ML20248G508
| ML20248G508 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Issue date: | 02/23/1989 |
| From: | NRC ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR WASTE (ACNW) |
| To: | |
| References | |
| NACNUCLE-T-0007, NACNUCLE-T-7, NUDOCS 8904130457 | |
| Download: ML20248G508 (427) | |
Text
{{#Wiki_filter:' ' O UNITED STATES NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION j ADVISORY COMMITTEE,ON NUCLEAR WASTE In the Mr.tter of: )
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7th ACNW Meeting ) Day Three )
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Pages: 441 through 640
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Place: Bethesda, Ma tY ~* f'ff j- (' y Date: February 23, 3
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1 1- PUBLIC NOTICE BY THE 2 UNITED-STATES NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION'S 3 ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR WASTE 4 February 23, 1989
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7 The contents of this stenographic transcript'of L 8 the proceedings of the United States Nuclear Regulatory l 9 Commission's Advisory Committee on Nuclear Waste (ACNW), as ' I 10 . reported herein, is an uncorrected record of the discussions 11 recorded at the meeting held on the above date. 12 No member of the ACNW staff and no participant at- , 13 this meeting accepts any responsibility for errors or f 1 14 inaccuracies of statement or data contained in this r~N, 15 transcript. i
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16 ; l' 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 q e (~) seritage Reporting Corporation (202} 628-4888 l
441 UNITED STATES NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION -l ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR WASTE In the Matter of: )
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7th ACNW Meeting ) i
, Day Three ) l Thursday, February 23, 1989 Room P-110, Phillips Bldg.
7920 Norfolk Avenue Bethesda, Maryland The meeting convened, pursuant to notice, at 8:30 a.m. BEFORE: DR. DADE W. MOELLER Chairman, ACNW O'. Professor of Engineering in Environmental Health , Associate Dean for Continuing Education School of Public Health Harvard University Boston, Massachusetts ACNW MEMBERS PRESENT: DR. MARTIN J. STEINDLER Director, Chemical Technology Division ) Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, Illinois CONSULTANTS: MELVIN CARTER DONALD ORTH 4 JUDITH B. MOODY j WILLIAM J. HINZE DAVID OKRENT v EUGENE E. VOILAND l () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
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442 DESIGNATED FEDERAL OFFICIAL: DR. S.J. PARRY I
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ACRS COGNIZANT STAFF MEMBERS: R.F. FARLEY, Executive Director ! H. STANLEY SCHOFER, Technical Secretary M M M M M OF O Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 i
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.O 1 unassnuas 2 DR. MOELLER: The meeting will now come to order.
3 This the third day of the 7th Meeting of the Advisory. 4 Committee on Nuclear Waste. I am Dave Moeller, the Chairman 5 of the Committee. I felt since we had a number of new 6 people in attendance today, it might be proper to take a few 7 minutes and introduce the members of the committee and its 8 consultants. 9 I am at the Harvard School of Public Health. 10 Seated on my left is the second committee member, Dr. Martin 11 Steindler, who is Director of the Chemical Technology 12 Division at the Argonne National Laboratory. Dr. Clifford 13 Smith, who is the chancellor at the University of Wisconsin 14 at Milwaukee, is unable to be with us. 15 Our team of consultants includes: Dr. William 16 Hinze, professor of geology at Purdue University; Dr. David 17 Okran, professor of nuclear engineering at UCLA. We also 18 expect Eugene Voiland, chemist, retired, former manager of 19 the General Electric Morris facility to join us later this 20 morning. 21 Then we also have Dr. Judith Moody, a private 22 consultant in geology of nuclear waste management and 1 23 formerly associated with the Batille SALP project as one of . I 24 our consultants. And we also have Dr. Donald Orth, a senior L' 25 corporate fellow at the Savannah River Plant and specialist I L 1 () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 i ~ - - _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
444' Ih _l- :in chemistry. And last but-not least, Dr. Melvin Carter, 2 professor emeritus from Georgia Tech. Dr. Carter's areas of
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'3 specialization included environmental engineering and health i
4 physics. 5 We also have seated at the table Dr. Sidney Parry, j 6' who is the designated federal employee for this meeting. 7 .Today we are going to be discussing a variety of 8 topics. Let me just go.through them briefly. The first and 9 foremost and in fact covering the entire morning.will'be the 10 presentation by the State of Nevada., I will mention a 11 little more about-that in a moment. l 12 Then.we.will-take a lunch break, and after lunch 13 we will have a presentation by the NRC staff from the Office 14 of Nuclear Regulatory Research on the proposed' rule on the 15 disposal of greater than Class C radioactive. waste. 16 Then after that, or that will conclude the formal 17 portions of today's meeting. And then the committee will go 18 into executive session to cover two different-topics. One 19 will be an administrative session to discuss our future 20 agenda, and we need to review our by-laws and a few things 21 like that since we are still in the process of getting 22 everything in order. 23 And then we will also have an executive session i 24 which will be open to the public in which we will be 1 25 discussing any reports that the committee deems appropriate ! Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
445 ; () 'l on the basis of what we have heard over the last three days. 2 The meeting is being conducted in accordance with 3 the provisions of the Federal Advisory Committee Act and the 4 government in the Sunshine Act. 5 We have received no written statements or requests 6 from members of the public to make oral statements during k 7 the meeting.
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8 A transcript of the meeting will be kept and 9 indeed we are having a TV tape made of certain portions of 10 today's meeting. So we would ask that everyone speak 11 clearly and distinctly. That if you are a member of the 12 public or a member of the Nevada stoff or any of the other 1 13 groups that are appearing before us and you desire to speak 14 and you are not at-the podium, please move to one of the
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15 microphones, either the one standing here or at any of the
'16 tables. Give us your name and then make your statement.
17 And if the reporter is unable to hear what is 18 being said, please waive your hand and we will interrupt to 19 correct that deficiency. 20 Well, let me then move on to today's meeting. Are 21 there any of the consultants or Dr. Steindler or anyone have 22 any comments before we begin? 23 (No response.) 24 DR. MOELLER: All right, let me welcome then the l 25 representatives from the Si, ate of Nevada who are appearing i 1 ( Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 i
446 ('.) 1 before us this morning. The schedule calls for them to be 2 with us until noon. We will be taking a break somewhere 3 within that period of time. 4 We had previously attempted to get together with 5 the people from Nevada in November and December of 1988. We 6 were unable to do that., so it is especially pleasant for us 7 to have them join us today. Although it is expected, and I 8 am sure they will tell us what they primarily plan to 9 discuss, we would anticipate that perhaps most of their 10 discussion would be on the consultation draft site 11 characterization plan, j 12 Members and consultants to the committee may wish, 13 if the State of Nevada representatives are agreeable, also j 14 to discuss the DOE conceptual design report, and perhaps (")T 15 inquire whether they have any preliminary remarks relative 16 to the statutory site characterization plan. 17 With those remarks, let me then move right into 18 the program and call upon Robert R. Loux, Executive , 19 Director, Nevada Agency 'for Nuclear Projects. 20 Robert, is a pleasure to welcome'you. 21 (Slides displayed.) 22 MR. LOUX: Mr. Chairman, members of the committee. i l 23 I am Robert Loux. I am the Executive Director of the Nevada 24 Agency for Nuclear Projects, a state agency. I would like 25 to extend my gratitude and thanks for allowing us to be here () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l ? l l
1 447 () 1 this morning and for our contractors to bed here as well and 2 make what I hope to be is.a very interesting and informative 3 presentation about our program and some of the activities 4 that we are engaged in relative to the Yucca Mountain site 5 and the program in Nevada. We certainly feel that we are 6 fortunate to be able to assembly those here today for you ; I 7 and appreciate your willingness also to allow this meeting ; i 8 to be taped for our use and other use in the future. 9 What I intend to do this morning, Mr. Chairman, ; I 10 briefly before we get too far down the road is to provide 11 you with a very brief overview of the office, what its 12 functions are, some of its organizational activities, and 13 then I will introduce Carl Johnson, our technical program {} 14 chief, who will then carry out the balance of the technical 15 presentation. 16 It is at least our intent today to focus almost 17 exclusively on the technical issues that we are associated 18 with at the site. And, of course, should any other 19 questions in that area or any other area rise, we would 20 certainly be pleased to answer them for you. 21 DR. MOELLER: Thank you. 22 MR. LOUX: Let me indicate at the outset that the 23 State of Nevada was very involved early on in this program. 24 In the early '80s, in fact, I interacted personally with 25 many of the congressional sr.aff relative to the 1982 law Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 < 1 2
c- -- 448 x ! () 1 that we are all very familiar with. 2 It was shortly after the passage of the Nuclear 3 Waste Policy Act in 1982 that the Agency for Nuclear 4 Projects was first created by executive crder, and then in 5 1985, was established as an independent fully fledged i 6 agency. Let me indicate as well that the agency and all of 7 its activities and all we will be describing today are 8 funded out of the Nuclear Waste Fund through grants, 9 applications of which we file with the Department of Energy 10 and negotiate over time with them relative to funding any 11 and all of the activities that we will be talking about here 12 today. 13 As I mentioned, the office was created in 1983, (~s 14 and then formally put into statute in 1985. The office
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15 really consists of two divisions and a commission. As you l l 16 might suspect, the two divisions are associated primarily l 17 with, on the one hand, the geotechnical issues relative to 18 understanding the suitability of Yucca Mountain. The other l 19 division is a planning division. It's more associated with 1 l 20 issues such as the socio-economic and transportation 1 21 aspects. l l 22 But the state agency is fully charged under state 23 law to do two or three things in particular that I would 24 like to highlight. The first of all is to, in the technical 25 arena is to evaluate, analyze, to oversee the Department of 1 () Heritage Reporting Corporation wo23 e28-.888 {
449 () 1 Energy's program at Yucca Mountain and other locations, as 2 well as to engage in independent confirmatory studies on 3 various issues at Yucca Mountain, depending on the nature of 4 the issue in question. 5 The second is to fully assess all and any social 6 and economic impacts that might result to the state, not 7 only from the potential of repository being constructed, but 8 certainly from site characterization as well as any related 9 transportation issues. 10 And thirdly, of course, we are charged with 11 advising the elected leaders, the governor, the legislature, 12 attorney general and others in the State af Nevada relative ! 13 to the program on an ongoing basis.
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15 are two divisions: A technical division which is primarily 16 associated with the first duty; and a planning division 17 which is associated more with the social and economic { 18 aspects. 19 There is also created by the legislature a 20 commission on nuclear projects which is currently chaired by 21 former Governor Grant Sawyer. That commission is charged 22 with the responsibility of making policy recommendations to 23 the State of Nevada, to the governor, and to the legislature 24 for their consideration in adopting either executive policy 25 or in fact enacting the statutes or other sorts of laws () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
450 (') 1 pertaining to the program as the case may be. They also, I 2 might add, are advisory to the agency itself and provide 3 guidance directly to our office. 4 In addition, the office has to other noteworthy 5 important functions. First of all, as you may note from the 6 chart, we have an ongoing public information program which 7 is headed up by our public affairs manager; primarily is 8 associated with the dissemination of information, both 9 technical and nontechnical, to the public, not only in 10 Nevada but in other locations relative to our program and 11 also the Department of Energy's program. 12 And we also have, as you note on the chart as 13 well, a quality assurance program and a quality assurance 14 manager which hes two functions. One is oversees the [} 15 Department of Energy's activities and is involved with their 16- quality assurance program as well as the implementation 7f 17 the quality assurance program internal in our organization 18 relativo to our own activities. 19 We currently have a number of scientists and 20 others working on the -- researchers working on the project. 21 I might note that the majority of our work is conducted by 22 consultants and contractors. We have a small office An ; 23 Carson Citi of 19 professionals and other staff, and as I j 24 mentioned, de most of our work through contracts and engage 3 1 25 with consultants; some 180 or so that we have on board () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
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451 () 1; currently. 4 2 With that, I will sort of wrap up on the ; I 3 organization aspect of the agency, and introduce Carl 1 4 Johnson. But I would, at least first at.this point, see if f 5 there are any questions or any concerns that I might address I 6 before I introduce Carl. i 1 7 , DR. CARTER: Yes, I have one, Mr. Loux. 8 I wonder if you could comment on your budget. I 9 noticed.you are funded through a series of grants. 10 MR. LOUX: Correct. 11 DR. CARTER: Are those competitive, or I presume 12 from that that your budget may fluctuate from. time to time? 13 MR. LOUX: It does fluctuate from time to time. 14 The process has evolved over time. Historically, up until= [ 15 the last year or so, the agency made direct grant 16 applications to the Department of Energy. Those 17 applications then were reviewed by the department, and in- l 18 consultation and negotiation with the state, a budget figure. 19 and activity levels were agreed upon, and the state 20 proceeded to engage in those activities. 21 During the last year, however, the Congressional 22 Appropriations Ccamittee, for what I understand is the 23 purpose of removing the Department of Energy from the grant 24 process somewhat, proceeded to provide a line item within 25 the Department of Energy budget for the state and local () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
452 () n 1 government oversight activities. And it is that number that 2 we now are submitting to the Department of Energy to budget, f 3 if you would, any activities that we would undertake 4 underneath that budget. And we now are also in the process 5 of having to interact directly with the Appropriations 6 Committee relative to future appropriations, or at least a 7 budget number. 8 DR. CARTER: Okay, the other question I had is, I 9 notice most of your people are from Nevada as far as 10 consultants and what not. Is that pretty much true 11 throughout your program? 12 MR. LOUX: There has been a strong emphasis and 13 encouragement by our own legislature as well as executive, I 14 that to the extent possible we want to utilize the resources
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15 which are in the State of Nevada for a lot of reasons. The 16 primary one being is that the researchers and individuals 17 within the State of Nevada, both public and private within ! 18 the university system, University of Nevada, Los Vegas, and 19 the University of Nevada, Reno, and of course the Desert 20 Research Institute are very well familiar with the various 21 aspects of Nevada's hydrology and geology. In fact, in some 22 instances they are thought of as really being the experts in 23 that area. 24 But we also utilize out-of-state consultants in a 25 lot of other areas. For instance, our outfit who is doing
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453 ( ). 1 the major work on our social and economic impact assessment 2 are from out of state; Phoenix, Arizona, to be precise. _ 3 So we try to use a mix, if you would, of in-state 4' resources, out-of-state resources, public as well as 5 private. 6 DR. MOELLER: Other questions? 7 Dr. Moody. 8 DR. MOODY: From looking at your viewgraph that's 9 presently on the screen, is the state also involved in 10 evaluating whether Yucca Mountain is an adequate possibility 11 for deep isolation of high level nuclear waste? 12 MR. LOUX: Let me -- the answer to that is yes, 13 but let me clarify to some extent. Let me make clear that C 14 we are not assuming the Department of Energy's duties in the
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15 cense of characterizing the site. We have identified, and I 16 think Carl will allude to it later in the presentation, a 17 number of issues that tne state feels are critical to 18 understand in order to achieve the goal of protection of the 19 health and safety of the citizens as well as the 20 environment. In some instances those issues are different 21 are different from ones that the Department of Energy has 22 identified, and in some instances they are the same. 23 So, yes, we are in a sense evaluating the 24 suitability of Yucca Mountain, but not in the same sense of 25 charr.cterizing the site as the Department of Energy is t Heritage Reportinr3 Corporation . (202) 628 388 1 l I
454 r (_)j i doing. 2 DR. MOODY: But you then cover that by saying 3 independent studies related to issues of concern. ! l 4 MR. LOUX: Correct. 5 DR. MOODY: Okay. 6 DR. MOELLER: Okay, that seems to be it. Thank , l 7 you. 8 MR. LOUX: Mr. Chairman, I will be here, as you 9 are aware, all morning. I'd be happy to answer any other l 10 questions as they arise. But let me introduce to you at 11 this point Carl Johnson. 12 DR. MOELLER: Excuee me. Before you do that, I , 13 had -- or maybe I have an answer now. 14 We all are aware you want to tape the program and (^)T 15 we certainly want to cooperate to the extent that's 16 practical. Since everyone has the handouts, at least I 17 believe everyone has them, would anyone object to leaving 18 the lights on? 19 (No response.) 20 DR. MOELLER: I hear no objection. Why don't we 21 turn the lights on, and if there is any person in the 22 audience that does not have the handouts, let us know and i 23 that will make it easier for them. 24 Okay, go ahead. 25 MR. LOUX: Thank you. r ~. (_). Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
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455 r5 (j 1 Carl has been with the agency since inception in i 2 1983, and he will introduce the balance of the program at 3 this point. 4 DR. MOELLER: Thank you. 5 (Slides displayed.) 6 MR. JOHNSON: Good morning. My name is Carl 7 Johnson. I am the administrator of the technical programs 8 for the Nevada Agency for Nuclear Projects. My 9 responsibilities are directly related to technical matters 10 related to our oversight of the repository project. That 11 includes not only the earth sciences, but the engineering 12 aspects and also the environmental aspects of it. 13 The presentation that we are going to present to
/~ 14 you today will mainly discuss Nevada's technical site (s% /
15 suitability concerns related to the proposed repository. 16 And in the context of that, I think that you will get a l 17 flavor for our comments and our concerns that we presented 18 in our comments to the Department of Energy on their 19 consultative draft site characterization plan. And that 20 certainly we will be considering in our review of the l l 21 statutcry site characterization plan which is now on the 22 street, and certainly would be happy that after we complete 23 our review some time in the summer come back to the 24 committee and specifically discuss our concerns relative to 25 the department's plan. O (_) Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
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-h '1L DR. MOELLER: Yesterday, in meeting-with the 2 Department.of Energy, several members,of our consulting 3 : staff raised the question, and I think it might be an 4 appropriate one to ask you at this point.
5 In your review of the Yucca Mountain site and in 6 your review of the characterization of the site, do you have 7 a specific plan, or is your work organized so as-to uncover 8 a fatal flaw just as early as possible, if it exists? 9 MR. JOHNSON: To answer that question, yes, and I 10 think that will be borne out in the remarks you will hear', 11 today. That we think that the program needs to be oriented 12 towards looking very early at potential fatal flaws. We i 13 think there is a lot of them out there, and that's where the 14 focus needs to be;-not on developing the engineering data to [} 15 construct the repository as the department has proposed. 16 DR. MOELLER: Thank you. 17 MR. JOHNSON: My specific presentation this 18 morning will hit on two general topics. One is, our general 19 . site suitability concerns to give you a background as to .) 20 where we are coming from and our concerns. And then 21 specifically talking about our site suitability technical 22 issues that will form the focus of the technical 23 presentations that will follow. 24 First, I would like to talk about four general 25 site suitability concerns. The first one specifically is Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
457 () 1 our, as we have called the= category, site suitability r 2 technical issues.- The main point'here_is that the-1987 3 Nuclear Waste Policy Amendment Act, which identified the 4 location of Yucca Mountain as the single candidate site for-5 characterization, certainly did not assure that that was a 6 suitabls: site. 1 7 And to follow on with my remarks earlier, we think 8' it is the prudent and responsible thing to do is to identify 9 and study and resolve those site suitability issues early on i 10 before a vast amount of resources is spent on this 11 particular candidate site. 12- Secondly, we see that there is a number of 13 regulatory policy issues that need to be looked at and {} 14 resolved before we get.to the licensing of the Yucca One of them deals with 10 CFR 100, 15 Mountain facility. 16 Appendix A. That's the seismic design criteria. 17 We are looking at surface facilities with the 18 potential of surface fault displacement. There is a number 19 of active faults already identified in the immediate area. 20 The applicability of Appendix A certainly needs to be 21 determined before we ever get to licensing, l 22 Secondly, there is the question of data 23 sufficiency: how much data is going to be necessary to 24 predict and predict with reasonable assurance about the 25 adequacy of this site to contain and isolate waste. Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 i l
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ - _ _ _ _ - _ . _ _ - . _ _ _ _ _ = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ 458 () 1 Thirdly, is the age-old question of deterministic 2 approaches versus probabalistic approaches. I think you I 3 heard quite a bit of discussion from the Department of 4 Energy yesterday. They are going to put their-emphasis on 5 probabalistic approaches. , 6 I'know from my experience in the' reactor side is i 7 that the NRC's technical staff has always erred' 8 conservatively on the side of first looking at this 9 deterministic approaches, supported, if necessary, by 10 probabalistic approaches. 11 DR. OKRENT: Excuse me. I am not really quite 12 .sure what point you are trying to make. My understanding of 13 the EPA standard is that it is probabalistic in nature.
,/'h 14 MR. JOHNSON: That is correct. But there are a V
15 number of things that you need to get to in evaluating i 16 various scenarios that can either -- you can get to either 17 by a deterministic approach or a probabalistic approach. 18 At least our view is that it should be done on a 19 deterministic approach first, supported by a probabalistic 20 approach. And I think what we've heard yesterday from the 23 department and what we are seeing in their site 22 characterization plan c they are approaching everything on a 23 probabalistic approach. 24 DR. OKRENT: I must confess I still do not know 25 what you mean when you say they should do something or l O serie ee e (202) 628-4888 u-o c-r ei- ' l i
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*( ) 1 everything first on a deterministic approach.
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-2 ~ Could - ou be more specific? l 3 MR. J( .3ON: Okay, let me try and give you an.
4- example, if I can. .The department proposes to look at the 5 stratigraphy cf the Yucca Mountain by a series of geo-6 statistically located drill holes which they believe will 7 allow them to characterize the lateral variability of the 8 Yucca Mountain site. 9 They would then propose that from that limited 10 number of drill holes they could develop some probability 11 calculations of the variability and the variability range in-12 the stratigraphy. 13 We think there needs to be a more factual-based f~g 14 approach of a larger number of drill holes that will get a (_/ 15 larger amount of factual data about the variability so we 16 will know -- have a much better handle on the range of true 17 variability. 18 DR.-OKRENT: Well, if I can put words in your i 19 mouth, you are trying to get more data to reduce the 20 variability and therefore reduce the uncertainty or 1 21 coefficient of variation or something. But you are not 22 departing in the end from some probabalistic approach. 23 MR. JOHNSON: Oh, I don't think I -- hopefully 24 .I -- didn't mean to say that certainly a probabalistic 25 approach would support a deterministic evaluation. But I 1 () Heritage Reporting (202) 628-4888 Corporation l
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~1 think'I.-agree with what you concluded from my remarks is we 2 are trying to cut down on the uncertainty involved in the 3 evaluation of the site.- And I think you are going to hear 4 .more,about uncertainty in the number of technical 5 presentations that are given this morning.
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I 461 . 1 1 .MR.-JOHNSON: Let me just briefly, mention system 2 li' censing which is something that'we brought ~up-to the NRC 3 Commission in our remarks to them at the December meeting, 4' where we think that the NRC should be considering the-5 repository program as an overall. system that runs the gamut 6 from the reactor where the spend fuel will be placed in -{ 7 canisters all the way through the repository at the other 8 end and disposed of. And that the Commission should bc
.9 licensing the repository per se in the absence of a complete 10 knowledge of all of the other aspects which have some 11 potential health and safety impacts on a system-wide cacis.
12 DR. OKRENT: I am sorry. I am not sure again what 13 point it is that you are trying to make with that bullet. 14 The Commission certainly has done some studies on the risks 15 from transportation of spent fuel and so forth. And they 16 have done many studies on risks from reactors, although it 17 'is not quite clear to me how this should be fit into the l 18 logic. 19 What is it that you are really saying in system . 20 licensing, that should be cradle to grave licensing of 21 nuclear plants. It is not done for coal burning plants, and 22 it is not dcne for chemical facilities, and it is not done 23 for farming. I cannot think of an industry in the country 24 . where you have sort of cradle to grave licensing. I am not i 25 quite sure what you are getting at. 3 Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 I
i 462 l ( .1 MR. JOHNSON: No , I am not saying cradle to grave 2 licensing. And I hope that I do not leave that impression. 3 What I am talking about in system-wide is from the reactor 4 where the spent fuel is placed into shipping canisters 5 through the transportation aspects to the handling aspects 6 at the repository, to the emplacement underground, to the 7 performance assessment of the repository itself. 8 Our concern is that an example would be that once 9 the emplacement of materials underground starts, there 10 certainly will be a schedule developed on shipping of the q 11 spent fuel across the covitry. Our concern is that for a 12 whole variety of reasol.s that there is somewhere at the 13 repository whether it be underground or in the handling
/^' 14 facility, that if there is a stoppage of activities what U) 15 will happen to these shipments of spent fuel that are still 16 coming across the country, and what will be the Department's 17 plan for dealing with that, a contingency plan so to speak, 18 for dealing with that.
