory tests tothe results of the large-scale tests. Provide site-specific data, if available,as well as available generic data for similar rock units and environments.4.3 Mechanical Properties of Rock Units -DiscontinuaDescribe the mechanical properties of discontinua (fractures, joints, beddingplanes, inclusions, voids) present in the rock units. Provide site-specific data*Site-specific information means information gained from tests done in, orsamples taken from, limited borings, surface outcrops, near-surface test facil-ities, pre-existing tunnels or mines, etc., near the site proposed for charac-terization. It does not imply that a shaft has been sunk.4.17-18 as well as available generic data from similar rock units and environments.If the information is available, the discussion should include the coefficientof friction, the compressibility of fractures and filling materials, and theeffect of heating and changes of pore pressure on the mechanical properties ofthe joints, fractures, bedding planes, and other discontinua. Discuss theeffects of the discontinua on the mechanical properties of the rock mass (e.g.,strength and deformation characteristics).4.4 Thermal and Thermomechanical Properties -Laboratory ResultsPresent the results of laboratory studies of the thermal properties ofthe rock units. Provide available site-specific data as well as generic datafrom similar rock units.Include discussions on the thermal conductivity, heat capacity, andcoefficient of thermal expansion of the rock units.4.5 Stress FieldPresent the stress field data, if available, and list the assumptions usedto infer stress from field observation. Also present applicable stress measure-ments that have been made in the candidate area or at the site. Include adiscussion of the expected direction and magnitude of the principal stressesas a function of depth.4.6 Special Geoengineering PropertiesDescribe any special thermal, mechanical, thermomechanical, or otherproperties of the rock units that were considered in developing the conceptualdesign of a repository appropriate to the site (e.g., brine migration, thermaldecrepitation, thermal dewatering). Provide available site-specific data aswell as generic data from similar rock units.4.7 Excavation Characteristics of Rock MassDescribe excavation investigations that have been conducted within thecandidate area, and discuss pertinent excavation experience in similar rocktype under similar conditions using various techniques such as controlledblasting and mechanical nonblasting. This discussion should include informationon how the investigations were monitored, analyzed, and applied to the conceptualdesign of a repository appropriate to the site. The discussion should alsoinclude an assessment of the potential damages produced by the various techniquesand appropriate methods for avoiding or mitigating such damages.4.17-19

5. HYDROLOGYInclude in this chapter pertinent information gathered on hydrologicconditions of the candidate area and site. Surface and subsurface hydrologicregimes should be addressed. The information should be presented in sufficientdetail to (1) describe the hydrology based on available literature andpreliminary site exploration activities and (2) provide information to be usedto analyze the hydrologic aspects of the planned site characterization program.Include, as applicable, data sources and estimated uncertainties. Discussany significant consequences of the uncertainties about conclusions drawn fromthe data.5.1 Description of Surface HydrologyDescribe the hydrologic framework of the surface waters of the candidatearea and site. Address the location and physical and hydrologic characteristicsof surface-water bodies such as streams, lakes, and shore regions influencingthe site. Include a description of existing and proposed water control struc-tures, both upstream and downstream, that may influence conditions at the site.5.2 Floods5.2.1 Flood HistoryProvide the date, level, peak discharge, and related information for majorhistorical flood* events in the candidate area. Include stream floods, surges,seiches, tsunami, dam failures, ice jams, floods induced by landslides, andsimilar events.Discuss whether the site is flood dry or non-flood dry using procedurespresented in ANSI N170-1976.** If procedures other than those presented inANSI N170-1976 are used, state the reasons and describe the procedures.Discuss the potential for future flooding of the site. Include long-termchanges in the hydrometeorology of the region and the potential for floodsinduced by maximum glaciation. Describe planned or ongoing studies to thoroughlyinvestigate the potential for future flooding. Include geologic evidence ofPleistocene and Holocene flooding in the assessment of future flood potential.5.2.2 Flooding ProtectionDescribe the static and dynamic consequences of all types of flooding thatcould occur at the candidate area and site. Present the plans and any completedflow analyses needed to ensure that these types of flooding would allow continuedintegrity of surface and subsurface structures at the site.*A flood is defined as any abnormally high water stage or overflow from astream, floodway, lake, or coastal area that results in significantlydetrimental effects.**See American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standard N170-1976, "Standardsfor Determining Design Basis Flooding at Power Reactor Sites." Copies may beobtained from the American Nuclear Society, 555 North Kensington Avenue,La Grange Park, Illinois 60525.4.17-20

