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Profile of Socioeconomic Trends: Combined Area (Andrews County, Tx; Gaines County, Tx; Lea County, Nm)
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A Profile of Socioeconomic Trends Combined Area Selected Geographies:

Andrews County, TX; Gaines County, TX; Lea County, NM United States Comparison Geographies:

U.S.

Produced by Headwaters Economics' Economic Profile System (EPS) https://headwaterseconomics.org/eps February 19, 2021

Socioeconomic Trends Combined Area About the Economic Profile System (EPS)

EPS is a free web tool created by Headwaters Economics to build customized socioeconomic reports of U.S. counties, states, and regions. Reports can be easily created to compare or aggregate different areas. EPS uses published statistics from federal data sources, including the U.S. Census Bureau, Bureau of Economic Analysis, and Bureau of Labor Statistics.

The Bureau of Land Management and Forest Service have made significant financial and intellectual contributions to the operation and content of EPS.

See https://headwaterseconomics.org/eps for more information about the capabilities of EPS. For technical questions, contact Patty Hernandez Gude at eps@headwaterseconomics.org or telephone 406-599-7425.

headwaterseconomics.org Headwaters Economics is an independent, nonprofit research group. Our mission is to improve community development and land management decisions.

www.blm.gov The Bureau of Land Management, an agency within the U.S. Department of Interior, administers 249.8 million acres of America's public lands, located primarily in western states. It is the mission of the Bureau of Land Management to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations.

www.fs.fed.us The Forest Service, an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, administers national forests and grasslands encompassing 193 million acres. The Forest Services mission is to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the nations forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations.

Find more reports like this at headwaterseconomics.org/eps About EPS

Socioeconomic Trends Combined Area Table of Contents Trends Overview of Historical Trends 4

Population 6

Earnings Per Job and Per Capita Income 8

Labor Earnings and Non-Labor Income 10 Industry Sectors Employment by Industry (1970-2000) 12 Employment by Industry (since 2000) 16 Earnings by Industry (1970-2000) 20 Earnings by Industry (since 2000) 24 Performance Unemployment 28 Wages by Industry 30 Proprietors (self-employed) 32 Wages and Proprietors' Income 34 Commuting Patterns

36 Employment During National Recessions 38

This page is unavailable for the selected geographies and has been removed.

Relative Performance Comparisons 40 Data Sources & Methods 44 Endnotes Note to Users:

This is one of 14 reports that can be created and downloaded from EPS. Topics include land use, demographics, specific industry sectors, the role of non-labor income, the wildland-urban interface, the role of amenities in economic development, and payments to county governments from federal lands. The EPS reports are downloadable as Excel or PDF documents. See https://headwaterseconomics.org/eps.

Find more reports like this at headwaterseconomics.org/eps TOC

Socioeconomic Trends Combined Area Overview of Historical Trends 1970 2000 2019 Change 2000-2019 Population 71,644 82,686 111,267 28,581 Employment (full & part-time jobs) 30,947 41,416 66,345 24,929 Personal Income (thousands of 2019 $s) 1,649,100 2,472,148 5,407,873 2,935,725 Population and personal income are reported by place of residence, and employment by place of work on this page.

From 1970 to 2019, population grew from 71,644 to 111,267 people, a 55% increase.

From 1970 to 2019, employment grew from 30,947 to 66,345, a 114% increase.

From 1970 to 2019, personal income grew from $1,649.1 million to $5,407.9 million, (in real terms), a 228% increase.

Data Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce. 2020. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Accounts, Washington, D.C., reported by Headwaters Economics Economic Profile System, headwaterseconomics.org/eps.

Find more reports like this at headwaterseconomics.org/eps Data and Graphics l Part 4 Population Trends, Combined Area 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 0

20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 Employment Trends, Combined Area 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 0

10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 Personal Income Trends, Combined Area 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

$0

$1,000

$2,000

$3,000

$4,000

$5,000

$6,000 Millions of 2019$s

Socioeconomic Trends Combined Area Overview of Historical Trends What do we measure on this page?

This page describes trends in population, employment, and real personal income. If this report is for an individual county, it also shows the county classification (metropolitan, micropolitan, or rural).1 Population: The total number of people by place of residence.

Employment: All full-and part-time workers, wage and salary jobs (employees), and proprietors (the self-employed) reported by place of work.

