ML23331A984

Exhibit 4 - James Fourqurean 2023 Declaration

ML23331A984
Person / Time
Site:	Turkey Point
Issue date:	11/22/2023
From:	Fourqurean J Miami Waterkeeper
To:	NRC/SECY/RAS
SECY RAS
References
50-250-SLR-2, 50-251-SLR-2
Download: ML23331A984 (0)

Text

EXHIBIT 4 Declaration of James Fourqurean, Ph.D.

I, JAMES FOURQUREAN, declare as follow:

Personal Background and Experience

1. My name is James Fourqurean. I am a marine and estuarine ecologist with a special interest in benthic plant communities and nutrient biogeochemistry. I received my undergraduate and graduate training in the Department of Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia and a post doc at San Francisco State.

2. I have worked at Florida International University since 1993. I am now Professor of Biological Sciences and the Director of the Coastlines and Oceans Division of the Institute of Environment. I am also the lead scientist and overall manager of FIUs Aquarius Reef Base, the worlds only saturation diving habitat and laboratory for research, education and outreach. I have served as the Principal Investigator of over

$45M in grants and contracts at FIU, and published 150 papers in the refereed scientific literature and 13 book chapters.

3. For the past three decades, my main research area has been the seagrass environments of south Florida. My global leadership in coastal oceans research was recently recognized when I was elected President of the Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation, the worlds leading body of scientists who study coastal issues.

Key Messages

1. I am familiar with FPLs application for a permit renewal at the Turkey Point site. In 2019, I was requested by the Petitioners in In re Florida Power & Light Company (Docket Nos. 50-250-SLR & 50-251-SLR) to provide my expert opinion concerning the 1

environmental impacts of the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System (CCS) on Biscayne Bay. (Attachment B).

2. In 2021, I filed an expert report in a separate case, which also detailed my expert opinions concerning the environmental impacts of the Turkey Point CCS on Biscayne Bay.

(Attachment A). These opinions were based on the data on seagrass distribution, nutrient availability, and water quality of both surface water and groundwater that were available to me as of December 10, 2020. In my 2021 expert report, I stated that:

[i.] The seagrass beds of Biscayne Bay and the rest of south Florida require very low nutrient loading to survive. In essence, seagrasses are killed and replaced by fast-growing, noxious seaweed or planktonic algae if nutrient delivery is increased. Nutrient delivery can be increased either by increasing the concentration of nutrients in discharges, OR by increasing the volume of water containing nutrients, even at very low nutrient concentrations that would pass drinking water quality standards.

[ii.] The seagrasses along the coastline of the Cooling Canal System (CCS) existed for thousands of years in a nutrient-limited state, which means any addition of new nutrients changes the balance of these ecosystems. Increased nutrients harm the ecosystem by increasing the rates of primary production by marine plants. Increase in growth rates means that faster-growing, noxious marine plants, like macroalgae (seaweeds) and microscopic algae and photosynthetic bacteria, overgrow and outcompete seagrasses and corals for light, leading to the losses of corals and seagrasses.

[iii.] Around the world, there are many nutrients that can limit noxious plant growth, but most often, the nutrients that limit this growth are either nitrogen or phosphorus. In south Biscayne Bay, phosphorus is limiting to phytoplankton and macroalgae. This means that addition of phosphorus will upset the ecological balance of seagrass beds as has been exhibited in Northern Biscayne Bay and Florida Bay. Upsetting the balance of populations of aquatic flora and fauna by nutrient addition is a violation of Florida surface water quality standards.

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[iv.] Seagrass communities in the vicinity of the CCS have been changing in ways consistent with our understanding of how these systems respond to phosphorus fertilization. Long-term monitoring data and recent surveys in the vicinity of the CCS document the loss of Turtle Grass. In this background of generally decreasing Turtle Grass abundance, current seagrass species composition and abundance data collected by ongoing seagrass monitoring programs show that there are isolated places where seagrass biomass offshore from the CCS is unusually dense compared to other areas in southern Biscayne Bay, likely as a consequence of increased phosphorous (P) availability in the region and concentrated by the operations of the adjacent CCS. Further, at these unusually dense sites, the fast-growing seagrass Shoal Weed, an indicator of increased P availability, makes up a substantial portion of the seagrass community. The P sources are likely to be the result of Turkey Point operations that includes chemical components added for cleaning, biomass death that occurred within the CCS in 2014, and any nutrient pulled into the system from the surrounding environment that has been concentrated overtime as the freshwater evaporates away over the life of the plant.

[v.] The nearshore seagrass beds are incredibly efficient at removing P from the water column and storing P at vanishingly small concentrations. In fact, even 30 feet from large point-sources of P in Florida Bay, it is not possible to measure increases in P concentrations in the water column because it has all been captured by the algal and seagrass communities. This P capture causes increased plant growth and ecosystem imbalances. This imbalance first leads to an actual increase in the abundance of seagrass, but rapidly it causes a change in species composition, first to faster-growing seagrasses, then to seaweeds, then to microscopic algae.

[vi.] Groundwater discharges along the coast of southern Biscayne Bay contain elevated concentrations of phosphorus and tritium, so that any process that causes groundwater discharge to the local seagrasses will supply the limiting nutrient (P) that upsets the balance of the ecosystem. Groundwater under the seagrass meadows of this part of Biscayne Bay contain tritium at concentrations that can only be explained by this water coming from the CCS.

[vii.] The geology underlying the CCS and the adjacent seagrass meadows is based on limestone, which is made of calcium carbonate minerals. Calcium 3

carbonate minerals strongly absorb orthophosphate onto their surfaces. But, respiration by plants, animals and bacteria dissolve calcium carbonate minerals, releasing the orthophosphate absorbed to the surfaces. During normal conditions, south Florida ecosystems are incredibly efficient at holding on to captured phosphorus- so much so that the impacts caused by adding P to seagrass beds in south Florida for even short periods can still be measured 30 years after the P additions. On the other hand, bacteria cause added nitrogen (N) captured by south Florida ecosystems to be rapidly removed from those ecosystems. These facts result in P additions causing permanent and cumulative imbalances in nearshore marine waters of the Keys while N additions cause imbalances that can be corrected by the cessation of N addition.

[viii.] An imbalance of the seagrasses that form the near-shore habitat near the CCS in Biscayne Bay and provide the food at the base of the food chain harms the fish and wildlife that use these habitats and therefore effects fishing, recreational activities such as bird watching and other activities based on that habitat change and eventual loss.

3. In my expert judgment, my 2021 expert report continues to provide a concise and accurate summary of the current state of the underlying science. Specifically, it remains my opinion that the proposed permit renewal will not provide reasonable assurance that continued operations and freshening of the CCS will not cause water quality degradation and changes to the seagrass communities of Biscayne Bay.

4. The Draft Site-Specific Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants Supplement 5a, Second Renewal Regarding Subsequent License Renewal for Turkey Point Nuclear Generating Unit Nos. 3 and 4 (Draft Site-Specific EIS) fails to adequately analyze a reasonable range of alternatives available for reducing or avoiding adverse environmental effects. Specifically, the Draft Site-Specific EIS does not discuss the alternative of installing mechanical draft closed-cycle cooling towers on Turkey Point Units 3 and 4.

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I declare under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States that the foregoing is true and correct to the best of my knowledge.

Dated: November 22, 2023

/s/

James Fourqurean Attachments:

A. EXPERT REPORT OF JAMES FOURQUREAN, Ph.D., in the case of Southern Alliance for Clean Energy, et al. v. Florida Power & Light Co., Case No. l:16-cv-23017-DPG (S.D. Fla. Jan. 8, 2021).

B. EXPERT REPORT OF JAMES FOURQUREAN, Ph.D., in the case of In re Florida Power & Light Co., Docket Nos. 50-250-SLR & 50-251-SLR (ASLB June 24, 2019).

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ATTACHMENT A EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 EXPERT REPORT OF JAMES FOURQUREAN, Ph.D.

I have attached a C.V. with my qualifications and publications as Attachment 1 to the report. A list of all other cases in which, during the previous 4 years, I have testified as an expert at trial or by deposition is attached as Attachment 2.

My opinions are based on the data on seagrass distribution, nutrient availability and water quality of both surface water and groundwater available to me as of December 10, 2020. I will continue to analyze new data collected in September and October 2020 and to search for data collected by others to inform my opinions as set forth below.

SUMMARY

OF OPINIONS Seagrasses are the foundation species for the essential fish habitat in the shallow underwater environments to the east of the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System (CCS). Seagrasses only proliferate and survive in places with low nutrient availability. In Biscayne Bay, the availability of the nutrient phosphorus (P) controls the abundance, productivity and species composition of seagrasses. Additions of P to this kind of system first fertilizes the seagrass and create denser seagrass meadows, but P accumulation is cumulative and permanent, so continued P loading leads to replacement of the seagrasses by macroalgae and finally microalgae as enough P gets capture by the system. Since seagrass are the foundation species in the essential fish habitat in Biscayne Bay, P pollution disrupts this essential fish habitat. Currently, seagrasses show signs of abnormally high P concentrations in areas that hydrological models and field data show receive P-laden discharge from the CCS. Further, recently collected data and long-term monitoring data collected by Miami Dade County Department of Environmental Resources Management (DERM) are clearly declining in Biscayne Bay offshore of the CSS. Fishing guides who have fished this area for decades also report similar changes in the seagrasses offshore of the CCS.

Porewater tritium, a tracer for CCS water, indicates that CCS water is discharged through the groundwater into Biscayne Bay. CCS water itself has very high P concentrations compared to Biscayne Bay, but it is likely that P concentrations of CCS water increase as they discharge subterraneanly because of interactions between changing salinity of groundwater and the properties of the aquifer through which it passes. The spatial pattern of the increased P availability (and recent dieoff of dense patches) coincides with discharge of CCS water, as indicated by hydrological modeling and tritium tracers. It is likely that operations of the CCS are leading to the increased P availability and therefore the balance of flora and fauna in Biscayne Bay and Biscayne National Park.

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EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 OPINIONS Specific opinions and evidence to support them:

1. The seagrass beds of Biscayne Bay and the rest of south Florida require very low nutrient loading to survive. In essence, seagrasses are killed and replaced by fast-growing, noxious seaweed or planktonic algae if nutrient delivery is increased. Nutrient delivery can be increased either by increasing the concentration of nutrients in discharges, OR by increasing the volume of water containing nutrients, even at very low nutrient concentrations that would pass drinking water quality standards.

All plants, including seagrasses, require light, water, and mineral nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, to grow. The required supply of nutrients for any plant population to grow is a function of the plants relative growth rate. Plants that grow quickly require high rates of nutrient supply, while plants that grow more slowly require a lower rate of supply. As a consequence, rapidly growing plants are found where nutrient supplies are high, and slow-growing plants where nutrient supplies are low. High nutrient supplies are not necessarily bad for slow-growing plants, but at high nutrient supply rates fast growing plants can overgrow and shade out the slow growers.

In general, the size of a plant is a good indicator of its relative growth rate, with smaller plants having higher growth rates. In seagrass beds in Biscayne Bay, the fastest growing plants are the single-celled algae that live either in the water, in the sediments, or attached to surfaces, such as seagrass leaves. Filamentous algae that grow on surfaces grow slightly slower, followed by more complex macroalgaes, like the fleshy and calcareous seaweeds. Seagrasses grow even slower. Different species of seagrass have different growth rates and nutrient requirements. The narrow-bladed species widgeon grass (Ruppia maritima) and shoal weed (Halodule wrightii) grow faster than the spaghetti-like manatee grass (Syringodium filiforme) which in turn has a faster growth rate, and therefore higher nutrient requirements, than turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum). It quite common in south Florida, that nutrient supplies can be so low as to constrain the growth of even the slowest growing species (Fourqurean and Rutten 2003).

Evidence to support the relationship between growth rate and nutrient requirement come from both the distribution of seagrasses around natural nutrient hot spots in south Florida (Powell et al 1991) and from fertilization experiments (Armitage et al 2011, Ferdie and Fourqurean 2004).

For example, the natural state of eastern Florida Bay is very low nutrient availability. However, on some of the mangrove islands in Florida Bay, there are large colonies of wading birds that hunt for food around the bay (Figure 1).

Those birds roost and nest on the islands, and bring food home to feed their young. Both adults and young defecate on the islands, causing natural point sources of nutrient supplies around these 2

J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 small islands. In response to this point source, nutrient availability is very high within a few meters of the islands and decreases with distance away from the mangrove shoreline. In response to this gradient, there are concentric halos of different plants growing on the bottom. Closest to the island where nutrient pollution is greatest, there is only a coating of microalgae covering the sediments. Further away from the island there is a macroalgae zone, followed by a halo of dense widgeon grass, a halo of dense shoal weed, then a zone of mixed shoal grass and dense turtle grass. Farther away still, outside the zone of influence of nutrients from the bird colony, turtle grass declines in density to very sparse coverage.

Fertilization experiments have confirmed that a change in nutrient supply first leads to a change in the density, and then the species composition, of seagrass beds in south Florida (Fourqurean et al 1995). In Florida Bay, fertilizing sparse turtle grass beds with phosphorus first results in an increase in the density of turtle grass; however, once shoal grass becomes established in the fertilized patches, it rapidly displaces the turtle grass (Figure 2). Less controlled experiments illustrate how the seagrass beds of the Florida Keys changed as the Keys became developed.

Early developments relied on cesspools or septic tanks for wastewater treatment. Neither provide nutrient removal in the rocky limestone substrate of the Keys. Thus, wastewater and stormwater nutrients emanating from the shoreline development resulted in the growth of lush seagrass beds immediately off shore of Key Largo (Figure 3). This observation could be interpreted as a good thing because seagrass growth and coverage expanded. However, data from other observations and experiments temper this optimism.

A model has been developed to illustrate how normally low-nutrient seagrass beds of south Florida will change as nutrient availability changes (Fourqurean and Rutten 2003, Figure 4). The model shows that seagrass beds composed of abundant turtle grass, the slowest-growing species, become lush with increased nutrient conditions. But, as nutrient supply continues to increase, the species composition gradually changes as faster-growing species replace the slower-growing ones. At the highest nutrient levels, seagrasses are replaced by seaweeds and microalgae, Loss of the seagrass community will result in a dramatic change in community structure and function.

Animal species dependent on seagrass for food and shelter (e.g., speckled trout, redfish, bonefish and tarpon) are replaced by less desirable species (e.g., jellyfish). The model predicts that the relative abundance of benthic plants at a site is an indicator of the current rate of nutrient supply.

Changes in the relative abundance from slow-growing to fast-growing species at any site indicates an increase in nutrient supply.

2. The seagrasses along the coastline of the Cooling Canal System (CCS) existed for thousands of years in a nutrient-limited state, which means any addition of new nutrients changes the balance of these ecosystems. Increased nutrients harm the ecosystem by increasing the rates of primary production by marine plants. Increase in growth rates means that faster-growing, noxious marine plants, like macroalgae (seaweeds) and 3

EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 microscopic algae and photosynthetic bacteria, overgrow and outcompete seagrasses and corals for light, leading to the losses of corals and seagrasses.

The density and species composition of the seagrasses of southern Biscayne Bay are controlled by the availability of phosphorus. The water column in southern Biscayne Bay has very low concentrations of dissolved phosphorus, and the grand mean TN:TP ratios (ie, the ratio of moles of nitrogen to the moles of phosphorus) of the water in southern Biscayne Bay average 177.9 (Caccia and Boyer 2005). When TN:TP of oceanic water is above 16 it indicates that the availability of phosphorus limits the growth of plankton (Redfield 1958). Seagrasses are more complex than phytoplankton, so that the critical ratio determining whether N or P limits plant growth for seagrasses is 30 (Fourqurean and Rutten 20013). The N:P of Turtle Grass (Thalassia testudinum) collected in the vicinity of Turkey Point was 88.6 in 2013, a clear indication of phosphorus limitation (Dewsbury, 2014). Fertilization experiments (Armitage et al 2011, Ferdie and Fourqurean 2004) clearly show that phosphorus fertilization of turtle grass with N:P > 80 first leads to an increase in density of turtle grass, then a replacement of turtle grass by faster-growing seagrasses, followed by a loss of seagrasses as P loading continues. Further, in 2014, N:P of seagrasses in the vicinity of the CCS was over 60 (Lirman et al. 2014), a sign of higher P availability within 50m of the shore close to the CCS, and around 80 within 500m of shore (Figure 5).

3. Around the world, there are many nutrients that can limit noxious plant growth, but most often, the nutrients that limit this growth are either nitrogen or phosphorus. In south Biscayne Bay, phosphorus is limiting to phytoplankton and macroalgae. This means that addition of phosphorus will upset the ecological balance of seagrass beds as has been exhibited in Northern Biscayne By and Florida Bay. Upsetting the balance of populations of aquatic flora and fauna by nutrient addition is a violation of Florida surface water quality standards.

As set forth in F.A.C.62-302.520(48)(b), Nutrients, In no case shall nutrient concentrations of a body of water be altered so as to cause an imbalance in natural populations of aquatic flora or fauna. Although there are numeric nutrient criteria for Biscayne Bay, F.A.C.62-302.532(h), the narrative criterion still applies. F.A.C.62-302(48)(a) states, Man-induced nutrient enrichment (total nitrogen or total phosphorus) shall be considered degradation in relation to the provisions of Rules62-302.300,62-302.700, and 62-4.242, F.A.C. Because Biscayne Bay is Outstanding Florida Waters under 62-302.700, man-induced nutrient enrichment from the FPL CCS is considered degradation, which is prohibited.

4. Seagrass communities in the vicinity of the CCS have been changing in ways consistent with our understanding of how these systems respond to phosphorus fertilization (Figure 4). Long-term monitoring data and recent surveys in the vicinity of the CCS document 4

EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 the loss of Turtle Grass. In this background of generally decreasing Turtle Grass abundance, current seagrass species composition and abundance data collected by ongoing seagrass monitoring programs, as described in (Lirman et al. 2014) and my own sampling, show that there are isolated places where seagrass biomass offshore from the CCS is unusually dense compared to other areas in southern Biscayne Bay, likely as a consequence of increased P availability in the region and concentrated by the operations of the adjacent CCS. Further, at these unusually dense sites, the fast-growing seagrass Shoal Weed, an indicator of increased P availability, makes up a substantial portion of the seagrass community. The P sources are likely to be the result of Turkey Point operations that includes chemical components added for cleaning, biomass death that occurred within the CCS in 2014, and any nutrient pulled into the system from the surrounding environment that has been concentrated overtime as the freshwater evaporates away over the life of the plant.

Seagrass density data collected around Turkey Point in the late 1960s-early 1970s describe a system with very sparse turtle grass interspersed with a few slightly denser patches more than a few hundred meters offshore (Zieman 1972). A map produced by DERM in 1983 indicates dense Turtle Grass communities along the CCS shoreline, but our sampling results from 2020 overlaid on the 1983 DERM map clearly shows what had been dense Turtle Grass communities are now largely devoid of seagrass cover and are instead largely bare mud overlain by macroalgae (Figure 6). Further, data collected by DERM since 1999 show continued Turtle Grass decline in southern Biscayne Bay (Figure 7). In the nearshore region, Turtle Grass cover offshore of the CCS has declined at rates between 1 and 2.5% per year since 1999 while immediately north of the CCS Turtle Grass cover actually increased at rates of between 1 and 1.3 % per year over the same time period (Figure 8). In addition, long-time fisherman report that the dense Turtle Grass flats they fished further offshore near the Arsenicker Keys in the early 1970s are now devoid of seagrasses, likely because of continued P addition. In my opinion, there is an imbalance in the seagrass meadows of southern Biscayne Bay in the vicinity of the CCS, likely caused by increased P discharged from the CCS. Anecdotal statements from keen observers about the results of ongoing seagrass monitoring programs in the vicinity suggest seagrasses are denser than elsewhere along the southern coastline of Biscayne Bay.

I have been following up these anecdotal report with scientific investigation. In 2018 we established transects within the nearshore area of Turkey Point to identify potential areas of elevated nutrient inputs as a result of the operations of Turkey Point, we added this filed season together with existing data from 2014 to establish a map that shows the influence of nutrients in surface waters of Biscayne Bay (Figure 9). In 2018, we found signs of increased nutrient availability to seagrasses since the Lirman et al sampling in 2008-2011 (compare isopleths in Figures 5 and 6). Biscayne Bay is a phosphorus-limited ecosystem, consequently the ratios of N to P in seagrass leaves is generally greater than 85. Immediately offshore from the CCS, seagrass 5

EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 N:P suggests that P availability is much higher than normal Biscayne Bay background levels.

And time series aerials from Google Earth show that high P in this area is related to very dense seagrasses that collapsed over the period 2010-2014. Under P pollution, normally P-limited turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum) first increase in density (see dark patch in 2010, aerial figure 9), then gets displaced by progressively faster-growing species until no benthic vegetation is left at the highest P pollution levels as indicated by the bare patch in 2017, Figure 9. This has occurred in several hot spots found near the Arsenicker Keys. We conducted additional sampling in this area in September and October 2020 and are waiting for analyses of the seagrass leaves and sediments we collected before interpreting the new data. 2020 data, shown in Figure 10, suggests that N:P ratios have continued to decline in Biscayne Bay from the 2008-2011 and 2018 sampling events. We are continuing our analyses of this data set.

5. The nearshore seagrass beds are incredibly efficient at removing P from the water column and storing P at vanishingly small concentrations. In fact, even 30 feet from large point-sources of P in Florida Bay, it is not possible to measure increases in P concentrations in the water column because it has all been captured by the algal and seagrass communities. This P capture causes increased plant growth and ecosystem imbalances. This imbalance first leads to an actual increase in the abundance of seagrass, but rapidly it causes a change in species composition, first to faster-growing seagrasses, then to seaweeds, then to microscopic algae.

In undisturbed south Florida coastal environments, the limiting nutrients are so rapidly taken up by the seagrasses and associated organisms, biofilms and soils, that they are removed from the water column almost immediately so that even 30m from point sources of nutrients there can be immeasurable increases in P availability (Fourqurean et al. 1993; Frankovich and Fourqurean 1997). Much of the nutrient loading into southern Biscayne Bay is in the form of groundwater (Caccia and Boyer 2007, Brynes 1999). And further, the soils under seagrasses are composed of calcium carbonates that strongly sorb inorganic phosphorus forms (Fourqurean et al. 1992a; Fourqurean et al. 1992b). Hence, P delivered to Biscayne Bay via groundwater will likely be absorbed by the soils before it can discharge into surface waters (Byrne 1999), where it will be available to influence the balance of native bottom-dwelling flora and fauna (Fourqurean et al.