19 Because certainly, the piling up of these shipping l 20 canisters and that sort of thing does present a health and 21 safety aspect of it. So we think that the Commission should 22 be looking at the whole system concept, not just licensing 20 of the repository per se. ' 24 Lastly, I want to just briefly mention phased ( 25 licensing. The DOE's mission plan brought up this concept l L ! r"% 1
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i 463 () 1- in~which they would propose-that they would do a limiced 2 construction, initial construction of the underground 3 repository, and then request a license to accept ~ nuclear 4 materials'from the NRC f so that there could.be simultaneous 5 emplacement of waste as'additi-onal parts of the repository 6 is constructed. And we think that'certainly has some health j 7 and safety impacts associated with that or potential health 8 and safety impacts that need to be looked at. 9 Thirdly, let me touch briefly on site disturbance 10 issues. There certainly is a question of whether at this 11 site that we can develop sufficient data to reduce or i 12 minimize the uncertainties without sacrificing the site 13 integrity. I would use the term of swiss cheesing the site I 14 in terms of geologic drill holes.
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15 I think that the NRC in developing their 16 Part 60 criteria envisioned that the site that the 1 17 Department would select for a repository would have what I 18 would call more of a layer cake type geology, and that it ! 19 would be a site that would be amenable to the use of high 20 resolution geophysics to develop the data in between the
.21 drill holes.
22 As we have found from reports issued by the 23 U.S. Geological Survey and also a report that was issued by 24 a contractor to the NRC, that this site seems to be opaque 25 to high resolution geophysics. And so there certainly then L () Heritage Reporting (202) 628-4888 Corporation !
464 j () 1 are some questions as to what type of techniques are you j q I 2 going to use to substitute for the loss of the data from i 3 geophysics here. And probably the most thought about ! l 4 techniqpe is just additional drill holes. When do we drill l 5 too many drill holes at the site and lose the integrity of 6 the site.
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7 Secondly is the penetration of Calico Hills. The ) 8 Calico Hills is the tuff that is below the repository i 1 9 horizon. It is going to be the unit that is going to be f 10 uaed to support the Department's contention of containment 11 and isolation of the waste. But somehow we are going to 12 have to characterize that. And without geophysics then, we 13 have got to drill some holes, and have we compromised the 14 isolation capabilities of that unit by drilling the hole.
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15 And thirdly is the Yucca Mountain system is highly 16 fractured. And there are some questions about how that is 17 going to be characterized, so that we are going to be able 18 to understand the total fracture system and the fracturing l , l 19 networks. 20 DR. HINZE: If I may please, before you leave . l - l 21 that, do I understand correctly from your comments that you l 22 and your staff believe that the high resolution geophysical 23 techniques will fail in this site, have you and your staff I 24 reviewed the data and the methodology that was used to ! l 25 evaluate whether indeed the areas are opaque to high { l \ l Heritage Reporting Corporation { (202) 628-4888 j i l
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l 465 l i [) 1 resolution geophysics? ) 2 MR. JOHNSON: What we have done is that we have 3 reviewed all of the information that has been available from 4 the USGS and from the consultants who looked at the issue 5 for the NRC. And I think that what their conclusion has 6 been is that the standard methods and the standard 7 techniques just do not seem to yield results. That is not 8 to say that with experimentation and modification of 9 techniqaes that it may be possible to identify a geophysical 10 method that may work. 11 DR. HINZE: Have you cvaluated the technology that 12 was used in view of the rapid changes that have been made in 13 technology, particularly in high resolution seismic /~ 14 reflection? ()T 15 MR. JOHNSON: Certainly, we have reviewed it based 16 on our knowledge of what we are aware of in the way of new 17 and emerging techniques, Now certainly, we are not and do 18 not profess to be on the forefront of the complete knowledge 19 of the petroleum industry geophysical techniques and their 20 research and experimentation methods. But we intena to 21 certainly pursue that as one of our studies. 22 Fourthly, the long term post-closure issues, I 23 think that one thing that we all need to keep in mind is 24 that this is not a hundred year long project or even a fifty 25 year long project. This is a 10,000 year long project. So im) (_ Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
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.( ) 1 all. discussions and models, everything needs to be in the 2 context of 10,000 years.
3 Certainly, there are some questions as to whether 4 we.can predict with reasonable assurance over the 10,000 5 years. There may be some long term risks involved. Becauce 6 as will be pointed out in later presentations, certainly we 7 aro in a changing earth science environment, and to be able 8 to predict that with certainty is going to be extremely i 9 difficult. 10 I noted engineered barriers. And in the context 11 of that, my remarks center around that since we are talking 12 about a 10,000 year long project, that we do not think that 13 it is prudent or advisable to try and engineer for 14 inadequacies within the geologic system.
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15 And lastly, certainly in some areas, there is a 16 question of whether there is sufficient technology available 17 at'the present time in some areas to get the necessary data. 18 High resolution geophysics being one where tha technology 19 may be there and it may not be there to adequately do the' 20 job that we need to have done here. 21 DR. OKRENT: Could I ask a question? 22 MR. JOHNSON: Yes. 23 DR. OKRENT: If we were not considering a specific ! 24 site, if we were just looking at the EPA standard and trying 25 to formulate an opinion as to whether it is adequate, more () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
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.h thancadequate, or requires still greater stringency wherever 2' 'such a site.is.
3 Has'the State of Nevada or your group looked at; 4 the standard and formed any opinions? 5 MR.. JOHNSON: We have not specifically looked at 6 -the standard from the point of view of forming opinions. Of 7 course, as you realize, the standard'right now is back at 1 the-EPA for repromulgation. We do not know what is going to 9 come out as a result of that. 10 We think and our view is that we are in the job of 11 assessing this site relative to.that. standard, not whether-12 the standard is the appropriate one or not. 13 DR. OKRENT: It is an individual perspective that 14 - perhaps one might have. It would seem to me were I
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15 responsible for trying to assess'whether a facility in my 16 ' state were going to meet a standard with high confidence or 17 with a 50-50 chance or whatever, that my attitude toward the l 18 importance of this likely outcome would be influenced by how .l l 19 - stringent the standard was compared to other. things that I l
'20 knew of in my state for example in the first place.
21 And if this standard is less stringent than the l 22 way that you are now disposing of, for example, hazardous 23 chemical waste, you would say gee, we better make sure that 24 we meet this with very high confidence. Or if I did not 25 have places in the state where I had hazardous situations to O erie . -rei, (202) 628-4888 cereeraeie-u ui______z____._ . _ _ _ . _ _ 1
l L 468 ()' 1- the public which exceeded whatever kind of risk that one 2 expects over this period, I would say gee, this is imposing i 3 possibly something larger than what we have got. ! 4 I must confess that my own impression of how l 5 things like disposal of hazardous chemical waste or 6 municipal waste or even naturally found concentrations of j 7 hazardous chemicals pose risks that are substantially larger 8 than would be posed by this facility if it met what I call I 9 the current EPA version. l 10 And not by a bit. I am talking, as I understand 11- the situation, by some factors of ten. And I was just 12 wondering. I am surprised a little bit that you have not i 13 tried to such a comparison just to get perspective. Had you 14 done that, I certainly would be interested to understand
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15 whether this influenced your own approaches; and if so, in { 16 what way. But you tell me that you just have not tried to 17 compare them. 18 MR. JOHNSON: No, we have not done that 19 evaluation. Now the other regulatory agencies within the l 20 state, the state department of environmental protection have , t 21 at least we believe in the state to be fairly stringent i 22 standards for the disposal of hazardous materials. And as a 23 matter of fact, the state legislature which is in session j 24 right now, that is one of their major concerns, and is 25 strengthening those particular regulations itself. But we () Heritage Reporting Corporatic (202) 628-4888 i
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*g j\ 1 have not'gone through an analysis of comparing those 2 regulations to the EPA standard for high level waste 3 materials.
4 Let me jump ahead here, because I was proposing to 5' go through and talk a little bit about our site suitability G issues which is the subject and the focus of the rest of all 7 of our remarks today. And I think that what is on the 8 viewgraphs is self-explanatory. And what I would now like 9 to do is just jump ahead to the last slide which is an 10 introduction of the technical presentations which are going 11 to follow my remarks. 12 First, we are going to have Dr. Michael Ellis from 13 the University of Nevada at Reno talk about tectonics. Then (N 14 Dr. Burton Slemmons talk about active faulting. O 15 Dr. Martin Mifflin will talk about unsaturated zone 16 hydrology and concerns there. Ms. Linda Lehman then will 17 talk about modeling. I 18 Then Dr. Maurice Morgenstein will talk about 19 geochemistry. Dr. Eugene Smith will talk about volcanism. 20 Dr. Mifflin will come back and talk about climate change. 21 And we will finish up with Dr. Larry Larson, who will talk 22 specifically about mineral resources. And then I will come i 23 back after Dr. Larson's presentation and try to summarize 24 what all of you have heard here. I would be willing to 25 answer any additional questions right now. () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
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- () 1 DR. MOELLER: Yes, Dr. Carter.
2 DR. CARTER: Yes, I have one question. I wonder 3 if you would give us sort of an overview if you could, and 4 it might not be appropriate, of other things in the 5 State of Nevada, other activities or operations that are of 6 concern in terms of health and safety in addition to the 7 repository. You must have a feel for that sort of thing. 8 MR. JOHNSON: As Bob Loux pointed out, our . 1 9 particular agency is only responsible for the high level 10 waste issue. As you may be aware, the state has a low level 11 waste facility at Madine, Nevada. The oversight of that is 12 handled by a different agency within the state. That 13 certainly is an area where public health and safety is ('s 14 involved.
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15 We have as you are probably aware from the news a 16 couple of facilities in the southern part of the state that l 17 manufacture materials that are used in the production of 18 nuclear weapons. The PEPCON facility at Henderson, which 19 was blown up almost a year ago now, was one of those two. 20 facilities. Certainly, there are health and safety 21 implications of that. 22 Then there is, of course, the other facilities of 23' hazardous and toxic materials, disposal facilities, although 24 those have been kept to a minimum by the state. There 25 certainly are some inquiries going on from various companies () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l 1 m_____ _ _ _ _ _ _
471 ] i /m I j' 1 to set up hazardous and toxic materials burning facilities, 2 and disposal facilities, and that sort of thing which the 3 other state agencies are taking a look at presently. 4 DR. MOELLER: Are there any other questions? I 5 (No response.) 6 DR. MOELLER: Well, thank you, Carl. As you say, 7 we will hear you at the wrap-up. 8 MR. JOHNSON: Yes. Now Dr. Michael Ellis will 9 start the presentation. 10 DR. MOELLER: Roughly, how long are each of these 11 presentations, twenty minutes? 12 MR. JOHNSON: Fifteen. 13 DR. MOELLER: Fifteen, okay. So in that ball /^T 14 park, thank you. V 15 DR. ELLIS: As Carl mentioned, my presentation 16 will be concerned with the tectonics of Yucca Mountain and ; 17 the region around it. What that really means is that I am 18 going to be addressing some concerns about the deformation, 19 in particular the modern deformation of Yucca Mountain and 20 the region. 21 (Slides shown.) 22 DR. ELLIS: I am serving somewhat of a dual 23 purpose in introducing the regional context of Yucca 24 Mountain, and in pointing out that in order to understand 25 Yucca Mountain that we have to understand the region, and I () Heritage Reporting (202) 628-4888 Corporation
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~( ) I will try to make that more explicit as I go along.
2 By way of doing that, we will look at several ' 3 different points of view or different scales of view of 4 Yucca Mountain starting with very obviously the big picture 5 and slowing' focusing down on Yucca. Mountain itself. If I do 6 not get there, my. conclusions are these. And basically they 7 state again that Yucca Mountain cannot be studied in 8 isolation from its context. And to understand it properly, 9 we have to not only have very' detailed site specific studies 10 but also to carefully evaluate the regional deformation. 11 So let's start then with the big picture. This is 12 a scene that is familiar to everybody, I am sure. It is the 13 southwestern USA. This is a plate boundary between the 14 Pacific plate and the North American plate. What I am 15 trying to show here is that basin and range which contains 16 Yucca Mountain is a physical part and a component of the 17 system of that plate boundary. 18 It is often assumed that the San Andreas fault 19 here is that boundary, and that is not true. The boundary 20 is in fact made up of coastal ranges in California, and in 21 large part the basin and range which is this sort of green 22 blob here. And we can actually make that quantitative. 23 This is a velocity vector diagram drawn from or derived from 24 global positioning satellite data where we can estimate the 25 relative motions to a very high degree of accuracy of the l () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l _ _____-__ ___- _ _ __ _ i
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- r (r j 1. relative motion of the two plates.
2 So this vector here describes the relative motion i 3 of the Pacific plate with respect to North America. And 4 here is the San Andreas. The coastal range is in ! 5 California, and down at the bottom here is the basin and 6 range extension. 7 The point then from this diagram, the point is 8 that in order to understand the basin and range, we have to 9 understand this entire region. And the point will be made 10 further on that in order to understand Yucca Mountain which 11 is right there, you have to understand the basin and range. 12 Let's move now to the basin and range. This is a 13 shaded topographic map of Nevada that contains most of the 14 basin and range. What I show here in pink or mauve are the (~}
'v 15 high ranges.- And the basin and range are characterized by a 16 series of normal extensional faults, most of which bound the
- 17. ranges and are adjacent to the basins in between.
18 There are also some more complicated patterns of 19 strike-slip faults which run down the California-Nevada 20 borc'ar here. And these are right lateral faults, strike-21 slip faults similar in nature to the San Andreas, sub-22 parallel with the same central displacement. And then 23 running off in this direction toward the Northeast are 24 similar strike-slip faults in a conjugative pattern but with 25 an opposite central displacement to the San Andreas. , () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
~ - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ 474 i rh p yj 1 You can see that in the central part of Nevada , 2' that the topography which is created directly by the modern 3 deformation, the modern seismic deformation, that topography 4 is relatively uniform with north-south trending ranges and 5 basins.- That is not the case for the border region here 6 where the topography is more irregular. And that is also 7 reflected in the geology which is also more irregular and 8 more complicated in this border region which is know as 9 Walker Lane. We will get back to that a little later. 10 The next is not in your handout. This shows a 11 photograph of a typical range and basin, in fact several of 12 them. This actually comes from North Central Nevada, but 13 that does not really matter. What you can see here, I hope j'] 14 that it is pretty obvious, is a very distinct boundary v 15 between the range on the left and the flat basin on the 16 right here. That is a range bounding fault. And it is 17 those types of structures which are sustaining and giving us 18 the seismic deformation or the earth cracks. 19 This is a diagram showing the seismicity in most 20 of the basin and range. This green looking boundary here is 21 the boundary of the geological region known as the basin and 22 range province. These data comes from the seismicological 23 laboratory catalogue at UNR. And we do not actually include 24 the catalogue data or the seismic date from Utah or from 25 Cal Tech that covers the southern part of the area. Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 ___-_______-_-__-_-________-_____-____________-_____-______-___________-___-_____-______________________-___A
475 t 1 Nevertheless, about'80 or 90 percent of all the
-2 large earthquakes are shown in that diagram from 1852 to -3 now. And the point about this diagram is simply that, as 4 you can see, the seismicity is very concentrated. It is not 5 diffused. On the other hand, the basin and range.we know 6 from various lines of evidence.is relatively uniformly i
7 extended, uniformly deforming. And so we would anticipate , 8 that this seismicity on the locus of all of these 9 earthquakes would migrate or at least shift around somehow. ! 10 And of interest to us, of. course, is how will that 11 migration occur and over what period will that migration 12 occur. This is an example of the shift in seismicity in 13 another intercontinental setting, that is inside the 14 continent. This actually comes from the Turkish region 15 which we are not proposing as an analogue to the basin and 16 range by any means. But the point is that it is a 17 ~ continental region, but is deforming and shares some common 18 characteristics. 19 This is data gathered from historical records. 'I 20 do not know if you can see that bottom axis here, but we are 21 going back in years 80 to 100, and te have the cumulative 22 number of earthquakes on the ordinate here. These are 23 adjacent regions. What you should notice here is that while 24 one of these regions is quiet, another one has very high ! 25 seismicity. And then th4e switches around to quite high O erie se eerei e corror tie-(202) 628-4888 ] i l l
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!) _1 2 And the period of that seismicity, despite the 3 fact that there is a lot of data there, is about 500 years.
4 Now obviously, we have not been around here for 500 years, 5 and we do not have that type of record. We cannot recognize 6 that migration, this type of seismicity in the basin and 7 range. 8 DR. ORTH: A question, how adjacent are these 9 regions, and what is the size of them. 10 DR. ELLIS: The size of the region is about the 11 same size as the basin and range. It might be a little bit 12 bigger. They are immediately adjacent to each other. One 13 is northeastern Turkey splitting down to the sort of eastern 14 part of Turkey. And then the southern part is the Middle 15 East Syria coming up towards Turkey. 16: So in order to try to understand or again to 17 anticipate the migration of this seismic activity, it is a 18 good idea to unde'. stand how and by what mechanism the basin 19 and drain is deforming. And these are some of the current 20 models or ideas in the literature. The details of these 21 models do not really matter. There are four of them. The 22 point is, or there are two points actually. One is that you 23 do not know which of these models is correct. It is likely 24 that they are all correct someplace in the basin and drain 25 and at some time. l () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l l
1 477 I () 1 Each of them is characterized by a different type 2 of activity. You anticipate a different pattern of 3 seismicity from each of those models. They are also 4 relatively new. These have been published in the last 5 couple of years, and some of these are still in print. So 6 we are really on the verge of understanding the basin and 7 drain, and the corollary is implied. 8 DR. CARTER: Excuse me, do the individsal models 9 then have 3 fair significance as far as prediction of ground 10 motion? 11 DR. ELLIS: Well, I would not want to go so far as 12 to say. If we were to know which of these models is 13 correct, we could then begin to predict ground motion. But 14 for example, if we knew that this one was more correct than (} 15 this one, then we know in this particular model although it 16 is not apparent from the picture that the locus of the l 17 seismic activities is probably in this region here. And all 18 of these things are inactive, whereas in this case we have ] 19 'the more distributive form of activity. But it is more of a 20 general nature of seismic activity that we are looking at 21 with this type of model. 22 The bottom diagram is a little bit important here. 23 This is perhaps quite relevant to the southern part of 24 Nevada, which we will get to in a few moments. But if you 25 would just take awhile to look at this diagram, this is a () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 I
478 ()-1 map view showing conjugate' strike-slip faults associated t 2 with low angle faults or detachments. It is back end to the 1 3 basin and1 range. 4 DR. OKRENT: Could you go back-to the picture of 5 Turkey ~for a minute. 6 Would you say that everywhere around the world 7 when one finds pairs of fault regions. lying roughly parallel 8 in an intercontinental setting, that this pattern is 9 observed? 10 DR. ELLIS: No. We are only just beginning to 11 understand how continents themselves are deforming. 12 DR. OKRENT: If this pattern then is not a
'i 13 universal pattern.
$ 14 DR. ELLIS: It is not that the pattern is not
{d 15 observed. It is that we do not have enough data to see that 16 pattern. 17 DR. OKRENT: Then I would say that you do not know 18 whether the pattern will ever be observed if there is not f 19 enough data. You may observe it in the future, but you have 20 no basis now, if I understand it correctly, empirically for 21' assuming this shift. 22 DR. ELLIS: That is not quite right. Because we 23 do know that the basin and range is extending relatively 24 uniformly. So re have got a relatively homogeneous 25 deformation over the entire region. Yet the seismicity in i () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l l \ L--_____-__ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
479 () 1 the past 150 years has been relatively concentrated. That l 2 cannot keep going on. Otherwise, we would have a rift 3 basically or a big hole there chat we do not have now. So i 4 it has to have moved. 5 We do not know the pattern. As you are saying, we ! 6 do not really have much basis for anticipating how it will 4 7 migrate around. It must move to some extent. Basically, we i 8 will always have an ocean basin there. If you keep ; 9 deforming at the same place, it eventually will pull the two 10 apart in the Atlantic Ocean. 11 DR. OKRENT: They sometimes say that California 1 12 will fall. I am joking. Go ahead. I 13 DR. HINZE: The point to that diagram is simply
/~ 14 that, and correct me if I am wrong, is simply that our V}
15 present view of the seismicity is just a snapshot. 16 DR. OKRENT: That is right. 17 DR. HINZE: And that the actual data there for the 18 actual period are really irrelevant to most situations. You 19 are not trying to transpose the Turkey situation into this [ 20 area, but only simply that as we look at seismicity over a i l 21 short period of time, it is a snapshot which tends to move ! 22 from place to p3 ace. 23 DR. ELLIS: That is right. 24 DR. HINZE: That is fair enough. , l 25 DR. ELLIS: All right. To return to the basin and
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(,)j l Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 4 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ _ l
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<~ 1 I( ) 1 range, we are going to now just remind you that this area j l
2 here is called the Walker Lane. This is the rather
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3 complicated topographical and geological area. Yucca 4 Mountain is this piece here and this area. I am sorry that 5 I did not mark this. This is one of the largest volcanic. 6 complexes in Nevada. 7 The next viewgraph then will show this area in 8 California also somewhat enlarged. Do not be too 9 disconcerted by this busy diagram. But it is worthwhile 10 taking a few moments to understand it. To locate you 11 geographically, this is Las Vegas. The California-Nevada 12 border runs down something like this. There is Yucca l 13 Mountain, and there is that large volcanic complex. ! 14 Now there are two things that are shown here. 15 First of all, some very large strike-slip faults in the dark l 16 heavy lines of various orientations. Notice how many of 17 these by the way come towards Yucca Mountain. And notice 18 the scale too. It is 50 kilometers there in about ten 19 inches. 20 These strike-slip faults are active today for the 1 j 21 most part, and they displace some of the older rocks in the ' I f 22 region, these colored units. These color units correspond l 23 to sheets of rocks which are trapped between or enclosed 24 between much older thrust faults. These thrust faults are 25 not active nowadays, but they are important nonetheless l () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
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) 1 'because they determine or they have juxtaposed all of the 2 rock units which act as actinopoids or actinotards and do 3 exist below the site.
4 Each of these thrust faults has been correlated-5 across the region. And we have most doubt about this 6 correlation in exactly the Yucca Mountain region here. It 7 is very important that we know where these old rocks are i 8 from a hydrolog).c point of view, and also-from a potential 9 for mineralization point of view. 10 11 1 12 j 13 (]) 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
i i 482 (). l' DR. ELLIS (Cont.inuing) : This is Yucca Mountain 2 itself. I will not spend much time on this because Dr. 3 Slemmons, who will speak after me, will introduce you to the 4 details of this. 5 What I want you to notice here, this is the 6 . repository block up here, but the area is obviously full of i l 7 fairly irregular faults, most of which are active. 8 What we are going to'do now is'to step back a 9 little bit again and look at a vertical cross section which 10 runs basically across Yucca Mountain and across a few 11 adjacent mountains. 12 In fact, there are two cross sections. And I want 13 :to point out some of the major differences between these 14 sections.