Personal Income: Income from wage and salary employment and proprietors' income (labor earnings), as well as non-labor income (dividends, interest, rent, and transfer payments) reported by place of residence. All income figures in this report are shown in real terms (i.e., adjusted for inflation). Subsequent sections of this report define labor earnings and non-labor income in more detail.

Metropolitan Statistical Areas: Counties that have at least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more people, plus adjacent territory that has a high degree of social and economic integration with the core as measured by commuting ties. Metropolitan Statistical Areas are classified as either Central or Outlying.

Micropolitan Statistical Areas: Counties that have at least one urbanized area of 10,000 to 50,000 people, plus adjacent territory that has a high degree of social and economic integration with the core as measured by commuting ties. Micropolitan Statistical Areas are classified as either Central or Outlying.

Rural: Counties that are not designated as either Metropolitan or Micropolitan.

Why is it important?

Long-term, steady growth of population, employment, and real personal income is generally an indication of a healthy, prosperous economy. Erratic growth, no-growth, or long-term decline in these indicators are generally an indication of a struggling economy.

Growth can benefit the general population of a place, especially by providing economic opportunities, but it can also stress communities and lead to income stratification. When considering the benefits of growth, it is important to distinguish between standard of living (such as earnings per job and per capita income) and quality of life (such as leisure time, crime rate, and sense of well-being).

A related indicator of economic performance is whether the local economy is negatively affected by periods of national recession.

This issue is explored in depth in the section "Employment During National Recessions" later in this report.

The size of a population and economy (metropolitan, micropolitan, or rural) can have an important bearing on economic activities as well as opportunities and challenges for area businesses.

Study Guide l Part 5

Socioeconomic Trends Combined Area Population Change 2000-2019 Population Growth, 2000-2019 28,763 Average Annual Population Change 1,189 From Natural Change 946 Births 1,683 Deaths 737 From Net Migration 256 International Migration 210 Domestic Migration 46 From Residual

-13 Percent of Average Annual Population Growth, 2000-2019 Natural Change 77.9%

Net Migration 21.1%

Residual 1.1%

From 2000 to 2019, population grew by 28,763 people, a 35%

increase.

From 2000 to 2019, natural change contributed to 78% of population change.

From 2000 to 2019, migration contributed to 21% of population change.

The Census Bureau makes a minor statistical correction, called a "residual" which is shown in the table above, but omitted from the figure. Because of this correction, natural change plus net migration may not add to total population change in the figure.

Data Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce. 2020. Census Bureau, Population Division, Washington, D.C., reported by Headwaters Economics Economic Profile System, headwaterseconomics.org/eps.

Find more reports like this at headwaterseconomics.org/eps Data and Graphics l Part 6 1,683 (737) 946 46 210 256 1,189 Average Annual Components of Population Change, Combined Area, 2000-2019 Births Deaths Natural Change Domestic Migration International Migration Migration Population Growth (Natural & Migration)

(1,000)

(500) 500 1,000 1,500 2,000

Socioeconomic Trends Combined Area Population What do we measure on this page?

This page describes components of population change and total population growth or decline. Total population growth (or decline) is the sum of natural change (births and deaths) and migration (international and domestic). Data are from the U.S. Census Bureau.2,3 The U.S. Census Bureau makes a minor statistical correction called a "residual." This is defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as resulting from two parts of the estimates process: 1) the application of national population controls to state and county population estimates; and 2) the incorporation of accepted challenges and special censuses into the population estimates. The residual represents change in the population that cannot be attributed to any specific demographic component of population change.

For more detailed information about demographics for a given area, create an EPS Demographics report at https://headwaterseconomics.org/eps.

Why is it important?

The components of population change offer insight into the causes of population growth or decline and they help highlight important areas of inquiry. For example, if a large portion of population growth is attributable to in-migration, it would be helpful to understand what is driving this trend, such as whether people are moving to the area for jobs, quality of life, or both. Similarly, if a large portion of population decline is attributable to out-migration, it would be important to understand the reasons, such as the loss of employment in specific industries, youth leaving for education or new opportunities, or elderly people leaving for better medical facilities.