5.3 Locations and Distances to Points of Surface-Water Use5.3.1 Present Quantity and Quality of Surface Water ExtractedProvide a tabulation of existing surface-water intakes (including collectorwell systems) downstream of any identified ground-water discharge areas. Foreach surface-water intake, provide the location, population served, type ofintake, and the maximum daily and average quantities of water pumped. Also,the water quality at the intake locations and the type of treatment given tothe water before distribution should be discussed.5.3.2 Projected Surface-Water UsesEstimate quantities and potential areas of water use for the region for50 and 100 years into the future. Base the projections on expected growth rateof the region; industries likely to develop in the future because of location,climate, or natural resources; and probable changes in the technology oreconomic requirements. Do not base the projections on extrapolations ofhistorical data alone. Also locate possible points of withdrawal for anypotential future water users that have been identified.5.4 Chemical, Biological, and Ecological Compositionof Adjacent WatercoursesDescribe the chemical, biological, and ecological composition of adjacentbodies of water that could potentially be affected by releases from the facil-ity. The chemical data should be sufficient to determine the salt seep or saltdischarge rates into drainage basins for dissolution studies. This descriptionshould include measured baseline data derived from historical records and onsitemonitoring programs prior to site characterization activities.Identify, to the extent possible, the source and nature of the backgroundpollutants (e.g., chemical species and physical characteristics such as colorand temperature), the range of concentrations involved, and the time variationin release. Information relating to water quality characteristics should includemeasurements made on, or in close proximity to, the site.The seasonal cycles of physical and chemical limnological parameters shouldbe provided. Additionally, information that describes the bottom and shorelineconfiguration, sedimentation rates (suspended and bed load), sedimentationgraduation analysis, and distribution (sorption) coefficients should be included.5.5 Surface-Water/Ground-Water Disposition of ReleasesIdentify, define, and map all known sources of ground-water dischargewithin the candidate area, including springs, seeps, and wells. Provide anestimate of the rate of ground-water discharge at these points. If the dischargeis through a stream channel or lake bed, the discharge per square meter of lakebed or linear meter of stream channel should be estimated. Provide the-basesfor the discharge estimates such as base flow measurements, water balancecalculations, and aquifer hydraulics.4.17-21 Discuss the potential for contamination of surface waters as a result ofeither surface or subterranean releases. Any surface discharge areas (springsand seeps) of aquifers that could become contaminated by releases from thesubsurface operations during site characterization should be identified.5.6 Regional Hydrologic Reconnaissance of Candidate Area and SiteDescribe the regional hydrogeologic framework and regional ground-waterflow systems and their boundaries.*5.6.1 Hydrogeologic UnitsPresent a hydrogeologic column of the region in a form as detailed as theinformation allows. Include the principal hydrogeologic units (includes bothconfining units and aquifers), their stratigraphic relationships, lithology,generalized potentiometric levels for a given time and location, and hydrologiccharacteristics. The terminology should be consistent with the terminologyused in the regional stratigraphic column presented in Section 3.2. A hydro-geologic map of the candidate area should be presented indicating areal extentof the regional hydrogeologic units and unit interfaces.** Cross sectionsshould be provided where appropriate.5.6.2 Relationships Among Hydrogeologic UnitsDescribe the relationships among the regional hydrogeologic units. Theprincipal relationships sought are potentiometric levels, recharge-dischargeand leakage, hydrochemical facies, and ground-water residence times. Refer-ences should be made to the hydrogeologic map and to the cross sectionspresented in Section 5.6.1.5.6.3 Potentiometric LevelDefine the time history and areal distribution of measured potentiometriclevels of each principal hydrogeologic unit. The method of presenting thedata can include hydrographs, potentiometric contour maps, and graphs toidentify the characteristic fluctuations resulting from the various types ofrecharge-discharge (i.e., seasonal precipitation and evaporation fluctuations,seasonal pumping variations, seasonal response to surface-water bodies, etc.).Potentiometric surface maps should include such information as the location ofthe monitoring wells, hydrogeologic unit boundaries, surface-water bodies, andspecific well information (i.e., perforation interval and elevations, totaldepth history, casing, method of well completion, etc.).5.6.4 Hydraulic Characteristics of Principal Hydrogeologic UnitsFor each of the principal hydrogeologic units, provide the ranges, meanvalues, and methods for determining the principal hydraulic characteristics such*Definitions of ground-water terminology used in this chapter are consistentwith U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper No. 1988, Definitions ofSelected Ground-Water Terms -Revisions and Conceptual Refinements (1972).**Use, where practicable, internationally recognized map symbols (UNESCO,International Legend for Hydrologic Maps, Paris, France, 1970, 101 p.).4.17-22 as hydraulic conductivity, storage coefficient, effective porosity, and satu-rated thickness. Also include a discussion of the appropriateness of assumingDarcian flow conditions in the various hydrogeologic units.5.7 Regional Ground-Water Flow SystemProvide detailed information on the regional ground-water flow system,including identification of recharge and discharge areas, principal ground-water flow paths, and ground-water ages based on isotopic hydrochemistry.5.7.1 Identification of Recharge-Discharge AreasIdentify the areas and modes of recharge and discharge, residence timesof the ground water, and the bulk rates of ground-water flow for the specifichydrogeologic units. Also include surface- and ground-water interrelationships.Present the information on hydrogeologic maps developed for the region.5.7.2 Principal Ground-Water Flow PathsDescribe the principal ground-water flow paths with the associated fluxesand travel times to the accessible environment if known. Use cross sectionsand maps to indicate the principal ground-water flow paths.5.7.3 Isotopic and Regional HydrochemistryDescribe the results of any investigations of the isotopic composition ofground-water samples. Include stable isotopes, e.g., D/H, 016/018, and unstableisotopes, e.g., C14, H3, C136.Discuss the implication of the isotopic data con-cerning the age of the ground water, relative degree of circulation within thehydrogeologic unit, and areas and modes of recharge to the hydrogeologic units.Describe the results of any s.tudie.s of the regional hydrochemical zones.Thqmajor ions of interest are Na , Ca , Mg+, Cl-, Fe, Mn , HCO3, CO3S, andS04 .The individual hydrochemical zones should be presented in graphic formshowing the relationship among the principal ions. Each zone should also bedelimited by its pH, Eh, total dissolved solids (TDS), organic carbon, organiccomplexes (fulvic and humic acids), and aforementioned principal ions.* Themajor dissolved gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and hydrogen sulfideshould be included. Information on ambient ground-water temperature shouldalso be provided. If any of the information in the section is not currentlyavailable, discuss any plans for obtaining it within the context of the sitecharacterization program in Part C of the SCR.5.8 Ground-Water UsesIdentify the principal regional ground-water users, including locations,rates, typical well construction, and hydrogeologic unit source. Include*Field and laboratory analysis methods should conform to those in NationalHandbook of Recommended Methods for Water Data Acquisition, Chapter 5, FederalInteragency Committee on Water Data, Office of Water Data Coordination, U.S.Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, 1977-78.4.17-23 irrigation, industrial, municipal, domestic livestock, and energy resourcedevelopment'uses. Identify areas of large ground-water pumping or injectionon the regional hydrogeologic map. Include the extent of depression orimpression cones on the potentiometric surfaces.5.8.1 Regional Ground-Water Aquifers Used for Human ActivitiesIdentify the specific aquifer units that provide the sources for theground-water uses identified in Section 5.8. Also present the relationshipbetween ground-water use and aquifer storage and recharge to identify areas ofstress on the aquifer and mining of the ground-water resource.5.8.2 Regional Ground-Water Management PlansIdentify the regional ground-water management agencies and their programs.Also provide an assessment, using this information, of regional ground-waterprojections for the foreseeable future, preferably the next 50- to 100-yearperiod. Include ground-water use, potentiometric level changes, andhydrochemical changes.5.9 Site Hydrogeologic SystemDescribe the site hydrogeologic systems to the extent that availableinformation will permit.5.9.1 Baseline MonitoringProvide information gathered from the baseline monitoring* program thatincludes seasonal variations, long-term trends in potentiometric levels, andhydrochemistry of the principal hydrogeologic units, if available.5.9.1.1 Monitoring Network. Provide specifications and designs (i.e.,locations, elevations of screens and measuring points, elevations of seals),selection process for choosing location and depth of data collection systems,hydrogeologic units being monitored, method and frequency of measurement, andmethod of hydrochemical sampling for the monitoring network used in establish-ing the baseline monitoring program.5.9.1.2 Potentiometric Levels. Provide representative hydrographs andpotentiometric surface maps for each principal hydrogeologic unit. The hydro-graphs should include precipitation, surface-water levels, and rates of ground-water pumpage where appropriate. Based on this information, provide completedassessment for the potential for long-term or significant short-term changesin the water levels, and indicate them on hydrographs and potentiometric maps.*Baseline monitoring means the establishment and operation of an engineeredsurveillance system for continuous measurement and recording of existingground-water conditions that will serve as an historical data base forfuture observational comparisons.4.17-24

5.9.1.3 Hydrochemistry. Provide the previously gathered information onthe hydrochemistry of the principal hydrogeologic units. In characterizingeach unit, identify the principal ions, dissolved gases, natural radioisotopes,Eh-pH values, organic components, temperatures, density of the fluid(s), andmajor ions. Using this information, provide completed assessments of temporaland spatial variations of the hydrochemistry.5.9.2 Hydraulic Characteristics of Matrix and FluidInformation on hydraulic characteristics of the matrix and fluid for eachprincipal hydrogeologic unit and a discussion of statistical parameters andvalues should be provided. The methods of determination, range, and mean valuesshould also be provided. The information should be grouped into separate sectionsfor each hydrogeologic unit and should include the following characteristics:1. Intrinsic Permeability (cm2). Indicate whether the intrinsicpermeability is developed by secondary processes such as fracturing, weathering,dissolution, or degassing of igneous rocks and the extent to which Darcian flowcan be assumed.2. Hydraulic Conductivity (cm/sec) and Transmissivity (m2/day). Indicatethe representative volume applicable and the saturated thicknesses assumed.3. Total and Effective Porosity (dimensionless). Indicate the nature ofthe pore space, i.e., interstitial, fractured, or solutioning, and distinguishprimary and secondary porosity.4. Storage Coefficient. Indicate whether phreatic or confined conditionsare constant throughout the region.5.9.3 Ground-Water Flow SystemDescribe the ground-water flow system using the previously describedhydraulic characteristics, and identify the accessible environment and crediblepathways.5.9.3.1 Accessible Environment and Credible Pathways. Identify theaccessible environment associated with the conceptual design of a repositoryappropriate to the site. The credible pathways for ground-water transportfrom the conceptual design of a repository appropriate to the site to theaccessible environment should also be identified.5.9.3.2 Potentiometric Levels and Head Relationships. Provide a synthesisand analysis of potentiometric levels and head relationships as described inparagraph 5.6.3. Include hydraulic gradients, flow directions, and potentialfor variations.5.9.3.3 Recharge-Discharge and Leakage. Provide information on completedinvestigations on the location and rates of recharge-discharge and leakage forthe principal hydrogeologic units. Fully document these investigations. Whereappropriate, constant head, no-flow, and constant flux boundary conditions shouldbe identified and indicated on the appropriate hydrogeologic map. Provide plansto use the regional and site hydrochemical analyses to identify or verifythe location of recharge, discharge, and mixing zones.4.17-25

