ML20281A411
| ML20281A411 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Humboldt Bay |
| Issue date: | 09/03/2020 |
| From: | Pacific Gas & Electric Co |
| To: | Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards, NRC/OCM |
| References | |
| HIL-20-005 | |
| Download: ML20281A411 (39) | |
Text
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-47 STRUCTURE CONTOUR MAP OF THE BAY ENTRANCE FAULT Cross section B-B' is shown on Figure 2.6-50.
(modified from Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 1980, Figure C-18).
Revision 0 January 2006 B
B '
B ay E ntrance Fault
?
-1000
-2000
-3000
-4000 WCC-3
-630?
A-15
-1760 WCC-2
-1240 AW-5
-2785 AW-3 WCC-10
-1660 Below -2335 0
100 200 300 m 0
500 1000 ft E XPLANATION E levation of fault in boring, in feet S tructure contour elevation, in feet R everse fault A-11
-657 N
B B '
-2000 IS FS I PLANT S ITE
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-48 Structure contour map of the Buhne Point fault (reinterpretation of data presented on Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 1980, Figure C-25). Cross section B-B' is shown on Figure 2.6-50.
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R D-22 WCC-10 B-5 B-12 AW-5 P-2 WCC-11 WCC-9 P-4 A-19 WCC-8 WCC-7 P-8 B elow -543 B elow -768 B elow -918
-1002 to -1112
-1020 to -1130
-1429
-766 B elow -372 H
um bo l dt B a y
KING S ALMON A-21 Above -200 (no evidence)
Fence Fuel S torage Tanks Parking Area Northwestern P acific R ailroad Plant Access R oad
-200
-800
-1000
-1400 Discharge Canal US 101 Northbound US 101 S outhbound (no evidence)
-200
-200
-100
-1200
-1300
-1100
-900
-700
-600
-500
-400
-100 P lant S ite B oundary Unit 3 Unit 2 Unit 1
-300 Ki ng S
a l
m on Av enue N
0 25 50 100 m 75 0
100 200 300 ft B'
B E XPLANATION Note: Fault plane detected in WCC-7, 8, 9, and 11 only Boring that clearly intercepts fault, depth indicated (feet)
Boring that limits location of fault, depth indicated (feet)
Borings that have the fault between them, depth indicated (feet)
S tructure contour elevation (feet)
Projected surface trace of Buhne Point fault based on topography, trench data, and boreholes E roded fault scarp (fault-line scarp)
Cross section B-B'
-400 B
B' ll ll ll ll IS FS I S ite
E E L R IVE R FOR MATION (R E PE TTIAN)
R IO-DE LL FOR MATION (VE NTUR IAN)
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-49
Cross section A-A' across the Little Salmon fault zone at Humboldt Hill (modified from Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 1980, Figure C-15). Location of cross section A-A' is shown on Figures 2.6-30 and 2.6-46.
A A'
R IO-DE LL FOR MATION (VE NTUR IAN)
E E L R IVE R FOR MATION (R E PE TTIAN)
Humboldt Bay WCC-118 Humboldt Hill Revision 0 January 2006
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI' FIGURE 2.6-50
Cross section B-B' across the Bay Entrance and Buhne Point faults. Location of cross section is shown on Figures 2.6-30 and 2.6-47.
Revision 0 January 2006 Bay Entrance Fault (approximate)
Buhne Point Fault Plant S ite IS FS I S ite (projected)
Tank King S almon Avenue
?
0 500 m 1000 2000 ft 0
B B'
Vertical = Horizontal Buhne Point terrace Discharge canal Note: Cross section modified from Woodward-Clyde Consultants (1980) (Figure C-8).
HOOKTON FOR MATION HOOKTON FOR MATION R IO DE L FOR MATION S COTIA BLUFFS (? )
FOR MATION "Unit F" Clay S COTIA BLUFFS (? )
FOR MATION "Unit F" Clay HOOKTON FM.
HOOKTON FOR MATION HOOKTON FOR MATION R IO DE L FOR MATION Bay E ntrance and Buhne Point faults plotted from structural contour maps (Figures 4-14 and 4-15);
contour intersection at fault shown as points.