Study Guide l Part 7

Socioeconomic Trends Combined Area Earnings Per Job and Per Capita Income 1970 2000 2019 Change 2000-2019 Average Earnings per Job (2019 $s)

$46,332

$43,707

$66,970

$23,263 Per Capita Income (2019 $s)

$23,018

$29,898

$48,603

$18,705 Percent Change Percent Change 2000-2019 Average Earnings per Job 53.2%

Per Capita Income 62.6%

From 1970 to 2019, average earnings per job grew from

$46,332 to $66,970 (in real terms), a 45% increase.

From 1970 to 2019, per capita income grew from $23,018 to

$48,603 (in real terms), a 111%

increase.

Data Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce. 2020. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Accounts, Washington, D.C., reported by Headwaters Economics Economic Profile System, headwaterseconomics.org/eps.

Find more reports like this at headwaterseconomics.org/eps Data and Graphics l Part 8 Average Earnings per Job & Per Capita Income, Combined Area 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 0

10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 2019 $s Average Earnings per Job Per Capita Income

Socioeconomic Trends Combined Area Earnings Per Job and Per Capita Income What do we measure on this page?

This page describes how average earnings per job and per capita income (in real terms) have changed over time.

Average Earnings per Job: The compensation of the average job. It is total earnings divided by total employment. Full-time and part-time jobs are counted at equal weight. Employees, sole proprietors, and active partners are included.

Per Capita Income: Income per person. It is total personal income (from labor and non-labor sources) divided by total population.

Why is it important?

Average earnings per job is an indicator of the quality of local employment. A higher average earnings per job indicates that there are relatively more high-wage occupations. It can be useful to consider earnings against local cost of living indicators.4 Average earnings per job may decline for a number of reasons: 5, 6

1. more part-time and/or seasonal workers entering the workforce;

2. a rise in low-wage industries, such as tourism-related sectors;

3. a decline of high-wage industries, such as manufacturing;

4. more lower-paid workers entering the workforce;

5. the presence of a university that is increasing its enrollment of relatively low-wage students;

6. the in-migration of semi-retired workers who work part-time and/or seasonally; and

7. an influx of people who move to an area for quality of life rather than profit-maximizing reasons.

Per capita income is one of the most important measures of economic well-being. However, this measure can be misleading. Per capita income is total personal income divided by population. Because total personal income includes non-labor income sources (dividends, interest, rent and transfer payments), it is possible for per capita income to be relatively high due to the presence of retirees and people with investment income.7 And because per capita income is calculated using total population and not the labor force (as in average earnings per job), it is possible for per capita income to be relatively low in a population with a disproportionate number of children and/or elderly people.

Study Guide l Part 9

Socioeconomic Trends Combined Area Labor Earnings and Non-Labor Income 1970 2000 2019 Change 2000-2019 Personal Income (thous' of 2019 $s) 1,649,100 2,472,148 5,407,873 2,935,725 Labor Earnings 1,362,678 1,654,811 4,015,104 2,360,293 Non-Labor Income 286,422 817,337 1,392,769 575,432 Dividends, Interest, and Rent 179,958 359,844 561,844 202,000 Age-Related Transfer Payments 58,659 263,540 397,628 134,088 Hardship-Related Payments 18,686 149,305 355,394 206,089 Other Transfer Payments 29,119 44,648 77,903 33,255 Percent of Total Percent Change 2000-2019 Personal Income 118.8%

Labor Earnings 82.6%

66.9%

74.2%

142.6%

Non-Labor Income 17.4%

33.1%

25.8%

70.4%

Dividends, Interest, and Rent 10.9%

14.6%

10.4%

56.1%

Age-Related Transfer Payments 3.6%

10.7%

7.4%

50.9%

Hardship-Related Payments 1.1%

6.0%

6.6%

138.0%

Other Transfer Payments 1.8%

1.8%

1.4%

74.5%

All income data in the table above are reported by place of residence and are displayed in thousands of 2019 dollars. Labor earnings and non-labor income may not add to total personal income due to adjustments made by the Bureau of Economic Analysis.

From 1970 to 2019, labor earnings grew from $1,362.7 million to $4,015.1 million (in real terms), a 195% increase.

From 1970 to 2019, non-labor income grew from $286.4 million to $1,392.8 million (in real terms),

a 386% increase.

From 1970 to 2019, labor earnings accounted for 71% of growth and non-labor income for 29%.