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15 These are taken in the same position. One of these 16 cross sections -- and they are both schematic, by the way -- 17 is by the USGS, the top one, and one of them is by us. And 18 they are very different. The details are unimportant for 19 the moment. But some of the major differences are, for 20 example, none of the faults here go down much beyond about 21 five kilometers, whereas in our cross section that's not 22 true. That means, for example, that these faults here 23 again, many of which are active, could possibly sustain much 24 larger earthquakes than you might anticipate from these, 25 simply because they go down into a region of a much larger () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 1
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(_ 1 and deeper stressing. 2 In this cross section, we have shown, particularly 3- by.the enlargement at the bottom here, that there are; 4 basically three' generations of extensional faulting. ! 5 There is only one generation.shown in=this top 6 diagram. That has some implications, again from the point 7 of view of some sort of periodicity to the deformation here. 8 Clearly this is a much greater period of episodic 9 deformation that we are seeing in this case. 10 These different generations of extensional faults 11 here are spread over 14 million years. But again the point 12 is that there is some sort of episodic deformation and that 13 may well be reflected at a finer scale, too. 14 The geometry of the faults is also quite different 15 in the two cross sections. These are typically more planar 16 and these are more curved shapes, and they curve into what's 17 called a detachment or low angle fault. 18 There really is no evidence for this low angle 19 fault in this context. But there probably is a low anglo-20 fault which traps some of the Paleozoic or older lock units 21 that I mentioned before at this level. 22 In fact, this work is very new and if you want to 23 ask questions about this, Dr. Schweickert, who is in charge 24 of the tectronics program at UNR, and is sitting over there, I 25 will be happy to answer those. () Heritage Reporting (202) 628-4888 Corporation
I 484 () 1 I think I am going to end it over the conclusions. 2 DR. STEINDLER: Excuse me. Before you leave that, 3 now that you have shown two diagrams for what obviously is 4 the same area, are you going to tell us a little bit about 5 why they are different? Are you using the same data base? 6 DR. ELLIS: Yes, I can. All right, let's go to ! 7 the next diagram, and I caa show you one thing. 8 One of the interesting things that has come out in 9 recent years about trying to extrapolate to subsurface fault 10 geometry, is explained by this diagram. The big difference 11 between the two cross-sections, the top one incorporated 12 what are called listric curving faults which curve in with 13 detachment. We have included planar faults. I should point
/~T 14 out that we don't know which is correct yet. This is all V
15 ongoing. 16 DR. MOODY: Dr. Ellis? 17 DR. ELLIS: Yes? 18 DR. MOODY: When you are talking about this 19 interpretation, what data are you using? Is it 20 geophysically information plus surface mapping or what? 21 DR. ELLIS: It is mainly surface mapping by Bob 22 Scott of the USGS and some of our own reconnaissance work 23 and drill hole data that is also prc~ided by the USGS. 24 All right. Then quickly as an example, this is 25 the limit, just under two kilometers, of our direct () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l 1 l 1 I
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1 observation by drillholes or by relief in that region. In l 2 fact, we don't have that much relief. But drillholes do get 3 that deep. ! l 4 And let's say that we find this type of geometry l 5 in what is called the hanging wall of some fault here. It 6 is filled, the basin or deposit here of young sediments, or 7 volcanic material, ash, so on, at top. And what we want to 8 do is predict what this fault here is doing at depth. 9 It is traditional to use this geometry, which is 10 called a rollover, for obvious reasons, to show that this 11 must be a curving listric fault. But more recent work, that 12 has only become apparent the last couple of years, shows 13 that this rollover geometry is equally well produced by 1 (~T 14 having a planar fault in which the deformation around that gi 15 fault is modeled as a dislocation. 16 So there is a very -- well, clearly there is an 17 ambiguity on how we interpret the surface data to any sort 18 of subsurface. And that is just one example of the 19 ambiguities and difficulties in extrapolating subsurface 20 data. 21 I think it's fair to say that cur cross section at 22 the moment is a better interpretation of the surface data. 23 Let me end with the conclusion again, stated in 24 somewhat different words. 25 My point is that in order to understand Yucca () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
r! 1 [. 486 1 () 1- Mountain we need to understand different scales of 1 2 deformation'and geologic processes, which means we have to 3 understand the basin and range, we have to understand the 4 Western U.S.A. We also clearly have to understand-the 5 details of Yucca Mountain itself. 6 We have to remember that Yucca Mountain is a l 7 component in a system, and that in order to understand the j l 8 component, we can't just isolate it. So perhaps I can leave 9 you with an analogy, just to drive the point home.
-10 If you wanted to understand how the stresses that 11 are on a carburetor in an engine or something, clearly you 12 wouldn't take it off and press it with your finger or look 13 at it. It's part of a dynamic system. And you would have /~ 14 put it back in the engine and got the whole thing going and
()T 15 then you can measure the stresses and so on. 16 In the same way, you can't strip the engine, lay 17 out all the parts on the carpet and sort of watch them and 18 rattle your fingers around. You've got to put it all 19 together. You have to understand the whole picture. 20 So with that in mind, I will answer any questions. 21 DR. MOELLER: Dr. Carter. 22 DR. CARTER: I have a couple. One, are all the 23 programs associated with your office, are they passive 24 programs? And by that I mean, not collecting research 25 information and data, just primarily reviewing and () Heritage Reporting (202) 628-4888 Corporation 1
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- . _j 1 evaluating what is available?
2 DR. ELLIS: No. They are quite active, 3 actually. I mean, they are both passive and active. 4 Partly because of access problems and the extreme difficulty 5 of getting nold of DOE-derived data, we have to be active 6 and actually go out and solve some of these problems 7 ourselves. 8 Also, it is fair to say that there are many ideas 9 and possibilities that are not being addressed by the DOE 10 and their various subcontractees that we feel obliged j 11 therefore to look at more carefully. 12 DR. CARTER: Let me ask you another couple of 13 questions related to that. I presume by implication from l
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14 what you said that you do not have access for example to the (Jg 15 data that would exist in the DOE system and their 16 contractors as far as the measurements that they make in 17 relation for example to an underground weapons test. 18 DR. ELLIS: Yes, I've never tried to get that ! 19 specific type of data, but I would imagine that's true. 20 Perhaps a better example would be it's not that we cannot q 21 get access to the data, it's just extremely difficult, l 22 partly because of QA problems. We've been trying to get 23 hold of the seismic data for a couple of years now and we 24 just can't get it because it won't be released, i 25 DR. CARTER: I would think this would be an () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
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~488 ~ '( 'l- important; problem because obviously you've?got a laboratory 2 for seismicity and-so forth,cand they know when the ground 3 motion is going to be created to the instant. So you are 4 not privy to'that information so you could make measurements 5 related to the tests themselves, for example? I would think 6 that would be extremely important if you had access to that.
7 DR. ELLIS: Yes. As far as recording that type of q 8 information, we are privy to when these things happen, for 9 example, and the seismologists'do go out and record the 10 nuclear explosions, for example. 11 The data that we're not privy to, it's not that q 12 we're not privy to it, it's just difficult to gat it, that's 13 all. r"% 14 DR. MOELLER: Dr. Moody.
\sl 15 DR. MOODY: Dr. Blanchard, why isn't DOE data and 16 information available to this research group at the l
17 University of Nevada at Reno? 1 I DR. BLANCHARD: So far as I know, every request 19 that has been made to either me or my staff, we've responded 20 with a letter of acknowledging your request. Also we had l 21 said in the motion the process of producing the products. 22 The products as you know come from the USGS frequently that 23 you all request and to my knowledge we've responded and so 24 has the USGS. There may be a few outstanding. Perhaps the 25 one you are referring to now is one that came in some time Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
489 () 1 ago where you were looking for all of the classified seismic i 2 information that the Department of Energy had. s 3 And at least that's the recollection I have of the j letter. And in that case, our program is'not privy to 4 5 unannounced seismic'information about the weapons test 6 program. We responded in that way. 7 However, we've worked with the Sandia National 8 Labs and in that process they have recently produced an 9 unclassifir.d data package of underground seismic te, ting, 10 or seismic monitoring of underground nuclear explosions. 11 That I believe has been released or is in the process of 12 being released to your staff. 13 If you have some information that you need, please 14 see me, becauca we war'. very much to be assured that you 15 have all of the data that we have to work with and if you 16 are not getting it fast enough I will be pleased to 17 cooperate with you to ensure that you and the rest of your 18 staff receive the information as quickly as possible. 19 DR. CARTER: Max, let me make sure that I 20 understand. Assume that a considerable amount of 21 information in this sort of area is classified as a result l 22 of the testing program. But on the other hand there are 1 23 certainly a number of tests where the yield is announced, 24 they are announced and advanced publicly and so forth. And 25 I assume all that information would be available to the () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 1 I
490 l p) g 1 state and others. Is that true? 2 DR. BLANCHARD: Well, the tapes, yes, that's true. 3 The seismic monitoring stations that have been set up around 4 Southern Nevada by the USGS for this program, the tapes run j 5 all the time. They record whatever seismic events occur at 6 the site, whether they are UNEa or natural. And those tapea l 7 are being shared to the state, so far as I know, and anyone 8 else that asks for copies of them. 9 DR. CARTER: In fact, I understand we are even 10 sharing seismic information with the Russians on occasion. 11 So I assume we could share it with Nevada. 12 DR. BLANCHARD: That's true. Mike, I'm sorry if 13 there is information that you all have asked for that we 14 have not provided. Please come and see me and I'll make 15 sure that you get it. 16 DR. ELLIS: Let me clarify one point. I should 17 say that I have written to Max and we have communicated 1 18 several times about trying to get for example some seiamic 19 data. And Max has always said yes, we'll get it for you as 20 quickly as possible. 21 The data that I am specifically referring to is 22 public domain data from the USGS. It's nothing to do with 23 classified data. Not from one of the national labs. And 24 that data is still sitting in Denver, or Golden, Colorado, 25 not because of having been given to us but because they O aerie se aerorei=9 corner eie= (202) 628-4888
491
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f 1- won't release it because it's not QAd. l l 2 And the point is, it will take a long time'to get j 3 it. DOE are being very, officially are being very good 4 about letting us have data, but ic is taking a long time. A 1 5 long time. 6 DR. MOELLER: Any other questions? 7 DR. BLANCHARD: Mike, please see me. I'm sure we 8 can help get you the information, whether it's been QAd or 9 not. 10 DR. MOELLER: Thank you, Dr. Ellis. 11 (Slides being shown) 12 DR. SLEMMONS: I would like to introduce myself. 13 I'm Dr. Bert Slemmons, the Director of the Center for (~T 14 Neotectonic Studies. I would like to build on material V 15 that Mike has presented on the tectonics of the region, and 16 I especially want to thank John Bell who has spearheaded 17 collecting much of the site data and he is here today and 18 can answer any specific questions on the active fault work 19 in the siting area. 20 The material that I am presenting will be largely 21 influenced by the experience that I have had in recent 22 years. During the last ten years I have been working with 23 the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, with Lawrence 24 Livermore and with industry, on a series of neotectonic and 25 siting problems related to various types of engineering () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 L
I 492 ) () 1 structures, critical structures. i
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l 2 During recent years, my main emphasis has been i 3 working on correlation between the fault rupture parameters 4 and the size of earthquakes or magnitude, working with 5 seismotectonic analyses of complex and simple regions, has 6 started in 1954 with earthquakes in Nevada on making field 7 studies related to active faulting during large earthquakes, 8 and also has involved low-sun-angle aerial photography l 9 starting in 1968 when I was involved with developing some of 10 these techniques. 11 The first diagram is one that represents one of 12 the concerns that I have and that we have with regard to the 13 licensability of the repository block. We feel that the 14 licensing may encounter difficulties due to the fact that at 15 least one of the bounding faults is a capable or active , 16 fault and there is the possibility of major faults within 17 the block and on other zones surrounding the block. 18 DR. CARTER: Dr. Slemmons, can I ask you a 19 question? I wonder if you would put in context for me the 20 term "neotectonics." What is that? 1 21 DR. SLEMMONS: Okay. Neotectonic relates to , 22 recent -- neo -- recent tectonic activity. 23 DR. CARTER: But what does that mean in years? 24 DR. SLEMMONS: And it basically means the kinds of ! 25 processes that have occurred in recent geologic time. For 1 () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 ) l
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1 493 l f)-1 'this region particularly, the' deformation that has occurred i 2 in the last say 1 million years. It would be embraced ' 3 within the period of the capable. fault definition which is
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4 used for nuclear power plants. 5 Seismotectonic is a related type of term that 6- suggests the close association of seismic activity with 7 tectonic processes. 8 DR. MOODY: So you are going to concentrate then 9 and talk about in terms of capable faulting the activities l 10 in the last 1 million years. Is that correct? 11 DR. SLEMMONS: That is correct. And most of what 12 I will be presenting is probably the kinds of activity that 13 has occurred in the most recent 100,000 year period, and 14 also correlate the historical activity. 15 Figure 1 represents the analysis that the Nevada 16 Bureau of Mines, John Bell's group, has worked on, with the , 17 use of low-sun-angle aerial photography and looking at four 18 trenches which were placed in the area for other purposes. 19 And the faulting which is shown by the heavy lines and on 20 the viewgraph by the red lines indicates that faults that 21 have had late Quaternary activity and show up on the low- ! 22 sun-angle aerial photographs or have volcanic cinders 23 associated with the crater flat volcanic activity, has a 24 very complex and anastomosing type of pattern. 25 I think you can see that there is an () Heritage Reporting (202) 628-4888 Corporation
494 i
!j 1 interrelationship between the discontinuous ruptures and 2 these ruptures show connections to the major fault zones I
3 which in part at least were shown by Mike Ellis earlier. I 1 4 The pattern is a complex one. It shows conjugate i 5 relationships with largely normal faulting, perhaps with 6 strike slip components, for North-South trending fault 7 zones, faults with Northeast trending that intersect to the 8 hub which is just to the South of the area shown here 9 include Rock Valley trends with a left lateral garlock like 10 type pattern and intersections both to the North and South i 11 with ruptures in the Timber Mountain Caldera and also in the 12 Palmer Valley to the South. 13 The young cover of alluvium through most of this
/~% 14 area obscures, and due to the degrading processes of scarp %]
15 erosion, tend to obliterate the surface expression of many o 16 the features. This is shown on Figure 2 which is a low-sun-17 angle aerial photograph that we took, that the Nevada Bureau 18 of Mines had made for the siting area. We had both morning 19 and afternoon low-sun-angle photographs of a large area 4 t l 20 surrounding the site. And this technique, which has been 21 described as being one of the most effective techniques for l 22 identifying active faults and for helping to characterize 23 them, shows a major rupture zone that extends from the i 24 Northern edge of the photograph on through this trench site 25 on down to the South. Heritage Roporting Corporation (~') (202) 628-4888 l
495 () -1 I think you can look at your individual 2 illustrations and see that the kinds of loose materials that 3 we have in alluvium would be very rapidly degraded to lower ; 4 slopes and some of the suggested trends that you can see 5 include branch faults and other features that become 6 degraded or obscured with geologic time. l 7 The process of degradation is one that takes 8 thousands or more commonly tens of thousands of years. And 9 with the low scarps that are produced in this area and with j 10 perhaps the tendency for strike slip offsets, we find a 11 rapid degradation of very sma11' fault scarps. 12 DR. MOODY: Dr. Slemmons? 4 13 DR. SLEMMONS: Yes. 14 DR. MOODY: Could we go back to the last 15 viewgraph, please? 16 DR. SLEMMONS: You would like to go back to Figure 17 17 18 DR. MOODY: No , no. This one. 19 DR. SLEMMONS: Okay. 20 DR. MOODY: All right. Now, the question I wanted 21 to ask you is, in terms of how much you are observing, how 22 much of this is really surface outcrops versus 23 interpretation of say the first 100 feet of outcrop plus 24 till or whatever else you have there. 25 DR. SLEMMONS: 99 percent -- () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
l
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496 l' DR. MOODY: Soil 2 DR. SLEMMONS: -- of what you see here comes from 3 the low-sun-angle aerial photograph interpretation with 4 field checking, and the field checking is in progress so 5 it's in the initial stages. So the vast preponderance of 6 what'you see comes from the aerial photographs. There are 7 four trenches which we'll see in a viewgraph later on that 8 cross four of the active faults in this area, and that data 9 has also been used to show the recency of activity at those 10 four sites. 11 DR. MOODY: Okay. But these faults that you are 12 putting on this particular slide are covered then by soil 13 material? 14 DR. SLEMMONS: No. 15 DR. MOODY: Or what? 16 DR. SLEMMONS: Not in this case. These represent I 17 raw exposures of observable tectonic activity. 18 DR. MOODY: That's what I wanted you to validate. I 19 Thank you. J
'l 20 DR. SLEMMONS: Yes. l 21 The Figure 3 illustrates a different type of 22 interpretation which comes from the site characterization 23 plan report, and the difference in interpretation is partly 24 due to the fact that this diagram includes many earlier or 1
25 older faults, particularly faults of the Northwest trend 1 () Heritage Reporting (202) 628-4888 Corporation
497 p), ( I which is parallel to the Walker Lane right lateral trend. 2 And this influence affects the Northern part of the map 3 area. 4 In addition, we can see the very complex pattern 5 with sort of an oblique, Glen plaid type of pattern, where 6 you have the intersections between majo: North-South fault 7 zones and another set of intersecting and crosscutting 8 features of the older or partly older Walker Lane trend. 9 This gives a shattered pattern that affects the j 10 Northern edge at least of the repository block, and the 11 importance I think of this diagram is that it also shows 12 major structures that can affect the hydrologic regime. One 13 other feature that is noted is that through the middle of /"} v 14 the repository block you have the Ghost Dance fault, which j 15 is a geologically mappable fault, but one for which we have 16 no specific evidence for activity on the low-sun-angle 17 aerial photographs. 18 The parallelism and the proximity to other active 19 faults in the region makes structures of this sort at least 20 worthy of very intensive study in the future because it will 21 be very difficult I think to characterize them as to whether 22 they are tectonic or neotectonic features. 1 23 The second issue is will future earthquakes have 24 comp 1r< surface rupture patterns with simultaneous 25 activation of multiple faults, tilted blocks, horsts or i i () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l i
498 1- grabens? 2 We find within the siting area, the Yucca 3 Mountain region, a conjugate relationship in which you have 4 both normal faults and left lateral and right lateral faults 5 and some'of the historical complexities that we have 6 observed within Nevada are shown in the next three figures. 7 The first of these again is from the Walker Lane. 8 It represents the 1932 magnitude 7.2 earthquake in which a 9 major strike slip type of faulting probably on a number of 10 shears took place. 11 The ruptured area which extends from the Southern 12 boundary in the Monte Cristo valley on up to Gabbs Valley at i 13 the top of the diagram, for a length of some 60 kilometers, 14 the zone is some 15 kilometers in width. 15 DR. CARTER: How far is Yucca Mountain from this? 16 This is in the Northern part of the state, isn't it? 17 'DR. SLEMMONS: This is about I would guess 200 18 miles to the North. It may be an analog, and we believe it 19 is an analog for a number of reasons. And the importance I 20 think of this area is it shows what to expect in the way of 21 surface expression from a strike slip-shattered type of 22 fault zone. 23' In this area, some 60 fissures were observed by . i 24 Gianella and Callahan in 1932. We can go back and identify 25 those same features, find them on low-sun-angle aerial () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 j
499 ()s 1 photographs that have been taken of this region. We find 2 that very little scarp expression was exhibited by these 3 features with primarily horizontal movement on a gently 4 inclined surface, and many of the features that were 5 originally observed by Gianella and Callahan are no longer 6 observable. Most of the features actually are destroyed. 7 The sc arps had offsets of up to about a meter horizontally 8 and a fraction of a meter vertically. 9 This shows some spatial clustering in at the North 10 end. Your 1954 rupture in the Fairview Peak area, which we 11 will see in the next diagram actually ties within a couple 12 of kilometers to the rupture zone. 13 This is a zone in which Paleoseismic studies would r' 14 be very difficult because of the very poor expression at the V) 15 surface. And I might point out one hydrologic effect, and 16 that is in this area here, within a few kilometers of the 17 1932 zone we have the geothermal activity, the high thorine 18 activity in the West Gabbs Valley area. 19 This kind of activity is found in association with 20 many of the active fault zones within Nevada and in all ! 21 three examples we have geothermal areas, hot springs, within 22 a few kilometers or in the fractured areas. 23 DR. MOODY: Is the reason you are saying that the 24 present location outcrop of 32, these two thingo you've got 25 labeled here, is it just simple weathering that has l () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 ! l
500 11 destroyed'what you might'-- which they did observe at the 2' surface in '327 Why is it no longer there?
-3 'DR. SLEMMONS: Simple weathering is the major 4 cause. Since you are dealing with horizontal displacements, 5 you have-little vertical separation or expression of the 6 features.
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 O" 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 O rie ee a ro ti e correr eie-(202) 628-4888
501 tm () 1 A case where a large picture can be observed is 2 shown in Figure 5 wherein the Fairview Peak earthquake in 3 December 16, 1954, with a magnitude 7.2 earthquake, a zone 4 of again about 60 kilometer in length, and about 15 5 kilometers was ruptured. And this oblique slip fault zone 6 has displacements that can be observed in faulted tree roots 7 right after the earthquake. We observed in the Fairview 8 peak area tree roots that were offset with something like 4 9 meters, 11 feet 4 inches of strike-slip component, a right 10 lateral component, and about 2 meters of vertical 11 expression.
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12 We see in tne simplified diagram of the actual ; 13 rupture pattern. Some of the complexities in that places 3 14 Horsts were faulted on both sides, and there actually was a v/ 15 fault on the other side of the Chalk Mountain block. 16 We have a tilted valley block where the entire 17 Graben was faulted. We have faulting also on tne other side 18 of the nearby block. And the very complex pattern is not ] 19 amenable to ready paleoseismic studies in that active faults 20 were found throughout the valley to the West, unfaulted, 21 unruputured extension of the zone south to the west Gabbs 5 22 valley hot springs area were present. There was a stepover 23 of activity to another fault that almost connected to the 24 Walker Lane. This is an area immediately to the Walker l 25 Lane. I [') Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 q
S02 () 1 -The segmentation process, which is one of the 2 techniques which is extremely popular now in evaluating 3 faults where it is believed that many ruptures are in the 4 same place, have the same length and the same 5 characteristics from one event to the next. This is the 6 simplest kind of process to model. And one of the 7 behavioral characteristics is that you can define such a 8 zone by having zones that have different determinations with 9 different dips or different styles of faulting strike slip 10 versus normal slip. And application of those kind of rules 11 is very difficult for this area. 12 Here to the south we have mainly normal faulting. 13 We have oblique-slip faulting up to about this point, and 14 then again normal faulting at the northern end.
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15 We have older basement rocks in the middle, and so 16 there is no lithologic boundaries that we can appeal to to l 17 segment the fault. And we think that this may show some of 18 the relationships that are important in the siting area, the 19 Yucca Mountain region. 20 One other point that I might point out and will be 21 shown in a subsequent slide is the location of a well near 22 Middlegate or Eastgate, rather, in a tilted block away from 23 the upper central region. We will come back to that a 24 little later. 25 A third example in Figure 6 is the magnitude 7.6 () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
L 503
'( ) 1 earthquake. This is'one of the three largest' earthquakes of 2 ';he 17 events that have ruptured the interior portions of 3 Western United States, the Basin Range and inner mountain 4 areas. Again, we have a 60 kilometer rupture length. Five 5 different faults were activated with a tilted type of 6 relations in which each of the blocks appears to have a tilt 7 to the east.- This represents a mainly normal faulting kind 8 of evenu.