Humboldt Bay King S almon
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-51 STRUCTURE CONTOUR MAP OF TOP OF UNIT F Revision 0 January 2006
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-52 Log of trench 11-T6b showing small faults of the Buhne Point fault in the lower Hookton Formation (from Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 1980, Figure C-35). Location of trench is shown on Figure 2.6-31.
LITHOLOGIC DE S CR IPTIONS UNIT 7: S AND Brown to dark brown (10 YR 4/3 moist), dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/6 moist), and yellowish red (5 YR 4/6 moist); fine-to medium-grained; subrounded; contains some discontinuous silty clay laminae and very thin beds (1 to 5 cm).
INTE R BE DDE D AND INTE R MIXE D S ILT, S AND, AND S ILTY CLAY Pale brown (10 YR 6/3 moist), strong brown (7.5 YR 5/8 moist), and dark gray (2.5 Y N/4 moist).
S ILT S trong brown (7.5 YR 5/8 moist), light olive-brown (2.5 Y 5/4 moist), and dark gray (2.5 Y N/4 moist); discontinuous interbeds of lenses of silty clay and fine-grained quartz sand.
S ILTY CLAY / CLAYE Y S ILT Dark gray (2.8 Y N/4 moist); slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many organic fragments, some pyritized.
INTE R BE DDE D AND INTE R MIXE D S ILT AND S AND Unit fines upward. Yellowish red (5 Y 5/8 moist) and strong brown (10 YR 5/8 moist); sediment deformation common.
UNIT 6: S ILT, S ILT WITH S AND LAMINAE, ME DIUM AND COAR S E S AND Unit fines upward. S trong brown (7.5 YR 5/8 moist),
yellowish brown (10 YR 5/8 moist), light olive-brown (2.5 Y 5/4 moist). S ediment deformation in uppermost silts. Basal pea-sized gravel.
UNIT 5: S ILT, S ILT AND S AND, FINE AND ME DIUM S AND Unit fines upward. Light olive-brown (2.5 Y 5/4 moist), and grayish brown (2.5 Y 5/2 moist). Basal pea-sized gravel or sand interfingers with underlying silt.
UNIT 4: S ILTY, PE ATY S ILTY S AND, S ILTY S AND WITH S OME PE BBLE S, GR AVE L Unit fines upward. Dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/6 moist),
yellowish red (5 YR 4/6 moist), light olive-brown (2.5 Y 5/4 moist), and grayish brown (2.5 Y 5/2 most); abundant organic material at base of silt and within peat layer. Gravel is subangular, poorly sorted and poorly graded; coarse sand size to 30 cm; 46 percent chert, 37 percent quartz-rich metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks, 13 percent quartz, 4 percent graywacke sandstone, 2 percent clay balls, rare sand lenses.
UNIT 3: S AND Olive-brown (2.5 Y 4/4 moist); medium-grained; subrounded to subangular; contains discontinuous thin (2 mm to 4 cm) silt lenses.
E XPLANATION Lithologic contact; solid line where resolution is less than 2 cm, dashed line where 2-5 cm, dotted line where 5-15 cm.
S oil contact Disturbed soil contact Fault; solid line where resolution is less than 2 cm, dashed line where 2-5 cm, dotted line where 5-15 cm; strike and dip of fault plane indicated; arrows indicate sense of relative displacement.
S trike and dip of jointing S hears 0
1 m 0
3 ft.
Horizontal = Vertical Revision 0 January 2006
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-53 Log of trench 11-T6c showing small faults of the Buhne Point fault in the lower Hookton Formation (from Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 1980, Figure C-35). Location of trench is shown on Figure 2.6-31.
LITHOLOGIC DE S CR IPTIONS UNIT 2: S AND WITH S ILT INTE R BE DS Yellowish brown (10 YR 5/6 moist) and light brownish gray (2.5 Y 6/2 moist); fine-to medium-grained; laminated, some sediment deformation and cross-bedding.
UNIT 1: INTE R BE DDE D S AND AND GR AVE L Gravel: 1 mm to 15 cm; poorly sorted and poorly graded; thinly bedded; 53 percent chert, 23 percent metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks, 11 percent quartz, 11 percent graywacke sandstone, 2 percent clay balls.