1992b).

6. Groundwater discharges along the coast of southern Biscayne Bay contain elevated concentrations of phosphorus and tritium, so that any process that causes groundwater discharge to the local seagrasses will supply the limiting nutrient (P) that upsets the balance of the ecosystem. Groundwater under the seagrass meadows of this part of Biscayne Bay contain tritium at concentrations that can only be explained by this water coming from the CCS.

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EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 P concentrations in the deeper canals offshore of the CCS and in caves offshore of Turkey Point are 10-20 times higher than the median concentrations (0.03 µM) of inorganic phosphorus in Biscayne Bay waters (Caccia and Boyer 2005). The discharge of water from the cooling canal system (CCS) into Biscayne Bay occurs intermittently through multiple hydrological connections provided by the Biscayne aquifer and its transmissive bedrock. Changed operations of the CCS since 2012 have accelerated the seepage to Biscayne Bay (Nuttle, 2018). High concentrations of nutrients and tritium have been detected over a three-year period in Biscayne Bay immediately adjacent to the CCS in deep canals and cave sites (Martin, 2018). The highest nutrient levels occur during periods of sustained high-water levels in the CCS when the volume of water is at or near its maximum and Biscayne Bay tides are at a minimum, this occurs approximately 30% of the time (Nuttle, 2018).

The groundwater of the Biscayne Aquifer has a baseline tritium concentration of 1.3 TU on average, except in the vicinity of Turkey Point and the CCS, hence tritium concentrations greater than 1.3 TU, or 4.2 pCi L-1, can be used as a tracer of CCS influence on the groundwater (Prinos et al. 2014, page 38). Tritium concentrations are elevated in the groundwater and porewater of the seagrass supporting regions of Biscayne Bay adjacent to the CCS [see FPL 2020, especially pages 3-91 (groundwater) and 5-91 (porewater) as well as Brand 2018]. Due to current changes and planned future changes in operations to decrease the salinity and temperature of the CCS, these conditions are expected to worsen if future operations of the CCS increase the hydraulic head and P content of the canal water (Figure 11). Recent modeling completed by EJ Wexler indicates freshening the CCS to 34 PSU and sustaining that through the life of a new extended permit (if granted) would require additional water inputs beyond what is identified in the SEIS from the Floridan Aquifer. In October 2020, my team conducted sampling of porewater in the seagrass soils adjacent to the CCS to examine the spatial extent of CCS tritium-containing groundwater of those seagrass beds. This sampling indicated that CCS-derived water is indeed influencing the porewater in the areas adjacent to the CCS (Figure 12), and that soil P content and seagrass P content (an indicator of P pollution in this region) are higher when tritium concentrations in the porewater are higher (Figure 13)..

7. The geology underlying the CCS and the adjacent seagrass meadows is based on limestone, which is made of calcium carbonate minerals. Calcium carbonate minerals strongly absorb orthophosphate onto their surfaces. But, respiration by plants, animals and bacteria dissolve calcium carbonate minerals, releasing the orthophosphate absorbed to the surfaces. During normal conditions, south Florida ecosystems are incredibly efficient at holding on to captured phosphorus- so much so that the impacts caused by adding P to seagrass beds in south Florida for even short periods can still be measured 30 years after the P additions. On the other hand, bacteria cause added N captured by south Florida ecosystems to be rapidly removed from those ecosystems. These facts result in P 7

EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 additions causing permanent and cumulative imbalances in nearshore marine waters of the Keys while N additions cause imbalances that can be corrected by the cessation of N addition.

Inorganic phosphorus strongly sorbs onto limestone minerals, retarding the transport of phosphorus through the limestone aquifer. However, the binding of phosphate to those minerals is a function of both the salinity of the groundwater (Price et al 2010) as well as the oxidation state of that groundwater (Flower et al 2017a). Both large increases and decreases in the salinity can desorb the phosphate, and make it mobile in the groundwater The seawater of Biscayne Bay and the fresh groundwater of the Biscayne Aquafer are both supersaturated with respect to limestone minerals, and therefore they will not liberate phosphate immobilized on limestone in the groundwater, but calcite will dissolve, and phosphorus will be released, where these two waters mix (Wigley and Plummer 1976). Hence, mixing of saltwater and freshwater in the aquifer can liberate phosphorus and transport it to the surface. This phenomenon explains the plant biomass and productivity increases along the coast of south Florida where brackish groundwater discharges (Price et al 2006). Further, injection of salty groundwater into freshwater aquifers through saltwater intrusion drives phosphorus release from that bedrock (Flower et al 2017b).

When saline and fresh groundwater mix in south Florida sources mix, they create a brackish water solution that dissolves calcium carbonate minerals, releasing orthophosphate stored on the surfaces of the limestone particles.

When this P-laden water reaches the surface, it will be captured by the ecosystem and cause an imbalance because it will be used by the ecosystem resulting in the growth of noxious plants (algae) which outcompete the seagrasses.

The operations of the CCS create saline water that infiltrates the groundwater and is transported and discharged under the seagrass It is my opinion that operation of the CCS 1) has carried phosphorus-polluted groundwater to near-shore surface waters through the highly porous bedrock and 2) may have dissolved carbonates in that bedrock, releasing additional phosphorus that had been incorporated into that rock. As this phosphorus reaches the seagrass meadows offshore in Biscayne Bay, it will continue to degrade the ecosystem and cause an imbalance and change the nature of the surrounding marine environment.

8. An imbalance of the seagrasses that form the near-shore habitat near the CCS in Biscayne Bay and provide the food at the base of the food chain harms the fish and wildlife that use these habitats and therefore effects fishing, recreational activities such as bird watching and other activities based on that habitat change and eventual loss.

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EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 Salinity and the abundance and species composition of Biscayne Bays seagrass beds interact to control the types and numbers of animals that live in the area (Santos et al 2018, Zink et al.

2017). For example, Biscayne Bays fish populations reflect the salinity regime along the shoreline, with lower salinity sites having fewer fish like bluestriped grunt, schoolmaster snapper and sailors choice, and higher densities of fishes like killifishes, than higher-salinity sites (Serafy et al 2003). Salinity variability can be as important as mean salinity along this coastline in influencing fish communities (Machemer et al 2014).

In summary, it is my opinion that the proposed permit renewal will not provide reasonable assurance that continued operations and freshening of the CCS will not cause water quality degradation and changes to the seagrass communities of Biscayne Bay.

I submitted this report on January 8, 2021.

Signed:

James W. Fourqurean, Ph. D.

LITERATURE CITED Armitage, A. R., T. A. Frankovich, and J. W. Fourqurean. 2011. Long-term effects of adding nutrients to an oligotrophic coastal environment. Ecosystems 14:430-444.

Brand Expert Report, 2018 SOUTHERN ALLIANCE FOR CLEAN ENERGY TROPICAL AUDUBON SOCIETY INCORPORATED, and FRIENDS OF THE EVERGLADES, INC., V.

FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY, Case No.: 1:16-cv-23017-DPG, Expert Report of Dr Larry Brand Byrne, M. J. 1999, Groundwater nutrient loading in Biscayne Bay, Biscayne National Park, Florida. MS thesis, Florida International University, Miami, FL 9

EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 Caccia, V. G., and J. N. Boyer. 2005. Spatial patterning of water quality in Biscayne Bay, Florida as a function of land use and water management. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50:1416-1429.

Caccia, V.G., and J.N. Boyer. 2007. A nutrient loading budget for Biscayne Bay, Florida. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54: 994-1008.

Dewsbury, B. M.2014. The ecology and economics of seagrass community structure. Ph.D.

Dissertation, Florida International University. 168 pp.

Ferdie, M., and J. W. Fourqurean. 2004. Responses of seagrass communities to fertilization along a gradient of relative availability of nitrogen and phosphorus in a carbonate environment.

Limnology and Oceanography 49:2082-2094.

Flower, H., M. Rains, D. Lewis, and J. Z. Zhang. 2017a. Rapid and Intense Phosphate Desorption Kinetics When Saltwater Intrudes into Carbonate Rock. Estuaries and Coasts 40:1301-1313.

Flower, H., M. Rains, D. Lewis, J. Z. Zhang, and R. Price. 2017b. Saltwater intrusion as potential driver of phosphorus release from limestone bedrock in a coastal aquifer. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 184:166-176.

Fourqurean, J. W., and L. M. Rutten. 2003. Competing goals of spatial and temporal resolution:

monitoring seagrass communities on a regional scale. Pages 257-288 in D. E. Busch and J. C.

Trexler, editors. Monitoring ecosystem initiatives: interdisciplinary approaches for evaluating ecoregional initiatives. Island Press, Washington, D. C.

Fourqurean, J. W., G. V. N. Powell, W. J. Kenworthy, and J. C. Zieman. 1995. The effects of long-term manipulation of nutrient supply on competition between the seagrasses Thalassia testudinum and Halodule wrightii in Florida Bay. Oikos 72:349-358.

Fourqurean, J.W., R.D. Jones, and J.C. Zieman. 1993. Processes influencing water column nutrient characteristics and phosphorus limitation of phytoplankton biomass in Florida Bay, FL, USA: inferences from spatial distributions. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 36: 295-314.

Fourqurean, J.W., J.C. Zieman, and G.V.N. Powell. 1992a. Phosphorus limitation of primary production in Florida Bay: Evidence from the C:N:P ratios of the dominant seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Limnology and Oceanography 37: 162-171.

Fourqurean, J.W., J.C. Zieman, and G.V.N. Powell. 1992b. Relationships between porewater nutrients and seagrasses in a subtropical carbonate environment. Marine Biology 114: 57-65.

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EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 FPL 2020. Turkey Point Clean Energy Center annual monitoring report. Florida Power and Light. 390pp.

Frankovich, T.A., and J.W. Fourqurean. 1997. Seagrass epiphyte loads along a nutrient availability gradient, Florida Bay, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 159: 37-50.

Kruczynski, W. L. and P. J. Fletcher. Tropical Connections: South Floridas marine environment.

IAN press, Cabridge Md, 474 pages.

Lirman, D., T. Thyberg, R. Santos, S. Schopmeyer, C. Drury, L. Collado-Vides, S. Bellmund, and J. Serafy. 2014. SAV Communities of Western Biscayne Bay, Miami, Florida, USA: Human and Natural Drivers of Seagrass and Macroalgae Abundance and Distribution Along a Continuous Shoreline. Estuaries and Coasts 37: 1243-1255.

Machemer, E. G. P., J. F. Walter, J. E. Serafy, and D. W. Kerstetter. 2012. Importance of mangrove shorelines for rainbow parrotfish I: habitat suitability modeling in a subtropical bay.

Aquatic Biology 15:87-98.

Martin Expert Report, 2018 SOUTHERN ALLIANCE FOR CLEAN ENERGY TROPICAL AUDUBON SOCIETY INCORPORATED, and FRIENDS OF THE EVERGLADES, INC., V.

FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY, Case No.: 1:16-cv-23017-DPG, Expert Report of Kirk Martin Nuttle Expert Report, 2018 SOUTHERN ALLIANCE FOR CLEAN ENERGY TROPICAL AUDUBON SOCIETY INCORPORATED, and FRIENDS OF THE EVERGLADES, INC., V.

FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY, Case No.: 1:16-cv-23017-DPG, Expert Report of Dr William Nuttle Powell, G. V. N., J. W. Fourqurean, W. J. Kenworthy, and J. C. Zieman. 1991. Bird colonies cause seagrass enrichment in a subtropical estuary: observational and experimental evidence.

Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 32:567-579.

Price, R. M., M. R. Savabi, J. L. Jolicoeur, and S. Roy. 2010. Adsorption and desorption of phosphate on limestone in experiments simulating seawater intrusion. Applied Geochemistry 25:1085-1091.

Price, R. M., P. K. Swart, and J. W. Fourqurean. 2006. Coastal groundwater discharge - an additional source of phosphorus for the oligotrophic wetlands of the Everglades. Hydrobiologia 569:23-36.

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EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 Prinos, S. T., Wacker, M. A., Cunningham, K. J. and D. V. Fitterman. 2014. Origins and Delineation of Saltwater Intrusion in the Biscayne Aquifer and Changes in the Distribution of Saltwater in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Scientific Inverstigations Report 2014-5025, US Geological Survey. Reston, VA. 116 pp.

Redfield, A. C. 1958. The biological control of chemical factors in the environment. American Scientist 46:205-221.

Reynolds, L., Nuttle, W., Fourquean J., 2019. Future Impacts on Biscayne Bay of Extended Operation of Turkey Point Cooling Canals. Poster Greater Everglades Ecosystem Restoration Conference, May XX 2019 Santos, R. O., D. Lirman, S. J. Pittman, and J. E. Serafy. 2018. Spatial patterns of seagrasses and salinity regimes interact to structure marine faunal assemblages in a subtropical bay. Marine Ecology Progress Series 594:21-38.

Serafy, J. E., C. H. Faunce, and J. J. Lorenz. 2003. Mangrove shoreline fishes of Biscayne Bay, Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 72:161-180.

Wigley, T.M.L., and Plummer, L. N. 1976, Mixing of carbonate waters: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 40:989-995.

Van Katwijk, M. M., A. Thorhaug, N. Marba, R. J. Orth, C. M. Duarte, G. A. Kendrick, I. H. J.

Althuizen et al. 2016. Global analysis of seagrass restoration: the importance of large-scale planting. Journal of Applied Ecology 53 (2):567-578.

Zink, I. C., J. A. Browder, D. Lirman, and J. E. Serafy. 2017. Review of salinity effects on abundance, growth, and survival of nearshore life stages of pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum). Ecological Indicators 81:1-17.

Zieman, J. C. 1972. Origin of circular beds of Thalassia (Spermatophyta: hydrocharitaceae) in south Biscayne Bay, Florida, and their relationship to mangrove hammocks. Bulletin of Marine Science 22:559-574.

QUALIFICATIONS 12

EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 My resume is attached hereto and contains my qualifications and a list of all publications that I have authored.

PRIOR TESTIMONY During the past 4 years, I have participated in only one case:

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURTSOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA Miami DivisionCase No.:1:16-cv-23017-DPG SOUTHERN ALLIANCE FORCLEAN ENERGY, TROPICAL AUDUBON SOCIETYINCORPORATED,and FRIENDS OF THE EVERGLADES, INC., Plaintiffs, v.FLORIDA POWER & LIGHTCOMPANY,Defendant In this case, I filed an expert report on May 14, 2017, sat for a deposition on June 13, 2018 and offered testimony on January 15, 2019 13

EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 FIGURES Figure 1. Islands with large bird colonies in Florida Bay are natural nutrient sources that cause zonation of the benthic habitat, with fast-growing microalgae dominant near the nutrient source and slow-growing turtle grass dominant far from the nutrient supply. See Powell et al 1991. Figure reproduced from Kryczynski and Fletcher 2012, page 276.

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EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 Figure 2. Artificial bird perches have been used to study the effects of nutrient additions to nutrient-limited seagrass beds in south Florida (Fourqurean et al 1995). Fertilization initially leads to more turtle grass, but that turtle grass is replaced by faster-growing shoal weed (left column).

Short term fertilization has impacts that last for decades (right column). Figure reproduced from Kryczynski and Fletcher 2012, page 276.

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J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 EXHIBIT 4 Figure 3. Seagrass distribution along the shoreline of Key Largo near Dove Key in 1959 (left) and 1991 (right). Prior to development, seagrass coverage was sparse along the shoreline. However, by 1991 seagrass coverage and density increased substantially along the shoreline in response to nutrients emanating from development. Figure reproduced from Kryczynski and Fletcher 2012, page 277.

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J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 EXHIBIT 4 Figure 4. This model describes how the dominant organisms from shallow Biscayne Bay change with addition of nutrients. Nutrient supply can increase either with an increase in concentration OR and increase in volume of nutrient sources. This figure is based on Fourqurean and Rutten (2003) and is reproduced from Kryczynski and Fletcher 2012, page 276.

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EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 Figure 5. N:P of seagrass leaves, as collected by Lirman et al in 2008-2011 and reported in Lirman et al 2014. Black stars represent their sampling sites 18

EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 Figure 6. A map produced by DERM in 1983 indicates dense Turtle Grass communities along the CCS shoreline, but our sampling results from 2020 overlaid on the 1983 DERM map clearly shows what had been dense Turtle Grass communities are now largely devoid of seagrass cover and are instead largely bare mud overlain by macroalgae.

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EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 Figure 7. Miami-Dade Department of Environmental Resources Management seagrass monitoring data, 1999-2019. Polygons are predefined subregions; data shown are the mean Turtle Grass coverage from all sites within a region for the indicated 5-year period.

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J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 EXHIBIT 4 Figure 8. Linear rates of change in Turtle Grass cover (in percent cover change per year) from the DERM data shown in Figure 7 for the coastal DERM subregions (polygons) in the area of the CCS and immediately north of the CCS.

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EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 Figure 9. Biscayne Bay is a phosphorus-limited ecosystem, consequently the ratios of N to P in seagrass leaves is generally greater then 85. Immediately offshore from the CCS, seagrass N:P suggests that P availability is much higher than normal Biscayne Bay background levels. And time series aerials show that high P in this area is related to very dense seagrasses that collapsed over the period 2010-2014. Under P pollution, normally P-limited Turtle Grass (Thalassia testudinum) first increase in density (see dark patch in 2010 aerial), then gets displaced by progressively faster-growing species until no benthic vegetation is left at the highest P pollution levels. Note the opening up of bare areas in the dense patch by 2017. (Reynolds et al. 2019) 22

EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 Figure 10. N:P of seagrass leaves in the vicinity of the CCS in October, 2020.

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J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 EXHIBIT 4 24

J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 Figure 11. Outflow from the CCS toward Biscayne Bay occurs intermittently, about 30% of the time, in response to heavy rainfall, plant operations including additional water inputs from remediation, and fluctuations in Biscayne Bay water levels, which occur in response to weather and seasonal changes in sea level. This open system is completely dependent upon weather patterns and is vulnerable in the future because it is at sea-level, dependent on rainfall and regional water availability and carved into porous limestone that communicates with surface waters of the US that are protected. (Nuttle, 2018) 25

EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 Figure 12. Tritium concentrations in the bottom 25 cm of the soil profile, overlain on the N:P of seagrasses observed in 2020.

26

J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 Figure 13. Sediments from both the top and the bottom of the sediment profile contain higher P, on average, when CCS water influences (as indicated by tritium concentrations) are greater. This translates into higher seagrass P content, and therefore lower N:P.

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EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 Curriculum Vitae James W. Fourqurean, Ph.D.

17641 SW 75th Ave Palmetto Bay, FL 33157 Profile James Fourqurean is a marine and estuarine ecologist with a special interest in benthic plant communities and nutrient biogeochemistry. He received his undergraduate and graduate training in the Department of Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia, where he became familiar with the Chesapeake Bay and its benthic communities. He developed a love of tropical ecosystems while doing his dissertation research in Florida Bay. After a post doc at San Francisco State studying planktonic processes in Tomales Bay, California, he was recruited to return to south Florida to join a new research group at the newest research university in the country, Florida International University. He has at FIU since 1993, where he is now Professor of Biological Sciences and the Director of the Center for Coastal Oceans Research in the Institute for Water and Environment. For the past three decades, his main research areas have been in the seagrass environments of south Florida, but he has also worked in coastal environments around the Gulf of Mexico, in Australia, Indonesia, Mexico, Panama, Bahamas, Bermuda, the United Arab Emirate and the western Mediterranean.

He is the lead scientist and overall manager of FIUs Aquarius Reef Base, the worlds only saturation diving habitat and laboratory for research, education and outreach. He has served as the Principal Investigator of over $25M in grants and contracts at FIU, and published 127 papers in the refereed scientific literature and 13 book chapters.

Seven graduate students have received PhD degrees working under his direction, along with 15 MS students. His global leadership in coastal oceans research was recently recognized when he was elected President of the Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation, the worlds leading body of scientists who study coastal issues.

Education Ph.D. 1992 University of Virginia, Department of Environmental Sciences M.S. 1987 University of Virginia, Department of Environmental Sciences B.A. 1983 University of Virginia, Depts of Biology and Environmental Sciences Career Summary 2020- Distinguished University Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University 2006- Professor 2017 - President-elect, Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation 2014 - Adjunct Professor, School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia 28

EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 2014 Visiting Research Fellow, Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia 2012- Director, Center for Coastal Oceans Research, Institute of Water and Environment, Florida International University 2012- Director, Coastlines and Oceans Division, Institute of Environment, Florida International University 2012- Visiting Research Fellow, Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia 2002 - 2006 Chair, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University 2001 - 2002 Visiting Professor, Institut Mediterrani dEstudis Avançats, CSIC-Universitat des Illes Balears, Esporles, Mallorca, Spain 1998 - 2006 Associate Professor 1993 - 1998 Assistant Professor, Department of Biological Sciences and Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University 1992 Postdoctoral research associate, San Francisco State University 1983 - 1992 Graduate research assistant, University of Virginia. J.C. Zieman, advisor.

1983 - 1987 Research biologist, National Audubon Society Scientific Publications Scientific Journals 140. Howard, J.L., C.C. Lopes, S.S. Wilson, McGee-Absten, C.I. Carrión**and J.W.

Fourqurean. In press. Decomposition rates of surficial and buried organic matter and the lability of soil carbon stocks across a large tropical seagrass landscape.

Estuaries and Coasts.

139. Van Dam, B.R., C. C. Lopes, P. Polsenare, R. M. Price, A. Rutgersson and J.W.

Fourqurean. 2020. Water temperature control on CO2 flux and evaporation over a subtropical seagrass meadow revealed by atmospheric Eddy Covariance.

Limnology and Oceanography.

138. Wachnicka, A., A. R. Armitage, I. Zink and J. W. Fourqurean. 2020. Major 2017 hurricanes and their cumulative impacts on coastal waters of the USA and the Caribbean. Estuaries and Coasts 43(5):941-942.

137. Van Dam, B.R., C. Lopes, C.L. Osburn and J.W. Fourqurean. 2019. Net heterotrophy and carbonate dissolution in two subtropical seagrass meadows.

Biogeosciences 16:4411-4428.

136. Fourqurean, J.W., S.A. Manuel, K.A. Coates, S. C. Massey and W.J. Kenworthy.

2019. Decadal monitoring in Bermuda shows a widespread loss of seagrasses attributable to overgrazing by the green sea turtle Chelonia mydas. Estuaries and Coasts 42(6):1524-1540.