9 Nevertheless, even though it is a rather simple 10 kind of model event, normal faulting, the actual surface 11 ruptures are very complex although you could take a~ deeper 12 seismogenic layer type of structure that is very linear 13 along the whole trend. And again, we do see that both at
/~} 14 Sou Hills, where there is a hot spring and about 15 V
15 kilometers to the west of Chit.a Mountain. There again is 16 another hot spring area. 17 So this area, too, is one that has had geothermal 18 relationship, and you do have paleo scarps on each of these 19 fault zones. It is not known whether there was simultaneous 20 rupture in the prehistorical event. There is suggestions 21 that this event was different than the previous event, but 22 that has not been thoroughly studied at this point in time. 23 DR. MOODY: Point of Information, please. 24 DR. SLEMMONS: Yes. 25 DR. MOODY: On these figures, what do you use your () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
504 1 solid circle'to mean? Is that a place where you did some (f 2 measurements or what? 3 DR. SLEMMONS: That shows the dip direction. 4 DR. MOODY: Okay. 5 DR. SLEMMONS: And this represents the downward 6 side. The caption for the first of the figures that we had 7 earlier in the report merely shows the down side, although 8 the predominant motion may be horizontal. 9 DR. HINZE: Burt, if I may please. 10 In the seismicity, in the bantus that's.1852, do 11 you have a feel for how much or what percentage of that 12 seismicity is related to reactivation of existing faults? 13 DR. SLE MMONS : I have a gut feeling, but I don't 14 have specific data. I would say that probably 95 or more
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15 percent of the seismic activity is related to after shocks 16 or main shocks from those events. 17 They very clearly define the fault, the surface 18 fault, the surface fsults that were activated. Other than l 19 that, though, you have essentially a shot gun pattern. So 20 your regional seismicity between the seismic cycles that 21 Mike showed using the turkey example, you may have perieds 22 of almost quiescence with very low magnitude scattered 23 events. Perhaps have foreshocks, a big burst of activity, a 24 decay period of up to several tens of years with high 25 seismicity and good definition of the faults that were () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
l l l 505 l l () 1 activated..
- l 2 DR. HINZE: Do you have any illustrations of where 3 the seismicity really' represents new fractures, new major 4 faults, or are they reactivation of existing faults?
5 DR. SLEMMONS: I think in all 17 cases we have in 6 the inner mountain area of faults that have been activated, 7 you can find a paleo scarp or evidence of previous 8 activation. 9 DR. MOODY: Seventeen cases since when, the last 10 10 years? 11 DR. SLEMMONS: Pardon? 12 DR. MOODY: These 17 cases that you are talking ; 13 about. 14 DR. SLEMMONS: The 17 cases started back in 1869. {} 15 DR. MOODY: All right. ; 16 DR. SLEMMONS: So it represents a little over a 17 century of observation. I think there were two events in [ 18 the 1800s. The rest have been in this century. 19 One of the questions that I think we need to 20 address is, will there be difficulties in recognition and 1 21 characterization of active faults owing to concealment by 22 young units and paucity of dateable older quacernary units, 23 old enough soils, for example, difficulties with dating 24 techniques and extrapolation of near surface features to 25 greater depth. Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
i 506 () l' Because of the lack of time, I won't deal with all 2 of these issues, and they partly dove tail to the last , 1 3 slide, I think, that Mike Ellis showed, with the difficulty ] 1 4 of extrapolating downward below the observable environment l 5 to the kinds of geometry that you might have at depth. 6 I might point out several features. We find that 7 for strike-slip faults as well as dip-slip faults, that 8 there are great complexities and changes in attitude of 9 fractures at the surface. ! l 10 One of the kinds of models developed by Dick 11 Hardyman in his doctoral studies involves a series of block i 12 diagrams, of which I am just taking one example, wherein the 13 Walker Lane you have a strike-slip fault zone with basement
~T 14 rocks covered by a series of bedded welded tuffs which have (d
15 intervening softer punky layers of ash between the welded 16 units shown by capital A and capital B, for example. 17 With strike-slip faulting which he observed, we 18 find that the detachment or a low-angle fault may rupture i 19 along the unconformity bounding the base of the tertiary 20 section, and essentially, although you may rotate these 21 blocks and you may get a lot of internal sharing, the first 22 stages of deformation will be primarily by rupturing a flat 23 surface. As a fault continues un activity, you may 24 eventually rupture through the lower most unit, and then fan 25 out and get a T-shaped fracture pattern on the next soft () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 ; l
i 507-O1 1 ver =e dove a o o=- 2 In the advanced stages, you may rupture all the 3 way to the surface and see surface expression. But here 4 .even for a strike-slip fault zone, we see that we may not 5 have a good expression at the surface of the kind of 6 features that are critical to assessing each of the major-7 active fault zones. 8 DR. MOODY: What is the approximate thickness of 9 those volcanic units? l 10 DR. SLEMMONS: These layers are typically several 11 hundred feet-to maybe a thousand feet in thickness, and the 12 total pile is usually a few thousand feet. 13 This could be analogous to the volcanic units that r 14 you have at Yucca Mountain, perhaps for an earlier stage. 15 And so some of this kind of deformation may have been 16 characteristic of what happened say ten or 15 million years 17 ago, but may no longer be active at the present cycle. 18 I think Mike Ellis showed some detachment type of 19 models which give another kind of an example. And for a 20 normal faulting, the complexities and changes in dip of 21 rupture patterns was identified at the turn of the century 22 by G. K. Gilbert in his classic studies in the Lake 23 Monteville region. 24 Because of some of these factors that we won't 25 talk about in detail here, it will be very difficult, I ( Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
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v 508
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~1 think,-to identify and to characterize all of the active w 2 faults within the Yucca Mountain region.
3 The fourth issue that I'would-like to talk a
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4 little bit about is what is the genetic relationship between 5 the quaternary faults and'the active. faults of the region..
;6 There are four trenches identified.on this
'7 viewgraph-that are placed across four-faults.: These were 8 trenches placed for exploratory purposes by the.USGS for' {
9 other purposes than working with the volcanic ash. After 10 these trenches were in emplaced, small cracks or fissures. 11 were. observed at the main fault, breaks at the four
.12 trenches, and basaltic cinders were found'to impregnate the 13 -fractures that would extend on downward from the surface.
14 And this shows, I.think, up on the next map where 15- the four trenches are identified, these are trenches on both 16 sides of the proposed repository block. And we find that
'17 there is a strong suggestion, perhaps the strongest possible 18 evidence that you simultaneously ruptured or opened up the 19 four faults at the time of a volcanic eruption, this 20 provides strong evidence that rupturing may be a complex 21 process, or involve a sim01taneous process similar to what 22 we observed in the three examples that I gave earlier. And 23 it also suggests that there is some type of coupling between 24 volcanic processes, young volcanic processes in the last two 25 or three million years and the tectonic activities, y Heritage Reporting Corporation 1
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509 () ~1 So I think that certainly these relationship need 2 a much more thorough investigation, and it may be possible 3 from cinder distribution by a series of exploratory trenches 4 in the future to identify more active faults than what we 5 observed from ground studies alone. 6 I would like to touch briefly on Issue No. 5: How 7 do active faulting events impact the hydrologic regime: 8 Does fracturing and fissuring affect pathways and rate of 9 groundwater flow. 10 I will mention just briefly that geothermal areas 11 in Nevada, hot springs, the Steamboat Hot Spring in the Reno 12 area, for example, shows major changes at times of large 13 earthquake events.
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14 For example, in southern California, the El Centro [a} 15 event, some small-scale geysering which continued for weeks 16 occurred in the Reno area. Now certainly those are not 17 tectonically tied, but it shows that major changes in 18 plumbing systems can occur at large distances, even at large 19 distances from large events. 20 We find a very strong association between 21 geothermal activity within the active parts of the basin and 22 range region. Very little is found of geothermal activity 23 in the tectonically more stable part of the basin region, 24 for example. And some of the groundwater effects that were 25 identified are shown in the next two viewgraphs. n () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
510 o 1 On Figure 9, we see Chris Zone's work in 1955 and (a) 2 '56, after the December 16, 1954 Dixie Valley - Fairview J l 3 pair of events, that some of the wells were stable, had l 4 groundwater levels that were stable. In some cases, water l 5 levels went up. In some cases, the groundwater dropped I 6 materially, and the well location that identified earlier in 7 the Eastgate area is still under undergoing impacts from the 8 1954 event. 9 John Bell and Terry Katzer, in 1987, described 10 some of the effects from the Dixie Valley area, and you can 11 see that you had a very stable elevation of the water level 12 up until the time of the 1954 events. And since then there 13 has been a progressive drop in the water level some 80 feet. 14 And this suggests that just outside the area for which we b(~s 15 observed surface faulting features there have been major 16 changes in the water table level. 17 This particular location hasn't been thoroughly 18 studied and it certainly should be evaluated, ar. i other 19 examples like this in that it may represent areas where you 20 have actually had fissuring rather than simple matrix flow 21 changes. 22 DR. CARTER: Is this in a rural area? Is there a 23 lot of water use in the area? 24 DR. SLEMMONS: No, there is not in this area. 25 There may be minor effects in the last 10 years. This is in n Corporation i) Heritage Reporting (202) 628-4888
i j 511 () 'l a cattle ranching area. It's an arid region with probably I 2 precipitation in the 5 to 10-inch range, and very little 3 development of -- no pumping. 4 DR. CARTER: Not a lot of increase in water use in 5 the area. 6 DR. SLEMMONS: It's not like the situation in Los 7 Vegas or in Arizona, for example. 8 The sixth issues is: Ehat is the effect of the 9 Walker Lane tectonic setting, or the known strike-slip 10 faults of the siting area on the repository block. I think 11 I will skip over this point, and point out that some aspects 12 of this were shown by Mike Ellis. 13 We essentially have four or five major faults that (~~% 14 intersect within, or come together about 15 kilometers south
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15 of the site, and this involves major active fault 16 connections through the Timber Mountain corridor to the 17 north and a variety of tectonic features coming in from 18 different directions to the south of the site. 19 I would like to summarize, and rather than using a 20 viewgraph for Issue No. 7, I will simply state that we feel 21 that there will be difficulties that will be faced in the 22 future in characterizing and developing detailed information 23 on the activity of the faults of the area. 24 We feel that there is a potential for simultaneous 25 activation of a variety of faults at this same time. This,
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512 I) -1 I think, will make it very difficult to come up with. 2 realistic numbers for expected magnitudes. If indeed future 3 studies verify the simultaneous activity on a number of
- 4 events, since.we only observe this kind of relationship with 5 larger magnitude earthquakes,.7.2 and above,'this implies a 6 larger magnitude event than has been previously recognized 7 for this area. And we feel that it will be very difficult-
<8 to-characterize events then and to apply. segmentation'and 9 other kinds of rules.
10 We also feel that there will be -- there is 11 evidence for coupling both in the hydrologic, or hydro-12 geologic. regime as well as in the volcanic regime. 13 Thank you very much. 14 DR. MOELLER: Thank you.
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'15 Do we have additional questions?
16 Dr. Carter. 17 DR. CARTER: Let me ark you a couple. 18 Have there been any predictions made by the 19 . Earthquake Prediction Center as far as future earthquakes in 20 that area? I know they predict them for California and l l 21 various places. 22 DR. SLEMMONS: No , I don't believe so. 23 DR. CAP.TER: They have just not done that. 24 DR. SLEMMONS: This has been an area of very weak l l 25 regional seismicity for the historical period, and it may Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
513 1 be, we believe it-is one of these benches of low activity 2 between the seismically active periods. l 3 Typically for the basin range region, you have J l'
-4 recurrence intervals of three to 10 years or so between 5 major events, or bursts of activity. And we also have the 6 observations from both Owens valley and also from Dixie 7 Valley that there can be temporal clustering of activities.
8 So you may have a burst of activity with a very 9 high rate, followed by longer periods of quiescence, because 10 the activity for any given fault may be due to strain 11 imposed from deformation of adjoining areas either to the 12 north or to either side or to the south of the given region. 13 So this will make, I think, the task of predicting extremely 14 difficult.
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15 DR. CARTER: The other one. 16 I think you said that the Ghost Dance Fault does 17 not have surface manifestation in the repository block. Are 18 there any other surface manifestations there? 19 DR. SLEMMONS: I don't believe so. 20 DR. CARTER: And I presume the closest ones are 21 what, a few kilometers where there is surface manifestation? 22 DR. SLEMMONS: The closest one would be a couple 23 of kilometers to the east and, of course on the Solitario l 24 Canyon to the west. 25 DR. CARTER; Let me ask you another question, and 1 () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
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514 .
- r l' that-is,'what's the significance now of surface 1
2' ' manifestation for a. fault ~other than visibility and possible
;3 ' structural damage and that-sort of thing?: Is there any 4 technical' significance to one that has surface 5 manifestation? Can you imply certain things to --
6 DR. SLEMMONS: Yes, I think that probably for the 7 repository block the greatest significance would be the 8 possible effects currently on hydrologic' regime or with~ 9 reactivation on major changes in the hydrologic regimes. So i 10 that the possibility of a' coupled' process is especially
- 11. important, I believe.
12 DR. CARTER: Okay, the other question there, 13 obviously building taller buildings in Nevada, both in the 14 Reno area,~I guess, and-in Las Vegas, have gone from four , 15 stories 20 years or so ago to 30 plus, I suppose. 16 Is there any building code as far as earthquake 17 requirements either in Clark County or in Washington County 18 or the cities? 19 DR. SLEMMONS: No special codes;.just the standard 20 building code, And the Las Vegas area has assigned the 21 highest zone. I believe Reno is. John Bell perhaps could 22 answer that question. 23 DR. CARTER: But there are no earthquake 24 requirements in the building code? 25 DR. SLEMMONS: No. We don't have regulations Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l
l 515 () 1 similar to California where the Elquist Preola regulations 2 are in force. 3 DR. MOELLER: Other questions? 4 Gene Voiland. 5 MR. VOILAND: Following Dr. Carter'd question, are 6 there any studies of the nongeologic consequences of these 7 earthquakes, the three earthquakes that you mentioned, any 8 information about how many pipelines were disrupted, or how 9 many underground oil tanks were crushed? 10 DR. SLEMMONS: There is very little data in the 11 original descriptions of the 1915 zone, and only a little 12 bit in the descriptions of the 1932 zone. Carl Steinberg 13 spearheaded a much more detailed account, and this is 14 published in the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of g)T 15 America, I think in 1957. 16 DR. MOELLER: Dr. Moody. 17 DR. MOODY: Dr. Blanchard, has anybody in the 18 Product Assessment or has anybody in terms of waste package l 19 emplacement and thermal heat done any consideration of what 20 that temperature regime in the repository may or may not do 21 with respect to fault movement? 22 DR. BLANCHARD: It's a complicated question. I'm 23 not sure I got the essence of all of it. 24 DR. MOODY: I know it is, but it's a -- 25 DR. BLANCHARD: We have a design for the f () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 I c ____-- _ - _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
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-lp.--1 emplacement, a preliminary design for the emplacement.of the 2 waste-package,'is attempting to accommodateLrock~
3 ~ displacements'due tol movement along fractures or faults by. 4 incorporating an-air gap 7 centimeters wide between the 5 waste package and the rock. 6 DR. MOODY: .So what you are saying, Max, is you 7 are trying to deal with this problem by the emplacement 8: itself. I'm talking about not only that, but the fact that- I 9 you still are going to have a.certain spacing which.the 10 heat, at least through.the first 100 years, will-increase-11' over'the temperature that is now present in the native rock. 12 DR. BLANCHARD: Yes. Well, as you know, we are 13 trying to keep water away from the waste package so that it 14 will reduce the tendency to corrode the' waste package. And {: 15 by having a 7 centimeter air gap, then we have the high- i 16 temperature and we drive away'any moisture that's in the 17 water. And by driving away that moisture, we keep a 18 significant zone of nothing but water vapor at.the most, or 19 dry rock and dry air adjacent to the waste package, and it 20 will be hundreds of years before the temperature of the 21 waste package would drop down a point where the water would i 22 start migrating back in where the water vapor would convert 23 back into water. And the 7. centimeter air gap around the 24 emplacement of the waste package is designed both to keep 25 water away from corroding the waste package as well as allow Heritage Reporting Corporation , (202) 628-4888
- 517 q (f 1 -accommodation ofsrock displacements that might occur during 2 that time.
3 I am not sure if this gets towards answering your 4 question or not, i 5 DR. MOODY: Let's pass at this point. 6 DR. MOELLER: Let's take one more question. 7 Dr. Okrent. 8 DR. OKRENT: It's one question, but it's.a family P 9 of questions, because you ask a series of questions and then 10 you have given rather interesting information on behavior of 11 earthquakes and the ground and so forth in Nevada. 12 Do you see that there is any way of 13 probabalistically estimating the likelihood of stronger 14 earthquakes impacting the proposed Yucca Mountain site; of 15 estimating the changes in hydrology; of estimating any other 16 effects, even volcanic activity; or do you -- if not, how do 17 you see a resolution of questions of the sort you have 18 raised? 19 DR. SLEMMONS: I think-that many of the concerns ) 20 that were expressed are concerns that can be resolved, but 21 the uncertainties at the present time are extremely large. 22 I think that by detailed studies of each of these major g
-23 fault zones and others that will be identified in the 24 future, it may from paleoseismic activity be possible and 25 with an exploratory trenching program specifically for the
() Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 i 1
a 518 1( 1 cinders,'to identify how widespread the fissuring is and 2 -what faults were disturbed by the events; whether indeed the , 3- cinders are simultaneously erupted and whether they are from
'4 the Lathrop wells cone, which I think has been inferred at 5 the present time.
6 I think that it will be possible to resolve many
'7 of these issues, but it will be extremely difficult and will.
8 be time consuming. 9 DR. MOODY: Has there been information, you talked 10 about classified information, but'given the Nevada test site 11 axplosions, has there been a study done? Maybe that's still 12 classified or maybe not classified, as to what'effect those 13 explosions have had on the faulting and fracture system that 1 14 we'know exists in the site of the Nevada test site. 15 Is there any information available on that in 16 terms of-fault movement? 17 DR. SLEMMONS: I don't have any specific
~18 information.
19 John Bell, would you like to respond to that? 20 MR. BELL: I'm not sure I can answer that either. 21 I am generally aware of a number of studies that the USGS 22 has done in support of the DOD activities in which some , 23 faults, for example, in Yucca Flat have been activated by 24 some of the nuclear tests, if that's what you are driving 25 at. Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l l 1 __ __J
519 [) -1 DR. MOODY: That's exactly what I'm asking. 2 MR. BELL: Yes. 3 DR. MOODY: Well, has that been evaluated? If 4 -there has been movement that has occurred from those 5 underground explosions, have they studied the extent of the 6 movement and the intensity tied to the bomb and a whole 7 series of questions that that raisee? 8 MR. BELL: Gosh, I don't know. I would probably 9 turn to DOE to perhaps answer that. 10 I don't believe that the faults that were 11 activated during those tests are not directly related to i 12 Yucca Mountain. They are separate and apart, related to 13 other fault systems within that area. I guess I probably 14 just better stop there. I am really not familiar with the 11 5 results of the work that's been done for the DOD program. 16 DR. MOELLER: Okay, thank you. I think we are 17 going to have to bring this to a close. It is time for a 18 break, and we have a number of additional presentations to 19 cover. 20 Let's take 10 minutes. 21 (Whereupon, a recess was taken.) 22 23 24 25 o Q Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
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-1' .DR.'MOELLER: The-meeting will resume. And we 2 have, if.I have counted it correctly, about seven additional-
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3 presentations to be made, at least that are on the agenda, l4 and'all-of these people have worked hard and prepared the 5' 1 materials. So we certainly desire to call upon'each of 6 them and have them. appear. 7 My main urging would be to the members of'the 8' committee and its consultants that we keep our questions-to 9 the, or. limit the number of questions. But, however, don't 10 hold back. This is:our opportunity to interact with these 11 people, but keep the clock in mind. And I have asked the 12 Nevada representatives if they would have, or request that 13 each of'the speakers aim for perhaps 10 minutes or so, and 14 maybe then we can hold them to 20 minutes.
)
15 Okay,:we will go ahead with the next presentation. 16 And this will be Dr. Mifflin on the unsaturated zone, 17 hydrology. 18 (Slidea displayed.)
'19 DR. MIFFLIN: Yes. -
20- In the interest of time, I am going to pass up a 21 lot of the bullets and just concentrate on a few pertinent 22 aspects that we are quite concerned about. 23 If you notice the title, we call it vadose rather 24 than unsaturated, and we prefer vadose.- It's a more proper
'25 term. It means zone of variation. The unsaturated is a
.( ) Heritage Reporting (202) 628-4888 Corporation l l
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() -1 little bit-misleading. There is quite a bit of saturation 2 in t'me i and space in most vadose zones. 3 There is a number of general concerns. Some are 4 programmatic, but some are a combination of the great l 5 complexity of vadose zone hydrology combined with a general 6 lack of data, not only at Yucca Mountain but the worldwide 7 perspective. 8 The zone is just basically unstudied in terms of 9 the type of questions that are being asked at the proposed 10 repository site. 11 I would like to concentrate on a couple of points, i 12 and that is, the complexity and the problems raised by the 13 degree of fracturing that is present at the site, and the 14 uncertainties that revolve around recharge or the flux, the ,(J
'T j 15 natural flux of the system. There is many other points that 16 could be addressed, but in the interest of time these two 17 aspects are probably the most important to deal with today.
18 Part of the problem that we come to is in terms of q 19 field data collection. The methodology, you might say, l 20 really hasn't been established for establishing the details ( 21 of the vadose zone hydrology. It's not typically collected 22 other than in the very shallow surface soils associated with 23 agricultural type studies, and so we have kind of a dead 24 zone from between shallow land surface type of data and j 25 saturated zone hydrology. ! () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 1
522 4/~ c) 1 One of the particularly difficult aspects at Yucca 2 Mountain is that we have a very thick vadose zone, over a 3 thousand feet in most areas. And normally drilling 4 techniques require fluids; usually water-based fluid for 5 drilling, and what happens if you use water-based fluids to 6 core or drill is that you mask the insight to hydrology i 7 because you are adding fluid. And we are looking for very 8 small amounts of water in fractures, et cetera. So that you 9 have a fundamental problem .-ight there that hasn't been 10 overcome very successfully. 11 At the site to the present date the depth at which 12 drilling by air, which has the'best possibilities of 13 overcoming this problem, has been only to about 400 feet. 14 So there is not very much data that hasn't been somehow 15 compromised, or at least complicated by virtue of the
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16 problems with the drilling process using water-based 17 drilling fluids, i 18 The data base with respect to fracture flow is 19 almost nil. But there is certain aspects which we feel 20 suggests that fracture flow is a very real possibility and 21 it could be fairly commen. The implication, if there is 22 fracture flow, is that there is rapid travel times in the 23 vadose rone. So that the site which is predicated on the 24 idea that we have a very arid environment and that the waste i 25 isolation is fundamentally based on the lack of moisture () Heritage Reporting (202) 628-4888 Corporation
523 j
.[ '1' moving through'the repository horizon or moving to the -
2 repository horizon is dependent on the idea that there is a 3- very, very small flux of moisture passing through.this zone. 4-Going down through these points, you will notice 5 the top one is the core data indicates that there is'in each I 6 stratigraphic unit highly fractured rock of one type or ] 7 another. There is two different types involved here if you 8 want to generally classify. There is welded tuffs which are 1 9 essentially rock with very, very low permeability, and there 10 is the so-called bed tuffs which is kind of a semi-511 consolidated more plastic looking rock, more like a weakly. 12 cemented sandstone type of lithology. Both lithologies, 13 however,.have fractures based on the core data. And that 14 complicates the situation immensely. 15 There is evidence at the site that there is 16 hydrolic continuity in at least important parts of the 17 fracture zones in the sense that we have a number of the
'18 boreholes indicating that salt air is responding to i 19 barometric pressure changes, and so this is very short term R20 changes, and we have the phenomena of blowing or sucking 21 wells. This is caused by some type of hydrolic connection 22 to large volumes of soil gas which is the fracture porosity.