S and: S trong brown (7.5 YR 4/6 moist); massive; medium-grained; subangular.
UNIT F: S ILTY CLAY Very dark gray (10 YR 3/1 moist); slightly sticky and slightly plastic silty clay; rare shattered sea shells. Grades to interbedded and intermixed silt and sand. Unit fines upward.
Interbedded and intermixed silt and sand is dark brown (7.5 YR 3/4 moist) and dark grayish brown (10 YR 4/2 moist).
S and is olive-brown (2.5 Y 4/4 moist); medium-grained; subrounded to subangular; contains some discontinuous, thin (2 mm to 4 cm) silt lenses.
E XPLANATION Lithologic contact; solid line where resolution is less than 2 cm, dashed line where 2-5 cm, dotted line where 5-15 cm.
S oil contact Disturbed soil contact Fault; solid line where resolution is less than 2 cm, dashed line where 2-5 cm, dotted line where 5-15 cm; strike and dip of fault plane indicated; arrows indicate sense of relative displacement.
S trike and dip of jointing S hears 0
1 m 0
3 ft.
Horizontal = Vertical Revision 0 January 2006
E XPLANATION Lithologic contract; solid where resolution is less than 2 cm, dashed line where 2-5 cm, dotted line where 5-15 cm.
S oil contact Disturbed soil contact 0
1 m 0
3 ft.
Horizontal = Vertical Fault; solid line where resolution is less than 2 cm, dashed line where 2-5 cm, dotted line where 5-15 cm; strike and dip of fault plane indicated; arrows indicate sense of relative displacement.
S trike and dip of jointing S hears FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-54 McKINLEYVILLE TRENCH (FROM WOODWARD-CLYDE CONSULTANTS, 1980, FIGURE B-19a). LOCATION OF TRENCH SHOWN ON FIGURE 2.6-13.
Revision 0 January 2006
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-55 GEOLOGIC CROSS SECTION W-W 1
Revision 0 January 2006 Note: Location of cross section is shown on Figure 2.6-31. Unit F location based on structure contour map (Figure 2.6-51). Stratigraphy above Unit F based on correlation of boreholes (ESA76-P2, GMX99-2, ESA76-6 through -8) and trenches. See Figure 2.6-31 for locations of boreholes.
Exposure of Discharge Canal fault in sea cliff west of Discharge Canal. The vertical string line in the middle of the photograph is 100 cm long. (Photographs JW-3-23 and 24; taken on March 21, 2000). Location of exposure is shown as outcrop JW-7 on Figure 2.6-31.
N43E 5
5 4
4 3
3 4
3 3
3 3
3 2
2 2
1 1
1 N17W, 87NE N17W, 87S W N60W, 90+/-
Bt horizon S andy clay, with fragments of S andy clay - clayey sand S and (clayey), prominent dark horizon in photograph S ilty clay Fault, dashed where approximately located; dotted and queried where inferred Lithologic contact, S = soil contact A
A B
B C
C
?
?
?
? ?
S S
S S
S 0
0 2 ft.
50 cm 0
50 100 150 Horizontal = Vertical Cross trench strike of zone (shearing) ~N50W Depth (cm)
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-56 Revision 0 January 2006
25 20 15 10 E LE VATION, feet 98765 4
E LE VATION, meters NE S W Log of northeastern part of trench BP-2 (from Earth Sciences Associates, 1977, Figure C37 [colors added for emphasis]). Station numbers are in feet. Location of trench is shown on Figure 2.6-31.
Log southwest of here not shown 0
1 m 0
3 ft.
Horizontal = Vertical FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-57 LOG OF ESA (1977)
TRENCH BP-2 Revision 0 January 2006
Log of trench BP-3 (from Earth Sciences Associates, 1977, Figure C37 [colors added for emphasis]). Station numbers are in feet. Location of trench is shown on Figure 2.6-31.
S poil pile contacts not shown 0
25 20 15 10 0
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 7
6 5
4 3
2 10 11 12 13 meters 5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 feet View West Logged by T.D. Hunt E LE VATION, feet E LE VATION, meters FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-58 LOG OF ESA (1977)
TRENCH BP-3 Revision 0 January 2006
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-59
Alternative interpretations of the irregularities in the top of the Unit F clay between boreholes WCC80-CH4 and WCC80-CH5. Locations of boreholes shown on Figure 2.6-31.