135. Kendrick, G.A., R. Nowicki, Y.S. Olsen, S. Strydom, M.W Fraser, E.A. Sinclair, J.

Statton, R.K. Hovey, J.A. Thomson, D.A. Burkholder, K. McMahon, K. Kilminster, Y. Hetzel, J.W. Fourqurean, M.R. Heithaus, R.J. Orth. 2019. A systematic review 29

EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 of how multiple stressors from an extreme event drove ecosystem-wide loss of resilience in an iconic seagrass community. Frontiers in Marine Science 6:455.

134. Wilson, S.S., B.T. Furman, M.O. Hall and J.W. Fourqurean. 2020. Assessment of Hurricane Irma impacts on South Florida seagrass communities using long-term monitoring programs. Estuaries and Coasts 43(5):1119-1132.

133. Fonseca, M.S., J.W. Fourqurean and M.A.R. Koehl. 2019. Effect of shoot size on current speed: Importance of flexibility versus shoot density. Frontiers in Marine Science 6:376.

132. Macreadie, P.I. , A. Anton, J.A. Raven , N. Beaumont, R.M. Connolly, D.A. Friess, J.J. Kelleway, H. Kennedy, T. Kuwae, P.S. Lavery, C.E. Lovelock, D.A. Smale, E.T. Apostolaki, T.B. Atwood, J. Baldock, T.S. Bianchi, G.L. Chmura, B.D. Eyre, J.W. Fourqurean, J.M. Hall-Spencer, M. Huxham, I.E. Hendriks, D.

Krause-Jensen, D. Laffoley, T. Luisetti, N. Marb, P. Masqué, K.J. McGlathery, P.J. Megonigal, D. Murdiyarso, B.D. Russell, R. Santos, O. Serrano, B.R.

Silliman, K. Watanabe, C.M. Duarte. In Press. The Future of Blue Carbon science. Nature Communications.

131. Saderne, V., N. R. Geraldi, P. I. Macreadie, D. T. Maher, J. J. Middelburg, O.

Serrano, H. Almahasheer, A. Arias-Ortiz, M. Cusack, B. D. Eyre, J.W.

Fourqurean, H. Kennedy, D. Krause-Jensen, T. Kuwae, P. S. Lavery, C. E.

Lovelock, N. Marb, P. Masqué, M. A. Mateo, I. Mazarrasa, K. J. McGlathery, M.

P. J. Oreska, C. J. Sanders, I. R. Santos, J. M. Smoak, T. Tanaya , K. Watanabe, and C. M. Duarte. 2019. Role of carbonate burial in Blue Carbon budgets.

Nature Communications 10:1106. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08842-6 130. Rodriguez-Casariego*, J., M. Ladd, A. Shantz, C. Lopes*, M. S. Cheema, B. Kim, S. Roberts, J.W. Fourqurean, J. Ausio, D.E. Burkepile and J. Eirin-Lopez, 2018.

Coral epigenetic responses to nutrient stress: impaired histone H2A.X phosphorylation and DNA methylation trends in the staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis. Ecology and Evolution 8(23):12193-12207. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4678 129. Collins, L.S., J. Cheng*, L.C. Hayek, J.W. Fourqurean and M.A. Buzas. 2019.

Historical seagrass abundance of Florida Bay, USA, based on a foraminiferal proxy. Journal of Paleolimnology 62:15-29. DOI: 10.1007/s10933-019-00072-6 128. Fargione, J.E., S. Bassett, T. Boucher, S. Bridgham, R.T. Conant, S.C.

Cook-Patton, P.W. Ellis, A. Falcucci, J.W. Fourqurean, T. Gopalakrishna, H. Gu, B. Henderson, M.D. Hurteau, K.D. Kroeger, T. Kroeger, T.J. Lark, S.M. Leavitt, G.

Lomax, R.I. McDonald, P.J. Megonigal, D.A. Miteva, C. Richardson, J.

Sanderman, D. Shoch, S. A. Spawn, J. W. Veldman, C. A. Williams, P.

Woodbury, C. Zganjar, M. Baranski, P. Elias, R. A. Houghton, E. Landis, E.

McGlynn, W.H. Schlesinger, J.V. Siikamaki, A.E. Sutton-Grier, and B.W. Griscom.

2018. Natural Climate Solutions for the United States. Science Advances 4(11):eaat1869. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat1869 30

EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 127. Bonthond, G., D.G. Merselis*, K.E. Dougan*, T. Graff, W. Todd, J.W. Fourqurean and M. Rodriguez-Lanetty. 2018. Inter-domain microbial diversity within the coral holobiont Siderastrea siderea from two depth habitats. Peer J 6:e4323. DOI:

10.7717/peerj.4323 126. Arias-Ortiz, A.*, O. Serrano, P.S. Lavery, G.A. Kendrick, P. Masqué, U. Mueller, A.

Esteban, M. Rozaimi, J.W. Fourqurean, N. Marb, M.A. Mateo, K. Murray, M.

Rule, C.M. Duarte. 2018. A marine heat wave drives massive losses from the worlds largest seagrass carbon stocks. Nature Climate Change 8:338-344. DOI:

10.1038/s41558-018-0096-y 125. Burgett, C.M.*, D.A. Burkholder, K.A. Coates, V.L. Fourqurean, W. J. Kenworthy, S.A. Manuel, M.E. Outerbridge and J.W. Fourqurean. 2018. Ontogenetic diet shifts of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) in a mid-ocean developmental habitat. Marine Biology 165:33. DOI: 10.1007/s00227-018-3290-6 124. Campbell, J.E.* and J.W. Fourqurean. 2018. Does nutrient availability regulate seagrass response to elevated CO2? Ecosystems 21(7):1269-1282. DOI:

10.1007/s10021-017-0212-2123. Lovelock, C.E., J.W. Fourqurean and J.T.

Morris. 2017. Modelled CO2 emissions from coastal wetland transitions to other land uses: mangrove forests, tidal marshes and seagrass ecosystems. Frontiers in Marine Science 4:123 122. Howard, J.L., J.C. Creed, M.V.P. Aguiar and J.W. Fourqurean. 2018. CO2 released by carbonate sediment production in some coastal areas may offset the benefits of seagrass "blue carbon" storage. Limnology and Oceanography 63(1):160-172.

121. Sweatman, J., C.A. Layman and J.W. Fourqurean. 2017. Habitat fragmentation has some impacts on aspects of ecosystem functioning in a sub-tropical seagrass bed. Marine Environmental Research 126:95-108.

120. Nowicki, R.J., J.A. Thomson, D.A. Burkholder, J.W. Fourqurean and M.R.

Heithaus. 2017. Predicting seagrass recovery trajectories and their implications following an extreme climate event. Marine Ecology-Progress Series. 567:70-93.

119. Schile, L.M., J.B. Kauffman, S. Crooks, J.W. Fourqurean, J. Glavin and J.P.

Megonigal. 2017. Limits on carbon sequestration in arid blue carbon ecosystems.

Ecological Applications 27(3):859-874.

118. Frankovich, T.A., D. T. Rudnick and J.W. Fourqurean. 2017. Light attenuation in estuarine mangrove lakes. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 184:191-201.

117. McDonald, A.M., P. Prado, K.L. Heck, Jr, J.W. Fourqurean, T.A. Frankovich, K.H.

Dunton and J. Cebrian. 2016. Seagrass growth, reproductive, and morphological plasticity across environmental gradients over a large spatial scale. Aquatic Botany 134:87-96.

116. Bessey, C., M.R. Heithaus, J.W. Fourqurean, K.R. Gastrich, and D.A. Burkholder.

2016. The importance of teleost grazers on seagrass composition in a 31

EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 subtropical ecosystem with abundant populations of megagrazers and predators.

Marine Ecology - Progress Series 553:81-92.

115. Howard, J.L., A. Perez, C.C. Lopes** and J.W. Fourqurean. 2016. Fertilization changes seagrass community structure but not blue carbon storage: results from a 30-year field experiment. Estuaries and Coasts 39:1422-1434.

114. Dewsbury, B.M., M. Bhat and J.W. Fourqurean. 2016. A review of economic valuations of seagrass ecosystems. Ecosystem Services 18:68-77.

113. Armitage, A.R and J.W. Fourqurean. 2016. Carbon storage in seagrass soils:

long-term nutrient history exceeds the effects of near-term nutrient enrichment.

Biogeosciences 13:313-321.

112. Catano, L., M. Rojas, R. Malossi, J. Peters, M. Heithaus, J.W. Fourqurean, D.

Burkepile. 2016. Reefscapes of fear: predation risk and reef heterogeneity interact to shape herbivore foraging behavior. Journal of Animal Ecology 85:146-156.

111. Alongi, D.M., D. Murdiyarso, J.W. Fourqurean, J.B. Kauffman, A. Hutahaean, S.

Crooks, C.E. Lovelock, J. Howard, D. Herr, M. Fortes, E. Pidgeon, and T. Wagey.

2016. Indonesias blue carbon: A globally significant and vulnerable sink for seagrass and mangrove carbon. Wetlands Ecology and Management 24:3-13.

110. Bourque, A.S., J.W. Fourqurean and W.J. Kenworthy. 2015. The impacts of physical disturbance on ecosystem structure in subtropical seagrass meadows.

Marine Ecology Progress Series 540:27-41.

109. Atwood, T.B., R.M. Connolly, E.G. Ritchie, C.E. Lovelock, M.R. Heithaus, G.C.

Hays, J.W. Fourqurean and P.I. Macreadie. 2015. Predators help protect carbon stocks in blue carbon ecosystems. Nature Climate Change 5:1038-1045 108. Fourqurean, J.W., S.A. Manuel, K.A. Coates, W.J. Kenworthy and J.N. Boyer.

2015. Water quality, isoscapes and stoichioscapes of seagrasses indicate general P limitation and unique N cycling in shallow water benthos of Bermuda.

Biogeosciences 12:6235-6249 107. Gaiser, E.E., E.P. Anderson, E. Castaneda-Moya, L. Collado-Vides, J.W.

Fourqurean, M.R. Heithaus, R. Jaffé, D. Lagomasino, N.J. Oehm, R.M. Price, V.H. Rivera-Monroy, R. Roy Chowdhury, T.G. Troxler. 2015. New perspectives on an iconic landscape from comparative international long-term ecological research. Ecosphere 6(10):181.

106. Mazarrasa, I., N. Marb, C.E. Lovelock, O. Serrano, P. Lavery, J.W. Fourqurean, H.

Kennedy, M.A. Mateo, D. Krause-Jensen, A.D.L. Steven and C.M. Duarte. 2015.

Seagrass meadows as globally significant carbonate reservoir. Biogeosciences 12:4993-5003.

105. Dewsbury, B.M., S. Koptur and J.W. Fourqurean. 2015. Ecosystem responses to prescribed fire along a chronosequence in a subtropical pine rockland habitat.

Caribbean Naturalist 24:1-12.

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EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 104. Bourque, A.S., R. Vega-Thurber and J.W. Fourqurean. 2015. Microbial community structure and dynamics in restored subtropical seagrass soils. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 74:43-57.

103. Campbell, J.E., E.A. Lacey, R.A. Decker, S. Crooks and J.W. Fourqurean. 2015.

Carbon storage in seagrass beds of the Arabian Gulf. Estuaries and Coasts 38:242-251.

102. Thomson, J.A., D.A. Burkholder, M.R. Heithaus, J.W. Fourqurean, M.W. Fraser, J.

Statton and G.A. Kendrick. 2015. Extreme temperatures, foundation species and abrupt shifts in ecosystems. Global Change Biology 21:1463-1474.

101. Lacey, E.A., L. Collado-Vides and J.W. Fourqurean. 2014. Morphological and physiological responses of seagrasses to grazers and their role as patch abandonment cues. Revista de Biología Tropical 62(4):1535-1548.

100. Bourque, A.S. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2014. Effects of common seagrass restoration methods on ecosystem structure in subtropical seagrass meadows.

Marine Environmental Research 97:67-78.

99. Heithaus, M.R., T. Alcovero, R. Arthur, D.A. Burkholder, K.A. Coates, M.J.A.

Christianen, N. Kelkar, S.A. Manuel, A.J. Wirsing, W.J, Kenworthy and J.W.

Fourqurean. 2014. Seagrasses in the age of sea turtle conservation and shark overfishing. Frontiers in Marine Science 1:28.

98. Campbell, J.E. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2014. Ocean acidification outweighs nutrient effects in structuring seagrass epiphyte communities. Journal of Ecology 102(3):730-737.

97. Troxler, T.G., E. Gaiser, J. Barr, J.D. Fuentes, R. Jaffe, D.L. Childers, L.

Collado-Vides, V.H. Rivera-Monroy, E. Castaneda-Moya, W. Anderson, R.

Chambers, M.L. Chen, C. Coronado-Molina, S.E. Davis, V. Engel, C. Fitz, J.

Fourqurean, T. Frankovich, J. Kominoski, C. Madden, S.L. Malone, S.F.

Oberbauer, P. Olivas, J. Richards, C. Saunders, J. Schedlbauer, L.J. Scinto, F.

Sklar, T. Smith, J.M. Smoak, G. Starr, R.R. Twilley, and K. Whelan. 2013.

Integrated carbon budget models for the Everglades terrestrial-oceanic gradient:

Current Status and Needs for Inter-Site Comparisons. Oceanography 26:98-107.

96. Manuel, S.M., K.A. Coates, W.J. Kenworthy and J.W. Fourqurean. 2013. Tropical species at the northern limit of their range: composition and distribution in Bermuda's benthic habitats in relation to depth and light availability. Marine Environmental Research 89:63-75.

95. Bourque, A.S., and J.W. Fourqurean. 2013. Variability in herbivory in subtropical seagrass ecosystems and implications for seagrass transplanting. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 445:29-37.

94. Burkholder, D.A., M.R. Heithaus, J.W. Fourqurean, A. Wirsing and L.M. Dill. 2013.

Patterns of top-down control of a seagrass ecosystem: could a roving top 33

EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 predator induce a behavior-mediated trophic cascade? Journal of Animal Ecology 82(6): 1192-1202.

93. Campbell, J.E. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2013. Effects of in situ CO2 enrichment on the structural and chemical characteristics of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum.

Marine Biology 160(6):1465-1475.

92. Campbell, J.E. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2013. Mechanisms of bicarbonate use influence photosynthetic CO2 sensitivity of tropical seagrasses. Limnology and Oceanography 58(3): 839-848.

91. Lacey, E.A., J.W. Fourqurean and L. Collado-Vides. 2013. Increased algal dominance despite presence of Diadema antillarum populations on a Caribbean coral reef. Bulletin of Marine Science 89(2):603-620.

90. Burkholder, D.A., J.W. Fourqurean and M.R. Heithaus. 2013. Spatial pattern in stoichiometry indicates both N-limited and P-limited regions of an iconic P-limited subtropical bay. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 472:101-115.

89. Baggett, L.P., K.L. Heck, Jr., T.A. Frankovich, A.R. Armitage and J.W. Fourqurean.

2013. Stoichiometry, growth, and fecundity responses to nutrient enrichment by invertebrate grazers in sub-tropical turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum) meadows.

Marine Biology 160:169-180.

88. Fourqurean, J.W., G.A. Kendrick, L.S. Collins, R.M. Chambers and M.A. Vanderklift.

2012. Carbon and nutrient storage in subtropical seagrass meadows: examples from Florida Bay and Shark Bay. Marine and Freshwater Research 63:967-983.

87. Kendrick G.A., J.W. Fourqurean, M.W. Fraser, M.R. Heithaus, G. Jackson, K, Friedman and D. Hallac. 2012. Science behind management of Shark Bay and Florida Bay, two P-limited subtropical systems with different climatology and human pressures. Marine and Freshwater Research 63:941-951.

86. Fraser, M.W., G.A. Kendrick, P.F. Grierson, J.W. Fourqurean, M.A. Vanderklift and D.I. Walker. 2012. Nutrient status of seagrasses cannot be inferred from system-scale distribution of phosphorus in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 63:1015-1026.

85. Frankovich, T.A., J. Barr, D. Morrison and J.W. Fourqurean. 2012. Differential importance of water quality parameters and temporal patterns of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) cover in adjacent sub-estuaries distinguished by alternate regimes of phytoplankton and SAV dominance. Marine and Freshwater Research 63:1005-1014.

84. Burkholder, D.A., M.R. Heithaus, and J.W. Fourqurean. 2012. Feeding preferences of herbivores in a relatively pristine subtropical seagrass ecosystem. Marine and Freshwater Research 63:1051-1058.

83. Price, R.M., G. Skrzypek, P.F. Grierson, P.K. Swart, and J.W. Fourqurean. 2012. The use of stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in identifying water exchange of 34

EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 in two hypersaline estuaries with different hydrologic regimes. Marine and Freshwater Research 63:952-966.

82. Cawley, K.M., Y. Ding*, J.W. Fourqurean and R. Jaffé. 2012. Characterizing the sources and fate of dissolved organic matter in Shark Bay, Australia: A preliminary study using optical properties and stable carbon isotopes. Marine and Freshwater Research 63:1098-1107.

81. Belicka, L.L., D. Burkholder, J.W. Fourqurean, M.R. Heithaus, S.A. Macko and R.

Jaffé. 2012. Stable isotope and fatty acid biomarkers of seagrass, epiphytic, and algal organic matter to consumers in a nearly pristine seagrass ecosystem.

Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 63:1085-1097

80. Pendleton, L., D.C. Donato, B.C. Murray, S. Crooks, W.A. Jenkins, S. Sifleet, C.

Craft, J. W. Fourqurean, B. Kauffman, N. Marb, P. Megonigal, E. Pidgeon, V.

Bilbao-Bastidam, R. Ullman, and D. Gordon. 2012. Estimating global "blue carbon" emissions from conversion and degradation of vegetated coastal ecosystems. PLoS ONE 7(9):e43542.

79. Fourqurean, J.W., Duarte, C.M., Kennedy, H., Marb, N., Holmer, M., Mateo, M.A.,

Apostolaki, E.T., Kendrick, G.A., Krause-Jensen, D., McGlathery, K.J., and O.

Serrano. 2012. Seagrass ecosystems as a globally significant carbon stock.

Nature Geoscience 5:505-509.

78. Campbell, J.E., L.A. Yarbro and J.W. Fourqurean. 2012. Negative relationships between the nutrient and carbohydrate content of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Aquatic Botany 99:56-60.

77. Hitchcock, G.L., J.W. Fourqurean, J. Drake, R.N. Mead and C.A. Heil. 2012.

Brevetoxin persistence in sediments and seagrass epiphytes of east Florida coastal waters. Harmful Algae 13:89-94

76. Burkholder, D.A., M.R. Heithaus, J.A. Thomson and J.W. Fourqurean. 2011.

Diversity in trophic interactions of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) on a relatively pristine coastal seagrass foraging ground. Marine Ecology Progress Series 439: 277-293.

75. Armitage, A.R., T.A. Frankovich and J.W. Fourqurean. 2011. Long term effects of adding nutrients to an oligotrophic coastal environment. Ecosystems 14:430-444.

74. Herbert, D.A., W.B. Perry, B.J. Cosby and J.W. Fourqurean. 2011. Projected reorganization of Florida Bay seagrass communities in response to increased freshwater delivery from the Everglades. Estuaries and Coasts 34:973-992.

73. Frankovich, T.A., D. Morrison and J.W. Fourqurean. 2011. Benthic macrophyte distribution and abundance in estuarine mangrove lakes: Relationships to environmental variables. Estuaries and Coasts 34(1):20-31.

35

EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021

72. Campbell, J.E. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2011. Novel methodology for in situ carbon dioxide enrichment of benthic ecosystems. Limnology and Oceanography Methods 9:97-109.

71. Duarte, C.M., N. Marb, E. Gacia, J.W. Fourqurean, J. Beggins, C. Barrón, E.T.

Apostolaki. 2010. Seagrass community metabolism: assessing the carbon sink capacity of seagrass meadows. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 24: GB4032.

70. Kennedy, H., J. Beggins, C. M. Duarte, J.W. Fourqurean, M. Holmer, N. Marb, and J. J. Middelburg. 2010. Seagrass sediments as a global carbon sink: isotopic constraints. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 24: GB4026.

69. Fourqurean, J.W., S. Manuel, K.A. Coates, W.J. Kenworthy and S.R. Smith. 2010.

Effects of excluding sea turtle herbivores from a seagrass bed: overgrazing may have led to loss of seagrass meadows in Bermuda. Marine Ecology Progress Series 419:223-232.

68. Fourqurean, J.W., M.F. Muth and J.N. Boyer. 2010. Epiphyte loads on seagrasses and microphytobenthos abundance are not reliable indicators of nutrient availability in coastal ecosystems. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:971-983.

67. Dewsbury, B.M. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2010. Artificial reefs concentrate nutrients and alter benthic community structure in an oligotrophic, subtropical estuary.

Bulletin of Marine Science 86(4): 813-828.

66. Baggett, L.P., K.L. Heck, Jr., T.A. Frankovich, A.R. Armitage and J.W. Fourqurean.

2010. Nutrient enrichment, grazer identity and their effects on epiphytic algal assemblages: field experiments in sub-tropical turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum) meadows. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 406:33-45.

65. Fourqurean, J.W., T.J Smith III, J. Possley, T. M. Collins, D. Lee and S. Namoff.

2010. Are mangroves in the tropical Atlantic ripe for invasion? Exotic mangrove trees in the forests of south Florida. Biological Invasions 12:2509-2522.

64. Armitage, A.R. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2009. Stable isotopes reveal complex changes in trophic relationships following nutrient addition in a coastal marine ecosystem. Estuaries and Coasts 32:1152-1164.

63. Waycott, M., C.M. Duarte, T.J.B. Carruthers, R.J. Orth, W.C. Dennison, S. Olyarnik, A. Calladine, J.W. Fourqurean, K.L. Heck, Jr., A.R. Hughes, G. Kendrick, W.J.

Kenworthy, F.T. Short and S.L. Williams. 2009. Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academies of Science USA 106(3):12377-12381.

62. Campbell, J.E. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2009. Interspecific variation in the elemental and stable isotopic content of seagrasses in South Florida. Marine Ecology -

Progress Series 387:109-123.

61. Frankovich, T.A., A.R. Armitage, A.H. Wachnicka, E.E. Gaiser and J.W. Fourqurean.

2009. Nutrient effects on seagrass epiphyte community structure in Florida Bay.

Journal of Phycology 45:1010-1020.