In 1970, non-labor income represented 17% of total personal income. By 2019 non-labor income represented 26% of total personal income.

Data Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce. 2020. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Accounts, Washington, D.C., reported by Headwaters Economics Economic Profile System, headwaterseconomics.org/eps.

Find more reports like this at headwaterseconomics.org/eps Data and Graphics l Part 10 Components of Personal Income, Combined Area 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 0

1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 Millions of 2019$s Labor earnings Non-labor income Non-Labor Income Share of Total Personal Income, Combined Area 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

Other transfer payments Hardship-related transfer payments Age-related transfer payments Dividends, interest, and rent

Socioeconomic Trends Combined Area Labor Earnings and Non-Labor Income What do we measure on this page?

This page describes changes in labor earnings and non-labor sources of income.

Labor Earnings: Net earnings by place of residence, which is earnings by place of work (the sum of wage and salary disbursements, supplements to wages and salaries, and proprietors' income) less contributions for government social insurance, plus an adjustment to convert earnings by place of work to a place of residence basis.

Non-Labor Income: Dividends, interest, rent, and transfer payments (includes government retirement and disability insurance benefits, medical payments such as mainly Medicare and Medicaid, income maintenance benefits, unemployment insurance benefits, etc.). Non-labor income is reported by place of residence.

Labor earnings and non-labor income may not add to total personal income because of adjustments made by the Bureau of Economic Analysis to account for contributions for Social Security, cross-county commuting, and other factors.

Dividends, Interest, and Rent: Personal dividend income, personal interest income, and rental income of persons with capital consumption adjustments. Dividends, interest, and rent are sometimes referred to as "investment income" or "property income."

Age-Related Transfer Payments: Payments, including Social Security and Medicare, associated with older populations.

Hardship-Related Transfer Payments: Payments associated with poverty and welfare, including Medicaid and income maintenance.

Other Transfer Payments: Payments from veteran's benefits, education and training, Workers Compensation insurance, railroad retirement and disability, other government retirement and disability, and other receipts of individuals and nonprofits.

The EPS Non-Labor report provides a more detailed analysis of non-labor income and its components. The EPS Demographics report provides more information about the aging of the population and poverty. See https://headwaterseconomics.org/eps.

Why is it important?

In many locations, non-labor income is the largest source of personal income and also the fastest growing.8 This is particularly the case in some rural areas and small cities. An aging population, growth in the stock market and investments, and a highly mobile population are some of the reasons behind the rapid growth in non-labor income.

Growth in non-labor income can indicate an attractive place to live and retire. The in-migration of people who bring investment and retirement income with them (verify from previous pages that in-migration is increasing) is associated with a high quality of life (for example, local recreation opportunities), good health care facilities, and affordable housing (important for those on a fixed income).

Non-labor income can also be important to places with struggling economies, either as a source of income maintenance for the poor or as a more stable form of income in areas with declining industries and labor markets.

Study Guide l Part 11

Socioeconomic Trends Combined Area Employment by Industry (1970-2000) 1970 1990 2000 Change 1990-2000 Total Employment (number of jobs) 30,947 40,410 41,416 1,006 Non-Services Related 12,932 14,603 13,881

-722 Farm 3,029 2,015 2,461 446 Agricultural services, forestry, fishing & other 367 790 922 132 Mining (including fossil fuels) 7,103 8,639 7,028

-1,611 Construction 1,333 1,871 2,373 502 Manufacturing (incl. forest products) 1,100 1,288 1,097

-191 Services Related 14,241 20,693 21,339 646 Transportation & public utilities 2,571 2,282 2,206

-76 Wholesale trade 1,408 1,973 1,843

-130 Retail trade 4,620 6,333 6,220

-113 Finance, insurance & real estate 1,154 1,839 1,965 126 Services 4,488 8,266 9,105 839 Government 3,774 5,114 6,135 1,021 Percent of Total Percent Change 1990-2000 Total Employment 2.5%