0 10 ft 0
3 m Vertical = Horizontal Revision 0 January 2006 CH-4 CH-1A CH-2 CH-5 elevation
-160 (MLLW) elevation
-160 (MLLW)
CH-3 CH-4 CH-1A CH-2 CH-5 CH-3 (a) Fault (b) Cut-and-Fill Channel
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-60
Trench GMX-T1, view east-southeast. View along trench with Humboldt Bay Power Plant in the background. Part of trench GMX-T2 is in the foreground. (Photograph FHS-00/8-1 #29 taken August 1, 2000.)
Revision 0 January 2006
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-61 SURVEYING GEOLOGIC CONTACTS IN TRENCH GMX-T2.
VIEW IS TOWARD THE SOUTH.
(PHOTOGRAPH FHS-00/7-4 #9 TAKEN AUGUST 1, 2000.)
Revision 0 January 2006
SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-62 Artificial fill overlying sand and silt layers of the upper Hookton Formation in northwest wall of trench GMX-T2 between station 36 ft. and station 44 ft. (Photograph FHS-00/7-4 #19 taken August 1, 2000.)
Revision 0 January 2006 Fill
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-63 Clay fractures in upper Hookton Formation in trench GMX-T2. Fractures are at station ~25 ft., depth ~5 ft. Note continuous bedding across fractures below where they have been bleached in the weathered silty clay. (Photograph FHS-00/8-3 #32 taken August 3, 2000.)
Fill S ilty Clay S ilt S and Clay Revision 0 January 2006
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-64
Fracture lined with black compressed rootlets in clayey-silt bed in trench GMX-T2. Fracture is at station 40 ft., depth ~11 ft. (Photograph FHS-00/7-3 #21 taken August 3, 2000.)
Revision 0 January 2006
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-65 Continuous bedding across bleached fracture in silty clay in trench GMX-T2. Fractures are at station 30 ft., depth ~4 ft. (Photograph FHS-00/8-3 #26 taken August 3, 2000.)
Revision 0 January 2006 S and S ilty Clay
0 0.5 1
1.5 2
2.5 3
3.5 4
4.5 5
0.01 0.1 1
10 Spectral Acceleration (g)
Period (sec) 2%
damping 4%
damping 5%
damping 7%
damping Revision 0 January 2006 FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-66 FAULT NORMAL DESIGN SPECTRUM FOR DAMPING VALUES OF 2%, 4%, 5%, AND 7%
0 0.5 1
1.5 2
2.5 3
3.5 4
4.5 5
0.01 0.1 1
10 Spectral Acceleration (g)
Period (sec) 2%
damping 4%
damping 5%
damping 7%
damping Revision 0 January 2006 FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-67 FAULT PARALLEL DESIGN SPECTRUM FOR DAMPING VALUES OF 2%, 4%, 5%, AND 7%
0 1
2 3
4 5
6 0.01 0.1 1
10 Spectral Acceleration (g)
Period (sec) 2%
damping 4%
damping 5%
damping 7%
damping Revision 0 January 2006 FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-68 VERTICAL SPECTRUM FOR DAMPING VALUES OF 2%, 4%, 5%, AND 7%
0 0.5 1
1.5 2
2.5 3
3.5 4
4.5 0.01 0.1 1
10 Spectral Acceleration (g)
Period (sec)
FN - Deterministic FP - Deterministic Z - Deterministic FN 2000 YR FP 2000 YR Z 2000 YR Revision 0 January 2006 FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-72 COMPARISON OF DETERMINISTIC SPECTRA WITH 2000-YEAR PROBABILISTIC SPECTRA
a)
Collapsed fault scarp from reverse fault having constant dip.
b)
Uplift, folding and bulldozing at fault scarp from reverse fault having constant dip.
c)
Uplift, compact folding at fault scarp from reverse fault that steepens dip as it approaches the surface.
f)
R everse fault with blind forethrust and simple backthrust produced by a thrust wedge.
i)
Fault propogation fold at the advancing tip of a blind thrust fault.
e)
R everse fault with forethrust (30% of slip),
backthrust (70% of slip), and wedge-shaped block.
h)
R everse fault with compressed shear and "surface fold."
g)
S imple blind thrust with fault bend fold developed above a fault ramp.
d)
Uplift, folding, bulldozing, and tilting from reverse fault that shallows in dip as it approaches the surface.