23 And the temperature of this soil area is such that one would 4 24 anticipate that the position of the fracture continuity and 25 continuity with large soil air volumes is at considerable
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(_j 1 depth within the vadose =one. 2 The data base isn't very good and it's just -- 3 there is just initial studies, to our knowledge. In fact, 4 nothing has been officially been released that I can find 5 other than one paper by Ed Weeks of the USGS. 6 The hydrolic conductivity of the welded portions 7 of the stratigraphic column is very, very low. What this 8 implies is that matrix flow is going to be extremely 9 limited, lockmic flow in these units. The average value 10 that people are using for say the Topopah Spring, the 11 repository horizon, is say 1 millimeter per year hydrolic 12 conductivity. What that really means is that with a 100 j 13 percent head, I know there is water sitting on the rock, it l
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{} 14 15 would penetrate 1 millimeter a year. practical purposes, impermeable. So it's, for all 16 What it also means, and I think it's a very 17 important point, is that if the flux rate, the recharge rate 18 locally anywhere in the repository block is greater than say 19 1 millimeter per year, it forces factor flow. The 20 fractures, on the other hand, are just like you might ! 21 imagine. They can very from very tight fractures to very 22 open fractures. And in the open fractures for at least 23 areas where you have extensive fracture continuity, you 24 could have essentially open channel flow with gravity 25 flowing down the fracture. { [) Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l l \
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,a
() >l So what that creates then is very rapid travel 2 times, depending on the characteristics of the fractures 3 themselves and the localized flux rate within that 4 repository block. 5 There is another aspect that makes the site ! 6 particularly difficult to characterize, in our views. That . I 7 is, there is not a well developed method to characterize or 8 establish on a site-specific basis recharge rate. So what 9 we have then is methodology that allows for recharge 10 estimates over say regional extants, or basing-wide extants, 11 but we have very little site-specific information that tells 12 us whether or not these average recharge rates are valid in 13 a site-specific locality such as Yucca Mountain or any other 14 particular type.
}
15 Now we think that it's most likely, based on the 16 type of limited data that exists, that recharge rates on an 17 environmental basis, local and environmental basis in the 18 arid type of climates that we have is related to the time 19 and amount of moisture that can contact at land surface. 'So 20 what seems plausible but hasn't really been backed up with a 21 large enough data base is that when you have say a high 22 intensity precipitation event, and these do occur in the 23 region where say maybe you get an inch an hour for say a 24 half hour or an hour, and in some cases it's a lesser 25 intensity event which scatters but is distributed over () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
526 ()' 1 several days, that you establish conditions of overland flow 2 and runoff and collection of surface water in your channels, 3 and then you have runoff in the ephemeral washes, and you 4 have a situation where you have a lot of water concentrated 5 in the localized space and in localized time, or constrained 6 time, and you have infiltration in the washes. And once the 7 infiltration occurs, then you have some of this moisture 8 loss by evapotranspiration from the plant, which are fairly 9 sparse, and some gets on by for the actual percolation on 10' down into the deep zones of the vadose zone. 11 On the other hand, in the areas of sicalluviam 12 and/or areas where you may have.well developed soil and very 13 little concentration of surface water, you may not get any 14 effective recharge. The permeability just isn't there for 15 the length of time that the moisture occurs at land surface. 16 So given the distribution of moisture in time and 17 space, it becomes a difficult and perhaps -- difficult but . 18 perhaps very important exercise into trying to determine 19 exactly where the recharge occurs under what condition, and l 20 then the question is whether you could actually quantify it. 21 The site was selected on the basis of average 22 values distributed over the repository site, or flux value, 23 and was not actually the values that the estimates derived l l 24 from the regional technique thtt has been used in the great 25 basin extensively were reduced in order to get the flux rate () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
j 527
,m.
() 1 to kind of fit the idea of matrix flow rather than fracture 2 flow. So we feel that perhaps nonconservative assumptions 3 have driven this program in terms of the probability of 4 fracture flow. 5 I would like to point out, on the basis of data-established from laboratory analyses of core, the l 6 7 significance -- just kind of a repeat of what I mentioned. 8 If you have a vertical flux rate of greater than about 1 9 millimeter per year, in other words if it is true that the 10 vertical flux is concentrated into a certain fracture zone 11 by surface characteristics, then you can see up in the unit 12 that's called Tiva Canyon welded, come over to the saturated 13 hydrolic conductivity. That means if the rock matrix fills
^\ 14 to saturation, that the rate at which it can -- per unit (d
15 area can transmit the flux is less than 1 millimeter per 16 year. 17 The unit below the Paintbrush nonwelded sequence, 18 you will notice that it's three orders of magnitude greater 19 in hydrolic conductivity. It could handle a fairly high 20 flux rate in the matrix theoretically. 21 Now we come back down to the Topopah Spring welded 22 unit, which is the repository horizon, and again we are down 23 to this average value from the number of samples that were 24 run, it was actually a geometric average, and it's down 25 again near 1 millimeter per year. That's not the lowest I) Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
l 528 ] () 1 value captured, but it indicates that you just can't have 2 very much flux rate without having some fracture flow. 3 And then on down below we see we go back up to
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4 essentially three orders of magnitude higher in terms of the 5 underlying Calico Hills value. 6 Before we leave this, I would like to point out 7 one other aspect that raises some questions with respect to 8 the presence or absence of fracture flow. On the right-hand 9 side you will see saturation in percent. In those upper 10 three units you see that it's around 60 some percent. When 11 you get down to the Calico Hills, you see that it's 90 to 91 12 percent. And then below that in the Crater Flat unit, it's 13 88. 14 Well, what that apparently means, because there is 15 some data from the saturated zone where you get similar 16 types of percentages, in other words not all voids are 17 apparently filled with fluid even in the saturated zones, 18 that we have essentially a saturated unit but with a very 19 high hydrolic conductivity. Notice that it was three orders 20 of magnitude greater for the Calico Hill as far as average 21 values. 22 One has to ask if it's essentially saturated, 23 where did all that water come from. If you understand what 24 I'm saying is, is that this is up in the, still up in the 25 vadose zone. Yet it's almost saturated according to the () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
i I 529
) ' 1' limited data base, and it has a much higher hydrolic 2 conductivity. So there is a suggestion from this type of' 3 information that perhaps we don't see the fracture flow 14 through the welded units, but it just starts to show up-5 where there is more cf a permeable porous media and it j l
6 ' saturates out and it starts to go to matrix flow. 7 DR. CARTER: How would you characterize the vitric l i 8 and zeolitic as far as their distribution? Is this 9 primarily lateral, vertical, both, or? 10 DR. MIFFLIN: According to the core data and 11 ' cuttings, there is a transition from a zeolitized zone 12 within the repository block, so that farther to the kind 13 of -- as I recall, kind of to the southeast there is more
-14 glass that's unaltered. And farther to the northwest or 15 westerly side, it's more zeolitized. .And that alteration 16 probably impacts-the hydrolic conductivity, although it's 17 not - you are seeing that it, according to the date, it 18 impacts it by two-hundredth of magnitude.
19 . Bet I must point out that the success of 20 collecting data in this zone is.very limited, and this is 21 based on just a few samples. So it's still ambiguous. 22 DR. CARTER: Okay, how many samples are you R23 talking about for each of these? Three or 20 or? 24 DR. MIFFLIN: In the Topopah Springs, if I recall, 25 there is 18 or something like that. But down in this Calico i O e reias c rie 9- r ei - (202) 628-4888 i -________-_a___ _ _ _ - _ - _ - - _ - _ _ _ _ - - _ _ - - _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ . _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ __ _______:
530 (f1 Hills, it was based on one sample each, so it doesn't have 2 much meaning. Or let's put it this way: It' raises a real 3 question. 4 DR. CARTER: One value certainly might not be a 5 good average. 6 DR. MIFFLIN: Yes, sure. That's right, but that's 7 part of the problem with the site; very difficult to get the 8 data. 9 You probably have been introduced to this diagram. 10 I have added something else to it. What I wanted to get 11 across was the problem of characterizing this site with 12 respect to the fractures that actually exist, or seem to 13 exist based on core data. 14 What we have here is kind of a diagrammatic (~} v 15 depiction of the number of fractures that were counted in 10 16 feet of core that was looked at frcm each unit, okay? Well, I 17 it wasn't just 10 feet of core that was looked at, but from 18 the core it could be seen. 19 So in this particular case, there was one fracture 20 that showed up per 10 feet of core in the Calico Hills. But 21 what that translates when you take the thickness of the unit 22 and multiply it by the approximately 2,000 acres, you end up 23 with 3.6 billion fractures present for an estimate of how 24 many fractures actually exist in that unit over that 2,000 25 acres and the thickness of them. () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
531 () l' You get up into the Topopah Spring, you see that 2 you have 76 billion fractures, and for every 10 feet of core 3 you've got 13 fractures that were counted, and so on. We 4 see 9 billion for the Tiva Canyon, another welded tuff unit. 5 And in this little bedded unit here, we only had a half a 6 billion, and we had only four fractures per 10 feet'of core. 7 The reason I put that in there is that it would be 8 one thing if you could characterize fractures in terms of 1 9 their aperture, their continuity in terms of other 10 fractures, where they go, which angle they go at, et cetera. 11 But it's essentially impossible to do that, at least with 12 the technology we have. 13 So part of the problem in characterizing a site 14 like this is that even though you may feel quite confident
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15 of what's going on where you have a borehole at one locality 16 or another, that is not necessarily a very good predictive 17 base when you have that many additional fractures that might 18 vary in character due to something that you haven't 19 recognized. 20 DR. CARTER: What's the -- well, two things. 21 One, what's the resolution in terms of the ability 22 to measure fractures? And the other is, what's the 23 significance? Do you compare these on a relative easis?
- f. 24 DR. MIFFLIN: You can measure the fractures and I 25 perhaps characterize them in a core sample, except those
() Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
532 () 'l fractures where they were g ite open you don't get recovery. 2 In other words, you get two pieces of core. 3 DR. CARTER: You don't count them twice, though. 4 DR. MIFFLIN: No , you wouldn't count them twice, 5 but you don't know how many real fractures were in the 6 vadose zone. And the type fractures and the intermediate 7 fractures that hold together in the core you could 8 characterize in a laboratory as to the hydrolic 9 characteristics and perhaps aperture and so forth. 10 When you go to a larger scale than that, the only 11 way that you have available is surface mapping, perhaps some 12 geophysic31 techniques that aren't well developed or well 13 demonstra,ed, and there is one that the hydrologists 14 typically would think of, and that is you run some type of a
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15 pump test, either in a -- in a saturated zone you are in a 16 pump test. and you see what the response is in terms of the 17 fluid withdrawals, or injection test of fluid so that you 18 get some kind of net response of a fracture network. What 19 you don't know when you do that is the configuration of that 20 fracture network, but you do get some kind of net hydrolic 21 response. 22 The problem with those types of tests, however, is 23 that most of the mathematical models are predicated upon the l 24 assumption of porous media, and fracture networks aren't 25 necessarily in the con 0 guration of the porous media I) Heritage Reporting Corporation ! (202) 628-4888
533 (( ) 1 assumption. So you have some problems interpreting.the 2 actual test data. You don't have a good -- you can't tell. 3 what your so-called boundary conditions are in some cases. 4 DR. CARTER: Is 2,000 acres a standard unit that 5 you use? 6 DR. MIFFLIN: I don't think in the vadose zone 7 that there is a demonstrative way to characterize that. 8 DR. MOELLER: Excuse me. We had better wrap this 9 up. 10 DR. ORTH: Dade, may I ask a question? 11 DR. MOELLER: Yes. 12 DR. ORTH: In terms of all that material about 13 fractures, is there really any correlation between fractures 14 as you have talked about them, the number of them, and the 15 hydrolic conductivity? I mean, why are we learning this? 16 For example, you have pointed out that the Topopah 17 Springs had 76 billion fractures in your unit. It also has 18 one of the lowest hydrolic conductivities in your table, j 19 DR. MIFFLIN: In the matrix of the rock. If the 20 fluid is flowing in the rock proper, the matrix, the solid 21 rock unfractured, then it has a low hydrolic conductivity. 22 If the fluid is flowing in the fracture, which is
- 23 the point I was trying to make, if you had more fluid than 1 l
24 millimeter per year passing through it, it has to flow in 25 the fracture. l () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l l _________________________ ______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a
l 534 [v ') 1 DR. ORTH: What I don't understand is how you ever 2 got a sample then to measure solid material if the materdal 3 is so highly fractured. 4 DR. MIFFLIN: Well, it comes out as core. On that 5 last one -- 6 DR. ORTH: Which are all fractured. 7 DR. MIFFLIN: Sometimes you don't get any core in 8 some zones, but it's variable in terms of core recovery. 9 DR. MOELLER: Dr. Moody. 10 DR. MOODY: I was just going to say, in terms of 11 your extrapolation on the basis of the amount of, you know, i 12 fractures that you have actually looked at, did you do these 13 microscopic samples to come up with so many fractures per 10 14 feet of core, or is that DOE done work, or NRC work? g 15 DR. MIFFLIN: This is all DOE data. 16 DR. MOODY: Oh, I see. Thank you. 17 DR. MIFFLIN: And even the conversion from linear 18 count, linear fractures counted in a core to the volumetric 19 relationship is questionable. But let's aay it's not off by 20 more than say a -- maybe it's 50 percent cr 50 percent low, 21 and then the estimates off is just based on limited number 22 of cores, but it gives an idea of the nwnbers that we are 23 dealing with. Maybe it's only in the millions or maybe it's 24 in the 10 billions or 100 billions. 25 Well, in summary, what we feel is the major
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535 f( ) l' concern then is that fracture flow for perched water is L 2 likely to occur in any of these low permeability unit if you 3 have very high flux rates or locally high flux rates. 4 This, in turn, gives travel times wherever that 5 fracture flow is occurring of measured instead of in the 6 tens of thousands of years, it's measured in the months or 7 days or years or tens of years or hundreds of years, 8 depending on the characteristics of the fracture networks 9 and the apertures and so forth. So that the key issue here 10 is whether or not you have any waste isolation or not in , 11 terms of how much fluids are going through the vadose zone. 12 The other issue is that we know we have dual-13 phased movement of moisture in the vadose zone. We have 14 both the water vapor and the liquid flow, and we have a non- { 15 isothermal environment and we have the fracture and matrix 16 type geologic framework in which this flow is occurring. It 17 creates extremely complex situations where the vapor flow 18 could be upward in either matrix and/or fracture flow is 19 downward. And so we have an extremely complex hydrology 20 that's, number one, almost impossible to model with any 21 confidence; and, number two, is very difficult to 22 characterize in terms of a site-specific data collection 23 program. 24 DR. MOELLER: Thank you. 25 Are there any final questions for Dr. Mifflin? () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
536 (j 1 DR. CARTER: I just wanted to ask you one 2 question. 3 I believe that DOE either has programs ongoing or ! 4 will to measure both flux, water. fluxes in the area as well 5 as fractures and this sort of thing. And you are saying 6 that these are difficult jobs as far as getting reliable 7 data. Is that a fair interpretation? 8 DR. MIFFLIN: Yes. So far there hasn't been a 9 very successful amount of data developed with several 10 different, you know, different techniques attempted. 11 The other problem is -- what I was trying to get 12 across is that even though we may be able to get something 13 that's quite reliable in localized positions within the 14 {} 15 repository block without -- the question comes up is how far can you extend that type of information through such an 16 environment. 17 In other words, you have - you don't have a point 18 source for recharge. You have a distributed source of some 19 type. So that what you see say in one spot, and if you have 20 not only vertical flow, you may not see what's going on in a 21 different locality in the repository block. So the a are 22 some real problems with respect to the density of data that 23 may be required, and that goas back to what Carl Johnson i l 24 mentioned earlier: How confident can you characterize with 1 25 few points. () Heritage Reporting (202) 628-4888 Corporation 1 _ .- -_______-_-____ _ _ _-_ - _ -
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+Q 1- -DR. CARTER: But at least a lot more information J2 and data will be' collected over the next few' years in these 3' areas.
'4 .E1. MIFFLIN: We hope, yes..
5 DR. MOZLLER: Cenk you, Dr. Mifflin'. 6 We will move on to the~first of:the last six 7 presentations. 8 (Laughter.) 9 And that will be by Linda Lehman, President of Al , 10 Lehman & Associates. 11
.12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 O n rie se a earti=9 career tia-(202) 628-4888 j
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-- 1 (Slides being shown) 2 MS. LEHMAN: Thank you, Mr. Chairman, Committee 3 members and consultants. I'm pleased to be able to discuss 4 with you'some of.the issues that the state has with respect 5 to uncertainty in modeling and performance assessments.
6 The first thing I am going to do.is discuss some 7 of the sources of uncertainty. Then I am going to spend 8 more time on the data limitations, data input for models, 9 and also then wind up with some recommendations. 10 The main sources of uncertainty have been 11 documented by Cranwell and others from Sandia Nst.ional Labs 12 to be process rr -3eling uncertainties, input data uncertainty 13 and scenario uncertainty. 14 These are the primary components of uncertainty-15 with respect to performance assessments at high-leval 16 nuclear waste repositories. 17 With respect to the process modeling uncertainty, 18 as you heard Dr. Mifflin state, our knowledge of unsaturated 19 flow in fractured / porous media is really a result of what we 20 have learned from the science of soil physics. It is 21 generally isothermal-type flow and soil physicists are 22 typically concerned with the first few inches to the first 23 few metera of the unsaturated zone. )- 24 We essentially know nothing of the unsaturated ) 25 flow processes at the depths and the scale of Yucca ( Heritage Renort-ing Corporation (202) 628-4888 l
i 539 j u aim I~
.' d l' Mount'ain.
2 As I said~ input data uncertainty, I'll be.
.3 discussing'that in c? tail later.
4 With respect to scenario uncertainties, I think h 5 that we can say with some certainty that tS.'e probabilities- l j 6 that are going to be assigned to certain' scenarios are going 7 to be nothing but guesswork, especially in the realm of 8 effects of tectonic processes on the hydrology. 9 Eisenberg and othens, in 1987, at the DOE AECL R10 conference, have identified five broad categories of 11 uncertainty. They are systematic and random error in 12 measurements, spatial variations in geologic parameters, 13 conceptual models, physical-chemical modeling processes and 14 future states of nature.
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15 Now, with respect to predicting future states of 16 nature, I would like to say that the ability of a model to 17 explain known phenomena is only weakly correlated to its-18 ability to make good predictions. And the reason for this 19 is if a model is fundarae *, ally sound or even if it isn't + 20 fundamentally sound, g ometries and parameters can-be 21 adjusted in order to explain that observed-phenomenon. 22 In other words, what you get is not a unique 23 solution. 24 DR. CARTER: But none sf these are unique to Yucca 25 Mountain. I presume these are all generic. O rie 9- eerei 9 (202) 628-4888 corror *1 -
540 r'N 1 () 1 MS. LEEMAN: These are all generic, that's 2 correct. 3 The USGS recently did a study to see how well 4 their predictions of hazardous and other sites were over the 5 time period of about 10 to 20 years. These were saturated j 6 flow, non-isothermal type modeling studies. And they have 7 found that they we- . act able to predict with any degree of 8 certainty over a period of ten to 20 years let alone the 9 10,000-year predictions that we will have to make. 10 DR. OKRENT: What was this they were predicting?- 11 MS. LEEMAN: They initially in the early '50s, 12 '60s, did a number of models. One that comes to mind is the 13 Idaho Falls modeling of contaminant plumes. They did this (^3 14 at Rocky Mountain Arsenal and a number of the contaminated \._) 15 sites. They went back 20 years later to see if that model 16 had correctly predicted what the situation would be over 17 time and found that they did not accurately predict. 18 DR. OKRENT: I must say I am not clear on what the 19 applicability is of that particular estimate. 20 MS. LEEMAN: What I'm trying to say is that we 21 have no confidence in our ability to predict over the time 22 frame of 10,000 years if we can't even do it for a period of 23 10 to 20 years. 24 DR. OKRENT: But they may have poorly known the 25 hydrogeology. I'm familiar with some of the problems at the () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
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- 1 : 'I g 541' 1 Rocky Mountain Arsenal: site.
2 'MS. LEHMAN: That may'be true in some cases. In l l 3 other cases.I think the hydrology was fairly well known. 4 Others have identified data limitations as a 5 source of uncertainty in formulating conceptual hydrologic-l' 6 models. This is true not only of tt liquid phase but also 1 7 for the vapor phase and other soil gas phases that may be-8 important at Yucca Mountain. And as we've heard mentioned, 1 9 the soil gas movement is rapid at Yucca Mountain and may be 10 one of the fastest paths for radionuclides travel. 11 Others have also identified insufficient site 12 characterization as a source of uncertainty in estimating. 13 ground water. transport times. I would add that I think it 14 would be a source of uncertainty in other aspects of
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15 performance assessment other than just transport times. 16 DR. CARTER: These are both radiological studies, 17 I believe. 18 MS. LEHMAN: These are mostly NUREGs that have 19 been used to identify uncertainty in-the performance 20 assessment for high-level nuclear waste repositories. 21 DR. MOODY: Linda,-both those are -- one is eight 22 years old and the other one is five years old. Are you 23 indicating that nothing in addition has been done, say in 24 the EAs, SCPs? ! 25 MS. LEHMAN: No. I'm not indicating that there
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() Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 j 1 __1______ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ . _ _ _________________._____________._________._____.__________.m_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ .
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] -() -1 hasn't been other work. What I'm indicating is that these 2 are still major areas of uncertainty.
3 With respect to data. limitations, what I would 4 like to do is first talk about some general data input 5 limitations and then go on to discuss in some detail data l 6 limitations due to insufficient site characterization. 7 General limitations I think we're most familiar 8 with, 11any hydrologic parameters are obtained from 9 inference. In other words, we cannot measure flux 10 directly, but we have to infer it from measurements of head 11 or pumping tests where we can calculate translusivities and 12 hydraulic gradients. 13 Other parameters, many of them are assumed 14 correlated to other parameters. These may be correlated { 15 over small correlations links. Other parameters may be 16 assumed correlated over the entire model domain. 17 Representativeness of samples collected is another 18 limitation. Number.of samples of course is always an issue. 19 There is usually a cost factor involved with that. But at 20 Yucca Mountain there is also a factor of whether or not we 21 will be destroying the integrity of the site. 22 Others are sample disturbance during sampling and 23 measurement interpretation errors. 24 Now, with respect to the insufficient site 25 characterization limitations, I've termed that the time () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l 1 l
F. , 543 fs. I g' .. -1 dependent limitation. And by that I mean the time that is 1 2 allocated for data acquisition.
.3 Now, this particular data limitation is 4- correctable. And to explain that I would like to put up a
-5 slide which you saw at the last ACNW meeting, and I would 6 like to call your attention to the time which is allocated 7 for in situ testing, which is this line here. I know it is i
8 difficult to read. 9 The start of this shaft construction was due to be 10 started in June of 1989 with the start of in situ testing in 11 the fourth quarter of 1990. Then approximately four years 12 for the period of the testing to,be complete for the license 13 application with the submittal of the license application in 14 early 1985 -- excuse me, 1995.
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15 We heard last Tuesday that this has now been 16 compressed. They don't expect to start shaft construction 17 until somewhere in Fall, possibly November of 1989, which 18 will compress this four year time period to even less than 19 four years. 20 The next slide also indicates what Dr. Alexander 21 showed as his performance assessment milestones. As you 22 recall, he said that most of the performance assessment that 23 goes into the license application will be done within 24 interim, surface-based test results. There is no milestone i 25 on here for in situ test results. That I find particularly ) 1 () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-T808 l 1 I
544 m (_) l' disturbing. . i 2 When I was back working at the Nuclear Regulatory j 3 Commission on the staff, I was asked the question, do we
'4 need in situ testing in order to issue a construction j 5 authorization? And at that time, it was the staff consensus
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6 that we would not have confidence in our ability to issue a 7 construction authorization without this below ground testing 8 data. l 9 Now, I am not aware that the NRC staff has changed 10 their mind on this. I hope that they haven't. But it 11 indicates that we will not be getting hardly any of this 12 data for the license application. 13 So I must then ask the following question. At 14 what point does the in situ schedule, testing schedule go 15 from quote " ambitious" to unrealistic? And I would submit 16 at this point in time that the schedule is already 17 unrealistic. And I think that the NRC staff needs to look 18 at this questio.1 and see what they think about it and I 19 would like them to ask the following questions in regard to 20 this schedule. 21 First of all, what data -- and I mean in situ data 22 -- will be actually used in the license application? What j 23 will be its quality? And thirdly, how long will it take to I j 24 generate this data? t 25 Now, on Tuesday, you asked the staff if they were l e ( n_) Heritage Reporting (202) 628-4888 Corporation
545 h (). l' familiar with the type of data that would be generated and: 2 they basically are familiar with the types of data that are 3 going to be generated during the site characterization 4: program. 5 They have also indicated that they want a high 6 quality license application. 7 What I find missing is the analysis of how long 8 it's going to take to actually get this data and will that 9 time period preclude that data from being in the license 10 application. 11 So by way of example, I have prepared a couple of 12 tables which illustrate the types of data that we do have 13 at Yucca Mountain and the time period it has taken to 14 receive the data.