36

J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021

60. Madden, C.J., D.T. Rudnick, A.A. McDonald, K.M. Cunniff, J.W. Fourqurean. 2009.

Ecological indicators for assessing and communicating seagrass status and trends in Florida Bay. Ecological Indicators 9S:S68-S82.

59. Herbert, D.A. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2009. Phosphorus availability and salinity control productivity and demography of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum in Florida Bay. Estuaries and Coasts 32(1):188-201.

58. Fourqurean, J.W., C.M. Duarte, M.D. Kershaw and S.T. Threlkeld. 2008. Estuaries and Coasts as an outlet for research in coastal ecosystems: a bibliometric study.

Estuaries and Coasts 31(3):469-476. (Invited editorial)

57. Herbert, D.A. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2008. Ecosystem structure and function still altered two decades after short-term fertilization of a seagrass meadow.

Ecosystems 11: 688-700.

56. Ruiz-Halpern, S., S.A. Macko and J.W. Fourqurean. 2008. The effects of manipulation of sedimentary iron and organic matter on sediment biogeochemistry and seagrasses in a subtropical carbonate environment.

Biogeochemistry 87:113-126.

55. Fourqurean, J.W., N. Marb, C.M. Duarte, E. Diaz-Almela, and S. Ruiz-Halpern*,

2007. Spatial and temporal variation in the elemental and stable isotopic content of the seagrasses Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa from the Illes Balears, Spain. Marine Biology 151:219-232.

54. Heithaus, M.R., A. Frid, A.J. Wirsing, L.M. Dill, J.W. Fourqurean, D. Burkholder, J.

Thomson and L. Bejder. 2007. State-dependent risk-taking by green sea turtles mediates top-down effects of tiger shark intimidation in a marine ecosystem.

Journal of Animal Ecology 76(5):837-844.

53. Collado-Vides, L., V.G. Caccia, J.N. Boyer and J.W. Fourqurean. 2007. Distribution and trends in macroalgal components of tropical seagrass communities in relation to water quality. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 73:680-694

52. Murdoch, T.J.T. , A.F. Glasspool, M. Outerbridge, J. Ward, S. Manuel, J. Gray, A.

Nash, K. A. Coates, J. Pitt, J.W. Fourqurean, P.A. Barnes, M. Vierros., K. Holzer, and S.R. Smith. 2007. Large-scale decline of offshore seagrass meadows in Bermuda. Marine Ecology Progress Series 339:123-130.

51. Peterson, B.J., C.M. Chester, F.J. Jochem and J.W. Fourqurean. 2006. Potential role of the sponge community in controlling phytoplankton blooms in Florida Bay.

Marine Ecology Progress Series 328:93-103.

50. Orth, R.J., T.J.B. Carruthers, W.C. Dennison, C.M. Duarte, J.W. Fourqurean, K.L.

Heck, Jr., R. Hughes, G. Kendrick, W.J. Kenworthy, S. Olyarnik, F.T. Short, M.

Waycott and S.L. Williams. 2006. A global crisis for seagrass ecosystems.

BioScience 56(12):987-996.

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J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021

49. Armitage, A.R and J.W. Fourqurean. 2006. The short-term influence of herbivory near patch reefs varies between seagrass species. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 339:65-74;

48. Johnson, M.W., K.L. Heck, Jr., J.W. Fourqurean. 2006. Nutrient content of seagrasses and epiphytes in the northern Gulf of Mexico: evidence of phosphorus and nitrogen limitation. Aquatic Botany 85(2):103-111

47. Price, R.M., P.K. Swart and J.W. Fourqurean. 2006. Coastal groundwater discharge - an additional source of phosphorus for the oligotrophic wetlands of the Everglades. Hydrobiologia 569:23-36.

46. Gil, M., A.R. Armitage, and J.W. Fourqurean. 2006. Nutrients increase epifaunal abundance and shift species composition in a subtropical seagrass bed.

Hydrobiologia 569:437-447;

45. Armitage, A.R., T.A. Frankovich and J.W. Fourqurean. 2006. Variable responses within epiphytic and benthic microalgal communities to nutrient enrichment.

Hydrobiologia 569:423-435;

44. Carruthers, T.J.B., P.A.G. Barnes, G.E. Jacome and J.W. Fourqurean. 2005. Lagoon scale processes in a coastally influenced Caribbean system: implications for the seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Caribbean Journal of Science 41(3):441-455

43. Fourqurean, J.W. S.P. Escorcia, W.T. Anderson and J.C. Zieman. 2005. Spatial and seasonal variability in elemental content, 13C and 15N of Thalassia testudinum from south Florida. Estuaries 28(3):447-461

42. Armitage, A.R., Frankovich, T.A., Heck, K.L. Jr., Fourqurean, J.W. 2005. Complexity in the response of benthic primary producers within a seagrass community to nutrient enrichment. Estuaries 28(3):422-434

41. Romero, L.M., T.J. Smith, III., and J.W. Fourqurean. 2005. Changes in mass and nutrient content of wood during decomposition in a South Florida mangrove forest. Journal of Ecology 93(3):618-631;

40. Collado-Vides, L., L.M. Rutten and J.W. Fourqurean. 2005. Spatiotemporal variation of the abundance of calcareous green macroalgae in the Florida Keys:

A study of synchrony within a macroalgal functional-form group. Journal of Phycology 41(4):742-752

39. Borum, J., O. Pedersen, T. M. Greve, T. A. Frankovich, J. C. Zieman, J. W.

Fourqurean and C. J. Madden. 2005. The potential role of plant oxygen and sulphide dynamics in die-off events of the tropical seagrass, Thalassia testudinum. Journal of Ecology 93(1)148-158;

38. Fourqurean, J. W. and L. M. Rutten*. 2004. The impact of Hurricane Georges on soft-bottom, backreef communities: site- and species-specific effects in south Florida seagrass beds. Bulletin of Marine Science 75(2):239-257.

38

J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021

37. Ferdie, M. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2004. Responses of seagrass communities to fertilization along a gradient of relative availability of nitrogen and phosphorus in a carbonate environment. Limnology and Oceanography 49(6):2082-2094.

36. Zieman, J.C., J.W. Fourqurean and T.A. Frankovich. 2004. Reply to B.E. Lapointe and P.J. Barile (2004). Comment on J.C. Zieman, J.W. Fourqurean and T.A.

Frankovich, 1999. Seagrass die-off in Florida Bay: Long-term trends in abundance and growth of turtlegrass, Thalassia testudinum. Estuaries 27(1)165-172.

35. Fourqurean, J.W. and J.E. Schrlau. 2003. Changes in nutrient content and stable isotope ratios of C and N during decomposition of seagrasses and mangrove leaves along a nutrient availability gradient in Florida Bay. Chemistry and Ecology 19(5):373-390.

34. Fourqurean, J.W., N. Marb and C.M. Duarte. 2003. Elucidating seagrass population dynamics: theory, constraints and practice. Limnology and Oceanography 48(5):2070-2074.

33. Fourqurean, J.W., J.N. Boyer, M.J. Durako, L.N. Hefty, and B.J. Peterson. 2003.

Forecasting the response of seagrass distribution to changing water quality:

statistical models from monitoring data. Ecological Applications 13(2): 474-489.

32. Anderson, W.T. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2003. Intra- and interannual variability in seagrass carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes from south Florida, a preliminary study. Organic Geochemistry 34(2):185-194.

31. Peterson, B.J., C. D. Rose, L.M. Rutten and J.W. Fourqurean. 2002. Disturbance and recovery following catastrophic grazing: studies of a successional chronosequence in a seagrass bed. Oikos 97:361-370.

30. Fourqurean, J. W. and J. C. Zieman. 2002. Nutrient content of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum reveals regional patterns of relative availability of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Florida Keys USA. Biogeochemistry 61:229-245.

29. Fourqurean, J.W. and Y. Cai. 2001. Arsenic and phosphorus in seagrass leaves from the Gulf of Mexico. Aquatic Botany 71:247-258.

28. Peterson, B.J. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2001. Large-scale patterns in seagrass (Thalassia testudinum) demographics in south Florida. Limnology and Oceanography 46(5):1077-1090.

27. Chambers, R.M., J. W. Fourqurean, S.A. Macko and R. Hoppenot. 2001.

Biogeochemical effects of iron availability on primary producers in a shallow marine carbonate environment. Limnology and Oceanography 46(6):1278-1286.

26. Fourqurean, J.W., A. Willsie, C.D. Rose* and L.M. Rutten*. 2001. Spatial and temporal pattern in seagrass community composition and productivity in south Florida. Marine Biology 138:341-354.

39

J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021

25. Davis, B.C. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2001. Competition between the tropical alga, Halimeda incrassata, and the seagrass, Thalassia testudinum. Aquatic Botany 71(3):217-232.

24. Cai, Y., M. Georgiadis and J.W. Fourqurean. 2000. Determination of arsenic in seagrass using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Spectrochimica Acta, Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 55:1411-1422.

23. Nuttle, W.K., J.W. Fourqurean, B.J. Cosby, J.C. Zieman, and M.B. Robblee. 2000.

Influence of net freshwater supply on salinity in Florida Bay. Water Resources Research 36(7):1805-1822.

22. Fourqurean, J.W. and M. B. Robblee. 1999. Florida Bay: a history of recent ecological changes. Estuaries 22(2B):345-357.

21. Corbett, D. R., J. Chanton, W. Burnett, K. Dillon, C. Rutkowski and J.W. Fourqurean.

1999. Patterns of groundwater discharge into Florida Bay. Limnology and Oceanography 44(4):1045-1055.

20. Rose, C.D., W.C. Sharp, W.J. Kenworthy, J.H. Hunt, W.G. Lyons, E.J. Prager, J.F.

Valentine, M.O. Hall, P. Whitfield, and J.W. Fourqurean. 1999. Sea urchin overgrazing of a large seagrass bed in outer Florida Bay. Marine Ecology Progress Series 190:211-222.

19. Zieman, J.C., J.W. Fourqurean and T.A. Frankovich. 1999. Seagrass dieoff in Florida Bay: long term trends in abundance and productivity of turtlegrass, Thalassia testudinum. Estuaries 22(2B):460-470.

18. Boyer, J.N., J.W. Fourqurean and R.D. Jones. 1999. Temporal trends in water chemistry of Florida Bay (1989-1997). Estuaries 22(2B):417-430.

17. Hall, M.O., M.D. Durako, J.W. Fourqurean and J.C. Zieman. 1999. Decadal scale changes in seagrass distribution and abundance in Florida Bay. Estuaries 22(2B):445-459.

16. Frankovich, T.A. and J.W. Fourqurean. 1997. Seagrass epiphyte loads along a nutrient availability gradient, Florida Bay, FL, USA. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 159:37-50.

15. Fourqurean, J.W., T.O. Moore, B. Fry, and J.T. Hollibaugh. 1997. Spatial and temporal variation in C:N:P ratios, 15N, and 13C of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.)

as indicators of ecosystem processes, Tomales Bay, CA, USA. Marine Ecology -

Progress Series 157:147-157.

14. Boyer, J.N., J.W. Fourqurean, and R.D. Jones. 1997. Spatial trends in water chemistry of Florida Bay and Whitewater Bay: Zones of similar influence.

Estuaries 20(4)743-758

13. Fourqurean, J.W., K.L. Webb, J.T. Hollibaugh and S.V. Smith. 1997. Contributions of the plankton community to ecosystem respiration, Tomales Bay, California.

Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 44:493-505.

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J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021

12. Chambers, R.M., J.W. Fourqurean, J.T. Hollibaugh and S.M. Vink. 1995.

Importance of terrestrially-derived, particulate phosphorus to P dynamics in a west coast estuary. Estuaries. 18(3):518-526.

11. Fourqurean, J.W., G.V.N. Powell, W.J. Kenworthy and J.C. Zieman. 1995. The effects of long-term manipulation of nutrient supply on competition between the seagrasses Thalassia testudinum and Halodule wrightii in Florida Bay. Oikos 72:349-358.

10. Zieman, J.C., R. Davis, J.W. Fourqurean and M.B. Robblee. 1994. The role of climate in the Florida Bay seagrass dieoff. Bulletin of Marine Science 54(3):1088.

9. Fourqurean, J.W., R.D. Jones and J.C. Zieman. 1993. Processes influencing water column nutrient characteristics and phosphorus limitation of phytoplankton biomass in Florida Bay, FL, USA: Inferences from spatial distributions. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 36:295-314.

8. Fourqurean, J.W., J.C. Zieman and G.V.N. Powell. 1992. Relationships between porewater nutrients and seagrasses in a subtropical carbonate environment.

Marine Biology 114:57-65.

7. Fourqurean, J.W., J.C. Zieman and G.V.N. Powell. 1992. Phosphorus limitation of primary production in Florida Bay: evidence from the C:N:P ratios of the dominant seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Limnology and Oceanography 37(1):162-171

6. Chambers, R.M. and J.W. Fourqurean. 1991. Alternative criteria for assessing nutrient limitation of a wetland macrophyte (Peltandra virginica (L.)) Kunth.

Aquatic Botany 40:305-320.

5. Fourqurean, J.W. and J.C. Zieman. 1991. Photosynthesis, respiration and the whole plant carbon budget of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Marine Ecology -

Progress Series 69(1-2):161-170.

4. Powell, G.V.N, J.W. Fourqurean, W.J. Kenworthy and J.C. Zieman. 1991. Bird colonies cause seagrass enrichment in a subtropical estuary: observational and experimental evidence. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 32(6):567-579.

3. Robblee, M.B., T.R. Barber, P.R. Carlson, M.J. Durako, J.W. Fourqurean, L.K.

Muehlstein, D. Porter, L.A. Yarbro, R.T. Zieman and J.C. Zieman. 1991. Mass mortality of the tropical seagrass Thalassia testudinum in Florida Bay (USA).

Marine Ecology - Progress Series 71:297-299.

2. Powell, G.V.N., W.J. Kenworthy and J.W. Fourqurean. 1989. Experimental evidence for nutrient limitation of seagrass growth in a tropical estuary with restricted circulation. Bulletin of Marine Science 44(1):324-340.

1. Zieman, J.C., J.W. Fourqurean and R.L. Iverson. 1989. Distribution, abundance and productivity of seagrasses and macroalgae in Florida Bay. Bulletin of Marine Science 44(1):292-311.

41

J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 Book Chapters

13. Troxler, T., G. Starr, J.N. Boyer, J.D. Fuentes, R. Jaffe, S.L. Malone, J.G. Barr, S.E.

Davis, L. Collado-Vides, J.L. Breithaupt, A.K. Saha, R.M. Chambers, C.J.

Madden, J.M. Smoak, J.W. Fourqurean, G. Koch, J. Kominoski, L.J. Scinto, S.

Oberbauer, V.H. Rivera-Monroy, E. Castaneda-Moya, N.O. Schulte, S.P. Charles, J.H. Richards, D.T. Rudnick, K.R.T. Whelan. (In Press). Chapter 6: Carbon Cycles in the Florida Coastal Everglades Social-Ecological System across scales. In Childers, D.L., E.E. Gaiser, L.A. Ogden (eds.) The Coastal Everglades:

The Dynamics of Social-Ecological Transformation in the South Florida Landscape. Oxford University Press.

12. Lirman, D., J.S. Ault, J.W. Fourqurean and J.J. Lorenz. In Press. The Coastal Marine Ecosystem of South Florida, United States. In: Sheppard, C. (ed) World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation. Elsevier Press

11. Schile, L., J.B. Kauffman, S. Crooks, J. Fourqurean, J. Campbell, B. Dougherty, J.

Glavan and J.P. Megonigal. In Press. Carbon Sequestration in Arid Blue Carbon Ecosystems - a case study from the United Arab Emirates. In: Windham-Myers, L., Crooks, S. and T. Troxler (eds.) A Blue Carbon Primer: The state of coastal wetlands carbon science, practice and policy. CRC Press

10. Lovelock, C.E., D. A. Friess, J. B. Kauffman and J.W. Fourqurean. In Press. Human impacts on blue carbon ecosystems. In: Windham-Myers, L., Crooks, S. and T.

Troxler (eds.) A Blue Carbon Primer: The state of coastal wetlands carbon science, practice and policy. CRC Press

9. Kennedy, H., J.W. Fourqurean and S. Papadimitriou. In press. The CaCO3 Cycle in Seagrass Meadows. In: Windham-Myers, L., Crooks, S. and T. Troxler (eds.) A Blue Carbon Primer: The state of coastal wetlands carbon science, practice and policy. CRC Press

8. Nowicki, R.J., J.W. Fourqurean and M.R. Heithaus. In press. The role of consumers in structuring seagrass communities: direct and indirect mechanisms. In: Larkum, A.W.D. and G. Kendrick (eds) Biology of Seagrasses: an Australian perspective.

7. Fourqurean, J.W., B. Johnson, J.B. Kauffman, H. Kennedy, C. Lovelock, N. Saintilan, D.M. Alongi, M. Cifuentes, M. Copertino, S. Crooks, C. Duarte, M. Fortes, J.

Howard, A. Hutahaean, J. Kairo, N. Marb, J. Morris, D. Murdiyarso, E. Pidgeon, P. Ralph, O. Serrano. 2014. Field Sampling of Vegetative Carbon Pools in Coastal Ecosystems. Pp.67-108 in Howard, J., S. Hoyt, K. Isensee, E. Pidgeon and M. Telszewski, eds. Coastal Blue Carbon: methods for assessing carbon stocks and emissions factors in mangroves, tidal salt marshes, and seagrass meadows. Conservation International, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Arlington, Virginia, USA. 181 pp.

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6. Fourqurean, J.W., B. Johnson, J.B. Kauffman, H. Kennedy, C. Lovelock, D.M. Alongi, M. Cifuentes, M. Copertino, S. Crooks, C. Duarte, M. Fortes, J. Howard, A.

Hutahaean, J. Kairo, N. Marb, J. Morris, D. Murdiyarso, E. Pidgeon, P. Ralph, N.

Saintilan, O. Serrano. 2014. Field Sampling of Soil Carbon Pools in Coastal Ecosystems. Pp. 39-66 in Howard, J., S. Hoyt, K. Isensee, E. Pidgeon and M.

Telszewski, eds. Coastal Blue Carbon: methods for assessing carbon stocks and emissions factors in mangroves, tidal salt marshes, and seagrass meadows.

Conservation International, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, International Union for Conservation of Nature. Arlington, Virginia, USA. 181 pp.

5. Fourqurean, J.W., B. Johnson, J.B. Kauffman, H. Kennedy, I. Emmer, J. Howard, E.

Pidgeon, O. Serrano. 2014. Conceptualizing the Project and Developing a Field Measurement Plan. Pp 25-38 in Howard, J., S. Hoyt, K. Isensee, E. Pidgeon and M. Telszewski, eds. Coastal Blue Carbon: methods for assessing carbon stocks and emissions factors in mangroves, tidal salt marshes, and seagrass meadows.

Conservation International, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, International Union for Conservation of Nature. Arlington, Virginia, USA. 181 pp.

4. Coates, K.A., J.W. Fourqurean, W.J. Kenworthy, A. Logan, S.A. Manuel and S.R Smith. 2013. Introduction to Bermuda geology, oceanography and climate. Pp 115-133 In: Sheppard, C. (Ed) Coral Reefs of the World - Volume 4: Coral Reefs of the UK overseas territories. Springer, Dordrecht. 336pp. ISBN:

978-94-007-5964-0

3. Duarte, C.M., J.W. Fourqurean, D. Krause-Jensen and B. Olesen. 2005. Dynamics of seagrass stability and change. Pp. 271-294 In Larkum, A.W.D., Orth, R.J.,

and C.M. Duarte. Seagrasses: Biology, ecology and conservation. Springer. DOI:

10.1007/978-1-4020-2983-7_11

2. Fourqurean, J.W. and L.M. Rutten*. 2003. Competing goals of spatial and temporal resolution: monitoring seagrass communities on a regional scale. Pp 257-288 in:

Busch, D. E. and J.C. Trexler, eds. Monitoring ecosystems: interdisciplinary approaches for evaluating ecoregional initiatives. Island Press, Washington, D.

C. 447 pp.

1. Fourqurean, J.W., M.D. Durako, M.O. Hall and L.N. Hefty. 2002. Seagrass distribution in south Florida: a multi-agency coordinated monitoring program. Pp 497-522 in: Porter, J.W. and K.G. Porter, eds. The Everglades, Florida Bay, and the coral reefs of the Florida Keys. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton. 1000pp.

Technical Reports Howard, J., Hoyt, S., Isensee, K., Telszewski, M., Pidgeon, E. (eds.) (2014). Coastal Blue Carbon: Methods for assessing carbon stocks and emissions factors in 43

J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 mangroves, tidal salt marshes, and seagrasses. Conservation International, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, International Union for Conservation of Nature. Arlington, Virginia, USA. 180pp. JWF - Lead Author Harlem, P. W., J. N. Boyer, H. O. Briceno, J. W. Fourqurean, P. R. Gardinali, R. Jaffé, J.

F. Meeder and M. S. Ross. 2012. Assessment of natural resource conditions in and adjacent to Biscayne National Park. Natural Resource Report NPS/BISC/NRR2012/598. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.

Fourqurean, J. W. 2012. The south Florida marine ecosystem contains the largest documented seagrass bed on the planet. pp. 263-264 in Kruczinsky, W. L. and P.

J. Fletcher. Tropical Connections: South Floridas marine environment. IAN Press, Cambridge MD. 451 pp.

Fourqurean, J. W. 2012. Seagrasses are very productive. pp. 265-266 in Kruczinsky, W. L. and P. J. Fletcher. Tropical Connections: South Floridas marine environment. IAN Press, Cambridge MD. 451 pp.

Fourqurean, J. W. 2012. Seagrasses are sentinels of water quality. pp. 274-276 in Kruczinsky, W. L. and P. J. Fletcher. Tropical Connections: South Floridas marine environment. IAN Press, Cambridge MD. 451 pp.

Fourqurean, J. W. 2012. As nutrients change, so do plant species. pp. 277-279 in Kruczinsky, W. L. and P. J. Fletcher. Tropical Connections: South Floridas marine environment. IAN Press, Cambridge MD. 451 pp.

Kruczynski, W.L., M.B. Robblee and J.W. Fourqurean. 2012. The ecological character of Florida Bay responds to both changing climate and mans activities. pp. 120-122 in Kruczinsky, W. L. and P. J. Fletcher. Tropical Connections: South Floridas marine environment. IAN Press, Cambridge MD. 451 pp.