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-73 TYPICAL TYPES OF SURFACE DEFORMATION ASSOCIATED WITH THRUST FAULTING Revision 0 January 2006 Compression Hinge-line fractures and shears associated with fault bend fold Hinge-line shears and fractures associated with fault bend folding Original position of backthrust and surface Tension 70%
100%
30%
Theoretical position Fault bend fold Fault bend fold Fault bend fold Uplift without secondary fault displacement Uplift without fault displacement Original surface Original position of backthrust and surface Original surface Wedge-shaped block Uplift and backlift Uplift without displacement Original surface Original surface Fold in strata above fault Original surface Thrust fault propagates upward into deformation zone of shears and faults "Folded" bedding Original surface Original surface Fold rolls over onto surface Bed Bedding Fold from earlier event Displacement this event Thrust wedge
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-74
Collapsed fault scarp in alluvium on the Hanning Bay fault, Montague Island, Alaska. The fault dips to the left into the scarp that formed during the 1964 Alaska earthquake (from Plafker and others, 1969).
Revision 0 January 2006
This trench exposure near Trinidad, approximately 36 kilometers north of the ISFSI site, is an example of surface deformation produced by a displacement on a low-angle thrust fault (from Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 1980, Figure B-14). The style of deformation corresponds to Type b on Figure 2.6-73 FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-75 0
4 8
12 16 20 Depth (feet) 0 2
1 3
4 5
6 Depth (meters) 16 20 24 28 32 36 Depth (feet) 5 7
6 8
9 10 11 Depth (meters) 0 4
8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100 104 108 112 116 120 (feet)
Original ground surface Revision 0 January 2006
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-76 Fault scarp on the Chelungpu fault at the Kuang Fu Middle School, Taiwan. The scarp, formed during the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, illustrates the type of faulting in which the fault tip follows the ground surface.
Revision 0 January 2006
E XPLANATION ALLUVIUM 5 - ACTIVE CHANNE L DE POS ITS ALLUVIUM 4 - YOUNGE R FAN DE POS ITS ALLUVIUM 3 - CHANNE L AND POND ALLUVIUM 2 - OLDE R FAN DE POS ITS ALLUVIUM 1 - FLUVIAL OR OLD BAY DE POS ITS UNDIFFE R E NTIATE D LANDS LIDE DE POS ITS MAR INE TE R R ACE DE POS ITS HOOKTON FOR MATION 3,540 60 YE AR S BP (ADJUS TE D C AGE )
14,380 100 YE AR S BP (ADJUS TE D C AGE )
CONVE NTIONAL 14C AGE OF >45,660 YE AR S BP CONVE NTIONAL 14C AGE OF >44,540 YE AR S BP CONVE NTIONAL 14C AGE OF >46,140 YE AR S BP Qal5 Qal4 Qal3 Qal2 Qal1 Qls Qtm1 Qh D
E A
B C
0 100 Feet 0
30 Meters S cale vertical = horizontal E XPLANATION ALLUVIUM 5 - ACTIVE CHANNE L DE POS ITS MAR INE - BAY MAR GIN DE POS ITS ALLUVIUM 2 - OLDE R FAN DE POS ITS ALLUVIUM 1 - FLUVIAL OR OLD BAY DE POS ITS MAR INE TE R R ACE DE POS ITS - 3 CONVE NTIONAL 14C AGE OF 5198 +/- 349 YE AR S BP Qal 5 Qm Qal 2 Qal 1 Qtm 3 0
100 Feet 0
30 Meters S cale vertical = horizontal E XPLANATION ALLUVIUM 5 - ACTIVE CHANNE L DE POS ITS ALLUVIUM 2 - OLDE R FAN DE POS ITS ALLUVIUM 1 - FLUVIAL OR OLD BAY DE POS ITS UNDIFFE R E NTIATE D LANDS LIDE DE POS ITS MAR INE TE R R ACE DE POS ITS Qal 5 Qal 2 Qtrn 1 Qls Qtm 2 0
100 Feet 0
30 Meters S cale vertical = horizontal 0
100 Feet 0
30 Meters S cale vertical = horizontal E XPLANATION ALLUVIUM 2 - OLDE R FAN DE POS ITS ALLUVIUM 1 - FLUVIAL OR OLD BAY DE POS ITS MAR INE TE R R ACE DE POS ITS - 2 CONVE NTIONAL 14C AGE OF 27,730 +/- 170 YE AR S BP Qal 2 Qal 1 Qtm 2 A
A DIS TANCE (ME TE R S )
400 500 100 200 300 0
-300
-200
-100 E LE VATION (FT)
-200
-100 0
50 70
-300 E as t-Northeas t E LE VATION (FT)
-80
-60
-40
-20 0
20 Wes t-S outhwes t
?