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15 The first line is, first two lines are water level 16 data. The first were taken by in situ pressure transducers. 17 The others were measured by steel tape or other manual type 18 methods. l 19 The period of record of the transducer data is 20 1983, when they started collecting it, through 1987. The 21 State of Nevada received the an-QA data base in the Summer 22 of ' 88. That data was essentially unusable and has been 23 referred back to the USGS and we have not yet received the 24 quality assured data as of this month. So that as you can 25 see is a minimum of two years since the end of the test () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 i l
546 h
\q,/ unti14 when we will get the data and as much as six years..
1-2 This other data, 28 wells, the hand-measured data 3 for the period 1981 through 1987, was just released in'the 4 USGS open file report the end of December. We received it 5- in January. That's two years from the end of testing, Land 6 as much as eight years from the start of testing. 7 Drawdown and recovery data, pump testing data 8 essentially, at ten wells over the period 1980 to 1984. The 9 -non-QA data was received by the State of Nevada in the 10 Summer of 1988. There are many errors in that. i+ 11 We have still not gotten the QA data. However, 12 for the non-QA data there was a period of four to eight~and 13 a half years or so before that has been received. 14 DR. . CARROLL What was the evaluation process? 15 Did you peer review or what to determine the ' quality of the 16 . data? 17 <2S . LEHMAN: I didn't want to get into a lot of_- 18 detail on this but for brevity we looked at the data, we 19 'were trying_to analyze water levels from the pressure l 20 transducer data in millivolts. There are what I categorize i l 21 as two types of errors in the data -- minor errors and 22 major errors, the minor error being slicing. We would have 23 a tape that went along, say a WT-1 would be attached to well 24 WT-6, and then you wouldn't know what well would come in 25 next. 1 () Heritage Reporting Corporation (LO2) 628-4888 1
( l i 1 547 i l( )- 1 So for a period of record, what we thought was one 2 well may be as many as two or three wells, j 3 DR. CARTER: And this is data presentation. 4 MS. LEHMAN: No, this is tapes. Data tapes. 5 There are more serious errors to this. The minor errors can ; l 6 be' corrected, the' slicing errors can be corrected. The 1 7 other data errors may not be, and probably is unusable for 8 its initial purpose. 9 DR. CARTER: So you evaluated the data for some 10 specific purpose and determined then the quality based on 11 the usefulness of the data? 12 MS. LEHMAN: That's right, in that.particular 13 instance. 14 The second one, I used the caveats in the 15 publication to determine whether it was good or fair. The 16 last one is undeterminable at this time. 17 Now, the unsaturated zone table, we have similar 18 problems. We have an instrument at hole UZ-1, which is 19 measuring matrix potential with depth, that has continuedr 20 since 1983. The results have still not been released. The 21 .same with laboratory analysis of cores, cuttings and some
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22 neutron probes to verify this data of saturation versus 23 depth. 24 These tests occurred between 1983 and 1985. 25 Preliminary results were presented at a non-DOE conference () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
548' () 1 in:1985 by the'USGS, but the raw data have not yet been 2- released. So you see there again six years or so. 3 'Now, what this means is that historically reliable 4 good quality data are not available for at least two years 5 .after the end of a test. And I saw this is a conservative 6 estimate because most of the data that I've'shown you on 7 these two graphs with the exception of the UZ-1 data is 8 common, everyday hydrologic. data. It's not anything-9 complicated.- It's'just water level measurements, down hole 10 transducer data. So it's not unusual at all. 11 DR. MOODY: Linda, is all the data USGS data'or 12 has there.been some other data, hydrologic data collected?. 13' MS. LERMAN: This is the only hydrologic data that 14 I know of that's been collected. And it is by USGS.
.15 DR.: MOODY: It's all USGS?
16 MS. LEHMAN: To my knowledge. 17 So what this means is that for in situ tests, 18 requiring more than two years to complete, given this two-19 year lag, any tests that take longer than that, the data > 20 will not show up in the license application and this is 21 troublesome because a number of the tests-are prototype 22 tests and will probably require more than two years to work 23 out the bugs. 24 Also, one of the main reasons for this is the long 25 time periods of internal USGS review, typically on the order O rie e a e rei 9 (202) 628-4888 cereer ei -
7-_ _ -- f .. 549 1 of two to three years. 2 So essentially unless these things are corrected, 3 the' license application will be based largely on sparse 4 surface-based testing. 5 Now, I included a quote here. 6 DR. STEINDLER: If you don't mind, let me ask you 7 question. 8 MS. LEHMAN: Yes. 9 DR. STEINDLER: That chart, that milestone chart 10 that you got from Don Alexander, a few slides back, that you 11 pointed out, dealt with interim surface test results and you 12 were looking for in situ test results? 13 MS. LEHMAN: Right. 14 DR. STEINDLER: The milestone immediately 15 preceding that says begin in situ tests. No , not that one. 16 The next one I think. 17 MS. LEHMAN: The one after that. i 18 DR. STEINDLER: How do you interpret the milestone 19 next to it saying begin in situ tests? 20 MS. LEHMAN: They will be starting the in situ 21 tests in late 1990 or 1991. 22 DR. STEINDLER: So they are planning to do some in 23 situ tests? 24 MS. LEHMAN: They are planning to do them. My i 25 point is that they will not get the data in time to be used () Heritage Reporting (202) 628-4888 Corporation l
550 I l
.( f 1 in the' license application.- And in fact,.Dr. Alexander 2- stated that the in situ test data that does come along 3 during the time frame will only be used as confirmatory 4- essentially to what they have worked -- their performance 5 assessments would be essentially worked out based on the 6 interim surface-based test data.
7 DR. STEINDLER: You say that is DOE's position at 8' this point? 9 MS. LEHMAN: That's what I understood Dr.
'10 Alexander to say at the last ACNW meeting, u 11 Can we have the Freeze and Cherry slides, please? j 12 Thank you.
13 I've included here a quote which I thought was 14 quite appropriate from the book " Groundwater" by Freeze and 15 Cherry. It says: "It will often seem that the geologic 16 processes have maliciously conspired to maximize the 17 interpretive and analytical difficulties." 18 And I think that we should remember this as we 19 embark upon this one of a kind type analysis of site 20 characterization at Yucca Mountain. 21 In that regard, I have the following i l 22 recommendations. I believe that the NRC and DOE should move ' l } 23 immediately to correct at least the time limited data 1 24 deficiency by first determining how much in situ data will 25 be required in the license application, and its quality. I Heritage Reporting Corporation (f (202) 628-4888 _ _ _ .____..____ _________ ________________.______ _ _ ________ ____ ___ _ _____ _ _ _ _ j
l i 551-( l 1 Once they know that then they can make an estimate of the 2 time frame that it will take for the data to be released and 3 then'the deadlines must be extended to. allow these data to 4 4 be reliably collected and_ interpreted. They must also then
-5 stop allowing schedule compression on the time.for in situ l 6 -data' collection. In other words, deadlines must be moved 7 commensurate with delays.
8 Secondly,-I think we_need to expand our research 9 into'the basic major processes such as unsaturated flow and 10 fractured / porous media. And_in addition to the site 11 characterization' studies that are planned, I think we need 12 additional analog studies and these analog studies are not 13 of the_ type that you_ heard at last month's presentation.. (~g 14 Those types were basically transport' analog. studies in media
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15 other than fractured welded tuff. 16 What.I'm speaking of is unsaturated flow analogs. 17 And I'can name two of them immediately. One would be G-18 tunnel, which is on the Nevada test site, where Desert 19 Research' Institute staff have done some studies and have > 20 indicated that meteoric water is making it to depths of 21 approximately 1,000 feet within a. year. 22 Also, there is a site, an NRC research site called 23 the Apache Leap Tuff in Arizona. Beneath that site is a 24 mine at the depth of about.4,000 feet. And given some 25 -surface events where you see runoff into the stream Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) G28-4888 L
552 e (m) 1 channels, that mine, at a depth of 3,000 to 4,000 feet below 2 the surface, experienced increased inflows within three days 3 of the rainfall event. l 4 Now, that tells me that our typical finite ; l 5 element, finite difference approximations to the Richards l 6 equation, in other words, porous matrix flow, is probably 7 just plain wrong for the scale that we're looking at. And I 8 think that we need to look at more detail into these basic 9 flow processes in the unsaturated zone. 10 You heard earlier that tectonic coupling to the 11 flow field is an important region that needs basic research. 12 And I would agree with that. 13 So in summary, performance assossment and modeling r'T 14 uncertainties are extremely large. Data limitations are
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15 severe. Some, however, are correctable. But even with good 16 data, we will not be able to reliably model and predict the 17 unsaturated zone. And this is because we do not have a 18 basic understanding of the primary processes that are 19 operable. 20 And again, the schedule compression must stop. 21 Deadlines must be moved commensurate with delays. And 22 unless these things are done, the license application will 23 be based on sparse, low quality surface based test data. 24 Thank you. 25 DR. MOELLER: Thank you. Do we have questions for Heritage Reporting Corporation (~) (202) 628-4888
553 / \ ! _) 1 Ms. Lehman? 2 (No response) j l 3 Let me just comment that many of us have heard of 4 course from time to time about the delays in data but I 5 believe you have done an excellent job in quantifying what 6 it means in terms of the application. 7 MS. LEHMAN: Thank you very much. 8 DR. MOELLER: Thank you. 9 We'll move on then to Dr. Morgenstein, who will be 10 talking on geochemistry. 11 (Slides being shown) 12 DR. MORGENSTEIN: The geochemical problem I wish 13 to address today is the termination of the ability of the ('] 14 subsurface volcanic tuffs to isolate radionuclides from the ; c' 15 accessible environment. 16 In the interest of time I am going to move fairly 17 rapidly over things that I think we all are familiar with 18 such as retardation credit. 19 Next slide. 20 In essence, we are looking at essentially four 21 groups of radionuclides. The first is the actinides, such 22 as plutonium; a second group composed of one radionuclides, 23 technetium; a third group, carbon-14, iodine-129 and 24 tritium; and a fourth group, all of the other radionuclides. 25 Next slide. Heritage Reporting Corporation [) \- (202) 628-4888
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l i 1 554
)' - 1 The third group of-the previous slide are of major 2 concern to us in the fact that they are potentially gas 3- transported radionuclides. In order to have sorption, we 4 need to have, we need to look.at the mineralogy-related q t
5 parameters to have an effective barrier. And that is, in 6 essence, suitable mineralogy, such as zeolites, such as ) 7 clinoptilolite, or mordenite; clays such as smectitest' iron 8 and manganese oxyhydroxides. These minerals have to be 9 stable, stable in the sense of ambient temperatures, stable 10 in the sense that there are low sodium water values and , 11 stable in the sense that reacted water values are also low 12 in sodium. 13 That is, if the repository drives off water due to 14 heating, and that water is transmitted to a zeolitic zone,
~15 if that water is very hot, or reacts with the matrix such as
- 16. glass, it may pick up a lot of sodium,.and affect the 17 stability of the zeolites even prior to their ability to act 18 as sorbers.
19 And then we have the problem of mineral 20 accessibility. We need to have either open' pores lined with 21 suitable minerals in the likely path of travel or minerals 22 in fracturos in the likely path of travel. These minerals 23 have to be of significant volume in that path to provide a 24 significant amount of sorption. 25 We have to have things such as zeolites oriented _() Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
555 _( f 1 in a particular way. A zeolite crystal having three axis 2 sides has three different sorption potentials. And a 3 crushed zeolite crystal has a sort of an average potential, 4 which is not necessarily one which is representative of the 5 real world. 6 So we have to be very careful on how we measure-7 sorption in our laboratory. 8 In addition to have zeolites for sorption, they 9 have to be accessible as a function of not being covered by 10 other mineralogy, such as an orthogenic opal, which is very 11 common in fractures, and also common in pores. 12 Even though we might calculate that the zeolites 13 are 20 percent of mineral components in a particular 14 horizon, that does not tell us that all of that 20 percent 15 or any fraction of that 20 percent are in fact accessible 16 for sorption. 17 Zeolite stability is greatly affected by sodium 18 values in the water. As the sodium values increase, the 19 stability decreases. 20 Clinoptilolite, which is essentially the major 21 sorbing, potentially sorbing zeolite at Yucca Mountain, 22 converts to the non-sorbing zeolite, analcime. i 23 If we were to use J-13 water, which has been 24 probably overused in calculations, as a concept of how much 25 sodium is in the environment, then we would probably have () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l 1
556 () I this conversion occurring at about 90 degrees Centigrade. 2 If, however, the values of sodium were elevated 3 above J-13 because for example the water had reacted with 4 glass and when water does react with glass, what it does is 5 pick up sodium values, if that had occurred, then we would 6 have to reduce the temperature of analcime formation from 7 clinoptilolite. And therefore, we would reduce the sorption 8 ability of that bulk rock material. 9 Anyplace between about 60 degrees Centigrade and 10 90 degrees Centigrade utilizing J-13 concept water, we would 11 have a reduction of sorption value. So as we raise the 12 temperature, we reduce the amount of sorption capable in the 13 mineral structure. 14 So if everything is ideal but we raise the 15 temperature a little bit, we change the sorption values. We 16 need to know what these values would be in an in situ, for 17 in situ basis. Other parameters affecting the retardation 18 barrier -- 19 DR. OKRENT: Excuse me a minute. 20 DR. MORGENSTEIN: Yes. 21 DR. OKRENT: What is the order of magnitude of the 22 water and the order of magnit'ude of zeolite that we are 23 talking about? In other words, -- 24 DR. MORGENSTEIN: How much sodium must we add to 25 the system or how much temperature -- () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 i
557 I 1 DR. OKRENT: Well, a cc of water will dissolve a 2 certain amount of sugar. But if I had a ton of sugar it 3 wouldn't be very much. So I'm trying to understand whether 4 you feel that the bulk of the zeolite could be made non -- 5 DR. MORGENSTEIN: Non-sorbing? 6 DR. OKRENT: Non-absorbing, or -- 7 DR. MORGENSTEIN: I would love to be able to 8 answer that question. We do not collect in situ 9 information. I do not have any information available to me 10 from DOE literature to be able even to remotely guess an i 11 answer. And I do not know of any information that would be 12- collected in the future to be able to answer that question. 13 DR. CARTER: What about the solubility though of 14 borosilicate glass? I presume that is extremely low. 15 DR. MORGENSTEIN: That's where we might have -- 16 when I'm talking about glass, I'm talking about natural 17 glass. I'm sorry. Volcanic glass. The solubility of 18 borosilicate glass will depend upon the water chemistry and 19 a host of other properties. ' 20 DR. CARTER: But it is very absorbent. 21 DR. MORGENSTEIN: I'm afraid I don't really 22 understand at present. 23 DR. MOELLER: Dr. Moody? 24 DR. MOODY: That is not true. Borosilicate glass 25 is much mc ra soluble than a nat. ural silicate glass. He i' Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l
i 558 m
'g,) -1 know that from long term studies of real glasses. And 2 that's just an old -- I don't want to say anything more than 3 that, but I have for seven and a half years discussed that 4 with various different people about the use of --
5 DR. CARTER: What kind of difference are we 6 talking about? A few percent, a major?. 7 DR. MOODY: I consider it major in terms of long 8 term, not short term. Borosilicate would be okay if we only 9 had to be concerned about it for 100 years. But we are 10 talking about a longer period of time'than 100 years. 11 DR. CARTER: I hope so. 12 DR. MOELLER: Okay. Go ahead. 13 DR. MORGENSTEIN: To move on, other parameters, 14 which I am going to go through very fast here, are mass 15 action competition, in other words, CEC-type reactions; 16 colloid formation; multiple speciation; fracture flow, which 17 we have been talking about; non-sorbing radionuclides; and 18 soil gas circulation. 19 For example, in soil gas circulation, we have < 20 known pressure differentials in the vadose zone creating 21 blowing wells. And if we have this kind of circulation, and 22 we do have radionuclides gas production, and transport 23 through open fractures and faults, we may have a prob 1mm. 24 Right at this point in time, I can't identify a 25 mechanire in the natural community of minerals at Yucca o
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559 () 1 Mountain that will provide a reasonable sorption barrier to 2 gas transport. That does not say it does not exist. 3 DR. ORTH: The question is not whether there is a 4 barrier to gas transport but whether any of those 5 radionuclides you identified as being subject to gas 6 transport ever really exist as a gas there. 7 For example, unless we have acidic water, you 8 certainly are not going to get carbon-14 out as CO2 gas. 9 You are not going to get tritium out except, in that case, 10 as water gas, which means it's exchangeable with all of the 11 water in the entire matrix, which would argue for a fairly 12 low concentration. And iodine also is rather difficult to 13 liberate as' iodine gas. But go ahead. 14 DR. MORGENSTEIN: I concur. And unless we 15 understand the hydrologic properties at the waste canister 16 area, we have this problem. We're. dealing with a sense of 17 uncertainty. I cannot tell you what that sense is. 18 DR. MOODY: That leads to another question that I 19 had that is sort of on the same area. And that is, that 20 overybody in the tuff program constantly comes back to J-13. 21 But I think that there are enough measurements. You know, 22 how much real variability is there, chemical variability, 23 an1 EH, pH , and all those other key things in terms of 24 solubility and abscrption? 25 Have measurements been done that are realistic i () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
560 ) 1 () 1 enough to give you some idea of.the real variation in the 2 natural water? 3 DR. MORGEPSTEIN: Let's define the water 4 information available from Yucca Mountain by taking a look 5 at saturated zone water such as J-13, and vadose zone water 6 which, other than for micro-squeezing, doesn't exist. We 7 don't have -- I can't tell you what vadose zone water 8 chemistry looks like. 9 DR. MOODY: No, I'm not talking about vadose 10 water. I am talking about water below the water table. 11 DR. MORGENSTEIN: There are some variations. But 12 there is no reason to presume that the water below the water 13 table is the same chemical. 14 DR. MOODY: I agree. I was just wondering if some i 15 measurements had been done on its variability. You don't 16 think the variability is a concern for the repository 17 itself. Is that what you're trying to allege? 18 DR. MORGENSTEIN: At this point in time, I don't. 19 If we look at Yucca Mountain itself, very briefly,. 20 we can identify one zone that has significant potential for 21 retardation of radionuclides through sorption, and that. 22 would be at the Calico Hills. That's the full purpose of 23 this. 24 Two additional items must be handled if sorptdon 25 is used as credit at the Calica Hills horizon. " () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
561 r% () 1 One is the most likely path of travel. It must be 2 geochemically stable, it must be composed of actively I 3 sorbing minerals. It must be a slow path of travel,-if we l 4~ are to have sorption. ! 5 The second is a site specific, realistically 1 6 defined disturbed zone. We need this to calculate travel j 7 time, colloid transport, mineral st$bility and changes in 8 vadose water chemistry. 9 If we take a look at the next diagram, I like to 10 call it a cartoon, because we don't have reality here the 11 way I would like to.see it. l 1 12 If you look at the-inner boundary of the defined l 13 generic disturbed zone, we have to presume, we have to 14 presume that we have fairly uniform conditions in the 15 Topopah Springs. 1 16 If we look at possibly a realistic and site 17 specific disturbed zone boundary, and I am not suggesting 18 that I am showing you one, okay, so don't misconstrue that 19 this is our disturbed zone boundary. It is not. But if 20 this were to be, if we were to take a look at a scenario 21 where after waste emplacement during the time the waste was 22 very hot, we started driving water off, and we drove water 23 otf through fracture flow, and we drove it off significantly 24 at high temperatures toward the Calico Hills, the path that 25 the water would follow would be essentially that path which ; i l () Heritage Reporting (202) 628-4888 Corporation , 1
562 i- " (~S -I was the most likely path of travel.' (_j 2- And if we affected the most likely path of travel, 3 especially in the Calico Hills horizon, we would affect 4 sorption potential. 5 So we must define the disturbed zone as well as 6 the most likely path of travel. And so far this program, 7' from either the state's side or the DOE's side, has'not 8 addressed these issues with respect to real world 9 conclusions. 10 Finally, the ability to determine whether or not 11 there will be sufficient isolation of radionuclides from the 12 accessible environment rests on the following concerns: 13 Actinides do not appear to respond to sorption as 14 a major mechanism for retardation. Therefore, only very 15 long travel times will allow the site to meet release 16 criteria, or no production of actinides. 17 DR. STEINDLER: How did you arrive at that 18 conclusion? 19 DR. MORGENSTEIN: All the literature data thus far 20 available to us indicate that one, we don't understand the 21 behavior of actinides; two, we cannot demonstrate that they 22 actually sorb, it e m retard; three, I think we've had a very 23 difficult time even running na experiment and knowing that 24 the cocktail we made up of a specific actinide was at any 25 particular oxidation state. So that we do not understand O rie se gerei-9 cerrer eie= (202) 628-4888
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563 () 1~ them; we have no information to tell us that they actually 2 sorb and we do not know.of a. retardation mechanism through 31 something'like fracture flow conditions. ,
.I 4 DR. STEINDLER: I guess my comment is that'you 5 certainly have a very different reading.of the literaturu on f 6' that~ subject than I do. I think that -- we don't have the 7 time to discuss the issue, but -- I would strongly urge you ^
8' to re-examine the literature'. Because I.think those 9 criticisms don't' sound like the same material'I read. 10 DR. MORGENSTEIN: Well, I conclude.that actinides 11 might precipitate --
- 12. DR. STEINDLER: Beg your pardon?
13 'DR. MORGENSTEIN: I conclude that actinides may
% 14 precipitate on. surfaces, but precipitation is not the same
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.J 15 as sorption.
16 DR. STEINDLER: Your comment up there talks about i 1 17 retardation. 18- DR. CARTER: Retardation. I agree with Dr. 19 Steindler. 20 DR. MORGEASTEIN: I stand corrected. As 21 retardation as a mechanism, precipitation is a possibility j j 22 for actinide retardation, the extent of which we would have 23 to assess once we knew the oxidation states of the 24 particular radionuclides. 25 DR. CARTER: Traditionally, these things don't Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
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.() 1 move very far in soil at all, whereas you know, tritium and 2 a few other things do.