5.9.4 Ground-Water Velocity and Travel Time* Describe the method of determination and the ranges of values for theaverage interstitial velocities for Darcian flow conditions or the maximumvelocities for fractured flow of the principal hydrogeologic units based onthe representative elementary volume. Using the information gathered on cred-ible pathways, indicate the expected range of advective travel times from theconceptual design of a repository appropriate to the site to the accessibleenvironment.5.9.4.1 Radionuclide Transport Factors. Provide information on the methodsand the results of investigations performed to determine the factors influenc-ing radionuclide transport for each hydrogeologic unit occurring in the crediblepathway. The investigations and methods of analysis should take into considera-tion the temperature, viscosity, water chemistry, retardation, and oxidation-reduction potential within the hydrogeologic units and the projected thermalflux due to the emplaced waste.5.9.4.2 Geothermal Gradient and Thermal Convective Component. Identifythe existing geothermal gradient, and assess the effect of the thermal convec-tive component introduced by the emplaced waste on the ground-water transport.5.9.5 Hydrochemistry and Ground-Water AgeDescribe the results of completed investigations of the hydrochemistryand ground-water age of each principal hydrogeologic unit. Include the testsand method of sampling performed and to be performed for the hydrochemicalinvestigation.Identify the isotopes (i.e., C14, H3, 016/018, D/H, Cl36) used for ground-water age determinations, including the field and laboratory techniques used,the range of values, and an error analysis of the results.5.9.6 Monitoring and VerificationProvide information on the specific monitoring and verification programs,including their spatial and temporal distribution, implemented for the hydro-logic system associated with the geologic repository.5.9.6.1 Baseline Condition Changes. Specify the aspects of the monitor-ing program that will permit detection of baseline condition changes necessaryto assess hydrologic stability, and provide an historical background.5.9.6.2 Well Construction, Development, and Completion. Describe wellconstruction and development techniques. Include such details as locations;elevations of screens and measuring data; hydrogeologic units encountered;method of development; types and locations of borehole seals, casing, andscreen materials; mode of drilling; and method and schedule of development.5.9.6.3 Monitoring Methods. Describe the method of sampling and/orsurveillance used. Provide information on the indirect methods of samplingsuch as geophysical techniques and TV surveillance. Also provide informationon the direct methods of sampling such as water sampling, potentiometric levelreadings, and pressure testing. Indicate the hydrogeologic informationcollected using each monitoring method.4.17-26

5.9.7 Local Ground-Water UsersIdentify all the local ground-water users, including locations, rates,typical well construction, and hydrogeologic unit source. Include irrigation,industrial, municipal, domestic livestock, and energy resource developmentusers. Determine what effect, if any, the local ground-water users have onthe site's ground-water flow system.4.17-27

6. GEOCHEMISTRYIn this chapter present pertinent descriptions of the geochemical propertiesof the rocks, minerals, sediments, and water of the candidate area and site.Include anticipated geochemical reactions that have influenced the conceptualdesign of a repository appropriate to the site. Include generic data fromsimilar rock types and site-specific information, if available. The informa-tion should be presented in sufficient detail to (1) permit an understandingof the geochemical factors of the candidate area and site, based on availableliterature and site-screening studies, and (2) support the planned site char-acterization program.For each of the following sections, include the rationale for the valueschosen. For natural variables (e.g. , rock compositions and ground-waterchemistry), indicate expected ranges of values and by what process these wereassumed. For engineering variables (e.g., composition of backfill, waste form,canister, temperature, and pressure), indicate why these particular values wereassumed and what is the reasonable range of expected values. For chemical andgeochemical reactions (e.g., any of the reactions among the waste, water, rock,barrier, canister), indicate the rationale for the identification of these reac-tions (e.g., theoretical, laboratory experimental, observed in nature) and towhat extent the nature of the reactions would be expected to change because ofchanging conditions at the site (e.g., changes in solubility of constituentsin ground water resulting from heating the ground water).6.1 Host Rock GeochemistryFor rocks and fracture fill materials along credible pathways to theaccessible environment, describe the petrology and mineralogy of the rocks andmaterial in the fractures. Describe the inferred or measured distribution andabundance of mineral phases that will affect radionuclide migration, and identifymineral assemblages and amorphous components that buffer pH and Eh of groundwater.6.2 HydrogeochemistryFor the proposed host rock unit and other rock units along credible pathwaysto the accessible environment, provide the following information when available:1. Major, minor, and trace-element composition of ground water, includingorganic and inorganic species, dissolved and suspended (i.e., colloids),2. Ionic strength of ground water,3. Complexing agents (organic and inorganic),4. pH,5. Eh (meaqured and calculated), dissolved oxygen, redox couples (i.e.,Fe-2/Fe 3),6. Temperature,7. Pressure,8. Gas composition,9. Sorption-desorption isotherms, including those for fracture filling,10. Sorption capacity,4.17-28

11. Ion exchange,12. Filtrati'on,13. Chemical substitution,14. Isotopic exchange,15. Diffusion into pores,16. Acid-base,17. Solution-precipitation,18. Thermodynamic information,19. Reaction mechanisms,20. Impact of kinetic effects on retardation,21. Retardation factors (Rf),22. Mass distribution coefficient (Kd),23. Surface distribution coefficient (KA),24. Solubilities of radionuclides, and25. Extent of solution saturation by potential precipitates.Discuss the methods used to obtain the data as well as the QA programsapplied to data collection. If information on any (or all) of these geochemicalparameters is not available at the time the SCR is submitted, describe theproposed plans for obtaining this information during site characterization.(The proposed plans may be described in Part C.)6.3 Chemistry of Waste, Barriers, and Environmentof a Conceptual Design Repository Appropriate to SiteDescribe anticipated interactions among the waste form, engineered barriers,and environment of a conceptual design of a repository appropriate to the site.Include analyses of generic interactions and, if available, include analysesof interactions of proposed specific waste forms and engineered barriers forthe site.Describe the anticipated (1) chemical composition and form of the waste,(2) solubility of the waste form in ground water under varying anticipatedenvironmental conditions (e.g., temperature, oxidation states), and (3) speciesreleased by the leaching of the waste form under anticipated conditions.Describe anticipated chemical and mineralogical composition of any barriers,solubility of these barriers under varying anticipated physico-chemical condi-tions, any changes in speciation imposed on radionuclides released from thewaste, and speciation of wastes crossing the engineered barrier/natural geo-logical systems boundary.Describe anticipated interactions of the waste water and rock. Include(1) hydrothermal alteration of the proposed host rock during the thermal pulse,(2) changes in the chemistry of the ground water in the proposed host rock duringthe thermal pulse, and (3) the effect of changes of mineralogy and hydrologyon the radionuclide migration.6.4 Natural AnalogsProvide pertinent data, analyses, and current level of assessment of naturalgeochemical analogs to the site. Provide a basis for comparing and contrasting.the analog environment with the site.4.17-29 Describe any field tests from other sites that may be useful in interpretingexpected results obtained from this site during site characterization.6.5 Geochemical StabilityDescribe the expected geochemical stability of the site. Include (1) poten-tial human influences (i.e., solution mining, injection disposal, ground-waterwithdrawal, ground-water mining) and (2) natural changes due to climaticvariation.4.17-30