Buhne Point Fault Buhne Point S play Fault IS FS I S ite S AND WITH GR AVE L UNIT F CLAY Cumulative vertical separation on Unit F across the Bay E ntrance fault is 270 m down to the southwest Bay E ntrance Fault Discharge Canal Fault Discharge canal (a) Composite cross section across the Bay Entrance, Buhne Point, and Discharge Canal faults at the site (based on Figure 2.6-55 and Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 1980, Figure C-8).
(b through e) Geologic cross sections across a trace of the Little Salmon fault zone at College of the Redwoods (from LACO Associates, 1999b, Figures 5 through 8, respectively).
a) b)
c) d)
e)
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-77 Comparison of faulting near the Humboldt Bay ISFSI site with deformation mapped in the hanging wall of the Little Salmon fault zone at College of the Redwoods, about 5 kilometers south of the site.
Revision 0 January 2006 IS FS I S ite E ureka A R C A T A B A Y H U M B O L D T B A Y P A C I F I C O C E A N S ection (a)
S ections (b),
(c), (d), & (e)
1) 2)
3) 4)
(b) The evolution of complex zones of deformation is shown sequentially with (1) initiation of faulting and development of synthetic shears and (2) continued deformation and development of antithetic shears. Repeating the process during continued movement (during either the same earthquake or subsequent earthquakes) produces a complex rhombohedral pattern of closely spaced shears (3) and (4) that individually have small displacements, but collectively can accommodate a large amount of crustal shortening.
(a) Complex zones of deformation in the hanging wall of the McK inleyville fault (Mad River fault zone) exposed in the sea cliff at Clam Beach, north of Arcata (photograph by Thomas Dunklin, Arcata, California, 1999). The displacement is up to the northeast. The cliff is about 35 m high, and the photo shows a section about 150 m long.
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-78 COMPLEX ZONES OF DEFORMATION WHERE CRUSTAL SHORTENING IS ACCOMMODATED BY NUMEROUS SMALL-DISPLACEMENT CONJUGATE FAULTS Revision 0 January 2006 Northeast Antithetic faults S yntithetic faults S outhwest
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-79 Schematic progressive development of fault bend and fault propagation folds (from Suppe, 1983). Folds develop as thrust sheet rides over a step in decollement.
Revision 0 January 2006 Fault bend fold A
B Fault propagation fold
The fault displaces a late Pleistocene marine terrace near Humbolt Bay (from Carver and McCalpin, 1996, Figure 5.13). The terrace deposits are underlain by very ductile, intensely sheared shaley melange. The thrust fault is blind, and displacement occurs at the surface as a sharp, overturned fault-propagation fold. The marine terrace platform (heavy line) and overlying terrace sand and gravel are overturned in the forelimb of the fold. The sequence of colluvial deposits, labeled 1 through 6 (from youngest to oldest), is interpreted to have formed on the scarp face between slip events, indicating there have been repeated surface displacements along this fault trace. The style of deformation corresponds to Type i on Figure 8-1.
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-80 LOG OF TRENCH ACROSS A TRACE OF THE MAD RIVER FAULT ZONE Revision 0 January 2006 0
0 15 30 45 55 feet meters feet 5
10 15 20 meters 0
0 5
10 15 20 25 1
2 3
4 5
6 7
8
A) Fault bend fold appears as flexure on the floor of a building destroyed by surface faulting during the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake.