3 DR. MORGENSTEIN: Our concern is their motion in 4 the form of colloido. If we are not forming colloids, then 5 we probably do not have a problem with actinides. 6 MR. VOILAND: I think the concentrations are so 7 vanishingly small that I'm not sure the atoms know what they 8 are, under those kinds of conditions. The experimental fact 9 is, Dr. Steindler has said, is they don't move in the large 10 amount of information we have. 11 DR. MORGENSTEIN: Let me move on. 12 Sorption of the other radionuclides (except i 13 actinides and vapor phase) probably can be significant under l 14 ~ idealized conditions at the Calico Hills Formation, if the 15 following conditions are met: One, there is no fracture 16 flow. Two, we have low sodium concentrations in the pore 17 waters. And three, temperatures are approximately near the 18 geotherm. 19 And finally, we have vapor phase radionuclides 20 . transport if we torm vapor phase radionuclides. And the 21 littrature base of DOE indicates that this is probable and 22 is what is expected. 23 We do not, at this point in time, know a 24 retardation mechanism for this. 25 DR. MOELLER: Thank you. Other questions? () Heritaae Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 I 1
l 565 l( f 1 DR. STEINDLER: Just one comment. The vapor phase 2 literature of DOE tells you that tritium and iodine and 3 carbon-14 are expected for the vapor phase. Is that what 4 you said? 5 DR. MORGENSTEIN: I think that is correct, yes. 6 DR. STEINDLER: I guess you and I have the same 7 problem there as in the other one. That's not the way I 8 read the literature. Let me just let it go at that. 9 DR. MORGENSTEIN: We're looking at the -- 10' DR. STEINDLER: Dr. Orth indicated I think fairly 11 clearly that you can't look at the behavior of tritium or 12 for that matter carbon-14 on the basis of what comes out of 13 a dissolver in nitric acid solution. You're talking about 14 groundwater situation, I assume. { 15 DR. MORGENSTEIN: We're talking about their 16 experiments with the cladding canisters and production of C-17 14. If we have the same kinds of conditions at Yucca 18 Mountain, we would expect to see C-14. If we don't, then 19 possibly not. It's an issue that we think requires 20 resolution. 21 DR. MOELLER: Okay. Thank you. We will move on 22 to the next subject, which is volcanism. And that will be 23 presented by Dr. Eugene Smith. 24 25 () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
Li66 () 1 DR. SMITH: I will try to do this expediently, i 2 am going to talk about some of the volcanic risks, 3- especially those that have important implications regarding 4 volcanic hazard near the Yucca Mountain site. I would like 5 to start off with some introductory material and do this 6 very quickly. 7 (Slides shown.) 8 DR. SMITH: I would like to emphasize the fact 9 that volcanism at Yucca Mountain is not a restricted 10 phenomena. It is not simply a series of volcanos in the 11 Crater Flat area or at Lathrop Wells, but volcanism is 12 widespread in Nevada, especially between the time interval 13 of 37 million years to less than six. And these viewgraphs 1 2w 14 that'are being put up very quickly show, and I will try to [0 15 point out if I can find the pointer here, that the 16 Yucca Mountain area is approximately right there, and the 17 Nevada test site is approximately right there. 18 And you can see the widespread volcanic activity I 19 hat is shown by the dark pattern on these viewgraphs. Now 20 the last of these shows volcan3c activity, and this is 21 especially important, in less than six million years. If 22 you could leave that up for a second. You can see that the L 23 volcanic activity is restricted to certain areas of Nevada, 24 and this is the youngest activity. l [ 25 One is a felt from Lunar Crater Nevada extending () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l l
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(,) 1 down into California to the Death Valley area. And then ; 2 there is a belt of volcanic activity extending along the 3 Nevada-California border following the Walker Lane trend, 4 heading down toward the Yucca Mountain area which is 5 approximately right here. And a third important belt is a 6 belt of volcanic rocks in the Lake Meade area, the 7 fortification hill volcanic field. l 8 Now the next viewgraph will be an enlargement of 9 this area here. This is the Lunar Crater Death Valley belt. 10 The Yucca Mountain site is approximately right here. The 11 Crater Flat volcanos and the volcano at Lathrop Wells, as 12 you can see, are part of this belt of relatively recent 13 volcanic activity. 14 And I have to emphasize that this volcanic [LJ"j , 15 activity is mainly the basaltic associated mainly with lava 16 flows and the type of volcano that it is associated with is 17 basically a cinder cone. And I will show you a picture of 18 that in the next slide, just to give you some idea what one 19 of these things looks like. 20 Cinder cones are actually quite complicated 21 volcanos. The general impression of a cinder cone is that a 22 cinder cone is simply a pils of debris, a pile of 23' pyroclastic materials. But cinder cones form over a
'24 relatively long period of time by a variety of different 25 types of eruptions.
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568 f_, I t 1 A major type of eruption just in terms of 2 background is a Strombolian eruption. This is a pulsating. 3 eruption of basaltic mtberial. It is moderately explosive, )
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4 and has a tendency mainly to build up the main phase cinder I 5 cone. It occurs over a relatively long period of time, and 6 you can develop several cinder cones one superimposed on the 7 other. 8 Also there can be Hawaiian activity. This is 9 relatively gentle and relatively nonexplosive activity 10 characterized by lava fountains, and these lava fountains 11 can spread ash. And they are normally associated with lava 12 lakes. And at least some of the lava lakes can be buried by . I 13 later Strombolian activity. Here is one in this 9"] (/ 14 diagrammatic section shown buried by later Strombolian 15 activity. Or they can be found right in the summit crater 16 of the volcano. 17 Now lava flows, just one more point, usually erupt 18 from the base of the cone or from low on the flanks. You 19 very rarely get flows coming out of these cinder cones from 20 a summit crater. 21 Now let's ask some important questions, some 22 issues that I think are important. One in terms of 23 structural control. First, where will volcanism occur. 24 Secondly, will volcanism be controlled by existing geologic 25 structures. Thirdly, will future eruptions occur at sites () Heritage Reporting (202) 628-4888 Corporation
i 569 i ) 1 of past eruptions. 2 The second question, the length and nature of an 3 eruption. How long will an eruption last, and will the 4 eruption be simple.or complex. And for the time being, we 5 will not discuss the third factor. 6 Now in terms of structural control, a conclusion. 7 And this conclusion is based on geological field work that 8 we have undertaken over the past three years and also field 9 work that has been completed over the past ten years in 10 southern Nevada, so it is based on field observation. 11 Cinder cones may not be controlled by faults. 12 Dikes and conduits may avoid fault zones. In terms of this, . i 13 I.am talking about the upper 3000 to 4000 feet of the crust. 1 1
"T I do not doubt that magma rises along the structure in the /(J . 14 15 deep crust too close the surface. But in the upper 3000 to 16 4000 feet of the crust, I~think that this conclusion is 17 true.
18 The next, please. Just one quick example of this. 19 This is a six million year old volcanic vent in northwest.' 20 Arizona about sixty miles from Yucca Mountain, actually 21 seventy miles I am sorry from Yucca Mountain. The volcano ! 22 shown right here erupted right at the summit of the range. f 23 The flows traveled down to the west toward the Colorado 24 River which si'.s about right here. 25 Notice that this is a basin and range type range l Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 1
570 [ 1 1 similar to the range that Mike Ellis talked about earlier. (f 2 The range margin faults are here and here. These are major 3 structures. There is another one right here. However, the 4 cinder clone in the vent area avoided these structures and i 5 formed in this area right here. There are no mappable 6- structures that we can find that control the emplacement of 7 this particular cone. So the implication of this is that 8 the lack of mappable faults does not guarantee safety from 9 volcanic risk. 10 The next one. Another implication regarding 11 structural control. Future eruptions may occur at or near 12 sites of past eruptions. 13 The next, please. This is a geologic map of an - 14 area north of Lake Meade. It is also about sixty miles to 15 the south of the Yucca Mountain site. Lake Meade sits 16 approximately right here, and Las Vegas is out in this area 17 right here. 18 This is a volcanic center that erupted between 19 8.7 and 10.3 million years ago. It is in a very similar 20 tectonic setting to the present situation at Crater Flat. 21 There are two major cinder cone complexes here. -One is 22 located right here. This one is 10.3 million years old. 23 And another is located right here. This is 8.7. There was 24 relatively continuous volcanism between these two time 25 periods, possibly a hiatus of 150,000 years. These two Heritage Reporting Corporation f]) (202) 628-4888
l l l 571 l 1 (( ) 1 volcanos record almost 1.5 million years of volcanic 2 activity centered in this one particaler area related to two I 3 vents. 4 The next one. So looking at the last one, the I 5 volcanic can last for a long time, and it can occur at sites 6 of previous activity. Let's take a look and see how long 1 7 single cinder cone complexes can erupt. 8 The Fortification Hill field. Fortification Hill 9 is one of the volcanos in this particular field. Eruption 10 occurred over a period of 470,000 years. And you can read 11 the era, these are potassium argon plagically separate 12 dates, and you can read the eras yourself. 13 The Lava Cascade, I showed you the cross-section. rs 14 The volcanism at the single center lasted for 420,000 years. i.] 15 And also a partial quote from Bruce Crowe who has worked on 16 the cinder cones in the great basin. He states in an 17 abstract of 1988 that cinder cones in the Central Great ; 18 Basin can last for "several 100,000 years." So this is a 19 cinder cone activity that will present a long duration 20 hazard. It is not the type of volcano that erupts and an 21 eruption is finished in a couple of years or a couple of 22 tens of years. 1 23 So that the conclusion here is that the eruptions u 24 at cinder cone complexes may last as long as 10 to the 5 l l j 25 years. () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 1
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' (,~') 1 In terms of the nature of the eruption, I have us 2 already mentioned this. That eruptions can be complex, and 3 they can involve a wide variety of different eruptive types.
l 4 Let's move on to the next one. I hope that I am l 5 not moving too fast for you. We will give you from Black l 6 Cone. This le the northern most cone in Crater Flat. We 7 had identified four eruptive periods labeled SC-1, SC-2, 8 SC-3, and SC-4. SC-4 is the youngest of these. This is a 9 diagrammatic view of Black Cone. SC-4 forms the summit area. 10 'These are the locations of these sections. 11 Looking specifically at the upper section,~this 12 section right here, which forms the upper 20 meters or so, 13 .actually the upper 15 meters if you-extend it to there. The 14 eruptions in this particular interval of rock started with (~/} s 15 Hawaiian eruptions, changed to Strombolian, and then the 16 cycle repeats itself several times. 17 We have mapped 52 separate eruptive pulses at 18 Black Cone. In SC-1, we find evidence of hydromagmatic 19- activity, that is the interaction of magma with groundwater. 20 We find avidence of fairly explosive eruptions related to 21 that interaction. 22 The next one. This is also something that we also 23 have to account for. I mentioned that most of the eruptions 24 are basaltic. However, it is possible that other types of 25 rock may erupt during an eruptive period. In fact, more Heritage Reporting Corporation ( ) (202) 628-4888 l
l 1 573 ) () 1 1 felsic and possibly more explosive activity may occur during 2 or between eruptions of the basalt. 3 The next one. A geologic cross-section from west 4 to east across the portion of the Reverie Range. This is 5 approximately forty miles to the north of the repository in 6 the northern part of the belt. The point that I want to l 7 make here is that we have mapped three episodes of basaltic 8 volcanism. One at five million years, episode one. Episode 1 two at two million years.
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9 That should be four million 10 years, not four hundred. And opisode one, it is not shown 11 in this cross-section, at about two. 12 In between the eruption of episode one and episode 13 two, we have the eruption of a dome, a lava dome, of 14 trachyte composition. This is more felsic and more enriched (v"'T 15 in silica than basalt. And this particular eruption was 16 associated with each one. It as a precursor to this 17 eruption. A pyroclastic surge in fall deposit. This is a 18 hydromagmatic eruption related to the contact of the magma 19 with groundwater producing a pyroclastic surge that travels 20 at least a mile and possibly farther to the west of this 21 particular cone. j ) 22 How this pyroclascic surge is a hot fast traveling 23 ground hugging particulate flow, a very explosive type of 24 eruption. So we have to consider other types of eruptions 25 besides cinder cones. And this sort of thing must be
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i l 574 l( j' l' considered in any. study of the Yucca Mountain area. 2 .The'next one. So let's summarize in terms of 3- structural control. ~ Future eruptions may be-more controlled 4 by sites. of past eruptions than by the presence 'of geologic 5 structure. 6 Let's go the next viewgraph.. The second
- 7. conclusion that is supposed to be on the next viewgraph 8 which you have in your package is that volcanic activity can-9 be very long lived, and it can last up to 10 to the 5 years, 10 and this is related to a cinder cone complex. And also 11 volcanic activity can be quite complex. We are not dealing 12 with a simple type of eruption. We are dealing with 13 polygenetic and polycyclic volcanos.that last for.long 14 periods of time. And all of'this has to be considered when 15 evaluating volcanic risk at the Yucca Mountain site. Thank 16 you.
17 Are there any questions? 18 DR. MOELLER: Yes. Do we have questions? 19- Dr. Steindler. 20 DR. STEINDLER: I have one. You indicated that' 21 the lava cascade in that slide that you showed did not 22 appear to move along the fault lines. 23 DR. SMITH: Yes, that is true. 24 DR. STEINDLER: If it had moved along the fault 25 line, it would wipe it out, so the fact that you do not find
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575 ( _ 1 one does not surprise me. 2 DR. SMITH: This is plug shaped. This is a 3 circular shaped intrusion. 4 DR. STEINDLER: I see, okay. 5 DR. SMITH: So you would find the fault on either 6 side, if it was there. 7 DR. MOELLER: Yes, Dr. Hinze. 8 DR. HINZE: Very briefly, what'is the depth of the 9 basaltic volcanics, what is the depth? 10 DR. SMITH: Do you mean the thickness? 11 DR. HINZE: No. 12 DR. MOODY: No, the depth of origin. 13 DR. SMITH: Oh, the depth of origin. These mantle 14 derived basalts. 15 DR. HINZE: How deep? 16 DR. SMITH: They are derived from 30 to 50 17 kilometers from the mantle. The are formed by melting. We 18 have done some work on the geochemistry, and there is no 19 evidence of any crustal component in the melting of those 20 basalts. They form from the melting of mantle material at 21 the approximate depth that I just mentioned. So they are 22 coming from great depth. 23 DR. CARTER: I have one question. 24 How long does a volcano have to be inactive to be 25 considered that or to be described that way, what is the I Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 i u__ _ _ _ _ _.___m__ _ _ . _ . . _ _ .
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( ( ,) 1 inactive period before you consider it inactive? 2 DR. SMITH: Well, that is a difficult question. 3 There are a lot of volcanos that are considered inactive i 4 that later erupt. 5 DR. CARTER: When you consider the period of. 6 activity, you are giving rather lengthy periods. I am just 7 curious how long you have got to go. 8 DR. SMITH: Well, one of the points that I was 9 going to make and did not have time is that there are 10 instances in the Reverie Range, I mentioned three episodes 11 of activity. There are criteria that one could use to 12 determine whether or not a volcano, there are chemical 13 criteria that can be used to indicate whether or not a 14 period of volcanism is coming to its end. O' 15 And if apply these criteria "ou would have made 16 that decision after each episode. After episode one, you 17 would have said no more volcanism is going to occur. 18 However, after a period of several hundred thousand years, 19 another~ volcano erupted, several volcanos erupted. And the 20 same thing happened again. There was a sign that the 21 volcanism had stopped. There was a period of inactivity of 22 several hundred thousand years, and then again another 23 volcanic episode occurred. 24 So it is very dangerous to say that a vo'tcano is 25 dormant. If the volcano, of course, has not been active for Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l j j _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ - - - - . -_- i
577 () 1 ten million years or twenty million years, then it is a 2 pretty good guess that another volcanic eruption will not 3 occur-there. 4 DR. CARTER: There is a lot of uncertainty in 5' deciding on the end of it. 6 DR, SMITH: Yes, there is. 7 MR. SCHWEICKERT: Mr. Chairman, I would just like 8 to make a minor correction to your viewgraphs. , 9 DR. MOELLER: Could you give us your name? 10 MR. SCHWEICKERT: I am Rich Schweickert, 11 University of Nevada at Reno. On your first two viewgraphs, 12 I think that you have got the age labels incorrect. And so 13 as not to mislead the committee. You have the two maps l 14 showing the distribution of volcanism through time across (} 15 the State of Nevada. The first viewgraph that you showed 16 labeled 34 to 17 million years before present should be the 17 one labeled 17 to 6. So the one that you have got right now 18 is the one for 17 to 6. 19 And what it shows, and I think that the point that l 20 you were trying to make, is that it shows the southward 21 migration of volcanism through time to the vicinity of the 1 22 Nevada test site. So just be sure on your copies that you )! 23 reverse the numbers that ere shcwn for those two maps. 24 DR. SMITH: Yes. Thank you for pointing it out. 25 The point was that volcanism is fairly extensivo in the ins (') Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4808
578 l 1 Great Basin at that particular time. And Crater Flat, the l (xJ' j l 2 volcanos there, are a part of a large field of volcanic l 3 activities, not simply an isolated example. Thank you for ' 4 making that comment. 5 DR. MOELLER: Yes. Thank you. Gene. 6 MR.'VOILAND: Are there any symptoms that indicate 7 the resurgence of volcanic action? You mentioned that there 8 may be 700,000 years in between episodes. Could you 9 recognize that 50,000 years in advance or 10,000 years? 10 DR. SMITH: Well, that is a difficult question. j l 11 -Since-these magmas come from great depth and they must come 12 up quite quickly,'I would guess that the warning period 13 would not be that long. But I cannot give you a definite f 14 time interval. I cannot say whether or not the harmonic 15- quakes related to the movement of magma might start 1000 16 years, 10,000 years, or just a couple of days before the 17 eruption. I really have no feeling for that. 18 MR. VOILAND: Is there a thinning of the magma in 19 the area there or what happens, why does it happen to erupt 20 there rather than say at another place? 21 DR. SMITH: That is a very good question. You 22 will notice that there was a be1~. c And there is 23 considerable argument as to why that belt is there, whether 24 it indicates a zone of weakness in the crust related to the 25 renewing of the extension, or whether it is simply a zone of [ Heritage Reporting Corporation
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579 ()l -1 weakness that represents volcanism related to the waning of 2 extension. So there must be some structural control to j 3 that, but I cannot answer it any further. . 4 MR. VOILAND: Thank you. 5 DR. ORTH:' Is there any pattern of age along that 6 line? 7 DR. SMITH: Volcanic activity is youngest at the 8 north end and the south end. And as you saw by that slide-9 that I showed of the Reverie Range, volcanic activity 10 reoccurs over and over again at one locality. So there is 11 no sweeping of volcanism. There is no migration of 12 volcanism in that belt from one point to the other. If you 13 take a look at one point, you can see a long history. 14 DR. ORTH: But these are youngest at the two ends?
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15 DR. SMITH: Yes, they are. 16 DR. MOELLER: Well, thank you again, Dr. Smith. 17 For the members of the public who are here, the 18 Nevada representatives as well as the consultants and 19 members of the committee, we have three more presentations, 20 and I plan to continue and not break for lunch until we 21 finish. ; 22 Next we hnve Dr. Mifflin returning to talk en j 1 23 climate change. )
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24 DR. MI;FFLIN: I have some very brief comments on
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I 25 climate change. We have two general concerns. In the case j l 1 () Heritage Reporting (202) 628-4888 Corporation
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580 n. (,) 1 of a repository that presents its waste isolation on the 2 basis of dryness of the climate, if the' climate changed to a 3 more humid or wet climate, its position in the hydrologic , 4 cycle is such that it receives a very direct and immediate 5 impact. 6 In the Great Basin, the semi-arid to arid climate 7 has not always persisted in the past, and we have a fairly B long records of what we call pluvial climate throughout the 9 pleistocene in the last million or so years. And the last 10 particular pluvial climate has been dated in the Yucca 11 Mountain area to about between 16,000 to 10,000 years before 12 present. 13 If you use the hydrologic evidence in the Great ( 14 Basin of that last pluvial climate, you get a measure of 15 about ten times more so-called effective moisture. Effective 16 moisture is that moisture that does not evaporate, but it 17 runs off or it goes into a groundwater system. i 18 So that the evidence that we have available 19 suggests that there would be a significant change if we i 20 recreated a so-called pluvial climate in the future. 21 The regional evidence is the extent of former 22 lakee in the Great Basin, and the change in effective 23 moisture is based on the size of the lakes versus the size 24 of the basin both in the past climate and comparing modern i 25 climates. And in southern Nevada, we have evidence for () Heritage Reporting (202) 628-4808 Corporation i 4 1
581 q
/m fg) 1 groundwater discharge that was far more extensive than it 2 presently is.
3 very quickly, the stippled areas are former i 4 extensive lakes. Nevada, you can see the outline of the 5 state here. This little red spot, I do not know whether you 6 can see it, is approximately where the Yucca Mountain site ! i 7 is. And what I wanted to show you is that almost all of the i 8 stippled areas are now no longer lakes. And these represent 9 the maximum extent of the lakes. And you will notice how 10 these areas where these closed basins such as this have some 11 lakes. The lakes get smaller as we get down toward the 12 latitude of the Yucca Mountain. And the last place that we 13 see is up on the test site, the Groom and Immigrant Basins 14 not too far to the north, and here is another one right 15 here. 16 So what this demonstrates is that as we go to 17 basins that are lower in general as far as the catchment 18 areas that the pluvial climates had less effective moisture 19 'in this as we start to get into this Mahabi type of modern 20 climate. ) I 21 Here is kind of an enlarged version. This is just .f I 22 southern Nevada. Here are some of those lakes we saw, the { j 23 southern most extent of the ones that were perennial and
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24 ones that. formed good shorelines. Here is Yucca Ifounte.in. 1 25 We also find a sedimentary record in the basins ] i I 1 () Heritage Reporting (202) 628-4888 Corporation _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ . _ _ . _ _ _ . _ . ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ ._ ._. _ _ _ . _ . _ _ _ _ __ _ _ . _ _ 1
582 () 1 themselves that demonstrate areas of extensive groundwater
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2 discharge, much more extensive than the modern condition. 3 3 In some areas, there is no groundwater discharge at all, and a 4 depths of water are on the order of magnitude of maybe ) 5 several hundred feet below the surface where some of these 1 1 6 sediments occur. 7 So this is the type of regional evidence that I 8 exists. It is not very site specific. But quantitatively, 9 there is an idea of what that means in terms of effective i l 10 moisture, and it may be possible also to deal with this 11 ' groundwater discharge in a quantitative manner, but that has 12 not been done in any type of comprehensive way at this time. 13 The third quantitative approach that has been made 14 was a study in program by Varnake, and that came up with 15 about ten times more effective moisture also. It was more 16 of a modeling study of Yucca Mountain. 17 Very quickly, this shows the type of evidence that 18 has been used to establish the tin.ing and the magnitude of 19 these climate changes. This is a lake cycle history in 4 20 California showing that over time, these are in thousands of 21 years at the top based on radiocarbon dating, that we had a j 22 'nigh lake and then we had a low lake, and we had some
.23 oscillations to high. And then in the last 8000 years, we
! 24 have basica?ly low or no lake type of situation. l 25 This is a record based on detailed studies of the Heritage Reporting Corporation l (202) 628-4888 l l t ___ ---_____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _j
583 () 1 groundwater discharge areas in Las Vegas Valley not too far 2 from the Yucca Mountain site. And we see that here we had 3 extensive marshes and ponds. We have more restricted 4 marshes and wet meadows. And then we went into a period 5 where it was very dry, which persists to the present day. 6 And then site specifically at Yucca Mountain and 7 adjacent terrain, there are so-called packrat middens which 8 contain macro-fossils of plants. These plant remains are 9 preserved by amberacurine that forms sort of a wax-like 10 substance. And we have a fairly good plant community record 11 established over the same time period that shows that we had 12 mostly -- you probably cannot read it. These are steps 13 throughout the dark here. And the other is glasses. And 14 the blank is succulents, and succulents referring to cactus. 15 And as you see through time looking at this 16 interval here, this is say 20,000 to 18,000 before present 17 that we had this, and it is shifting a little bit to more 18 glass, a little colder this period right here at the end of 19 it. Then we have a major shift to succulents beginning to 20 occur in the later part of this record. It does not quite 1 21 fit, but it is close. l 22 On a site specific basis, we do have the ] 23 macro-fossil evidence which I just mentioned. There is the 24 fracture filling with mineral coatings and so forth, which 25 suggests aqueous solutions. And there are in the sub- f 1 1 j Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
584 () 1 surface evidence of glass alteration in various zones. 2 DR. STEINDLER: Why do you believe that that l 3 . requires liquid water? 4 DR. MIFFLIN: What is that? 5 DR. STEINDLER: Why do you believe that that chain 6 of evidence requires the presence of liquid water? 7 DR. MIFFLIN: Why do I believe that it requires 8 water? 9 DR. STEINDLER: Liquid water, is that what you 10 said? 11 DR. MIFFLIN: For the? 12 DR. STEINDLER: The glass alternation and the 13 secondary mineral coatings. 14 DR. MIFFLIN: I think that the distribution of the (-} v 15 alteration suggests that it is based on saturation, 16 conditions of saturation or partial saturation. The 17 detailed understanding is that this does not exist. But I 18 list the site specific evidence, and this is the type of 19 evidence that exists if we can understand it. New your 20 point is well taken. When I have asked the geochemists why 21 in the vadose zone that we have fresh glass as well as 22 altered glass, the amount of water that is required for 23 alteration is not well understood, you know documented. 24 DR. MOODY: I know, but the alteration does 25 contain, I am quite sure, hydrour, minerals, meaning that I; Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 __________-_----_-___-____--_-______-a
585 f( ) 1- 'somewhere the water had to come in and be involved in the 2 operation of the glass. 3 DR. MIFFLIN: Let me move to the next slide. I am 4 sorry that that yellow does not show very well. In a few 5 bore holes, there have been detailed descriptions. We have 6 some yellow here, here, here, here, here, here, and I cannot i 7 even see it myself. And here, and here. 8 The yellow is where there are isogensic minerals 9 described in the cores that have been described. The blue 10 is the modern water table. The yellow up to here is the top 11 of the clinoptilolite and mordenite glass alteration. Some 12 people have interpreted that it is likely a.paleowater table 13 of unknown age at this point in time. (') U 14 DR. MOODY: Is this in Topapah Springs, what unit 15 are you talking about? 16 DR. MIFFLIN: What is that? 17 DR. MOODY: What unit are you talking about? 18 DR. MIFFLIN: Right in this zone right here. _This 19 right here is in the Topapah Springs. It is very closed to 20 the proposed repository horizon right here. This zone of 21 this postulated paleowater table is down in the Calico Hills 22 unit. It is well below the repository by several hundred 23 feet where the data has been established. However, these 24 other zones, the partial glass alternations, are above the 25 repository horizon or close to it. () Heritage Reporting (202) 628-4888 Corporation
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'586 1 So back to the question that you asked, if it can ] ])
2 be demonstrated or undemonstrated as to why the glass-3- alteration so to speak can be' understood,1weLhave some 4- possibility of site specific evidence for former moisture 5 conditions-or even existing moisture conditions:for that'
- 6. matter.