7. CLIMATOLOGY AND METEOROLOGYProvide a description of the climatology and meteorology of the candidatearea and site. An analysis of paleoclimatic conditions should provide an assess-ment of the climatic changes that might occur in the future, based on evaluationsof the past and present climatic conditions. Paleoclimatic analysis shouldinclude at least the complete climatic spectrum ranging from maximum glacialto maximum interglacial conditions. Sources of the information and data providedshould be referenced. Identify those areas where sufficient data or informationare presently not available.7.1 Recent Climate and MeteorologyA climatological and meteorological description should be provided forthe candidate area and site.7.1.1 ClimateThe general climate should be described with respect to types of air masses,synoptic features and frontal systems, and general airflow patterns and relation-ships between synoptic-scale atmospheric processes and local (site) meteorologicalconditions. Climatological characteristics attributable to the terrain shouldbe identified. Data should be provided in sufficient detail to indicate impactson the conceptual design and potential operation of a repository at the site.All information should be fully documented and should be based on datafor the most recent 30-year record period. Sources of such information couldinclude National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) facilities suchas the National Climatic Center (NCC) and-the National Weather Service (NWS)stations; other government facilities (e.g. , military stations); and privateorganizations such as universities that have maintained quality-controlled datacollection programs. The validity of the information provided, with respectto representation of the conditions at and near the site, should be substantiated.7.1.2 Local and Regional MeteorologyPlans for obtaining sufficient meteorological information to adequatelycharacterize atmospheric dispersion processes (i.e. , airflow trajectories,atmospheric stability conditions, depletion and deposition characteristics)within the candidate area should be provided.7.1.3 Site Meteorological Measurement ProgramThe meteorological measurement program to be conducted to develop localdata and programs that will be used to estimate offsite concentrations ofeffluents released during site characterization should be described. The informa-tion provided should include measurements made, locations and elevations ofmeasurements, descriptions of the instruments used, instrument performancespecifications, calibration and maintenance procedures, and data analysesprocedures.4.17-31

7.2 Long-Term Climatic AssessmentAn analysis of paleoclimatic conditions at the candidate area and the siteshould be provided. Based on this analysis and on recent climatic characteristicsof the candidate area, an assessment of the magnitude and rate of climatic changesthat might be expected to occur in the future should be provided. The informationshould be presented in sufficient detail to indicate impacts on long-term isola-tion of the waste.7.2.1 PaleoclimatologyProvide an analysis of the Quaternary paleoclimatoiogy of the candidatearea and the site, including atmospheric, hydrospheric, and cryospheric aspectsof the successive climatic regimes, in the context of determining the magnitudeof the climatic changes and the rates at which the changes occurred. Changesin precipitation regimes, locations of potential aquifer recharge areas, glaciatedareas, and windflow patterns should be identified. Geological, biological,and ecological evidence to support the analysis should be provided. Informationshould also be provided on the size (areal extent and thicknesses) of any glaciersand on accumulation and ablation rates. The impacts of any glaciers on precipita-tion regimes and windflow patterns should be discussed. Relationships betweenair temperatures and regional precipitation, in relationship to the water balanceof the area, should also be discussed.Sources of all information should be provided. The validity and applica-bility of the information provided, with respect to the representation ofconditions at and near the site, should be substantiated.7.2.2 Future Climatic VariationAn estimate of the potential impact of climatic change on precipitationpatterns, windflow regimes, the cryosphere, and sea levels should be discussed.Based on the reconstruction of the paleoclimate and the recent climate,long-term estimates of the following should be provided:1. Potential maximum and minimum changes and rates of change in precipita-tion and air temperature from the present that could be expected tooccur,2. Potential regional windflow and precipitation patterns that may evolvein the future as a result of climatic and geologic changes,3. The potential for glaciation, including estimates of times of onsetof glaciation and lengths and severity of glacial regimes in the sitearea, and4. Future fluctuations in sea levels and cryosphere due to climatic changes.All procedures, including models, used in the climatic extrapolations shouldbe identified, asshould all assumptions and areas where insufficient data makeextrapolations questionable.4.17-32

7.2.3 Site Paleoclimatic InvestigationDescribe how information obtained during the site characterization stagewill be used to increase the data base concerning the paleoclimatology of thearea. This could include the examination of sediment core samples for fossilpollen, ancient soil types, lake sediment varve sequences and thicknesses, etc.The application of the information thus developed to supplement places wheredata are sparse or lacking in the initial investigation should be emphasized.Any changes in the paleoclimatic assessment that results from this investiga-tion should be reflected by revisions to the future climatic conditionextrapolations.4.17-33

8. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A REPOSITORYProvisions for the inclusion in the SCR of a conceptual design of a resposi-tory* appropriate to the named site are set forth in paragraph 60.11(a)(6)(ii).Information on the conceptual design of a repository is needed to allow anassessment of the site characterization program since a substantial amount ofthe information generated during site characterization will directly relate tothe progressive development of a repository design for the site. It is recognizedthat the conceptual design repository presented in the SCR will be preliminaryin nature and may be modified or refined as a result of site characterizationactivities. Consequently, it is necessary to know at the SCR stage whichportions of the conceptual design of a repository are based on results developedduring preliminary site exploration activities and which portions are based onassumed parametric values or anticipated site conditions. All assumptions ofparametric values (e.g. , in situ stress field) and site conditions (e.g.,ground-water hydrology) should be clearly documented in the SCR. Assumptionsthat will be confirmed or refined during site characterization should be noted.To the extent possible, the design bases, design assumptions, preliminarydesign criteria, and preliminary analyses that have been performed to developthe conceptual design of a repository should be stated.The information presented in this chapter should be of sufficient detail(1) to permit an understanding of the conceptual design of a repository andits relationship to the site and prospective host rock and (2) to permit anevaluation of the relationship of the planned tests and experiments during sitecharacterization to the resolution of design issues and to the development andmodification of the conceptual design of a repository.8.1 Design of Underground OpeningsProvide the general layout and design of proposed subsurface openings inplan and cross section, and show their relationship to proposed plans for insitu testing at depth and to known or inferred geologic and hydrologic condi-tions of the site. If known, identify proposed locations of shafts and theirrelationship to the proposed plan for in situ testing at depth and known orinferred subsurface conditions. Provide shaft stability factors based oninferred subsurface rock stresses and ground-water conditions and their rela-tionship to the proposed test shaft(s). Provide the basis used in determiningthe proposed sizing, shape, and orientation of the major subsurface openings.Include discussions of those considerations given to ground-water conditions,thermal output, the natural and thermally induced stress field, and the needfor ventilation. Identify and discuss separately any design limitations dueto factors not directly related to waste isolation but to the constructabilityor operability of the repository. Include factors such as minimum space requiredfor emplacement of the waste, layout requirements for separation and controlof excavation and waste emplacement operations, ventilation requirements, andworker safety considerations.*As used in this guide, the conceptual design of a repository means a design ofa repository appropriate to the named site in sufficient detail to allow assess-ment of the site characterization program with respect to investigative acti-vities that address the ability of the site to host a repository and isolateradioactive waste or that may affect such ability.ý A