B) S hears and fractures in wall over the fault bend fold shown above.
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-81 FAULT BEND FOLD AND ASSOCAITED SHEARS AND FRACTURES ON THE CHELUNGPU FAULT, FENGYUAN, TAIWAN Revision 0 January 2006
A) Tensional cracks and normal faults that formed in the 1980 E l Asnam earthquake along a secondary fault that is about 7 kilometers from the main fault trace (photograph by F. H. S wan).
B) Normal fault scarp in the hanging wall near the same location as above.
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-82 FRACTURES AND FAULTS IN THE HANGING WALL OF THE OUED FODDA FAULT, ALGERIA Revision 0 January 2006
80 90 100 110 120
-20 0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 No vertical exaggeration E XPLANATION Fault, dashed where inferred; arrows show relative sense of displacement Lithologic contact, dashed where approximate Distance (meters) 400 500 100 200 300 0
-300
-200
-100 E levation (feet)
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50 0
50 70
-300 E as t-Northeas t E levation (m)
-80
-60
-40
-20 0
20 Wes t-S outhwes t B uhne Point fault Buhne Point S play Fault IS FS I S ite S and with Gravel UNIT F Clay Cumulative vertical separation on Unit F across the Bay E ntrance Fault is 270 m down to the southwest Bay E ntrance Fault Discharge Canal fault Discharge canal 180 m 215 m E roded fault scarp (fault line scarp)
Fractures in lower Hookton B uhne Point S play fault
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E levation (feet) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
No faults WE DGE S HAPE D BLOCK Wedge shaped block Top of Lower Hookton (middle Pleistocene)
Upper Hookton marine terrace (83,000 to 100,000 yrs.) tilted
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0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Main thrus t fault (net vertical displacement 3.9m)
Pool (projected, tilted 0.2°)
S kate R ink (projected, tilted 0.2°)
B ackthrus t fault (net vertical displacement 1.5m)
Height (m)
Height (m)
E asting (m) 400
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No vertical exaggeration Area of severe damage 80 m Area of severe damage 120 m 0
100 50 Height (m) 250 200 150 100 50 0
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50 0
50 100 Chelungpu fault S evere damage Pool a) Cross section through ISFSI site.
c) Topographic profile C-C' across the Chelungpu fault, along the paved road directly north of K uang Fu Middle School.
d) Topographic profile at Taiwan Studio City, showing locations of tilted fish pond, and other structures.
b) Schematic geologic cross section through Chung Chen Park, Taichung, Taiwan showing inferred subsurface configuration of faults based on surface observations. Swimming pool and skate rink projected onto cross section along local structural trends.
S evere damage Main thrus t fault (net vertical displacement 1.7m) net vertical displacement 0.5m net vertical displacement 0.3m 400 300 200 100 0
400 300 Height (feet)
Height (feet) 0 0
500 feet 1000 feet 100 meters Vertical = Horizontal Primary fault scarp Hanging-wall graben Back tilted Tilted buildings on secondary scarp crest Fish pond Back-tilted buildings
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(a) Composite cross section across the Bay Entrance, Buhne Point, and Discharge Canal faults at the site (based on Figure 2.6-55 and Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 1980, Figure C-8).
(b through d) Geologic cross sections across the 1999 Chelungpu fault rupture (from Kelson and others, 2001).
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-83 Comparison of faulting near the Humboldt Bay ISFSI site with 1999 surface rupture along the Chelungpu fault, Taiwan.
Revision 0 January 2006
Fault causes an earthquake as it displaces the sea floor along the fault trace (wave height at the source is roughly equal to the vertical sea-floor displacement)
Landslide displaces the sea floor along a landslide scarp (wave height depends on landslide mass, vertical travel distance, and velocity of movement)
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-84 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS OF MAJOR TSUNAMI SOURCES Revision 0 January 2006
1/2 Wave length Tsunami inundation R unup height Wave height (MS L)
(MS L)
(MHHW)
(MLLW)
S horeline of high storm tides (marked by highest driftwood)
FSAR UPDATE HUMBOLDT BAY ISFSI FIGURE 2.6-85 ILLUSTRATION OF TSUNAMI TERMS Revision 0 January 2006