Kenworthy, J., S. Manuel, J. Fourqurean, K. Coates and M. Outerbridge. 2011. Bermuda Triangle: Seagrass, green turtles and conservation. Seagrass Watch Magazine 44:16-18 Kershaw, M., J. Fourqurean and C.M. Duarte. 2007. Bibliometric data show Estuaries and Coasts is a great venue for publishing your research. Estuarine Research Federation Newsletter 33(1):6-7.

Bricker, S., G. Matlock, J. Snider, A. Mason, M. Alber, W. Boynton, D. Brock, G. Brush, D. Chestnut, U. Claussen, W. Dennison, E. Dettmann, D. Dunn, J. Ferreira, D.

Flemer, P. Fong, J. Fourqurean, J. Hameedi, D. Hernandez, D. Hoover, D.

Johnston, S. Jones, K. Kamer, R. Kelty, D. Keeley, R. Langan, J. Latimer, D.

Lipton, R. Magnien, T. Malone, G. Morrison, J. Newton, J. Pennock, N. Rabalais, D. Scheurer, J. Sharp, D. Smith, S. Smith, P. Tester, R. Thom, D. Trueblood, R.

Van Dolah. 2004. National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment Update:

Workshop summary and recommendations for development of a long-term monitoring and assessment program. Proceedings of a workshop September 4-5 2002, Patuxent Wildlife Research Refuge, Laurel, Maryland. National Oceanic 44

J. W. Fourqurean January 8, 2021 and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science. Silver Spring, MD. 19 pp. Available at:

http://www.eutro.org/publications.aspx Fourqurean, J. W. 2002. Seagrass ecology (Marten A. Hemminga and Carlos M.

Duarte). Limnology and Oceanography 47(2):611. [Book Review]

Durako, M.J., J.W. Fourqurean and 9 others. 1994. Seagrass die-off in Florida Bay. In:

Douglas, J. (ed.) Proceedings of the Gulf of Mexico Symposium. U.S.E.P.A.,

Tarpon Springs, FL. pp. 14-15.

Fourqurean, J.W. 1992. The roles of resource availability and competition in structuring seagrass communities of Florida Bay. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia. 280 pp.

Fourqurean, J.W. and J.C. Zieman. 1991. Photosynthesis, respiration and whole plant carbon budgets of Thalassia testudinum, Halodule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme. pp 59-70 in Kenworthy, W.J. and D.E. Haunert (eds.). The light requirements of seagrasses: proceedings of a workshop to examine the capability of water quality criteria, standards and monitoring programs to protect seagrasses. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFC-287.

Continental Shelf Associates. 1991. A comparison of marine productivity among outer continental shelf planning areas. Supplement - An evaluation of benthic habitat primary productivity. Final Report, U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service OCS Study MMM 91-0001, Contract #14-35-0001-30487, Herndon, VA. 244 pp + appendix.

Fourqurean, J.W. 1987. Photosynthetic response to temperature and salinity variation in three subtropical seagrasses. MS Thesis, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia. 80 pp.

Zieman, J.C. and J.W. Fourqurean. 1985. The distribution and abundance of benthic vegetation in Florida Bay, Florida. Final report, USNPS South Florida Research Center, Everglades National Park. Contract CX5280-2-2204.

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ATTACHMENT B EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 EXPERT REPORT OF JAMES FOURQUREAN, Ph.D.

I have been retained to offer my expert opinions on behalf of the intervenors in this matter. I have attached a C.V. with my qualifications and publications as Attachment 1 to the report. A list of all other cases in which, during the previous 4 years, I have testified as an expert at trial or by deposition is attached as Attachment 2.

My opinions are based on the data on seagrass distribution, nutrient availability and water quality of both surface water and groundwater available to me as of June 23, 2019. I will continue to search for new data to inform my opinions as set forth below.

My earlier report on this matter that was filed during the scoping process has been updated with information first compiled for the Greater Everglades Ecosystem Restoration Conference (GEER) on April 23, 2019 (submitted as an electronic supplement with this report). That poster and the abstract from this conference is attached as supplemental electronic material, and it was the first time the information was presented.

In addition, I have provided the pore water sampling data from the SFWMD monitoring plan requirements which is relevant to the reasons we are going to expand this effort and continue to sample and analyse all available data and information on degradation to the East of the CCS and work toward publishing a paper once a full 3 years of data are collected and is corelated with all existing data. Porewater sampling at the C, D, and E transects in each monitoring area in Biscayne Bay was discontinued after May 2013 as part of the monitoring reductions approved by the Agencies in July 2013. Because this Data does not overlap with the years we have sampled the N:P ratio within the pore water a resampling effort needs to be undertaken before any license extension should be considered. (These data are submitted as an electronic supplement to this report)

SUMMARY

OF OPINIONS Seagrasses are the foundation species for the essential fish habitat in the shallow underwater environments to the east of the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System (CCS). Seagrasses only proliferate and survive in places with low nutrient availability. In Biscayne Bay, the availability of the nutrient phosphorus (P) controls the abundance, productivity and species composition of seagrasses. Additions of P to this kind of system first fertilizes the seagrass and create denser seagrass meadows, but P accumulation is cumulative and permanent, so continued P loading leads to replacement of the seagrasses by macroalgae and finally macroalgae as enough P gets capture by the system. Since seagrass are the foundation species in the essential fish habitat in Biscayne Bay, P pollution disrupts this essential fish habitat. Currently, seagrasses show signs of abnormally high P concentrations in areas that hydrological models and field data show receive P-laden discharge from the CCS. Further, preliminary analysis of time series of aerial Google 1

J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 Earth images collected since the 1990s show that some patches of seagrass offshore of the CCS first became much denser than the historical seagrass communities, then died back leaving bare mud. CCS water itself has very high P concentrations compared to Biscayne Bay, but it is likely that P concentrations of CCS water increase as they discharge subterraneanly because of interactions between changing salinity of groundwater and the properties of the aquifer through which it passes. The spatial pattern of the increased P availability (and recent dieoff of dense patches coincides with discharge of CCS water. It is likely that operations of the CCS are leading to the increased P availability and therefore the balance of flora and fauna in Biscayne Bay and Biscayne National Park.

OPINIONS Specific opinions and evidence to support them:

1. The seagrass beds of Biscayne Bay and the rest of south Florida require very low nutrient loading to survive. In essence, seagrasses are killed and replaced by fast-growing, noxious seaweed or planktonic algae if nutrient delivery is increased. Nutrient delivery can be increased either by increasing the concentration of nutrients in discharges, OR by increasing the volume of water containing nutrients, even at very low nutrient concentrations that would pass drinking water quality standards.

All plants, including seagrasses, require light, water, and mineral nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, to grow. The required supply of nutrients for any plant population to grow is a function of the plants relative growth rate. Plants that grow quickly require high rates of nutrient supply, while plants that grow more slowly require a lower rate of supply. As a consequence, rapidly growing plants are found where nutrient supplies are high, and slow-growing plants where nutrient supplies are low. High nutrient supplies are not necessarily bad for slow-growing plants, but at high nutrient supply rates fast growing plants can overgrow and shade out the slow growers.

In general, the size of a plant is a good indicator of its relative growth rate, with smaller plants having higher growth rates. In seagrass beds in Biscayne Bay, the fastest growing plants are the single-celled algae that live either in the water, in the sediments, or attached to surfaces, such as seagrass leaves. Filamentous algae that grow on surfaces grow slightly slower, followed by more complex macroalgaes, like the fleshy and calcareous seaweeds. Seagrasses grow even slower. Different species of seagrass have different growth rates and nutrient requirements. The narrow-bladed species widgeon grass (Ruppia maritima) and shoal weed (Halodule wrightii) grow faster than the spaghetti-like manatee grass (Syringodium filiforme) which in turn has a faster growth rate, and therefore higher nutrient requirements, than turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum). It quite common in south Florida, that nutrient supplies can be so low as to constrain the growth of even the slowest growing species (Fourqurean and Rutten 2003).

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EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 Evidence to support the relationship between growth rate and nutrient requirement come from both the distribution of seagrasses around natural nutrient hot spots in south Florida (Powell et al 1991) and from fertilization experiments (Armitage et al 2011, Ferdie and Fourqurean 2004).

For example, the natural state of eastern Florida Bay is very low nutrient availability. However, on some of the mangrove islands in Florida Bay, there are large colonies of wading birds that hunt for food around the bay (Figure 1).

Those birds roost and nest on the islands, and bring food home to feed their young. Both adults and young defecate on the islands, causing natural point sources of nutrient supplies around these small islands. In response to this point source, nutrient availability is very high within a few meters of the islands and decreases with distance away from the mangrove shoreline. In response to this gradient, there are concentric halos of different plants growing on the bottom. Closest to the island where nutrient pollution is greatest, there is only a coating of microalgae covering the sediments. Further away from the island there is a macroalgae zone, followed by a halo of dense widgeon grass, a halo of dense shoal weed, then a zone of mixed shoal grass and dense turtle grass. Farther away still, outside the zone of influence of nutrients from the bird colony, turtle grass declines in density to very sparse coverage.

Fertilization experiments have confirmed that a change in nutrient supply first leads to a change in the density, and then the species composition, of seagrass beds in south Florida (Fourqurean et al 1995). In Florida Bay, fertilizing sparse turtle grass beds with phosphorus first results in an increase in the density of turtle grass; however, once shoal grass becomes established in the fertilized patches, it rapidly displaces the turtle grass (Figure 2). Less controlled experiments illustrate how the seagrass beds of the Florida Keys changed as the Keys became developed.

Early developments relied on cesspools or septic tanks for wastewater treatment. Neither provide nutrient removal in the rocky limestone substrate of the Keys. Thus, wastewater and stormwater nutrients emanating from the shoreline development resulted in the growth of lush seagrass beds immediately off shore of Key Largo (Figure 3). This observation could be interpreted as a good thing because seagrass growth and coverage expanded. However, data from other observations and experiments temper this optimism.

A model has been developed to illustrate how normally low-nutrient seagrass beds of south Florida will change as nutrient availability changes (Fourqurean and Rutten 2003, Figure 4). The model shows that seagrass beds composed of abundant turtle grass, the slowest-growing species, become lush with increased nutrient conditions. But, as nutrient supply continues to increase, the species composition gradually changes as faster-growing species replace the slower-growing ones. At the highest nutrient levels, seagrasses are replaced by seaweeds and microalgae, Loss of the seagrass community will result in a dramatic change in community structure and function.

Animal species dependent on seagrass for food and shelter (e.g., speckled trout, redfish, bonefish and tarpon) are replaced by less desirable species (e.g., jellyfish). The model predicts that the 3

EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 relative abundance of benthic plants at a site is an indicator of the current rate of nutrient supply.

Changes in the relative abundance from slow-growing to fast-growing species at any site indicates an increase in nutrient supply.

2. The seagrasses along the coastline of the Cooling Canal System (CCS) existed for thousands of years in a nutrient-limited state, which means any addition of new nutrients changes the balance of these ecosystems. Increased nutrients harm the ecosystem by increasing the rates of primary production by marine plants. Increase in growth rates means that faster-growing, noxious marine plants, like macroalgae (seaweeds) and microscopic algae and photosynthetic bacteria, overgrow and outcompete seagrasses and corals for light, leading to the losses of corals and seagrasses.

The density and species composition of the seagrasses of southern Biscayne Bay are controlled by the availability of phosphorus. The water column in southern Biscayne Bay has very low concentrations of dissolved phosphorus, and the grand mean TN:TP ratios (ie, the ration of moles of nitrogen to the moles of phosphorus) of the water in southern Biscayne Bay average 177.9 (Caccia and Boyer 2005). When TN:TP of oceanic water is above 16 it indicates that the availability of phosphorus limits the growth of plankton (Redfield 1958). Seagrasses are more complex than phytoplankton, so that the critical ratio determining whether N or P limits plant growth for seagrasses is 30 (Fourqurean and Rutten 20013). The N:P of Turtle Grass (Thalassia testudinum) collected in the vicinity of Turkey Point was 88.6 in 2013, a clear indication of phosphorus limitation (Dewsbury, 2014). Fertilization experiments (Armitage et al 2011, Ferdie and Fourqurean 2004) clearly show that phosphorus fertilization of turtle grass with N:P > 80 first leads to an increase in density of turtle grass, then a replacement of turtle grass by faster-growing seagrasses, followed by a loss of seagrasses as P loading continues.

3. Around the world, there are many nutrients that can limit noxious plant growth, but most often, the nutrients that limit this growth are either nitrogen or phosphorus. In south Biscayne Bay, phosphorus is limiting to phytoplankton and macroalgae. This means that addition of phosphorus will upset the ecological balance of seagrass beds as has been exhibited in Northern Biscayne By and Florida Bay. Upsetting the balance of populations of aquatic flora and fauna by nutrient addition is a violation of Florida surface water quality standards.

As set forth in F.A.C.62-302.520(48)(b), Nutrients, In no case shall nutrient concentrations of a body of water be altered so as to cause an imbalance in natural populations of aquatic flora or fauna. Although there are numeric nutrient criteria for Biscayne Bay, F.A.C.62-302.532(h), the narrative criterion still applies. F.A.C.62-302(48)(a) states, Man-induced nutrient enrichment (total nitrogen or total phosphorus) shall be considered degradation in relation to the provisions of Rules62-302.300,62-302.700, and 62-4.242, F.A.C. Because Biscayne Bay is Outstanding 4

EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 Florida Waters under 62-302.700, man-induced nutrient enrichment from the FPL CCS is considered degradation, which is prohibited.

4. Current seagrass species composition and abundance data collected by ongoing seagrass monitoring programs show that there are places where Turtle Grass biomass offshore from the CCS is unusually dense compared to other areas in southern Biscayne Bay, likely as a consequence of increased P availability in the region and concentrated by the operations of the adjacent CCS The P sources are likely to be the result of Turkey Point operations that includes chemical components added for cleaning, biomass death that occurred within the CCS in 2014, and any nutrient pulled into the system from the surrounding environment that has been concentrated overtime as the freshwater evaporates away over the life of the plant.

Seagrass density data collected around Turkey Point in the late 1960s-early 1970s describe a system with very sparse turtle grass interspersed with a few slightly denser patches more than a few hundred meters offshore (Zieman 1972). In addition, long-time fisherman report that the dense Turtle Grass flats they fished further offshore near the Arsenicker Keys in the early 1970s are now devoid of seagrasses, likely because of continued P addition. In my opinion, there is an imbalance in the seagrass meadows of southern Biscayne Bay in the vicinity of the CCS, likely caused by increased P discharged from the CCS. Anecdotal statements from keen observers about the results of ongoing seagrass monitoring programs in the vicinity suggest seagrasses are denser than elsewhere along the southern coastline of Biscayne Bay.

I have begun following up these anecdotal report with scientific investigation. In 2018 we established transects within the nearshore area of Turkey Point to identify potential areas of elevated nutrient inputs as a result of the operations of Turkey Point, we added this filed season together with existing data from 2014 to establish a map that shows the influence of nutrients in surface waters of Biscayne Bay. Biscayne Bay is a phosphorus-limited ecosystem, consequently the ratios of N to P in seagrass leaves is generally greater than 85. Immediately offshore from the CCS, seagrass N:P suggests that P availability is much higher than normal Biscayne Bay background levels. And time series aerials from Google Earth show that high P in this area is related to very dense seagrasses that collapsed over the period 2010-2014. Under P pollution, normally P-limited turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum) first increase in density (see dark patch in 2010, aerial figure 5), then gets displaced by progressively faster-growing species until no benthic vegetation is left at the highest P pollution levels as indicated by the bare patch in 2017, Figure 5. This has occurred in several hot spots found near the Arseniker Keys and we plan to sample the area again to better define these areas in late July of 2019.

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EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019

5. The nearshore seagrass beds are incredibly efficient at removing P from the water column and storing P at vanishingly small concentrations. In fact, even 30 feet from large point-sources of P in Florida Bay, it is not possible to measure increases in P concentrations in the water column because it has all been captured by the algal and seagrass communities.

This P capture causes increased plant growth and ecosystem imbalances. This imbalance first leads to an actual increase in the abundance of seagrass, but rapidly it causes a change in species composition, first to faster-growing seagrasses, then to seaweeds, then to microscopic algae.

6. Groundwater discharges along the coast of southern Biscayne Bay contain elevated concentrations of phosphorus and tritium, so that any process that causes groundwater discharge to the local seagrasses will supply the limiting nutrient (P) that upsets the balance of the ecosystem. Groundwater under the seagrass meadows of this part of Biscayne Bay contain tritium at concentrations that can only be explained by this water coming from the CCS.

P concentrations in the deeper canals offshore of the CCS and in caves offshore of Turkey Point are 10-20 times higher than the median concentrations (0.03 µM) of inorganic phosphorus in Biscayne Bay waters (Caccia and Boyer 2005). The discharge of water from the cooling canal system (CCS) into Biscayne Bay occurs intermittently through multiple hydrological connections provided by the Biscayne aquifer and its transmissive bedrock. Changed operations of the CCS since 2012 have accelerated the seepage to Biscayne Bay. (Nuttle, 2018) High concentrations of nutrients and tritium have been detected over a three year period in Biscayne Bay immediately adjacent to the CCS in deep canals and cave sites. (Martin, 2018) The highest nutrient levels occur during periods of sustained high-water levels in the CCS when the volume of water is at or near its maximum and Biscayne Bay tides are at a minimum, this occurs approximately 30% of the time (Nuttle, 2018). Preliminary sampling indicate that tritium, a tracer of water with CCS origin, are elevated in the groundwater and porewater of the seagrass supporting regions of Biscayne Bay adjacent to the CCS (see SFWMD-FPL porewater sampling report, appended to these opinions, as well as Brand 2018). Due to current changes and planned future changes in operations to try to decrease the salinity and temperature of the CCS, these conditions are expected to worsen if nutrient-laden reuse water is added to the CCS from a planned waste water treatment plant agreement with Miami Dade County as shown in Figure 6. (see Miami-Dade county Joint Participation Agreement with FPL, dated 4-10-18). Recent modeling completed by EJ Wexler indicates freshening the CCS to 34 PSU and sustaining that through the life of a new extended permit (if granted) would require additional water inputs beyond what is identified in the SEIS from the Floridan Aquifer.

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EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019

7. The geology underlying the CCS and the adjacent seagrass meadows is based on limestone, which is made of calcium carbonate minerals. Calcium carbonate minerals strongly absorb orthophosphate onto their surfaces. But, respiration by plants, animals and bacteria dissolve calcium carbonate minerals, releasing the orthophosphate absorbed to the surfaces. During normal conditions, south Florida ecosystems are incredibly efficient at holding on to captured phosphorus- so much so that the impacts caused by adding P to seagrass beds in south Florida for even short periods can still be measured 30 years after the P additions. On the other hand, bacteria cause added N captured by south Florida ecosystems to be rapidly removed from those ecosystems. These facts result in P additions causing permanent and cumulative imbalances in nearshore marine waters of the Keys while N additions cause imbalances that can be corrected by the cessation of N addition.

Inorganic phosphorus strongly sorbs onto limestone minerals, retarding the transport of phosphorus through the limestone aquifer. However, the binding of phosphate to those minerals is a function of both the salinity of the groundwater (Price et al 2010) as well as the oxidation state of that groundwater (Flower et al 2017a). Both large increases and decreases in the salinity can desorb the phosphate, and make it mobile in the groundwater The seawater of Biscayne Bay and the fresh groundwater of the Biscayne Aquafer are both supersaturated with respect to limestone minerals, and therefore they will not liberate phosphate immobilized on limestone in the groundwater, but calcite will dissolve, and phosphorus will be released, where these two waters mix (Wigley and Plummer 1976). Hence, mixing of saltwater and freshwater in the aquifer can liberate phosphorus and transport it to the surface. This phenomenon explains the plant biomass and productivity increases along the coast of south Florida where brackish groundwater discharges (Price et al 2006). Further, injection of salty groundwater into freshwater aquifers through saltwater intrusion drives phosphorus release from that bedrock (Flower et al 2017b).

When saline and fresh groundwater mix in south Florida sources mix, they create a brackish water solution that dissolves calcium carbonate minerals, releasing orthophosphate stored on the surfaces of the limestone particles.

When this P-laden water reaches the surface, it will be captured by the ecosystem and cause an imbalance because it will be used by the ecosystem resulting in the growth of noxious plants (algae) which outcompete the seagrasses.

The operations of the CCS create saline water that infiltrates the groundwater and is transported and discharged under the seagrass It is my opinion that operation of the CCS has 1) carried phosphorus-polluted groundwater to near-shore surface waters through the highly porous bedrock and 2) has dissolved carbonates in that bedrock, releasing additional phosphorus that had been incorporated into that rock. As this phosphorus reaches the seagrass meadows offshore 7

EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 in Biscayne Bay, it will continue to degrade the ecosystem and cause an imbalance and change the nature of the surrounding marine environment.

8. An imbalance of the seagrasses that form the near-shore habitat near the CCS in Biscayne Bay and provide the food at the base of the food chain harms the fish and wildlife that use these habitats and therefore effects fishing, recreational activities such as bird watching and other activities based on that habitat change and eventual loss.

Salinity and the abundance and species composition of Biscayne Bays seagrass beds interact to control the types and numbers of animals that live in the area (Santos et al 2018, Zink et al.

2017). For example, Biscayne Bays fish populations reflect the salinity regime along the shoreline, with lower salinity sites having fewer fish like bluestriped grunt, schoolmaster snapper and sailors choice, and higher densities of fishes like killifishes, than higher-salinity sites (Serafy et al 2003). Salinity variability can be as important as mean salinity along this coastline in influencing fish communities (Machemer et al 2014).

OPINIONS on the Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Specific Concerns Regarding Estimation of Risk to Aquatic Resources On Page 3-95, Line 9-19, the authors state their assumption that Biscayne Bay is a lagoon and that the salinity is24-44PSU. In fact, the nearshore area of Biscayne Bay offshore of Turkey Point is currently completely blocked by the CCS from receiving fresh surface and groundwater that would naturally flow into Biscayne Bay along the entire shoreline. Historically, fresh water from inland sources would travel through the same limestone passages which now bring polluted CCS discharges into the surface waters of Biscayne Bay when conditions are right.

The historical estuarine nature of Biscayne Bay is reflected in the restoration goals of the Everglades Restoration Project Biscayne Bay Coastal Wetlands project, known as RECOVER.