8.2 BackfillDescribe the proposed characteristics and functions of the backfill inthe conceptual design of a repository. Identify any proposed backfill materialsbeing considered for use at the site. Provide the mechanical properties ofthe proposed backfill that are critical for the site and design (use ASTM orother applicable standards, as appropriate). Discuss the relationship betweenthe mechanical properties of the proposed backfill and the expected conditionsat the site (e.g., temperature, moisture, stress). Describe the geochemicalcharacteristics of the backfill materials, as well as the anticipated chemicalinteractions among the waste package, backfill, ground water, and host rockunder assumed waste emplacement conditions. Identify the measured or inferredmaterial and site parameters used to estimate those reactions. (The geochemicaldiscussion here should be in sufficient detail to describe the geochemical roleof the backfill at the site. The full descriptions of the geochemical investiga-tions and the nature of backfill, waste form, package, rock, and ground-waterinteractions should be provided in Chapters 6, "Geochemistry," or 9, "WasteForm and Package.")8.3 Strength of Rock MassProvide preliminary design values used for the mechanical properties ofthe rock, including elastic and inelastic behavior of the rock mass, the thermo-mechanical behavior of the rock mass, and the mechanical behavior of rockdiscontinuities (e.g., joints, bedding planes, shear zones). Describe how theywere determined. (The rock mechanics information should be presented here insufficient detail to describe the relationship of the rock properties to thedesign. The full description of the rock mechanics background should be pre-sented in Chapter 4, "Geoengineering.") Describe how these values for themechanical and thermomechanical behavior of the rock were used in developingthe conceptual design of a repository. Present the results of model studiesused in developing the conceptual design of a repository appropriate to thesite.8.4 Sealing of Shafts, Boreholes, and Underground OpeningsDescribe the proposed treatment of the disturbed section of rock aroundopenings and excavated surfaces. Describe proposed design measures to controlground-water movement into the facility. Provide laboratory and field datawhen available and inferred site conditions on which the selection of thetreatment measures was based. Describe the proposed design for the sealing ofboreholes and shafts. Provide laboratory and field data and inferred siteconditions on which the design was based. Provide the mechanical, chemical,and hydrologic properties of proposed sealing materials.8.5 ConstructionDescribe construction techniques being considered for potential repositorydevelopment at the site. Describe in detail any known or inferred site condi-tions requiring specialized construction techniques. Describe planned actionsto be taken so that construction of exploratory workings at the site would notcompromise the integrity of the site.4.17-35 Describe methods under consideration for breaking and removing rock duringconstruction. Assess the potential impacts of construction on fracturing, andnote any special precautions needed to minimize propagation of fractures thatcould be potential pathways, taking into consideration the inferred rock condi-tions at the site proposed for characterization. Describe the geotechnicalfactors expected to bear on the suitability of proposed excavation techniquesand their relationship to any information obtained during exploratory drilling.Mechanical excavation methods, controlled blasting, or other measures proposedto be used in the construction of underground openings should be described andrelated to known or inferred rock conditions and the stability of the conceptualdesign of a repository. (The full description of excavation investigationsshould be given in Chapter 4, "Geoengineering.") Describe temporary orpermanent support structures proposed and their relationship to the basis ofthe conceptual design. The methods planned to be used to control, collect,and dispose of ground water during excavation and the relationship of theplanned methods to ground-water information obtained from exploratoryinvestigations should be described.8.6 Design of Surface FacilitiesProvide a description of properties of surface materials and foundationsoil or rock considered in the design of structural foundations for surfacefacilities. Describe expected or known soil and rock conditions and the depthto and quality of foundation soil or rock. Discuss any known or inferred founda-tion problems. Also, describe sources of water for construction and operationof the proposed facilities./_ .44.17-36

9. WASTE FORM AND PACKAGEEvaluate the principal candidate waste forms and packages that may beconsidered appropriate for the site, and describe how the range of environmentsanticipated at the site and the resulting design limits would affect these wasteforms and packages. To the extent that the information is available prior tosite characterization, describe and compare alternative waste forms and packagesbeing considered and their development programs. Provide a basis for evaluatingthe adequacy of the information to be produced in the site characterizationprogram.9.1 DescriptionDescribe the candidate waste forms (including physical form and mechanicalproperties, chemical form and properties, radionuclide inventory, thermal output,expected temperatures, and radiation released) and waste packages (includingtypes of packaging and their properties, container size and shape, and the weight,volume, and number of the containers to be emplaced).9.2 Design ConceptsDescribe the waste form and package design concepts considered appropriatefor the site and conceptual design of a repository appropriate to the site.Discuss the independent barriers within the waste package and estimates, ifavailable, of the reliability of these individual barriers.9.3 Research and DevelopmentDescribe the status of research and development on appropriate waste formsand packages as it relates to characterization of the site, including researchplanned or under way to evaluate the performance of such waste forms and packages.9.4 Emplacement EnvironmentIf candidate waste packages and materials have been identified, describethe type of environment into which the waste form and packaging may be placed.Include upper bounds that could be expected for:1. Chemical conditions and processes within and between the waste pack-age and its environment that could compromise or enhance the ability of thewaste package to support the performance objectives. Include appropriateth.ermodynamic equilibria, oxidation/reduction reactions, corrosion, electro-chemical reactions, leaching, dissolution, and gas generation.2. Physical conditions and processes within and between the waste pack-age and its environment that could compromise or enhance the ability of thewaste package to support the performance objectives. Include thermal effects,mechanical strength, and mechanical stress.3. Nuclear conditions and processes within and between the waste pack-age and its environment that could compromise or enhance the ability of thewaste package to support the performance objectives. Include radiolysis,potential radiation damage, and potential criticality.4.17-37

9.5 Alternative Waste Forms and Waste PackagesSufficient information about alternative waste forms and waste packagesshould be provided to show full integration of the criteria and decisionprocesses for site selection with those for waste form and waste packagesel ection.4.17-38 PART CSTANDARD FORMAT AND CONTENT GUIDANCEFOR PRESENTING SITE CHARACTERIZATION PROGRAM4.17-39 While Parts A and B of the Standard-Format provide guidance on thepresentation of what is already known about a site, Part C deals with whatDOE plans to do in site characterization.Part C of the Standard Format specifies that the SCR should:1. Identify issues (questions about a site that are critical to makingthe findings required by 10 CFR Part 60 for construction authorization);2. Specify information needs required to make findings on unresolvedissues; and3. Describe the planned methods of data acquisition synthesis and analysisto meet information needs for unresolved issues.There should be a brief evaluation of the significant options availablefor resolving issues and for methods of testing and analysis that will reducethe limitations and uncertainties of the tests, methods, data, and interpreta-tions of data. Both the surface testing and in situ testing-at-depth aspectsof the planned site characterization program should be included.The SCR will be principally evaluated according to the completeness ofPart C, its most critical part.In developing Part C of the SCR, DOE should ensure that attention is focusedon those aspects of siting, development of waste form and packaging, and conceptualdesign of a repository that will require the most effort in the site characteriza-tion program. While the SCR must be complete in developing the issues of sitecharacterization, it is important--particularly in initial planning phases--thatthose issues considered critical or most important be identified and given highestpriority in the site characterization plan.4.17-40