Non-Services Related 41.8%

36.1%

33.5%

-4.9%

Farm 9.8%

5.0%

5.9%

22.1%

Agricultural services, forestry, fishing & other 1.2%

2.0%

2.2%

16.7%

Mining (including fossil fuels) 23.0%

21.4%

17.0%

-18.6%

Construction 4.3%

4.6%

5.7%

26.8%

Manufacturing (incl. forest products) 3.6%

3.2%

2.6%

-14.8%

Services Related 46.0%

51.2%

51.5%

3.1%

Transportation & public utilities 8.3%

5.6%

5.3%

-3.3%

Wholesale trade 4.5%

4.9%

4.4%

-6.6%

Retail trade 14.9%

15.7%

15.0%

-1.8%

Finance, insurance & real estate 3.7%

4.6%

4.7%

6.9%

Services 14.5%

20.5%

22.0%

10.2%

Government 12.2%

12.7%

14.8%

20.0%

All employment data are reported by place of work. Estimates for data that were not disclosed are indicated with tildes (~).

From 1970 to 2000, jobs in non-services related industries grew from 12,932 to 13,881, a 7%

increase.

From 1970 to 2000, jobs in services related industries grew from 14,241 to 21,339, a 50%

increase.

From 1970 to 2000, jobs in government grew from 3,774 to 6,135, a 63% increase.

Data Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce. 2020. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Accounts, Washington, D.C., reported by Headwaters Economics Economic Profile System, headwaterseconomics.org/eps.

Find more reports like this at headwaterseconomics.org/eps Data and Graphics l Part 12 Employment by Major Industry Category, Combined Area 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 0

5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 Non-Services Related Services Related Government

Socioeconomic Trends Combined Area Employment by Industry (1970-2000)

What do we measure on this page?

This page describes historical employment change by industry. Industries are organized according to three major categories: non-services related, services related, and government. Employment includes wage and salary jobs and proprietors. The employment data are organized according to the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system and reported by place of work.

Non-Services Related: Employment in industries such as farming, mining, and manufacturing.

Services Related: Employment in industries such as retail trade, finance, insurance and real estate, and services.

The terms non-services related and services related are not terms used by the U.S. Department of Commerce. They are used in these pages to help organize the information into easy-to-understand categories.

Government: Federal, military, state, and local government employment, and government enterprise.

The SIC data end in 2000 because in 2001 the Bureau of Economic Analysis switched to organizing industry-level information according to the newer North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS). More recent employment trends, organized by NAICS, are shown in subsequent pages of this report.

It is not normally appropriate to put SIC and NAICS data in the same tables and graphs because of the difference in methods used to organize industry data. The SIC coding system organizes industries by the primary activity of the establishment. In NAICS, industries are organized according to the production process.9 See the Data Sources and Methods section of this report for more information on the shift from SIC to NAICS.

Some data are withheld by the federal government to avoid the disclosure of potentially confidential information. Headwaters Economics uses supplemental data from the U.S. Department of Commerce to estimate these data gaps.10 These values are indicated with tildes (~).

Why is it important?

Understanding which industries are responsible for most jobs and which sectors are growing or declining is key to grasping the type of economy that exists, how it has changed over time, and evolving competitive strengths.11,12 Most new jobs created in the U.S.

economy in the last 30 years have been in services-related sectors, a category that includes a wide variety of high-and low-wage occupations ranging from jobs in hotels and amusement parks to legal, health, business, and educational services. The section in this report titled "Wages by Industry" shows the difference in wages among various services related industries and compared to non-services related sectors.

In many small rural communities, government employment (e.g., the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management) represents an important component of the economy. In others there have been important changes in employment in mining and fossil fuel energy development, manufacturing (which includes lumber and wood products), and construction.13,14 Find more reports like this at headwaterseconomics.org/eps Study Guide l Part 13

Socioeconomic Trends Combined Area Employment by Industry (1970-2000)

Employment by Industry, Combined Area

In 2000 the three industry sectors with the largest number of jobs were services (9,105 jobs), retail trade (6,220 jobs),

and government (6,135 jobs).

From 1970 to 2000, the three industry sectors that added the most new jobs were services (4,617 new jobs), government (2,361 new jobs), and retail trade (1,600 new jobs).

Data Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce. 2020. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Accounts, Washington, D.C., reported by Headwaters Economics Economic Profile System, headwaterseconomics.org/eps.

Find more reports like this at headwaterseconomics.org/eps Data and Graphics l Part 14 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 0

2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 Farm Ag. Services Mining Construction Manufacturing Trans. & Public Utilities Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Finance, Ins., Real Estate Services Government