RECOVER calls for mesohaline conditions (10-18ppt) and clearly estuarine indicator species in the very nearshore coastal regions of Biscayne Bay. According to Biscayne National Park, at no time should salinities exceed 30 ppt in this part of the Bay. As can be seen from the environmental report card for the Everglades just published by the RECOVER group, Biscayne Bay and the southern estuaries are failing due a lack of freshwater inflow and resulting high salinities, and these operations are indirect conflict with the goals outlined in CERP.

On Page 3-96 through page 3-112, the authors describe aquatic resources at Turkey Point from the review and perspective of FPL. To my knowledge no third party or regulator has done a complete analysis of the impact of the CCS operations on aquatic resources of Biscayne Bay.

Monitoring and Analysis in the bay has not been sufficient enough and needs to be expanded to 8

EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 delineate the full extent of the migration of CCS water beneath and into the surface waters of Biscayne Bay and its impact on fish and wildlife completely understood. I have begun to do this by monitoring the seagrass and several years of data show alarming results. It is not advisable to issue a new license extension until this is fully understood.

Another assumption contained in this report is the idea that FPL will be capable of solving the problem of regular algal blooms within the CCS at any point in the medium -term future. The concern is that the authors may be overly optimistic about FPLs capacity to relieve the CCS of its recurring algal blooms. Page 3-99 discusses FPLs nutrient management plan and experimentation in the use of flocculants, skimming, etc. for algae control. There is little to no evidence that this nutrient management or algae control plan will be effective. Numerous previous efforts by FPL to control algal blooms using methods such as the application of copper sulfate herbicide have failed. And, such herbicides may kill the target algal species but they do nothing to reduce the phosphorus contamination that lead to the algal blooms in the first place and have the potential to cause more harm when they are exported from the CCS through groundwater.

The achievement of a seagrass target of 50% of the CCS water acreage is totally hypothetical at this time and should not be counted upon as a given. On page 3-99 the authors noted that the seagrass colonies in the CCS began to die off as a result of increased temperature and salinity levels. Seagrass bed creation is a very difficult and expensive process, and such smallscale restoration efforts with the species common to south Florida generally fail. Without addressing the drivers of seagrass loss, seagrass restoration efforts almost always fail (Van Katwijk et al 2016). Considering that subsequent to the finalization of Turkey Points uprate in 2014 the salt concentration and temperature conditions within the CCS have risen markedly, it is possible the conditions for maintaining a healthy seagrass community no longer exists within the canals.

Furthermore, even should FPL achieve their target for seagrass coverage, there is absolutely no reason to believe that another seagrass die-off in the CCS would not occur. The phosphorus fueling these blooms will not be addressed. Considering that FPL has not shown itself capable of controlling these periodic algae blooms in the near-decade since the problem first arose, it is wholly premature to presume the emergence of a long-term solution at any point in the near future. Projections for the future impacts of the CCS system should instead assume the perpetuation of an algal-based system, with all the accompanying potential for nutrient pollution such a scenario entail.

Specific Concerns Regarding Estimation of Risk to Special Status Species and Habitats As stated in the preceding paragraph there is a concern that the report did not delve into the possibility of seagrass habitat degradation as a potential result of continued operation of the CCS. I am concerned that the Generic Environmental Impact Statement does not properly recognize the importance of the seagrasses of the region to the east of the CCS, even though 9

EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 these plants form the basis of the essential fish habitat near Turkey Point, described on pages 3-112 and 3-113. Further, while the potential for impacts of cooling canal operations on emergent salt tolerant vegetation is recognized and assessed beginning on page 4-24, this general assessment only applies to saltmarsh vegetation. Herbaceous saltmarsh vegetation, however, is rare surrounding the Turkey Point CCS, while emergent woody vegetation (mangroves) and submerged herbaceous plants (seagrasses) are quite common. These special plant communities deserve a proper consideration because such consideration could change the conclusions of the GEIS. I believe we are recognizing environmental degradation of the seagrasses offshore of the CCS, as detailed above. Recent data (Miami Dade DERM) and modeling runs (done by E. J.

Wexler) suggest that the input of heated water at the north end of the CCS is so great that water not only flows south into the CCS as designed, but also flows north, through the mangrove forest and into Biscayne Bay to the northeast of the CCS. There is evidence that this water is causing harm to the mangrove forests visible on Google Earth aerial images, and I believe that we can also see the footprint of this water in the enhanced P content of seagrasses along the shore (Figure 5).

Nutrient-loaded CCS water can have pronounced negative impacts on the ecological resources of Biscayne Bay. Phosphorus pollution specifically is a major concern arising from these discharges. The average concentration of phosphorous measured in the CCS canals is 0.035 mg/l, which is five times the numerical criteria for phosphorous in the south-central inshore region of Biscayne Bay, 0.007 mg/l. Concentrations in the deeper canals offshore of the CCS and in caves offshore of Turkey Point are 10-20 times higher than the median concentrations (0.006 mg/L) of inorganic phosphorus in Biscayne Bay waters. However, a major issue may also exist in the form of legacy phosphorus sorbed onto limestone over the course of many decades of CCS operations.

Phosphorus strongly sorbs onto limestone minerals, retarding the transport of phosphorus through the limestone aquifer. However, the binding of phosphate to those minerals is a function of both the salinity of the groundwater as well as the oxidation state of that groundwater. Both large increases and decreases in the salinity can desorb the phosphate, and make it mobile in the groundwater. Freshening activities which will serve to flush additional CCS water into the surrounding channels could provide the catalyst for desorption and transport into Biscayne Bay Surface Waters .

The seagrass beds of Biscayne Bay require very low nutrient loading in order to remain stable and healthy. Phosphorus concentration is the principal limiting factor in the seagrass beds and benthic communities of Southern Biscayne Bay as the Surface waters of Biscayne Bay are naturally low in concentrations of dissolved phosphorus. Experiments have confirmed that a change in nutrient supply first leads to a change in the density, and then the species composition, of seagrass beds in south Florida. Seagrass beds first experience increased density, then displacement. At the highest nutrient levels, seagrasses are replaced by seaweeds and microalgae.

10

EXHIBIT 4 J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 Unfortunately, it can be exceedingly difficult to accurately assess phosphorus contamination using traditional sampling methods. Seagrass beds are incredibly efficient at removing phosphorus from the water column and storing it at vanishingly small concentrations. In fact, even 30 feet from large point-sources of phosphorus in Florida Bay, it is not possible to measure increases in phosphorus concentrations in the water column because it has all been captured by the seagrass communities. Although these phosphorus discharges are difficult to detect, they are nonetheless incredibly impactful, causing increased plant growth and ecosystem imbalances first resulting in increased abundance, then displacement and potential collapse.

I submitted this updated report on June 24, 2019.

Signed:

James W. Fourqurean, Ph. D.

LITERATURE CITED Armitage, A. R., T. A. Frankovich, and J. W. Fourqurean. 2011. Long-term effects of adding nutrients to an oligotrophic coastal environment. Ecosystems 14:430-444.

Brand Expert Report, 2018 SOUTHERN ALLIANCE FOR CLEAN ENERGY TROPICAL AUDUBON SOCIETY INCORPORATED, and FRIENDS OF THE EVERGLADES, INC., V.

FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY, Case No.: 1:16-cv-23017-DPG, Expert Report of Dr Larry Brand Caccia, V. G., and J. N. Boyer. 2005. Spatial patterning of water quality in Biscayne Bay, Florida as a function of land use and water management. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50:1416-1429.

Dewsbury, B. M.2014. The ecology and economics of seagrass community structure. P..D Dissertation, Florida International University. 168 pp.

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J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 Ferdie, M., and J. W. Fourqurean. 2004. Responses of seagrass communities to fertilization along a gradient of relative availability of nitrogen and phosphorus in a carbonate environment.

Limnology and Oceanography 49:2082-2094.

Flower, H., M. Rains, D. Lewis, and J. Z. Zhang. 2017a. Rapid and Intense Phosphate Desorption Kinetics When Saltwater Intrudes into Carbonate Rock. Estuaries and Coasts 40:1301-1313.

Flower, H., M. Rains, D. Lewis, J. Z. Zhang, and R. Price. 2017b. Saltwater intrusion as potential driver of phosphorus release from limestone bedrock in a coastal aquifer. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 184:166-176.

Fourqurean, J. W., and L. M. Rutten. 2003. Competing goals of spatial and temporal resolution:

monitoring seagrass communities on a regional scale. Pages 257-288 in D. E. Busch and J. C.

Trexler, editors. Monitoring ecosystem initiatives: interdisciplinary approaches for evaluating ecoregional initiatives. Island Press, Washington, D. C.

Fourqurean, J. W., G. V. N. Powell, W. J. Kenworthy, and J. C. Zieman. 1995. The effects of long-term manipulation of nutrient supply on competition between the seagrasses Thalassia testudinum and Halodule wrightii in Florida Bay. Oikos 72:349-358.

Kruczynski, W. L. and P. J. Fletcher. Tropical Connections: South Floridas marine environment. IAN press, Cabridge Md, 474 pages.

Machemer, E. G. P., J. F. Walter, J. E. Serafy, and D. W. Kerstetter. 2012. Importance of mangrove shorelines for rainbow parrotfish I: habitat suitability modeling in a subtropical bay.

Aquatic Biology 15:87-98.

Martin Expert Report, 2018 SOUTHERN ALLIANCE FOR CLEAN ENERGY TROPICAL AUDUBON SOCIETY INCORPORATED, and FRIENDS OF THE EVERGLADES, INC., V.

FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY, Case No.: 1:16-cv-23017-DPG, Expert Report of Kirk Martin Nuttle Expert Report, 2018 SOUTHERN ALLIANCE FOR CLEAN ENERGY TROPICAL AUDUBON SOCIETY INCORPORATED, and FRIENDS OF THE EVERGLADES, INC., V.

FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY, Case No.: 1:16-cv-23017-DPG, Expert Report of Dr William Nuttle 12

J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 Powell, G. V. N., J. W. Fourqurean, W. J. Kenworthy, and J. C. Zieman. 1991. Bird colonies cause seagrass enrichment in a subtropical estuary: observational and experimental evidence.

Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 32:567-579.

Price, R. M., M. R. Savabi, J. L. Jolicoeur, and S. Roy. 2010. Adsorption and desorption of phosphate on limestone in experiments simulating seawater intrusion. Applied Geochemistry 25:1085-1091.

Price, R. M., P. K. Swart, and J. W. Fourqurean. 2006. Coastal groundwater discharge - an additional source of phosphorus for the oligotrophic wetlands of the Everglades. Hydrobiologia 569:23-36.

Redfield, A. C. 1958. The biological control of chemical factors in the environment. American Scientist 46:205-221.

Reynolds, L., Nuttle, W., Fourquean J., 2019. Future Impacts on Biscayne Bay of Extended Operation of Turkey Point Cooling Canals. Poster Greater Everglades Ecosystem Restoration Conference, May XX 2019 Santos, R. O., D. Lirman, S. J. Pittman, and J. E. Serafy. 2018. Spatial patterns of seagrasses and salinity regimes interact to structure marine faunal assemblages in a subtropical bay. Marine Ecology Progress Series 594:21-38.

Serafy, J. E., C. H. Faunce, and J. J. Lorenz. 2003. Mangrove shoreline fishes of Biscayne Bay, Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 72:161-180.

Wigley, T.M.L., and Plummer, L. N. 1976, Mixing of carbonate waters: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 40:989-995.

Van Katwijk, M. M., A. Thorhaug, N. Marba, R. J. Orth, C. M. Duarte, G. A. Kendrick, I. H. J.

Althuizen et al. 2016. Global analysis of seagrass restoration: the importance of large-scale planting. Journal of Applied Ecology 53 (2):567-578.

Zink, I. C., J. A. Browder, D. Lirman, and J. E. Serafy. 2017. Review of salinity effects on abundance, growth, and survival of nearshore life stages of pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum). Ecological Indicators 81:1-17.

Zieman, J. C. 1972. Origin of circular beds of Thalassia (Spermatophyta: hydrocharitaceae) in south Biscayne Bay, Florida, and their relationship to mangrove hammocks. Bulletin of Marine Science 22:559-574.

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J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 QUALIFICATIONS My resume is attached hereto and contains my qualifications and a list of all publications that I have authored.

PRIOR TESTIMONY During the past 4 years, I have participated in the following cases:

(1 deposition and 1 administrative hearing)

STATE OF FLORIDA DIVISION OF Case No. 15-1233 ADMINISTRATIVE HEARINGS MIKE LAUDICINA; DON DEMARIA; CUDJOE GARDENS PROPERETY OWNERS ASSOC.

INC.; AND SUGARLOAF SHORES PROPERTY OWNERS ASSOC., INC.,

PetitionerS, vs.

FLORIDA KEYS AQUADUCT AUTHORITY AND DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, Respondents.

I gave deposition in this case on October 14, 2015 at Veritext Legal Solutions, 2 South Biscayne Blvd., Suite 2250, Miami, FL 33131 STATE OF FLORIDA Case No. 14-5302 DIVISION OF ADMINISTRATIVE HEARINGS LAST STAND (PROTECT KEY WEST AND THE FLORIDA 14

J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 KEYS,b/d/a LAST STAND, AND GEORGE HALLORAN, Petitioners, vs.

KET WEST RESORT UTILITIES CORPORATION, AND STATE OF FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, Respondents

__________________________/

The final hearing in this matter was held on April 21-May1, 2015 at the Freeman Justice Center, Conerence Room A, 302 Fleming Street, Key West, Florida, before Cathy M. Sellers, an Administrative Law Judge of the Division of Administrative Hearings (DOAH).

FIGURES Figure 1. Islands with large bird colonies in Florida Bay are natural nutrient sources that cause zonation of the benthic habitat, with fast-growing microalgae dominant near the nutrient source and slow-growing turtle grass dominant far from the nutrient supply. See Powell et al 1991. Figure reproduced from Kryczynski and Fletcher 2012, page 276.

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J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 Figure 2. Artificial bird perches have been used to study the effects of nutrient additions to nutrient-limited seagrass beds in south Florida (Fourqurean et al 1995). Fertilization initially leads to more turtle grass, but that turtle grass is replaced by faster-growing shoal weed (left column).

Short term fertilization has impacts that last for decades (right column). Figure reproduced from Kryczynski and Fletcher 2012, page 276.

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J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 Figure 3. Seagrass distribution along the shoreline of Key Largo near Dove Key in 1959 (left) and 1991 (right). Prior to development, seagrass coverage was sparse along the shoreline. However, by 1991 seagrass coverage and density increased substantially along the shoreline in response to nutrients emanating from development. Figure reproduced from Kryczynski and Fletcher 2012, page 277.

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J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 Figure 4. This model describes how the dominant organisms from shallow Biscayne Bay change with addition of nutrients. Nutrient supply can increase either with an increase in concentration OR and increase in volume of nutrient sources. This figure is based on Fourqurean and Rutten (2003) and is reproduced from Kryczynski and Fletcher 2012, page 276.

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J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 Figure 5. Biscayne Bay is a phosphorus-limited ecosystem, consequently the ratios of N to P in seagrass leaves is generally greater then 85. Immediately offshore from the CCS, seagrass N:P suggests that P availability is much higher than normal Biscayne Bay background levels. And time series aerials show that high P in this area is related to very dense seagrasses that collapsed over the period 2010-2014. Under P pollution, normally P-limited turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum) first increase in density (see dark patch in 2010 aerial), then gets displaced by progressively faster-growing species until no benthic vegetation is left at the highest P pollution levels. Note the opening up of bare areas in the dense patch by 2017. (Froquean, et al 2019) 19

J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 Figure 6. Detailed information on the water quality and salt budgets, the result of 10 years of in-depth monitoring by multiple agencies, reveals how the cooling canals interact with the Biscayne aquifer and Biscayne Bay. Miami Dade DERMs multi-year water quality monitoring data revel that discharge from the CCS into the surface waters of Biscayne Bay is occurring and those high levels of nutrient are violating Numeric Nutrient Standards as well as narrative water quality 20

J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 standards meant to protect Biscayne Bay, a historically nutrient poor system. On average, there is a net inflow of groundwater into the canals to help balance water loss due to high rates of evaporation. However, significant outflows of water from the cooling canals also occurs in response to the variation in water levels in space and over time. Under normal operations, pumps circulate water through the power plants. This draws down water level in the intake canals (Sta. 6) and raises water level where the pumps discharge into the canals (Sta. 1). The difference in water level between Sta. 1 and Sta. 6 drives flow down the discharge canals and up the intake canals back to the plants. Elevated water level at Sta. 1 drives the outflow of hypersaline water down into the aquifer. (Nuttle et al, 2019) 21

J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 Figure 6. Outflow from the CCS toward Biscayne Bay occurs intermittently, about 30% of the time, in response to heavy rainfall, plant operations including additional water inputs from remediation, and fluctuations in Biscayne Bay water levels, which occur in response to weather and seasonal changes in sea level. This open system is completely dependent upon weather patterns and is vulnerable in the future because it is at sea-level, dependent on rainfall and regional water availability and carved into porous limestone that communicates with surface waters of the US that are protected. ( Nuttle, 2018) 22

J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 Curriculum Vitae James W. Fourqurean, Ph.D.

17641 SW 75th Ave Palmetto Bay, FL 33157 Profile James Fourqurean is a marine and estuarine ecologist with a special interest in benthic plant communities and nutrient biogeochemistry. He received his undergraduate and graduate training in the Department of Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia, where he became familiar with the Chesapeake Bay and its benthic communities. He developed a love of tropical ecosystems while doing his dissertation research in Florida Bay. After a post doc at San Francisco State studying planktonic processes in Tomales Bay, California, he was recruited to return to south Florida to join a new research group at the newest research university in the country, Florida International University. He has at FIU since 1993, where he is now Professor of Biological Sciences and the Director of the Center for Coastal Oceans Research in the Institute for Water and Environment. For the past three decades, his main research areas have been in the seagrass environments of south Florida, but he has also worked in coastal environments around the Gulf of Mexico, in Australia, Indonesia, Mexico, Panama, Bahamas, Bermuda, the United Arab Emirate and the western Mediterranean.

He is the lead scientist and overall manager of FIUs Aquarius Reef Base, the worlds only saturation diving habitat and laboratory for research, education and outreach. He has served as the Principal Investigator of over $25M in grants and contracts at FIU, and published 127 papers in the refereed scientific literature and 13 book chapters. Seven graduate students have received PhD degrees working under his direction, along with 15 MS students. His global leadership in coastal oceans research was recently recognized when he was elected President of the Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation, the worlds leading body of scientists who study coastal issues.

Education Ph.D. 1992 University of Virginia, Department of Environmental Sciences M.S. 1987 University of Virginia, Department of Environmental Sciences B.A. 1983 University of Virginia, Depts of Biology and Environmental Sciences Career Summary 2006- Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University 2017 - President-elect, Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation 2014 - Adjunct Professor, School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia 2014 Visiting Research Fellow, Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia 2012- Director, Center for Coastal Oceans Research, Institute of Water and Environment, Florida International University 23

J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 2012- Director, Center for Coastal Oceans Research, Institute of Water and Environment, Florida International University 2012- Visiting Research Fellow, Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia 2002 - 2006 Chair, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University 2001 - 2002 Visiting Professor, Institut Mediterrani dEstudis Avançats, CSIC-Universitat des Illes Balears, Esporles, Mallorca, Spain 1998 - 2006 Associate Professor 1993 - 1998 Assistant Professor, Department of Biological Sciences and Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University 1992 Postdoctoral research associate, San Francisco State University 1983 - 1992 Graduate research assistant, University of Virginia. J.C. Zieman, advisor.

1983 - 1987 Research biologist, National Audubon Society Scientific Publications Scientific Journals 134. Fourqurean, J.W., S.A. Manuel, K.A. Coates, S. C. Massey and W.J. Kenworthy. In press. Decadal monitoring in Bermuda shows a widespread loss of seagrasses attributable to overgrazing by the green sea turtle Chelonia mydas. Estuaries and Coasts 133. Fonseca, M.S., J.W. Fourqurean and M.A.R. Koehl. In Press. Effect of shoot size on current speed: Importance of flexibility versus shoot density. Frontiers in Marine Science 132. Macreadie, P.I. , A. Anton, J.A. Raven , N. Beaumont, R.M. Connolly, D.A. Friess, J.J. Kelleway, H. Kennedy, T. Kuwae, P.S. Lavery, C.E. Lovelock, D.A. Smale, E.T. Apostolaki, T.B. Atwood, J. Baldock, T.S. Bianchi, G.L. Chmura, B.D. Eyre, J.W. Fourqurean, J.M. Hall-Spencer, M. Huxham, I.E. Hendriks, D. Krause-Jensen, D. Laffoley, T. Luisetti, N. Marb, P. Masqué, K.J. McGlathery, P.J.

Megonigal, D. Murdiyarso, B.D. Russell, R. Santos, O. Serrano, B.R. Silliman, K.

Watanabe, C.M. Duarte. In Press. The Future of Blue Carbon science. Nature Communications.

131. Saderne, V., N. R. Geraldi, P. I. Macreadie, D. T. Maher, J. J. Middelburg, O.

Serrano, H. Almahasheer, A. Arias-Ortiz, M. Cusack, B. D. Eyre, J.W.

Fourqurean, H. Kennedy, D. Krause-Jensen, T. Kuwae, P. S. Lavery, C. E.

Lovelock, N. Marb, P. Masqué, M. A. Mateo, I. Mazarrasa, K. J. McGlathery, M.

P. J. Oreska, C. J. Sanders, I. R. Santos, J. M. Smoak, T. Tanaya , K. Watanabe, and C. M. Duarte. 2019. Role of carbonate burial in Blue Carbon budgets.

Nature Communications 10:1106. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08842-6 130. Rodriguez-Casariego*, J., M. Ladd, A. Shantz, C. Lopes*, M. S. Cheema, B. Kim, S. Roberts, J.W. Fourqurean, J. Ausio, D.E. Burkepile and J. Eirin-Lopez, 2018.

Coral epigenetic responses to nutrient stress: impaired histone H2A.X 24

J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 phosphorylation and DNA methylation trends in the staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis. Ecology and Evolution 8(23):12193-12207. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4678 129. Collins, L.S., J. Cheng*, L.C. Hayek, J.W. Fourqurean and M.A. Buzas. 2019.