10. SITE CHARACTERIZATION PROGRAMThis chapter should provide the rationale behind the proposed site charac-terization program and should describe in detail the program of explorationand testing to be conducted during site characterization. The description ofthe site characterization program at the named site should include (1) theissues to be resolved and information to be acquired during site characteriza-tion, (2) the tests and experiments to be performed, (3) schedule, sequence,and duration of testing and data analyses, (4) the extent of planned excavationand in situ testing at depth, (5) elements of the conceptual design of arepository appropriate to the site relevant to data acquisition, analyses, andscheduling, (6) key milestones against which the progress of site characteriza-tion can be measured, (7) provisions to control any adverse, safety-relatedeffects that may result from site characterization, and (8) the quality assurancemethods to be used in data acquisition andanalysis. Also to be noted shouldbe the decision points at which the direction of the site characterizationprogram might be changed if warranted by the results obtained.10.1 Rationale for Planned Site Characterization ProgramThis section should provide the rationale for the planned site characteriza-tion program. This rationale should include a summary discussion of (1) thetypes of information to be obtained during site characterization; (2) why theinformation is needed; and (3) whether the information will provide confirmatoryor supplemental data and analyses to existing data and analyses or whether theinformation will be acquired in areas not addressed during site explorationactivities. The following sections of this chapter should be appropriatelyreferenced in this rationale. The objectives of the site characterizationprogram should be clearly stated and the relationship between the informationpresented in Parts A and B and the planned site characterization program clearlyestablished.10.2 Issues To Be Resolved and Information RequiredDuring Site CharacterizationThis section should identify all known issues related to siting, designof a geologic repository operations area, and waste package and performanceassessment as specified in proposed 10 CFR Part 60. The following sections(10.2.1-10.2.4) should contain discussions of the types of information neededto resolve the issues, including, but not be limited to, the following areasof study:1. Geomorphology,2. Stratigraphy,3. Structural geology,4. Tectonics,5. Seismicity,6. Rock mechanics,7. Hydrology (surface and ground water),8. Geochemistry,9. Climatology,10. Meteorology, and11. Waste-host rock interactions.4.17-41 For each of these areas of study, discuss whether the necessary data willbe collected from surface or subsurface portions of the planned site characteri-zation program. If any information need is directly related to either thefurther development of the conceptual design of a repository appropriate tothe site or to modeling efforts, this fact should be clearly stated.Proposed plans for resolving unresolved issues during site characteriza-tion, including the specifications for performing the investigations and theapplicability and limitations of the investigations for resolving the issues,should be described.10.2.1 Unresolved Issues Related to Site SelectionDescribe any unresolved issues related to the selection of the site forcharacterization. This description may include issues related to alternativesites, ownership and control of the site, or the identification of favorablesiting conditions (e.g., geochemical conditions that promote sorption of radio-nuclides) or potentially adverse conditions (e.g., active faulting).*Summarize the extent to which preliminary site exploration activitiescontributed to the identification of the siting issues. Discuss informationobtained during site exploration activities that has led to a partial resolu-tion of the issues.10.2.2 Unresolved Issues Related to Design of Geologic Repository OperationsAreaDescribe unresolved issues related to the design of the geologic reposi-tory operations area. Identify site characterization plans proposed to obtaininformation to resolve these issues.10.2.2.1 Verification or Measurement of Site Conditions. Describe thoseissues related to site conditions (e.g., host rock, in situ stress field) thatare part of the design bases that must be verified or measured during sitecharacterization to verify the compatibility of the proposed conceptual designof a repository and the geologic repository operations area.10.2.2.2 Design Optimization Issues. Describe the design optimizationissues that necessitate data acquisition during site characterization. Theseare issues in which a structure or material has conflicting performance require-ments (e.g., thermal-loading for 1 acre vs. repository size) and an optimumwill be determined from investigations during site characterization.10.2.3 Unresolved Issues Related to Waste Form and PackageThis section should identify the issues related to the waste form and wastepackage, including the emplacement environment, that were not resolved bypreliminary site exploration activities or by research and development conductedprior to the submittal of the SCR. Site-specific plans to resolve these issuesduring the site characterization program should also be included.*Siting conditions that NRC would categorize as favorable or potentiallyadverse may be found in proposed 10 CFR Part 60.4.17-42

10.2.4 Performance Assessment Issues10.2.4.1 Substantially Completed Analytical Techniques. Describe thoseperformance assessment techniques, including simplifying assumptions and boundaryconditions, for which development work is substantially complete, with particularemphasis on identification of the types and quality of data needed and on theplans for verification or validation of performance assessments during or aftersite characterization. In the description, specific sections from otherdocuments such as user manuals and code documentations may be incorporated byreference provided these documents are either publicly available or, ifproprietary, are readily available to the NRC.10.2.4.2 Analytical Techniques Requiring Significant Development. Describethose analytical techniques that are expected to be important for evaluatingthe performance of the site but that still require significant additional develop-mental Work at the time the SCR is prepared. Include site-specific and genericmodels and computer codes. Describe the programs formulated for undertakingthe developmental work during site characterization.Describe both the analytical techniques expected to be important for siteanalysis and the associated data requirements. Available data should be sum-marized in this section either directly or by reference to other chapters ofthis report. For each type of analysis, anticipated simplifying assumptionsand boundary conditions should be described.10.2.5 Issues for NRC ReviewIn this section, any issues related to site selection, alternative candidateareas or sites, or design of the geologic repository operations area that DOEwishes the NRC to review should be presented.10.3 Planned Tests and ExperimentsPlanned tests and experiments to be conducted during site characterizationshould be described in detail. The relationship of the planned tests and experi-ments to information presented in Parts A and B and to the unresolved issuesdiscussed in Section 10.2 should be clearly stated. The quality assuranceprogram to be applied to data collection during site characterization shouldalso be described.Suggested Format for Description of Planned Tests and Experiments1. Title of Test or Experiment.2. Purpose of Test or Experiment -Summarize why the test or experiment isproposed and what types of informationwill be obtained.3. Objective(s) -Discuss how the results of the test or experiment willrelate to the overall site characterization program.Describe how the results will be used to help resolvespecific information needs or unresolved issues.4.17-43

4. Descriptive Summary -Summarize the methods, techniques, and analyses usedin the test or experiment. Describe in detail theprocedures expected to be used.5. Quality Assurance -Describe the quality assurance program to be appliedto data collection, and discuss the limitations anduncertainty in the data.6. Principal Investigator -Give the name and organization of the principalinvestigator, if known.7. Contact -Provide the name, address, and telephone number of the person(s)to contact concerning the status of the test or experiment.10.4 Planned Testing, Instrumentation, and MonitoringFor each test or experiment described above, the testing and instrumenta-tion that will be necessary for the investigation should be described. Thedescription should include testing method and testing apparatus, data collec-tion systems, methods of analysis and reduction of data, and the applicabilityand limitations of the testing and instrumentation in acquiring the necessaryinformation.For each test or experiment requiring short-term or long-term monitoring,the monitoring goal and technique(s) should be described. The descriptionshould include specifications for the monitoring system, the instrumentationand data collection systems, the methods of analysis and reduction of data,and the applicability and limitations of the monitoring system in acquiringthe necessary information. Identify and evaluate alternative methods oftesting and analysis that might achieve the same goals as the methods proposed.10.5 Planned Site Preparation ActivitiesIn this section, plans for surface and subsurface excavations related tothe site characterization program should be presented.'10.5.1 Surface Site Preparation ActivitiesDescribe the surface activities (e.g., construction) needed to preparethe site for site characterization activities. Include the anticipated startand completion dates. State whether the surface activities are related to sitecharacterization at the surface or whether they are preparatory to subsurfaceactivities. Describe any surface facilities to be erected at the site.10.5.2 Underground Test FacilityDescribe the underground test facility to be used for the in situ testing-at-depth portion of the site characterization program. The description shouldinclude a detailed layout of the planned excavation, boring locations, and theplanned location within the test facility of each anticipated test or experiment.In addition, details of construction, including the location of the undergroundtest facility with respect to the conceptual design of a repository appropriateto the site, should be provided. Particular attention should be paid to shaftsexcavated and borings made for the underground test facility and their location4.17-44 with respect to possible future shafts and excavations. An analysis of thepotential impact of in situ testing at depth on the integrity of the site shouldalso be included.10.6 Milestones, Analyses, Decision PointsDescribe briefly (1) key milestones to be used to mark progress, (2) dataanalyses to be performed, (3) use of acquired data, including both direct useof the tests and experiments as well as integration of results of tests andexperiments to resolve identified issues or to identify new issues, and(4) stages in the site characterization program when options would be assessedand decisions would be made as to how (or whether) to proceed.10.7 ScheduleProvide a graphic presentation (flow chart) of the site characterizationprogram in which activities, analyses, milestones, decision points, reports,and submittals for NRC, State, Indian tribal, and public review and any otherrelevant information are identified. The presentation should be constructedso that tasks accomplished and tasks still to be accomplished can readily beidentified. The presentation should also include, as appropriate, the logicleading to decision points and selection among alternatives.4.17-45 APPENDIX ASEMIANNUAL REPORTSIn accordance with paragraph 60.11(g) of 10 CFR Part 60, DOE must submitsemiannual reports to NRC on the progress of site characterization and of wasteform and packaging research and development.These semiannual reports should:1. Discuss the results of site characterization activities,2. Identify (a) new issues not previously mentioned in the SCR; (b) plansto resolve these issues; (c) those studies originally planned that are no longerconsidered necessary and therefore eliminated from the site characterizationprogram; (d) decision points reached during site characterization; and (e)modifications to schedules, and3. Report progress in developing the design of a geologic repositoryoperations area appropriate to the site.The NRC does not believe that it is necessary to issue a separate regula-tory guide on the format to be used for these semiannual reports. To the extentappropriate, however, this Standard Format provided for the SCR may be used whensubmitting information in the semiannual progress reports.4.17-46 VALUE/IMPACT STATEMENT1. PROPOSED ACTION1.1 DescriptionSections 202(3) and (4) of the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, asamended, provide the NRC with licensing and regulatory authority regardingDepartment of Energy (DOE) facilities used primarily for the receipt andstorage* of high-level wastes (HLW) resulting from activities licensed underthe Atomic Energy Act and certain other long-term, HLW storage facilities ofthe DOE. The NRC has issued regulations appropriate for licensing geologicdisposal of HLW by DOE in 10 CFR Part 60 (46 FR 13971). Provisions requiringthat a program of site characterization be conducted at a minimum of threesites, at least one of which is not salt, prior to the submittal of an applica-tion for a license to be issued under 10 CFR Part 60 are set forth in § 51.40of 10 CFR Part 51. When DOE has formulated preliminary plans for a prospectiverepository to the extent that site characterization may begin, but prior tothe commencement of site characterization at a particular site, DOE must submita site characterization report (SCR) to NRC.In order to provide DOE with guidance concerning the types of informationand the level of detail that NRC considers appropriate for an SCR and tofacilitate NRC review of the SCR, it is proposed that this regulatory guide be'published.1.2 Need for Proposed ActionThis regulatory guide is needed so that DOE will be informed in a timelymanner of the types of information that NRC feels may ultimately be needed fora license application, i.e., sufficient information about DOE's preferred siteto support a finding, prior to construction of a geologic repository, of reason-able assurance that there is no unreasonable risk to public health and safety.Use of the format presented in this regulatory guide in providing the types ofinformation requested in the SCR will help ensure the completeness of the informa-tion, will assist the NRC staff as well as States, Indian tribes, and the publicin locating specific types of information, and will substantially shorten thetime needed by the NRC staff during the review process. For some sites, theamount of information accumulated during preliminary site exploration activitiesprior to site characterization may be voluminous, and use of the proposed guidewill aid in the identification and location of information pertaining toparticular issues of interest to both NRC and non-NRC reviewers.*The NRC interprets "storage" as used in the Energy Reorganization Act toinclude disposal.4.17-47