Historical seagrass abundance of Florida Bay, USA, based on a foraminiferal proxy. Journal of Paleolimnology 62:15-29. DOI: 10.1007/s10933-019-00072-6 128. Fargione, J.E., S. Bassett, T. Boucher, S. Bridgham, R.T. Conant, S.C. Cook-Patton, P.W. Ellis, A. Falcucci, J.W. Fourqurean, T. Gopalakrishna, H. Gu, B.

Henderson, M.D. Hurteau, K.D. Kroeger, T. Kroeger, T.J. Lark, S.M. Leavitt, G.

Lomax, R.I. McDonald, P.J. Megonigal, D.A. Miteva, C. Richardson, J.

Sanderman, D. Shoch, S. A. Spawn, J. W. Veldman, C. A. Williams, P.

Woodbury, C. Zganjar, M. Baranski, P. Elias, R. A. Houghton, E. Landis, E.

McGlynn, W.H. Schlesinger, J.V. Siikamaki, A.E. Sutton-Grier, and B.W.

Griscom. 2018. Natural Climate Solutions for the United States. Science Advances 4(11):eaat1869. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat1869 127. Bonthond, G., D.G. Merselis*, K.E. Dougan*, T. Graff, W. Todd, J.W. Fourqurean and M. Rodriguez-Lanetty. 2018. Inter-domain microbial diversity within the coral holobiont Siderastrea siderea from two depth habitats. Peer J 6:e4323. DOI:

10.7717/peerj.4323 126. Arias-Ortiz, A.*, O. Serrano, P.S. Lavery, G.A. Kendrick, P. Masqué, U. Mueller, A.

Esteban, M. Rozaimi, J.W. Fourqurean, N. Marb, M.A. Mateo, K. Murray, M.

Rule, C.M. Duarte. 2018. A marine heat wave drives massive losses from the worlds largest seagrass carbon stocks. Nature Climate Change 8:338-344. DOI:

10.1038/s41558-018-0096-y 125. Burgett, C.M.*, D.A. Burkholder, K.A. Coates, V.L. Fourqurean, W. J. Kenworthy, S.A. Manuel, M.E. Outerbridge and J.W. Fourqurean. 2018. Ontogenetic diet shifts of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) in a mid-ocean developmental habitat. Marine Biology 165:33. DOI: 10.1007/s00227-018-3290-6 124. Campbell, J.E.* and J.W. Fourqurean. 2018. Does nutrient availability regulate seagrass response to elevated CO2? Ecosystems 21(7):1269-1282. DOI:

10.1007/s10021-017-0212-2123. Lovelock, C.E., J.W. Fourqurean and J.T.

Morris. 2017. Modelled CO2 emissions from coastal wetland transitions to other land uses: mangrove forests, tidal marshes and seagrass ecosystems. Frontiers in Marine Science 4:123 122. Howard, J.L., J.C. Creed, M.V.P. Aguiar and J.W. Fourqurean. 2018. CO2 released by carbonate sediment production in some coastal areas may offset the benefits of seagrass "blue carbon" storage. Limnology and Oceanography 63(1):160-172.

121. Sweatman, J., C.A. Layman and J.W. Fourqurean. 2017. Habitat fragmentation has some impacts on aspects of ecosystem functioning in a sub-tropical seagrass bed. Marine Environmental Research 126:95-108.

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J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 120. Nowicki, R.J., J.A. Thomson, D.A. Burkholder, J.W. Fourqurean and M.R.

Heithaus. 2017. Predicting seagrass recovery trajectories and their implications following an extreme climate event. Marine Ecology-Progress Series. 567:70-93.

119. Schile, L.M., J.B. Kauffman, S. Crooks, J.W. Fourqurean, J. Glavin and J.P.

Megonigal. 2017. Limits on carbon sequestration in arid blue carbon ecosystems.

Ecological Applications 27(3):859-874.

118. Frankovich, T.A., D. T. Rudnick and J.W. Fourqurean. 2017. Light attenuation in estuarine mangrove lakes. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 184:191-201.

117. McDonald, A.M., P. Prado, K.L. Heck, Jr, J.W. Fourqurean, T.A. Frankovich, K.H.

Dunton and J. Cebrian. 2016. Seagrass growth, reproductive, and morphological plasticity across environmental gradients over a large spatial scale. Aquatic Botany 134:87-96.

116. Bessey, C., M.R. Heithaus, J.W. Fourqurean, K.R. Gastrich, and D.A. Burkholder.

2016. The importance of teleost grazers on seagrass composition in a subtropical ecosystem with abundant populations of megagrazers and predators.

Marine Ecology - Progress Series 553:81-92.

115. Howard, J.L., A. Perez, C.C. Lopes** and J.W. Fourqurean. 2016. Fertilization changes seagrass community structure but not blue carbon storage: results from a 30-year field experiment. Estuaries and Coasts 39:1422-1434.

114. Dewsbury, B.M., M. Bhat and J.W. Fourqurean. 2016. A review of economic valuations of seagrass ecosystems. Ecosystem Services 18:68-77.

113. Armitage, A.R and J.W. Fourqurean. 2016. Carbon storage in seagrass soils: long-term nutrient history exceeds the effects of near-term nutrient enrichment.

Biogeosciences 13:313-321.

112. Catano, L., M. Rojas, R. Malossi, J. Peters, M. Heithaus, J.W. Fourqurean, D.

Burkepile. 2016. Reefscapes of fear: predation risk and reef heterogeneity interact to shape herbivore foraging behavior. Journal of Animal Ecology 85:146-156.

111. Alongi, D.M., D. Murdiyarso, J.W. Fourqurean, J.B. Kauffman, A. Hutahaean, S.

Crooks, C.E. Lovelock, J. Howard, D. Herr, M. Fortes, E. Pidgeon, and T.

Wagey. 2016. Indonesias blue carbon: A globally significant and vulnerable sink for seagrass and mangrove carbon. Wetlands Ecology and Management 24:3-13.

110. Bourque, A.S., J.W. Fourqurean and W.J. Kenworthy. 2015. The impacts of physical disturbance on ecosystem structure in subtropical seagrass meadows.

Marine Ecology Progress Series 540:27-41.

109. Atwood, T.B., R.M. Connolly, E.G. Ritchie, C.E. Lovelock, M.R. Heithaus, G.C.

Hays, J.W. Fourqurean and P.I. Macreadie. 2015. Predators help protect carbon stocks in blue carbon ecosystems. Nature Climate Change 5:1038-1045 26

J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 108. Fourqurean, J.W., S.A. Manuel, K.A. Coates, W.J. Kenworthy and J.N. Boyer.

2015. Water quality, isoscapes and stoichioscapes of seagrasses indicate general P limitation and unique N cycling in shallow water benthos of Bermuda.

Biogeosciences 12:6235-6249 107. Gaiser, E.E., E.P. Anderson, E. Castaneda-Moya, L. Collado-Vides, J.W.

Fourqurean, M.R. Heithaus, R. Jaffé, D. Lagomasino, N.J. Oehm, R.M. Price, V.H. Rivera-Monroy, R. Roy Chowdhury, T.G. Troxler. 2015. New perspectives on an iconic landscape from comparative international long-term ecological research. Ecosphere 6(10):181.

106. Mazarrasa, I., N. Marb, C.E. Lovelock, O. Serrano, P. Lavery, J.W. Fourqurean, H. Kennedy, M.A. Mateo, D. Krause-Jensen, A.D.L. Steven and C.M. Duarte.

2015. Seagrass meadows as globally significant carbonate reservoir.

Biogeosciences 12:4993-5003.

105. Dewsbury, B.M., S. Koptur and J.W. Fourqurean. 2015. Ecosystem responses to prescribed fire along a chronosequence in a subtropical pine rockland habitat.

Caribbean Naturalist 24:1-12.

104. Bourque, A.S., R. Vega-Thurber and J.W. Fourqurean. 2015. Microbial community structure and dynamics in restored subtropical seagrass soils. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 74:43-57.

103. Campbell, J.E., E.A. Lacey, R.A. Decker, S. Crooks and J.W. Fourqurean. 2015.

Carbon storage in seagrass beds of the Arabian Gulf. Estuaries and Coasts 38:242-251.

102. Thomson, J.A., D.A. Burkholder, M.R. Heithaus, J.W. Fourqurean, M.W. Fraser, J.

Statton and G.A. Kendrick. 2015. Extreme temperatures, foundation species and abrupt shifts in ecosystems. Global Change Biology 21:1463-1474.

101. Lacey, E.A., L. Collado-Vides and J.W. Fourqurean. 2014. Morphological and physiological responses of seagrasses to grazers and their role as patch abandonment cues. Revista de Biología Tropical 62(4):1535-1548.

100. Bourque, A.S. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2014. Effects of common seagrass restoration methods on ecosystem structure in subtropical seagrass meadows.

Marine Environmental Research 97:67-78.

99. Heithaus, M.R., T. Alcovero, R. Arthur, D.A. Burkholder, K.A. Coates, M.J.A.

Christianen, N. Kelkar, S.A. Manuel, A.J. Wirsing, W.J, Kenworthy and J.W.

Fourqurean. 2014. Seagrasses in the age of sea turtle conservation and shark overfishing. Frontiers in Marine Science 1:28.

98. Campbell, J.E. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2014. Ocean acidification outweighs nutrient effects in structuring seagrass epiphyte communities. Journal of Ecology 102(3):730-737.

97. Troxler, T.G., E. Gaiser, J. Barr, J.D. Fuentes, R. Jaffe, D.L. Childers, L. Collado-Vides, V.H. Rivera-Monroy, E. Castaneda-Moya, W. Anderson, R. Chambers, 27

J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 M.L. Chen, C. Coronado-Molina, S.E. Davis, V. Engel, C. Fitz, J. Fourqurean, T.

Frankovich, J. Kominoski, C. Madden, S.L. Malone, S.F. Oberbauer, P. Olivas, J.

Richards, C. Saunders, J. Schedlbauer, L.J. Scinto, F. Sklar, T. Smith, J.M.

Smoak, G. Starr, R.R. Twilley, and K. Whelan. 2013. Integrated carbon budget models for the Everglades terrestrial-oceanic gradient: Current Status and Needs for Inter-Site Comparisons. Oceanography 26:98-107.

96. Manuel, S.M., K.A. Coates, W.J. Kenworthy and J.W. Fourqurean. 2013. Tropical species at the northern limit of their range: composition and distribution in Bermuda's benthic habitats in relation to depth and light availability. Marine Environmental Research 89:63-75.

95. Bourque, A.S., and J.W. Fourqurean. 2013. Variability in herbivory in subtropical seagrass ecosystems and implications for seagrass transplanting. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 445:29-37.

94. Burkholder, D.A., M.R. Heithaus, J.W. Fourqurean, A. Wirsing and L.M. Dill. 2013.

Patterns of top-down control of a seagrass ecosystem: could a roving top predator induce a behavior-mediated trophic cascade? Journal of Animal Ecology 82(6): 1192-1202.

93. Campbell, J.E. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2013. Effects of in situ CO2 enrichment on the structural and chemical characteristics of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum.

Marine Biology 160(6):1465-1475.

92. Campbell, J.E. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2013. Mechanisms of bicarbonate use influence photosynthetic CO2 sensitivity of tropical seagrasses. Limnology and Oceanography 58(3): 839-848.

91. Lacey, E.A., J.W. Fourqurean and L. Collado-Vides. 2013. Increased algal dominance despite presence of Diadema antillarum populations on a Caribbean coral reef. Bulletin of Marine Science 89(2):603-620.

90. Burkholder, D.A., J.W. Fourqurean and M.R. Heithaus. 2013. Spatial pattern in stoichiometry indicates both N-limited and P-limited regions of an iconic P-limited subtropical bay. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 472:101-115.

89. Baggett, L.P., K.L. Heck, Jr., T.A. Frankovich, A.R. Armitage and J.W. Fourqurean.

2013. Stoichiometry, growth, and fecundity responses to nutrient enrichment by invertebrate grazers in sub-tropical turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum) meadows.

Marine Biology 160:169-180.

88. Fourqurean, J.W., G.A. Kendrick, L.S. Collins, R.M. Chambers and M.A. Vanderklift.

2012. Carbon and nutrient storage in subtropical seagrass meadows: examples from Florida Bay and Shark Bay. Marine and Freshwater Research 63:967-983.

87. Kendrick G.A., J.W. Fourqurean, M.W. Fraser, M.R. Heithaus, G. Jackson, K, Friedman and D. Hallac. 2012. Science behind management of Shark Bay and Florida Bay, two P-limited subtropical systems with different climatology and human pressures. Marine and Freshwater Research 63:941-951.

28

J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019

86. Fraser, M.W., G.A. Kendrick, P.F. Grierson, J.W. Fourqurean, M.A. Vanderklift and D.I. Walker. 2012. Nutrient status of seagrasses cannot be inferred from system-scale distribution of phosphorus in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 63:1015-1026.

85. Frankovich, T.A., J. Barr, D. Morrison and J.W. Fourqurean. 2012. Differential importance of water quality parameters and temporal patterns of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) cover in adjacent sub-estuaries distinguished by alternate regimes of phytoplankton and SAV dominance. Marine and Freshwater Research 63:1005-1014.

84. Burkholder, D.A., M.R. Heithaus, and J.W. Fourqurean. 2012. Feeding preferences of herbivores in a relatively pristine subtropical seagrass ecosystem. Marine and Freshwater Research 63:1051-1058.

83. Price, R.M., G. Skrzypek, P.F. Grierson, P.K. Swart, and J.W. Fourqurean. 2012.

The use of stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in identifying water exchange of in two hypersaline estuaries with different hydrologic regimes. Marine and Freshwater Research 63:952-966.

82. Cawley, K.M., Y. Ding*, J.W. Fourqurean and R. Jaffé. 2012. Characterizing the sources and fate of dissolved organic matter in Shark Bay, Australia: A preliminary study using optical properties and stable carbon isotopes. Marine and Freshwater Research 63:1098-1107.

81. Belicka, L.L., D. Burkholder, J.W. Fourqurean, M.R. Heithaus, S.A. Macko and R.

Jaffé. 2012. Stable isotope and fatty acid biomarkers of seagrass, epiphytic, and algal organic matter to consumers in a nearly pristine seagrass ecosystem.

Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 63:1085-1097

80. Pendleton, L., D.C. Donato, B.C. Murray, S. Crooks, W.A. Jenkins, S. Sifleet, C.

Craft, J. W. Fourqurean, B. Kauffman, N. Marb, P. Megonigal, E. Pidgeon, V.

Bilbao-Bastidam, R. Ullman, and D. Gordon. 2012. Estimating global "blue carbon" emissions from conversion and degradation of vegetated coastal ecosystems. PLoS ONE 7(9):e43542.

79. Fourqurean, J.W., Duarte, C.M., Kennedy, H., Marb, N., Holmer, M., Mateo, M.A.,

Apostolaki, E.T., Kendrick, G.A., Krause-Jensen, D., McGlathery, K.J., and O.

Serrano. 2012. Seagrass ecosystems as a globally significant carbon stock.

Nature Geoscience 5:505-509.

78. Campbell, J.E., L.A. Yarbro and J.W. Fourqurean. 2012. Negative relationships between the nutrient and carbohydrate content of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Aquatic Botany 99:56-60.

77. Hitchcock, G.L., J.W. Fourqurean, J. Drake, R.N. Mead and C.A. Heil. 2012.

Brevetoxin persistence in sediments and seagrass epiphytes of east Florida coastal waters. Harmful Algae 13:89-94 29

J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019

76. Burkholder, D.A., M.R. Heithaus, J.A. Thomson and J.W. Fourqurean. 2011.

Diversity in trophic interactions of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) on a relatively pristine coastal seagrass foraging ground. Marine Ecology Progress Series 439: 277-293.

75. Armitage, A.R., T.A. Frankovich and J.W. Fourqurean. 2011. Long term effects of adding nutrients to an oligotrophic coastal environment. Ecosystems 14:430-444.

74. Herbert, D.A., W.B. Perry, B.J. Cosby and J.W. Fourqurean. 2011. Projected reorganization of Florida Bay seagrass communities in response to increased freshwater delivery from the Everglades. Estuaries and Coasts 34:973-992.

73. Frankovich, T.A., D. Morrison and J.W. Fourqurean. 2011. Benthic macrophyte distribution and abundance in estuarine mangrove lakes: Relationships to environmental variables. Estuaries and Coasts 34(1):20-31.

72. Campbell, J.E. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2011. Novel methodology for in situ carbon dioxide enrichment of benthic ecosystems. Limnology and Oceanography Methods 9:97-109.

71. Duarte, C.M., N. Marb, E. Gacia, J.W. Fourqurean, J. Beggins, C. Barrón, E.T.

Apostolaki. 2010. Seagrass community metabolism: assessing the carbon sink capacity of seagrass meadows. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 24: GB4032.

70. Kennedy, H., J. Beggins, C. M. Duarte, J.W. Fourqurean, M. Holmer, N. Marb, and J. J. Middelburg. 2010. Seagrass sediments as a global carbon sink: isotopic constraints. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 24: GB4026.

69. Fourqurean, J.W., S. Manuel, K.A. Coates, W.J. Kenworthy and S.R. Smith. 2010.

Effects of excluding sea turtle herbivores from a seagrass bed: overgrazing may have led to loss of seagrass meadows in Bermuda. Marine Ecology Progress Series 419:223-232.

68. Fourqurean, J.W., M.F. Muth and J.N. Boyer. 2010. Epiphyte loads on seagrasses and microphytobenthos abundance are not reliable indicators of nutrient availability in coastal ecosystems. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:971-983.

67. Dewsbury, B.M. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2010. Artificial reefs concentrate nutrients and alter benthic community structure in an oligotrophic, subtropical estuary.

Bulletin of Marine Science 86(4): 813-828.

66. Baggett, L.P., K.L. Heck, Jr., T.A. Frankovich, A.R. Armitage and J.W. Fourqurean.

2010. Nutrient enrichment, grazer identity and their effects on epiphytic algal assemblages: field experiments in sub-tropical turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum) meadows. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 406:33-45.

65. Fourqurean, J.W., T.J Smith III, J. Possley, T. M. Collins, D. Lee and S. Namoff.

2010. Are mangroves in the tropical Atlantic ripe for invasion? Exotic mangrove trees in the forests of south Florida. Biological Invasions 12:2509-2522.

30

J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019

64. Armitage, A.R. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2009. Stable isotopes reveal complex changes in trophic relationships following nutrient addition in a coastal marine ecosystem. Estuaries and Coasts 32:1152-1164.

63. Waycott, M., C.M. Duarte, T.J.B. Carruthers, R.J. Orth, W.C. Dennison, S. Olyarnik, A. Calladine, J.W. Fourqurean, K.L. Heck, Jr., A.R. Hughes, G. Kendrick, W.J.

Kenworthy, F.T. Short and S.L. Williams. 2009. Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academies of Science USA 106(3):12377-12381.

62. Campbell, J.E. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2009. Interspecific variation in the elemental and stable isotopic content of seagrasses in South Florida. Marine Ecology -

Progress Series 387:109-123.

61. Frankovich, T.A., A.R. Armitage, A.H. Wachnicka, E.E. Gaiser and J.W.

Fourqurean. 2009. Nutrient effects on seagrass epiphyte community structure in Florida Bay. Journal of Phycology 45:1010-1020.

60. Madden, C.J., D.T. Rudnick, A.A. McDonald, K.M. Cunniff, J.W. Fourqurean. 2009.

Ecological indicators for assessing and communicating seagrass status and trends in Florida Bay. Ecological Indicators 9S:S68-S82.

59. Herbert, D.A. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2009. Phosphorus availability and salinity control productivity and demography of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum in Florida Bay. Estuaries and Coasts 32(1):188-201.

58. Fourqurean, J.W., C.M. Duarte, M.D. Kershaw and S.T. Threlkeld. 2008. Estuaries and Coasts as an outlet for research in coastal ecosystems: a bibliometric study.

Estuaries and Coasts 31(3):469-476. (Invited editorial)

57. Herbert, D.A. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2008. Ecosystem structure and function still altered two decades after short-term fertilization of a seagrass meadow.

Ecosystems 11: 688-700.

56. Ruiz-Halpern, S., S.A. Macko and J.W. Fourqurean. 2008. The effects of manipulation of sedimentary iron and organic matter on sediment biogeochemistry and seagrasses in a subtropical carbonate environment.

Biogeochemistry 87:113-126.

55. Fourqurean, J.W., N. Marb, C.M. Duarte, E. Diaz-Almela, and S. Ruiz-Halpern*,

2007. Spatial and temporal variation in the elemental and stable isotopic content of the seagrasses Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa from the Illes Balears, Spain. Marine Biology 151:219-232.

54. Heithaus, M.R., A. Frid, A.J. Wirsing, L.M. Dill, J.W. Fourqurean, D. Burkholder, J.

Thomson and L. Bejder. 2007. State-dependent risk-taking by green sea turtles mediates top-down effects of tiger shark intimidation in a marine ecosystem.

Journal of Animal Ecology 76(5):837-844.

31

J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019

53. Collado-Vides, L., V.G. Caccia, J.N. Boyer and J.W. Fourqurean. 2007. Distribution and trends in macroalgal components of tropical seagrass communities in relation to water quality. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 73:680-694

52. Murdoch, T.J.T. , A.F. Glasspool, M. Outerbridge, J. Ward, S. Manuel, J. Gray, A.

Nash, K. A. Coates, J. Pitt, J.W. Fourqurean, P.A. Barnes, M. Vierros., K.

Holzer, and S.R. Smith. 2007. Large-scale decline of offshore seagrass meadows in Bermuda. Marine Ecology Progress Series 339:123-130.

51. Peterson, B.J., C.M. Chester, F.J. Jochem and J.W. Fourqurean. 2006. Potential role of the sponge community in controlling phytoplankton blooms in Florida Bay.

Marine Ecology Progress Series 328:93-103.

50. Orth, R.J., T.J.B. Carruthers, W.C. Dennison, C.M. Duarte, J.W. Fourqurean, K.L.

Heck, Jr., R. Hughes, G. Kendrick, W.J. Kenworthy, S. Olyarnik, F.T. Short, M.

Waycott and S.L. Williams. 2006. A global crisis for seagrass ecosystems.

BioScience 56(12):987-996.