1.3 Value/Impact of Proposed Action1.3.1 NRC OperationsThe proposed guide sets forth the information that NRC anticipates willbe needed to review both DOE's process of site selection and plans for sitecharacterization. It is expected to improve consistency in the review of SCRsbecause of more uniform submittals and to reduce the review effort of the NRCstaff.The review of the SCR may involve an estimated 10 person-year effort(including both NRC staff and contractors/consultants).1.3.2 Other Government AgenciesThe regulatory guide will contribute to the reduction in time requiredfor DOE's preparation of an SCR. Further, the regulatory guide should provideguidance-with respect to the types and quality of information that may be neededto support a future application for construction authorization at DOE's preferredsite. This guidance for future actions should result in a more efficient effortby DOE. It is not possible at this time to estimate the cost that may be incurredby DOE in following the format set forth in the regulatory guide for SCR submittalssince both the level of effort and the amount of information accumulated ateach site during preliminary site exploration activities will. be variableparameters. Further, some preparations for the submittal of the SCRs may havebeen conducted by DOE contractors and consultants. However, the proposedregulatory guide should result in a cost reduction to DOE in submitting theSCR because it provides guidance on the specific types of information NRC expectsto review, as well as on the level of detail and the reliability of theinformation. Cost reductions should be attributable to factors such as minimizingthe amounts of original data to be submitted, allowing incorporation of certaininformation by reference from existing DOE environmental impact statements,and providing guidelines to minimize the submittal of superfluous information.NRC interagency agreements currently exist with both the Bureau of Minesand the Army Corps of Engineers. It is estimated that each of these agenciesmay spend 1 person-year in reviewing each SCR submitted to NRC. Other Federalgovernment agencies such as the Geological Survey, the Environmental ProtectionAgency, and the Bureau of Land Management have frequently commented on 10 CFRPart 60 during the rulemaking process, and it may be possible that some, ifnot all, of these Federal agencies may independently decide to review the SCRs.In any event, the regulatory guide should reduce the time needed by otherFederal agencies to review the report(s).1.3.3 IndustrySince DOE alone is responsible for the submittal of an SCR to NRC, theindustry should not be affected by the proposed regulatory guide.1.3.4 PublicThe regulatory guide should be beneficial to the public since it willidentify the types of information NRC is requesting from DOE and should facil-itate review of the SCR. The required submittal of the SCR to NRC will also4.17-48 benefit the public because NRC will then transmit copies of the report to appro-priate State, Indian tribal, and local officials and will make a copy availableat the NRC Public Document Room. These actions should ensure early publicawareness and involvement in the review of DOE's planned site characterizationprogram.There could also be cost reduction to the public resulting from improvedefficiency during the review process.1.4 Decision on Proposed ActionThe publication of the regulatory guide on the suggested format to be usedby the DOE when submitting SCRs should be undertaken.2. TECHNICAL APPROACH2.1 Technical Alternatives1. Review the SCRs using modifications of existing NRC regulatory guides.2. Allow DOE to submit, without formal NRC guidance, SCRs based on itsperception of the types and level of detail of information that NRC would'anticipate reviewing.2.2 Discussion and Comparison of Technical AlternativesThe first alternative listed above would require the review of SCRs, usingmodified versions of previously published NRC regulatory guides. This alternative.would appear to have a number of disadvantages. First, the proposed regulatoryguide differs from a number of existing NRC guides in that the SCR will besubmitted during the prelicensing stages and will contain a substantial amountof information on planned site characterization programs in addition to resultsof earlier studies. These two characteristics of the SCR would distinguish itfrom reports associated with licensing actions. Therefore, the emphasis ofthe regulatory guides associated with licensing would not be appropriate, evenif modified, to the SCR.Secondly, the NRC staff, in developing the proposed regulatory guide hasconsidered the types of information it would expect to review in an SCR. Ifother NRC guides were modified for the SCR it might be possible that importantinformation needs would not surface in a timely manner. Further, it would notbe efficient use of staff time to search through other regulatory guides for a"best fit" guide. The SCR is an entirely new document, as the prelicensingand licensing stages of HLW disposal in geologic repositories are new stages.The second technical alternative would be to allow DOE to submit the SCRswithout the guidance provided by the proposed regulatory guide. While thisapproach could initially save the NRC the costs of developing and publishingthe regulatory guide, the overall long-term cost to the Federal government couldexceed such initial savings. Without a regulatory guide, DOE would be facedwith the problem of trying to anticipate the informational needs of NRC. Lackof initial guidance from NRC could result in the submittal of an SCR with toolittle or too much detail for this stage of the prelicensing process. If DOEdecides to err on the side of submitting too little detail, then the SCR4.17-49 submittal could be substantially delayed while DOE accumulates the additionalinformation. Furthermore, without NRC guidance DOE might initiate certaintypes of drilling and testing to obtain data prior to the submittal of the SCRthat may be more appropriately conducted after the commencement of sitecharacterization. This in turn could impact site characterization itself aswell as NRC's intention for early involvement in site characterization.2.3 Decision on Technical ApproachEarly guidance should be developed for the preparation of SCRs.3. PROCEDURAL APPROACH3.1 Procedural AlternativesAlternative procedural approaches that may be used to provide formalguidance to DOE include:RegulationPreparation of a regulatory guideBranch technical position3.2 Value/Impact of Procedural Alternatives3.2.1 RegulationThe advantages of a regulation are that it has the force of law and it isbinding on the applicant as well as the NRC staff. Regulations are developedin full public view, following a series of formal steps that entail internalreview and external review by the technical community. Public comment is invitedon a proposed regulation prior to its adoption by the Commission. The formalityof the process affords ample opportunity for all views to surface. In thismanner, the ramifications of a proposed regulation and possible alternativescan be evaluated. Open participation by the public and technical community inproducing the licensing requirements will add to public confidence in HLWdisposal.In general, regulations can be in the form of overall performance objec-tives, specific prescriptions to be adhered to by the licensee, or some com-bination of the two. In areas where a body of operating and licensing experiencehas been acquired with time, regulation by prescriptive requirements is themost efficient and least ambiguous method available. However, in the case ofgeologic disposal, there is no body of experience upon which to draw requirementsfor a regulation.The NRC has developed the regulations for the disposal of HLW in geologicrepositories -10 CFR Part 60. Provisions for the general types of informa-tion to be included in the SCRs are set forth in § 60.11.3.2.2 Regulatory GuideRegulatory guides contain recommended procedures that NRC considers accept-able for meeting a given objective, but an applicant is not obligated to follow4.17-50

them. If the applicant adopts a different approach, the applicant will haveto demonstrate that any alternative it chooses will produce acceptable results.Because of time and expense, an applicant may forego this option and adopt themethods suggested by regulatory guides. The advantages of regulatory guideslie in that they can be developed and changed more readily than regulations.This is because the procedures for developing them are not as formal as forregulations. Consequently, regulatory guides are more responsive to changingtechnology.3.2.3 Staff Position PaperStaff position papers (also known as Branch technical positions) are astatement by the staff, usually at the Branch level, of a position on a regula-tion. There are few formalities in their development. In particular, thereis no public review so they can reflect technological changes very rapidly.The lack of external review can be both an advantage and a disdvantage. Itallows for quick action; however, if the position is not carefully thought out,it may inadvertently complicate matters. Other ramifications of position papersare that (1) they are not binding on an applicant and (2) they may result indifferent criteria being applied to different applications if there are toomany changes in the staff position papers.3.3 Decision on Procedural ApproachA regulatory guide would be the most effective means to provide DOE withinsight on the types of information and the level of detail NRC would considerappropriate at the time an SCR is submitted. Although 10 CFR Part 60 containsprovisions mandating the inclusion of certain types of information in the SCR,it is not always explicit as to what level of detail would be expected.Further, the SCRs primarily address aspects of the earth sciences, e.g. , geology,hydrology, climatology. The submittal of prolific amounts of information, allof which may not necessarily relate to the planned site characterization program,could result.Branch technical positions may be developed by the NRC staff during theprelicensing stages of site exploration and site characterization with respectto particular issues that may arise. However, since the SCRs will address anumber of varying issues (e.g. , decision process, field work, future testingplans), the development of Branch technical positions may be neither feasiblenor appropriate to the initial prelicensing stages.The publication of a regulatory guide would serve to elaborate on the typesof information that could be submitted in responding to the provisions set forthin § 60.11 of 10 CFR Part 60. The regulatory guide could also be more readilymodified if deemed necessary. A draft regulatory guide was published for publiccomment in April 1981. The public comments received have been taken intoconsideration in the development of this guide. Therefore, there has beenopportunity for the public to comment not only on the provisions for the SCRsset forth in 10 CFR Part 60, but also on the guidance suggested by the draftregulatory guide.4.17-51

4. STATUTORY CONSIDERATION4.1 NRC AuthoritySections 202(3) and (4) of the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, asamended, provide the Commission with licensing and regulatory authority regardingDOE facilities used primarily for the receipt and storage of high-level radio-active wastes resulting from activities licensed under the Atomic Energy Actand certain other long-term HLW storage facilities of the DOE. Pursuant tothat authority, the Commission has developed criteria (10 CFR Part 60) appro-priate to regulating geologic disposal of HLW by the DOE. To implement thoseprovisions of 10 CFR Part 60 concerned with the submittal of an SCR by DOE toNRC, an active regulatory guide should be developed.4.2 Need for NEPA StatementThe proposed action to develop a regulatory guide for the submittal ofthe SCR is not a major Federal action, as defined in paragraph 51.5(a) of 10CFR Part 51 and does not require an environmental impact statement. However,NRC has prepared environmental impact appraisals during the rulemaking processon 10 CFR Part 60 which this regulatory guide implements.5. RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER EXISTING OR PROPOSED REGULATIONS OR POLICIESThe proposed regulatory guide has been prepared to implement para-graph 60.11(a) of 10 CFR Part 60.6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSIn regard to the types of information and level of detail appropriate toSCRs, the NRC should provide guidance to DOE through a regulatory guide. Suchguidance will aid in minimizing misunderstandings or misinterpretations of NRC'sintentions not only with respect to the nature of the information to be includedin the SCR but also with respect to the timing of the submittal of the S&R.The regulatory guide will also serve to provide discussion on why NRC isrequesting specific information. Since opportunity for public comment on thedraft guide has already been provided and has been considered during thedevelopment of the active guide, it is recommended that the active guide beissued.4.17-52 UNITED STATESNUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSIONWASHINGTON, D.C. 20555FlIFST.CLASS MAILPOSTAGE & FEES PAIDUSNRCWASH. 0. C.PERMIT No. JLOFFICIAL BUSINESSPENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300r ---)