49. Armitage, A.R and J.W. Fourqurean. 2006. The short-term influence of herbivory near patch reefs varies between seagrass species. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 339:65-74;

48. Johnson, M.W., K.L. Heck, Jr., J.W. Fourqurean. 2006. Nutrient content of seagrasses and epiphytes in the northern Gulf of Mexico: evidence of phosphorus and nitrogen limitation. Aquatic Botany 85(2):103-111

47. Price, R.M., P.K. Swart and J.W. Fourqurean. 2006. Coastal groundwater discharge - an additional source of phosphorus for the oligotrophic wetlands of the Everglades. Hydrobiologia 569:23-36.

46. Gil, M., A.R. Armitage, and J.W. Fourqurean. 2006. Nutrients increase epifaunal abundance and shift species composition in a subtropical seagrass bed.

Hydrobiologia 569:437-447;

45. Armitage, A.R., T.A. Frankovich and J.W. Fourqurean. 2006. Variable responses within epiphytic and benthic microalgal communities to nutrient enrichment.

Hydrobiologia 569:423-435;

44. Carruthers, T.J.B., P.A.G. Barnes, G.E. Jacome and J.W. Fourqurean. 2005.

Lagoon scale processes in a coastally influenced Caribbean system: implications for the seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Caribbean Journal of Science 41(3):441-455

43. Fourqurean, J.W. S.P. Escorcia, W.T. Anderson and J.C. Zieman. 2005. Spatial and seasonal variability in elemental content, 13C and 15N of Thalassia testudinum from south Florida. Estuaries 28(3):447-461

42. Armitage, A.R., Frankovich, T.A., Heck, K.L. Jr., Fourqurean, J.W. 2005. Complexity in the response of benthic primary producers within a seagrass community to nutrient enrichment. Estuaries 28(3):422-434 32

J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019

41. Romero, L.M., T.J. Smith, III., and J.W. Fourqurean. 2005. Changes in mass and nutrient content of wood during decomposition in a South Florida mangrove forest. Journal of Ecology 93(3):618-631;

40. Collado-Vides, L., L.M. Rutten and J.W. Fourqurean. 2005. Spatiotemporal variation of the abundance of calcareous green macroalgae in the Florida Keys:

A study of synchrony within a macroalgal functional-form group. Journal of Phycology 41(4):742-752

39. Borum, J., O. Pedersen, T. M. Greve, T. A. Frankovich, J. C. Zieman, J. W.

Fourqurean and C. J. Madden. 2005. The potential role of plant oxygen and sulphide dynamics in die-off events of the tropical seagrass, Thalassia testudinum. Journal of Ecology 93(1)148-158;

38. Fourqurean, J. W. and L. M. Rutten*. 2004. The impact of Hurricane Georges on soft-bottom, backreef communities: site- and species-specific effects in south Florida seagrass beds. Bulletin of Marine Science 75(2):239-257.

37. Ferdie, M. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2004. Responses of seagrass communities to fertilization along a gradient of relative availability of nitrogen and phosphorus in a carbonate environment. Limnology and Oceanography 49(6):2082-2094.

36. Zieman, J.C., J.W. Fourqurean and T.A. Frankovich. 2004. Reply to B.E. Lapointe and P.J. Barile (2004). Comment on J.C. Zieman, J.W. Fourqurean and T.A.

Frankovich, 1999. Seagrass die-off in Florida Bay: Long-term trends in abundance and growth of turtlegrass, Thalassia testudinum. Estuaries 27(1)165-172.

35. Fourqurean, J.W. and J.E. Schrlau. 2003. Changes in nutrient content and stable isotope ratios of C and N during decomposition of seagrasses and mangrove leaves along a nutrient availability gradient in Florida Bay. Chemistry and Ecology 19(5):373-390.

34. Fourqurean, J.W., N. Marb and C.M. Duarte. 2003. Elucidating seagrass population dynamics: theory, constraints and practice. Limnology and Oceanography 48(5):2070-2074.

33. Fourqurean, J.W., J.N. Boyer, M.J. Durako, L.N. Hefty, and B.J. Peterson. 2003.

Forecasting the response of seagrass distribution to changing water quality:

statistical models from monitoring data. Ecological Applications 13(2): 474-489.

32. Anderson, W.T. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2003. Intra- and interannual variability in seagrass carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes from south Florida, a preliminary study. Organic Geochemistry 34(2):185-194.

31. Peterson, B.J., C. D. Rose, L.M. Rutten and J.W. Fourqurean. 2002. Disturbance and recovery following catastrophic grazing: studies of a successional chronosequence in a seagrass bed. Oikos 97:361-370.

33

J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019

30. Fourqurean, J. W. and J. C. Zieman. 2002. Nutrient content of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum reveals regional patterns of relative availability of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Florida Keys USA. Biogeochemistry 61:229-245.

29. Fourqurean, J.W. and Y. Cai. 2001. Arsenic and phosphorus in seagrass leaves from the Gulf of Mexico. Aquatic Botany 71:247-258.

28. Peterson, B.J. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2001. Large-scale patterns in seagrass (Thalassia testudinum) demographics in south Florida. Limnology and Oceanography 46(5):1077-1090.

27. Chambers, R.M., J. W. Fourqurean, S.A. Macko and R. Hoppenot. 2001.

Biogeochemical effects of iron availability on primary producers in a shallow marine carbonate environment. Limnology and Oceanography 46(6):1278-1286.

26. Fourqurean, J.W., A. Willsie, C.D. Rose* and L.M. Rutten*. 2001. Spatial and temporal pattern in seagrass community composition and productivity in south Florida. Marine Biology 138:341-354.

25. Davis, B.C. and J.W. Fourqurean. 2001. Competition between the tropical alga, Halimeda incrassata, and the seagrass, Thalassia testudinum. Aquatic Botany 71(3):217-232.

24. Cai, Y., M. Georgiadis and J.W. Fourqurean. 2000. Determination of arsenic in seagrass using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Spectrochimica Acta, Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 55:1411-1422.

23. Nuttle, W.K., J.W. Fourqurean, B.J. Cosby, J.C. Zieman, and M.B. Robblee. 2000.

Influence of net freshwater supply on salinity in Florida Bay. Water Resources Research 36(7):1805-1822.

22. Fourqurean, J.W. and M. B. Robblee. 1999. Florida Bay: a history of recent ecological changes. Estuaries 22(2B):345-357.

21. Corbett, D. R., J. Chanton, W. Burnett, K. Dillon, C. Rutkowski and J.W.

Fourqurean. 1999. Patterns of groundwater discharge into Florida Bay.

Limnology and Oceanography 44(4):1045-1055.

20. Rose, C.D., W.C. Sharp, W.J. Kenworthy, J.H. Hunt, W.G. Lyons, E.J. Prager, J.F.

Valentine, M.O. Hall, P. Whitfield, and J.W. Fourqurean. 1999. Sea urchin overgrazing of a large seagrass bed in outer Florida Bay. Marine Ecology Progress Series 190:211-222.

19. Zieman, J.C., J.W. Fourqurean and T.A. Frankovich. 1999. Seagrass dieoff in Florida Bay: long term trends in abundance and productivity of turtlegrass, Thalassia testudinum. Estuaries 22(2B):460-470.

18. Boyer, J.N., J.W. Fourqurean and R.D. Jones. 1999. Temporal trends in water chemistry of Florida Bay (1989-1997). Estuaries 22(2B):417-430.

17. Hall, M.O., M.D. Durako, J.W. Fourqurean and J.C. Zieman. 1999. Decadal scale changes in seagrass distribution and abundance in Florida Bay. Estuaries 22(2B):445-459.

34

J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019

16. Frankovich, T.A. and J.W. Fourqurean. 1997. Seagrass epiphyte loads along a nutrient availability gradient, Florida Bay, FL, USA. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 159:37-50.

15. Fourqurean, J.W., T.O. Moore, B. Fry, and J.T. Hollibaugh. 1997. Spatial and temporal variation in C:N:P ratios, 15N, and 13C of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.)

as indicators of ecosystem processes, Tomales Bay, CA, USA. Marine Ecology -

Progress Series 157:147-157.

14. Boyer, J.N., J.W. Fourqurean, and R.D. Jones. 1997. Spatial trends in water chemistry of Florida Bay and Whitewater Bay: Zones of similar influence.

Estuaries 20(4)743-758

13. Fourqurean, J.W., K.L. Webb, J.T. Hollibaugh and S.V. Smith. 1997. Contributions of the plankton community to ecosystem respiration, Tomales Bay, California.

Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 44:493-505.

12. Chambers, R.M., J.W. Fourqurean, J.T. Hollibaugh and S.M. Vink. 1995.

Importance of terrestrially-derived, particulate phosphorus to P dynamics in a west coast estuary. Estuaries. 18(3):518-526.

11. Fourqurean, J.W., G.V.N. Powell, W.J. Kenworthy and J.C. Zieman. 1995. The effects of long-term manipulation of nutrient supply on competition between the seagrasses Thalassia testudinum and Halodule wrightii in Florida Bay. Oikos 72:349-358.

10. Zieman, J.C., R. Davis, J.W. Fourqurean and M.B. Robblee. 1994. The role of climate in the Florida Bay seagrass dieoff. Bulletin of Marine Science 54(3):1088.

9. Fourqurean, J.W., R.D. Jones and J.C. Zieman. 1993. Processes influencing water column nutrient characteristics and phosphorus limitation of phytoplankton biomass in Florida Bay, FL, USA: Inferences from spatial distributions.

Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 36:295-314.

8. Fourqurean, J.W., J.C. Zieman and G.V.N. Powell. 1992. Relationships between porewater nutrients and seagrasses in a subtropical carbonate environment.

Marine Biology 114:57-65.

7. Fourqurean, J.W., J.C. Zieman and G.V.N. Powell. 1992. Phosphorus limitation of primary production in Florida Bay: evidence from the C:N:P ratios of the dominant seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Limnology and Oceanography 37(1):162-171

6. Chambers, R.M. and J.W. Fourqurean. 1991. Alternative criteria for assessing nutrient limitation of a wetland macrophyte (Peltandra virginica (L.)) Kunth.

Aquatic Botany 40:305-320.

5. Fourqurean, J.W. and J.C. Zieman. 1991. Photosynthesis, respiration and the whole plant carbon budget of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Marine Ecology -

Progress Series 69(1-2):161-170.

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J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019

4. Powell, G.V.N, J.W. Fourqurean, W.J. Kenworthy and J.C. Zieman. 1991. Bird colonies cause seagrass enrichment in a subtropical estuary: observational and experimental evidence. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 32(6):567-579.

3. Robblee, M.B., T.R. Barber, P.R. Carlson, M.J. Durako, J.W. Fourqurean, L.K.

Muehlstein, D. Porter, L.A. Yarbro, R.T. Zieman and J.C. Zieman. 1991. Mass mortality of the tropical seagrass Thalassia testudinum in Florida Bay (USA).

Marine Ecology - Progress Series 71:297-299.

2. Powell, G.V.N., W.J. Kenworthy and J.W. Fourqurean. 1989. Experimental evidence for nutrient limitation of seagrass growth in a tropical estuary with restricted circulation. Bulletin of Marine Science 44(1):324-340.

1. Zieman, J.C., J.W. Fourqurean and R.L. Iverson. 1989. Distribution, abundance and productivity of seagrasses and macroalgae in Florida Bay. Bulletin of Marine Science 44(1):292-311.

Book Chapters

13. Troxler, T., G. Starr, J.N. Boyer, J.D. Fuentes, R. Jaffe, S.L. Malone, J.G. Barr, S.E.

Davis, L. Collado-Vides, J.L. Breithaupt, A.K. Saha, R.M. Chambers, C.J.

Madden, J.M. Smoak, J.W. Fourqurean, G. Koch, J. Kominoski, L.J. Scinto, S.

Oberbauer, V.H. Rivera-Monroy, E. Castaneda-Moya, N.O. Schulte, S.P.

Charles, J.H. Richards, D.T. Rudnick, K.R.T. Whelan. (In Press). Chapter 6:

Carbon Cycles in the Florida Coastal Everglades Social-Ecological System across scales. In Childers, D.L., E.E. Gaiser, L.A. Ogden (eds.) The Coastal Everglades: The Dynamics of Social-Ecological Transformation in the South Florida Landscape. Oxford University Press.

12. Lirman, D., J.S. Ault, J.W. Fourqurean and J.J. Lorenz. In Press. The Coastal Marine Ecosystem of South Florida, United States. In: Sheppard, C. (ed) World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation. Elsevier Press

11. Schile, L., J.B. Kauffman, S. Crooks, J. Fourqurean, J. Campbell, B. Dougherty, J.

Glavan and J.P. Megonigal. In Press. Carbon Sequestration in Arid Blue Carbon Ecosystems - a case study from the United Arab Emirates. In: Windham-Myers, L., Crooks, S. and T. Troxler (eds.) A Blue Carbon Primer: The state of coastal wetlands carbon science, practice and policy. CRC Press

10. Lovelock, C.E., D. A. Friess, J. B. Kauffman and J.W. Fourqurean. In Press. Human impacts on blue carbon ecosystems. In: Windham-Myers, L., Crooks, S. and T.

Troxler (eds.) A Blue Carbon Primer: The state of coastal wetlands carbon science, practice and policy. CRC Press

9. Kennedy, H., J.W. Fourqurean and S. Papadimitriou. In press. The CaCO3 Cycle in Seagrass Meadows. In: Windham-Myers, L., Crooks, S. and T. Troxler (eds.) A Blue Carbon Primer: The state of coastal wetlands carbon science, practice and policy. CRC Press 36

J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019

8. Nowicki, R.J., J.W. Fourqurean and M.R. Heithaus. In press. The role of consumers in structuring seagrass communities: direct and indirect mechanisms. In: Larkum, A.W.D. and G. Kendrick (eds) Biology of Seagrasses: an Australian perspective.

7. Fourqurean, J.W., B. Johnson, J.B. Kauffman, H. Kennedy, C. Lovelock, N. Saintilan, D.M. Alongi, M. Cifuentes, M. Copertino, S. Crooks, C. Duarte, M. Fortes, J.

Howard, A. Hutahaean, J. Kairo, N. Marb, J. Morris, D. Murdiyarso, E. Pidgeon, P. Ralph, O. Serrano. 2014. Field Sampling of Vegetative Carbon Pools in Coastal Ecosystems. Pp.67-108 in Howard, J., S. Hoyt, K. Isensee, E. Pidgeon and M. Telszewski, eds. Coastal Blue Carbon: methods for assessing carbon stocks and emissions factors in mangroves, tidal salt marshes, and seagrass meadows. Conservation International, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Arlington, Virginia, USA. 181 pp.

6. Fourqurean, J.W., B. Johnson, J.B. Kauffman, H. Kennedy, C. Lovelock, D.M. Alongi, M. Cifuentes, M. Copertino, S. Crooks, C. Duarte, M. Fortes, J. Howard, A.

Hutahaean, J. Kairo, N. Marb, J. Morris, D. Murdiyarso, E. Pidgeon, P. Ralph, N. Saintilan, O. Serrano. 2014. Field Sampling of Soil Carbon Pools in Coastal Ecosystems. Pp. 39-66 in Howard, J., S. Hoyt, K. Isensee, E. Pidgeon and M.

Telszewski, eds. Coastal Blue Carbon: methods for assessing carbon stocks and emissions factors in mangroves, tidal salt marshes, and seagrass meadows.

Conservation International, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, International Union for Conservation of Nature. Arlington, Virginia, USA. 181 pp.

5. Fourqurean, J.W., B. Johnson, J.B. Kauffman, H. Kennedy, I. Emmer, J. Howard, E.

Pidgeon, O. Serrano. 2014. Conceptualizing the Project and Developing a Field Measurement Plan. Pp 25-38 in Howard, J., S. Hoyt, K. Isensee, E. Pidgeon and M. Telszewski, eds. Coastal Blue Carbon: methods for assessing carbon stocks and emissions factors in mangroves, tidal salt marshes, and seagrass meadows.

Conservation International, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, International Union for Conservation of Nature. Arlington, Virginia, USA. 181 pp.

4. Coates, K.A., J.W. Fourqurean, W.J. Kenworthy, A. Logan, S.A. Manuel and S.R Smith. 2013. Introduction to Bermuda geology, oceanography and climate. Pp 115-133 In: Sheppard, C. (Ed) Coral Reefs of the World - Volume 4: Coral Reefs of the UK overseas territories. Springer, Dordrecht. 336pp. ISBN: 978-94-007-5964-0

3. Duarte, C.M., J.W. Fourqurean, D. Krause-Jensen and B. Olesen. 2005. Dynamics of seagrass stability and change. Pp. 271-294 In Larkum, A.W.D., Orth, R.J.,

and C.M. Duarte. Seagrasses: Biology, ecology and conservation. Springer.

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-2983-7_11 37

J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019

2. Fourqurean, J.W. and L.M. Rutten*. 2003. Competing goals of spatial and temporal resolution: monitoring seagrass communities on a regional scale. Pp 257-288 in:

Busch, D. E. and J.C. Trexler, eds. Monitoring ecosystems: interdisciplinary approaches for evaluating ecoregional initiatives. Island Press, Washington, D.

C. 447 pp.

1. Fourqurean, J.W., M.D. Durako, M.O. Hall and L.N. Hefty. 2002. Seagrass distribution in south Florida: a multi-agency coordinated monitoring program. Pp 497-522 in: Porter, J.W. and K.G. Porter, eds. The Everglades, Florida Bay, and the coral reefs of the Florida Keys. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton. 1000pp.

Technical Reports Howard, J., Hoyt, S., Isensee, K., Telszewski, M., Pidgeon, E. (eds.) (2014). Coastal Blue Carbon: Methods for assessing carbon stocks and emissions factors in mangroves, tidal salt marshes, and seagrasses. Conservation International, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, International Union for Conservation of Nature. Arlington, Virginia, USA. 180pp. JWF - Lead Author Harlem, P. W., J. N. Boyer, H. O. Briceno, J. W. Fourqurean, P. R. Gardinali, R. Jaffé, J.

F. Meeder and M. S. Ross. 2012. Assessment of natural resource conditions in and adjacent to Biscayne National Park. Natural Resource Report NPS/BISC/NRR2012/598. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.

Fourqurean, J. W. 2012. The south Florida marine ecosystem contains the largest documented seagrass bed on the planet. pp. 263-264 in Kruczinsky, W. L. and P. J. Fletcher. Tropical Connections: South Floridas marine environment. IAN Press, Cambridge MD. 451 pp.

Fourqurean, J. W. 2012. Seagrasses are very productive. pp. 265-266 in Kruczinsky, W. L. and P. J. Fletcher. Tropical Connections: South Floridas marine environment. IAN Press, Cambridge MD. 451 pp.

Fourqurean, J. W. 2012. Seagrasses are sentinels of water quality. pp. 274-276 in Kruczinsky, W. L. and P. J. Fletcher. Tropical Connections: South Floridas marine environment. IAN Press, Cambridge MD. 451 pp.

Fourqurean, J. W. 2012. As nutrients change, so do plant species. pp. 277-279 in Kruczinsky, W. L. and P. J. Fletcher. Tropical Connections: South Floridas marine environment. IAN Press, Cambridge MD. 451 pp.

Kruczynski, W.L., M.B. Robblee and J.W. Fourqurean. 2012. The ecological character of Florida Bay responds to both changing climate and mans activities. pp. 120-122 in Kruczinsky, W. L. and P. J. Fletcher. Tropical Connections: South Floridas marine environment. IAN Press, Cambridge MD. 451 pp.

Kenworthy, J., S. Manuel, J. Fourqurean, K. Coates and M. Outerbridge. 2011.

Bermuda Triangle: Seagrass, green turtles and conservation. Seagrass Watch Magazine 44:16-18 38

J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 Kershaw, M., J. Fourqurean and C.M. Duarte. 2007. Bibliometric data show Estuaries and Coasts is a great venue for publishing your research. Estuarine Research Federation Newsletter 33(1):6-7.

Bricker, S., G. Matlock, J. Snider, A. Mason, M. Alber, W. Boynton, D. Brock, G. Brush, D. Chestnut, U. Claussen, W. Dennison, E. Dettmann, D. Dunn, J. Ferreira, D.

Flemer, P. Fong, J. Fourqurean, J. Hameedi, D. Hernandez, D. Hoover, D.

Johnston, S. Jones, K. Kamer, R. Kelty, D. Keeley, R. Langan, J. Latimer, D.

Lipton, R. Magnien, T. Malone, G. Morrison, J. Newton, J. Pennock, N. Rabalais, D. Scheurer, J. Sharp, D. Smith, S. Smith, P. Tester, R. Thom, D. Trueblood, R.

Van Dolah. 2004. National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment Update:

Workshop summary and recommendations for development of a long-term monitoring and assessment program. Proceedings of a workshop September 4-5 2002, Patuxent Wildlife Research Refuge, Laurel, Maryland. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science. Silver Spring, MD. 19 pp. Available at:

http://www.eutro.org/publications.aspx Fourqurean, J. W. 2002. Seagrass ecology (Marten A. Hemminga and Carlos M.

Duarte). Limnology and Oceanography 47(2):611. [Book Review]

Durako, M.J., J.W. Fourqurean and 9 others. 1994. Seagrass die-off in Florida Bay. In:

Douglas, J. (ed.) Proceedings of the Gulf of Mexico Symposium. U.S.E.P.A.,

Tarpon Springs, FL. pp. 14-15.

Fourqurean, J.W. 1992. The roles of resource availability and competition in structuring seagrass communities of Florida Bay. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia. 280 pp.

Fourqurean, J.W. and J.C. Zieman. 1991. Photosynthesis, respiration and whole plant carbon budgets of Thalassia testudinum, Halodule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme. pp 59-70 in Kenworthy, W.J. and D.E. Haunert (eds.). The light requirements of seagrasses: proceedings of a workshop to examine the capability of water quality criteria, standards and monitoring programs to protect seagrasses. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFC-287.

Continental Shelf Associates. 1991. A comparison of marine productivity among outer continental shelf planning areas. Supplement - An evaluation of benthic habitat primary productivity. Final Report, U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service OCS Study MMM 91-0001, Contract #14-35-0001-30487, Herndon, VA. 244 pp + appendix.

Fourqurean, J.W. 1987. Photosynthetic response to temperature and salinity variation in three subtropical seagrasses. MS Thesis, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia. 80 pp.

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J. W. Fourqurean; updated June 24, 2019 Zieman, J.C. and J.W. Fourqurean. 1985. The distribution and abundance of benthic vegetation in Florida Bay, Florida. Final report, USNPS South Florida Research Center, Everglades National Park. Contract CX5280-2-2204.

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