7 DR. STEINDLER: I certainly.would be willing to 8 believe obviously that there has been moisture present, but 9 I guess.that my' problem is that the' evidence that exists I 10 think in the literature would not-force you to the 11 -conclusion that that was a liquid water condensed-state 12 reaction. You can get very similar effects. 13 .DR. MIFFLIN: I guess that I would have to ask the 14 question, and this is beyond my field of expertise, but I 15 would have to ask the question of how do you' draw the'line 16 in terms of establishing the necessity of liquid water 17 versus say water vapor for alteration of glasses. 18 DR. STEINDLER: At a quarter to 1:00 in the 19 afternoon,.I am not sure that we can engage in that 4 20 discussion. 21 DR.-MIFFLIN: The question was that the blue line 22 is the current water table. 23 DR. STEINDLER: The Chairman will not hopefully 24 allow me to do this, but that certainly is an issue that 25 needs to be carefully considered when you construct your , I O Heritage Reporting (202) 628-4888 Corporation 1
I 587 ~( 1 conclusions. 2 DR. MIFFLIN: The point is that I listed the types 3 of site specific evidence that may or may not be confident 4 in terms of working out what these site specific changes 5 might have been in the past. 6 DR. MOODY: However, there is no question that you 7 are producing mineralogically speaking water bearing 8 minerals that do not exist in the glass. So Martin, that 9 water has to come from somewhere. 10 DR. STEINDLER: Remember what I said. The issue 11 is liquid water not vapor phase. 12 DR. MIFFLIN: And we have a long period of time 13 involved here where something could have happened. Unless 14 there is some way to constrain the timing, there is that
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15 problem also. 16 In summary, because of the actual position in the 17 vadose zone where any slight change in effective moisture 18 translates into major changes in perhaps the amount of 19 fracture flow and the amount of perched-water, it is really 20 vary important to consider climate changes. It is a little 21 different than say a repository that is several thousand 22 feet below the water table and you have a climate change. 23 It is still several thousand feet below the water table. It 24 does not matter too much. 25 So that is very important. And the other l () Heritage deporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 1
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1' important. aspect is that the order of magnitude of climate 2 fchailge that there has been naturally. occurring in the .ast 3 appears to create the level of increase in effective 4 moisture that markedly changes the hydrology of the region, 1 5 including the flux of groundwater. 6 So that we are not talking about very.small 7 changes. 'Because of the arid nature of the terrain, a 8 little bit more moisture goes a long way. 9 .DR. MOELLER: Thank you, Dr. Mifflin. 10 Do we have any other questions? I' 11 (No response. ) 12 DR. MOELLER: Fine. Then we will move on to 13 Dr. Lawrence Larsen, who will be talking on mineral
.14 resources.
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589 () 1 (Slides displayed.) 2 DR. LARSON: As you said, Mr. Chairman, I am going 3 to be talking on mineral resources as a result of the work 4 of the three scientists at UNR. And the main issues are: 5 Is there potential for mineral resources both at and or' l 6 about Yucca Mountain; and will there be human interference 7 at Yucca Mountain in their search both now and in the 8 future. And I call to your attention the necessity of 9 design parameters of 10,000 years and what prospectors might 10 be doing over that time. 11 And my basic conclusion, to get up a bit ahead of 12 the story a bit here, is that the existing data are 13 completely insufficient to answer these questions. m; 14 Yucca Mountain is, however, within an area of very {Y 15 wide-spread base and precious metal mineralization. Little l 16 of this is well known, but where possible, the data base, i 17 that is, to the west where it is open for mineral entry, the 18 data base is increasing very rapidly over the past let's say 19 five to ten years.
- 20 Currently, there is very, vory intense mineral 21 exploration in that area. These are -- and the resources 22 for which they are exploring are not those which people in 23 past decades have been looking for, but rather, a relatively 24 new type of mineralization, a disseminated and relatively 25 low grade type mineralization that in years past was not 3 O Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l
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/ i(][ 1 attractive and'it certainly is now. J 2 Certainly the existing.information inadequate.- To j 3 evaluate the potential in Yucca Mountain, the data base'is 4 completely. inadequate. And in the immediate vicinity,. 5 particularly to the east cn1 the Nevada test site where 6 public access has been limited, the information base is 7 nearly nonexistent. But new information is becoming 8 available on a monthly basis to the west, and'I will try to 9 illustrate this. 10 It is impossible then to rule out the presence of 11 possibilities of mineral deposits in Yucca Mountain or 12 adjacent to it. And by that I mean at depth below the 13 repository arising in the Yucca Mountain. 14 And I think it follows logically that where known {"'}
.15 or perceived, even perceived mineralization exists, human 16- incursion just takes place.
17 In the next slide I will try to just -- this'is 18 not a means to -- basis to brag on Nevada and its precious 19 metal production, although we would be if Nevada were a w 20 country, the fifth most productive country in the world in 21 terms of precious metal at the present time. But over the 22 past 10 years production has increased drastically. Where 23 it will go in the next 10, 20, 50, I have no means of 24 predicting. 25 But it is essential, I think, point to be made () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
591 1 there is that many of.these discoveries for this past 10-2 year increase in production have been made in areas where 3 older mineralization was known, older mining districts 4 existed for a different type of mineralization; and that 5 production is preceded by exploration by anywhere from two 6 to 20 years on that scale. And recent discoveries in the 7 western area have taken place, all within the last 8 relatively few years, in any case. 9 So in the Yucca Mountain area, and what I'm going 10 to try to do nr is go from an area perspective down to a 11 -site-specific perspective, and this is the area aspects. 12 There is a very clear favorable environment for hydrothermal 13 mineralization. We have evidence, as you will see in a 14 subsequent slide, of repeated magmatic and volcanic 15 activity. There is a lot of faults. There is a very 16 complex structural history in general, and we have as 17 positive evidence, of course, three producing mines at the 18 present time; two gold mines, one fluoride mine, and two 19 mines which have been announced reserves which will be in 20 production. All these are within a radius of 30 kilometers 21 of the proposed repository site. 22 There are also a large number of prospects, these 23 are just some of them, of which have favorable geochemistry / 24 geology and which, one or two of which are being actively l l 25 explored at the present time. We call it the Bermuda l t Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l l
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() 1 . Triangle area on Bare Mountain that Cordex is exploring at 2 the.present time; the Transvall'where FMC Corporation and 3 Bond' Gold have properties. And.then these three, which I 4- find particularly attractive.. Maybe the things you don't 5- know is some of them more attractive than the things you do, 6 but these are all in the restricted, removed from mineral
-7 entry. area at the present time and have been.-- well, I 8 don't know exactly when it was restricted, but when nuclear-9 testing began.
- 10- So this gives you a sense of perspective of where 11 these things are that I have talked about relative to Yucca 12 ' Mountain, G-1, G-2, G-3 drill holes there, and the Gexa 13 discovery. I call your attention just to three or four of 14 them that I will elaborate, because I will give you numbers
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15 on them later. 16 The Gexa discovery, the Stirling discovery, both 17 within easy sight and right along the boundary fault of 18 ' Crater Flat, easy sight of Yucca Mountain. 19 The Bond-Bullfrog Mine, a major discovery and a - 20 major producer -- a smaller producer here. These are in the 21 exploration stage. This has been mined out years ago, 22 although it may actually -- it would be active if it hadn't 23 been encompassed in the Death Valley National Monument. 24 And Transvaal area here where FMC is presently 25 exploring, and then Wahmonie. Wahmonie is a district which
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,1- has the,;I guess the' distinction of probably being Nevada's 2 . oldest declared' mining district, 1853.. You can go to the 3 dumps >today and you can see visible gold on the dumps. You 4 can'see gold tellurites, silver or chlorides and things like-S- -this laying on the dumps. .It's not hard to find them
'6 ; really. You can see mercury here. You can see barite in 7 Mine Mountain. So mineralization is intensive: to the west 8 where we know very little about it really,.and to the east 9 where we are beginning to learn, or pardon me,-to the east: 1 10 where we know very little about it, and to the' west where we.
11 are beginning to learn quite a bit more about it.
"12' DR. MOODY: Dr. Larson.
13 DR. LARSON: Yes, ma'am. 14 DR. MOODY: What are the depths of those producing
.15 _ deposits?
16 DR. LARSON: All right, let's see. Here it is
.17 difficult to say because none are producing. But the 18 producing ones, this is a surface mine. However, the host 19- rock for the mineralization here are, I'll probably say this !
( 20 later, but forgive me. The host rock for the mineralization l 21 here is the Paint Brush tuffs which are tuffs present on
'l Yucca Mountain. This, the Daisy Mine here is a few hundred l 23 feet deep. The Stirling Mine is an underground mine, but 24 relatively shallow. So they are all fairly shallow. I 25 DR. MOODY: I mean about a thousand feet?
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. 1' DR. .LARSON: Yes, I:would say so.
2 To give you some idea of scale here, I would say 3' 15.to 40,;but1all, with the exception of the Gold Bar, is
.4 within 30 kilometers.- We are talking about,-lin '88 dollars 5 :nd ounces'and so on and so forth, significant amounts. In 6 particular, tia Bond-Bullfrog Mine which has an announced 7 reserve which added-up at $400 a ounce is $1.3 billion worth 8 of precious metals in it. And'this was unknown five years 9' 'ago, completely unknown fAve years ago.
10 The Gexa Mine was unknown-until two years ago. So 11 the more exploration, the mo.re you find. 12 This is just to give you a sense of perspective. 13 About 150 meters high is Ladd Mountain there. This will-be 14 the Bond-Bullfrog open-pit, extending from here to'here, and 15 that's all it's given for is to show that these are not j 16 insignificant operations. 17 Well, we can go very quickly over this. What 18 would we look for in terms of guides of things which would 19 be of interest-to us if we found them in Yucca Mountain or-20 near Yucca Mountain? And based upon the existing large 21 number of ore deposits in Nevada, we look for types of 22 alteration of the rock; in particular, silicification and 23 the formation of clays or adularizscion. We look for a l 24 particular geochemical signature if we are dealing with ; 25 preciota metals, of gold, some of these elements. In some Heritage Reporting Corporation ( ). (202) 628-4888
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L() 1 cases if we are dealing with a different type of deposit, we
- 2 would be looking for copper, molybdenum, zinc, and barium, f l
[ 3 We look, of course, for ground preparation, where i 4 the rock has been broken by faults and breccias. And we l 5 look for perhaps a source rock, or at least a heat source l L 6 rock at depth, dikes, plugs, sills, stocks, some. sort of l thing like this. And then late stage, barite and fluorite 8 veins. Most of them in Nevada; not all. 9 And this is in the area of Yucca Mountain. 10 Mineralization type, we have disseminated ores. 11 Disseminated ores at Bond-Bullfrog and at Gexa on Bare 12 Mountain. We have vein deposits at Wahmonie. We have a 13 vein there that has been shown to be three miles long. And 14 since it's restricted from mineral access, we don't know if
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15 there is dissemirsted mineralization there or not. Calico 16 Hills is a skarn deposit, at least, and there may be other 17 types of deposits as well. So we hav, a variety of types of 18 mineralliation near Yucca Mountain. 19 The host rocks are all ranged all the way from 20 volcanic rocks, as I had some of them which are the same age 21 as those in Yucca Mountain, to paleozoic sedimentary rocks 22 which we know underlie Yucca Mountain, but we don't know 23 anything about them undct Yucca Mountain, or almost nothing 24 about them. 25 We do know that, in terms of vilification, it's () Heritage Reporting (202) 628-4888 Corporation
1 1 I l 596 j es q) I 1 present at Mine Mountain, .it's present at Wahmonie, it's
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2 present at Stirling, it's present at Gexa, and I have not 3 yet been given access to Bond-Bullfrog so I don't really 4 know if it's there or not. 5 Aldulariation, the formation of clays, is of 6 course present at Gold Bar, at Mine Mountain, at Calico 7 Hills and some of the other locations as well, I think. 8 Geochemical signatures, we have our own analyses 9 and some of those which have been reported from other 10 people's work, with elevated concentrations, I don't want to 11 say anomalous because anomalous gives one the idea that we 12 have a very good statistical background information, and we 13 don't have enough samples to be precise statistically. But ['] 14 they are certainly elevated above crustal averages or V 15 averages for those type of rocks. 16 We have certainly favorable structures and 17 contacts, and I will try to illustrate this. And one of the 18 contacts that we have is favorable. And if you will recall 19 is the Caldera Margin between the Timber Mountain and 20 Caldera on the preceding picture we had there. These 21 deposits seem to be sort of scattered around that Caldera 22 Margin for whatever reason. And then presence of dikes, i 23 plugs and stocks at a number of the deposits there. 24 Now, in Yucca Mountain itself, which is our next 25 cross-section, I hope. Now, this is a cross-section more or I () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l l l
597 l( f 1 less between the southern most drill holes. I get'the 2 numbers mi::ed up, but the two southern most G ' drill- holes. 3 It's just a. diagrammatic cross-section showing it from the 4 Solitario Canyon over here to' Bow Ridge Fault and over to 5 Fran Ridge. And I want to call'your attention to Bow Ridge 6 Fault there. 7 But particularly I want to call your attention to 8 the -- we don't know where this alteration goes exactly 9 along down through here. It has only been penetrated in 10 three or tour. drill holes, possibly five drill holes.- But 11 comments;from Lanal reports and other *rp 1 of reports, they 12 use the word " intensely altered" several times, and.they 13 point out that the clay minerals, the illites have a certain 14 particular type of interstratification which suggests 15 temperatures having been reached of about 275 degree C, 230 16 to 275 degrees C. 17 We also point out -- as far as I know, all the ! 18 drill holes that they have logged accurately, the presence 19 of fractures which bear fluorite, bear barite, calcite and 20 quartz at depth. And as I say, there is one hole, the part 21 that goes down and just barely broaches the paleozoic. So 22 this information is dealt with up here.
'23 So we have no information to say whether there is 24 a mineral deposit down there, but one Lanal report said that 25 the alteration that is present and known to exist strongly Heritage- Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 I
598 (,) 1 suggests an intrusive source and a heat source at depth, and l 2 that the temperature changes indicated by alteration are too 3 far to be a sign to a paleo geothermal cause. So we may i 4 have something down there. j 5 Okay, now the Bull Ridge Fault, the next slide 6 there. I guess I have things out of_ position. But this is 7 a fault in Trench 14 that -- it is from here to here. On a 8 nice snowy day down there, unusual snowy day, but it's about 9 eight and a half, nine feet at the most, and this shows 10 ground preparation at Yucca Mountain. It shows faulting, 11 fraction of the rocks, and we have four or five analyses on 12 material from these fault zones. 13 And one analysis, we have others to be analyzed 14 and are being analyzed, one analysis gave us a half part per {) 15 million silver and some high moly and mercury values. We' 16 don't know whether to believe it or not, and that's why we 17 are having more done. And much of the filling of - part of 18 the filling of some of these faults is calcidonic material, 19 rather typical of epithermal mineralization. And that is 20 essentially in the Yucca Mountain area. 21 Let me regress just a second. I got one out of 22 order here, the one that you put on and then I told you to 23 keep going ahead. I screwed up there. Here we go. 24 This is at Yucca Mountain. I did want to refer to 25 that just briefly here. But there is, we know there is () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
599 r' ( 1 extensive hydro -- I don't think we had this on before,
'2 right, we just sort of slid through it. This is at Yucca 3 Mountain, not in the area now. This is very site-specific.
4 And the point I want to make is that the 5 hydrothermal activity that has been dated on the basis of 6 alteration in Yucca Mountain at 11 million years say is, of 7 course, younger than the rocks which have been dated, which 8 are 13 to 16 million years old. It is the same age as the 9 Timber Mountain, Caldera, and it is the same age as the 10 mineralization where we have dated it on Bare Mountain. 11 There was a hydrothermal event in this area. Whether there 12 is a mineral deposit under Yucca, we don't know. So that's 13 the point I really wanted to make. 14 And the last one, I guess. Conclusions then. 15 There is clearly a greater mineral potential than has been 16 previously recognized. There almost always is. The more 17 one looks, the more one finds. And I really submit to you 18 that if one had the opportunity to look on the east of Yucca 19 Mountain, in Wahmonie Mine Mountain area, from a commercial 20 standpoint, well, based upon 30 years of experience, 21 Wahmonie would be like swiss cheese with drill holes. There 22 would be lots of human interference in that sense. 23 So there is a high level of exploration activity, 24 and I cannot see why if any time in the next 10,000 years 25 somehow or other they don't put Consertino wire around NTS Heritage Reporting Corporation [) (202) 628-4888 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ - - _ _ - - . - - . . - - - - - _ - _ - - - - - - . - - - - - - . - -- -- a
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2 there exploring. They just have to be. And we do not know !
'3 whether'there is economic mineralization in Yucca Mountain, 1
'4 but the evidence that we have certainly does not preclude-5 its possibility and suggests that it is possible.
l 6 And then we do need a. lot of fundamental geologic, l 7 chemical and geophysical investigations conducted from an 8 exploration viewpoint and perspective, things which to the 9 best of my recall.have not necessarily been suggested'could 10 be done. Thank you. 11 DR. MOELLER: Thank you, Dr. Larson. That was a 12 very interesting presentation. 13 Do we have questions? 14- Yes, Mel Carter. 15 DR. CARTER: I have a couple..
- 16. Dr. Larson, as I understand it, the Nevada test 17 site and Yucca Mountain are part of the Las Vegas bombing 18 and gunnery range. They were taken~from that. So'I presume 19' there is no mining activities in that much larger area, the.
20 bombing and gunnery range; is that true? 21 DR. LARSON: That's a difficult thing to say. The 22 . boundary of the -- I am not exceptionally clear in my mind 23 precisely where the boundaries are. But one boundary 24 between a land which the public can have access on runs up 25 the side of Yucca Mountain, if I am not wrong. And there O rit 9- earti=9 career tio= (202) 628-4888
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-( ) I have been people cyite recently who-have staked claims 2 there. I firmly believe they are probably nuisance claims, 3 but then what's nuisance and what's not is in the eye of the 4 seeker, or the beholder.
5 DR. CARTER: But that is not part of the bombing 6 and gunnery range. 7 DR.-LARSON: That would not be, right. 8 DR. CARTER: I presume it's exterior that. 9 DR. LARSON: But it runs out -- correct me if I am 10 wrong, Carl, for heavens sake. Runs up some place over in-11 .through here, right? Which way, Bob? Up here a little bit 12- more? Yes, some place up in through here, and then.it jogs 13 over, I believe, yes. 14 DR. CARTER: Okay, the point is, though, that 15 there is a much larger area than the test site or Yucca 16 Mountain that is prohibited from mining activities. 17 DR. LARSON: All'of this is. 18 DR. CARTER: The test site of the -- 19 DR. LARSON: Yes, all of this is over here. 20 This is certainly not, and you can see the 21 intensity of discover over here. 22 DR. CARTER: It's west of the site. 23 The other question, I was just curious, where the 24 titanium ore come from that's processed at Henderson? 25 DR. LARSON: It doesn't come from Nevada, I'll () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
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602 l () 1 tell you that. It probably comes from Western Australia 2 now, although some of it could come from Central Florida; i 3 depends on whether it's du Pont operation or not. I really 4 don't know. l 5 MR. VOILAND: I have.just a curiosity question. ; 6 What concentration is practical, you mentioned a half a part. 7, per million of silver. I recognize that's more complicated 8 and you have to dig it out and all the rest. And also a 9 companion question. What sort of depth are practical mines 10 operating at now? 11 DR. LARSON: The vast majority of Nevada mines at 12 the present time are working within three or four hundred 13 foot-of the surface, all right. The grades that -- of
. 14 course, that depends on tonnage and certain rock 15- characteristics and everything else. But we are dealing 16 with less than 1 gram, one part per million. We are dealing 17 with two-thirds of a gram per ton for the lowest. Probably 18 on average, .05 ounces per ton is -- I realize I'm mixing up 19 ounces per ton and parts per million.
20 MR. VOILAND: Thank you. 21 DR. LARSON: But, of course, deep mines require 22 more, and recent discoveries have, in the Caldera area have 23 right below the very low grade ores, very low grade ores 24 indeed. They have found quarter ounce and half ounce per 25 ton or which will be mined underground, very clearly. Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l
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2 DR. LARSON: Thank you, sir. 3' DR. MOELLER: Well, we will go to the summary .l 4 which Carl Johnson will be presenting. 5 l 6 7 l 8 9 10 11 - l 13
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604 () 1 (Slides being shown) 2 MR. JOHNSON: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Again, my 3 name is Carl Johnson. I would like to briefly summarize I 4 what you have offered today. I certainly don't want to take 5 the time to go back over the extremely detailed 6 presentations you heard before, and don't intend to do that. 7 What I would like to do is briefly bring you back 0 to some opening remarks that I made in my opening statements 9 as part of the overview, and that deals with the four main 10 issue categories that we talked about. The remarks you've 11 heard today have been mainly dealing with site suitability 12 issues, but I talked about the other issues -- regulatory 13 policy, site disturbance and long term post-closure issues. 14 Some of the remarks you heard today touched on our l[)] t 15 various concerns in those other areas, and because of that, 16 we certainly believe that these four issue areas are inter-17 related, and that they are all going to need to be 18 addressed, dealt with, resolved before a license can be 19 given for a repository at Yucca Mountain. 20 But I think we can probably make some general 21 observations from the technical presentations we've heard 22 today. And one of those is that the Southern Nevada area 23 is very active geologically, tectonically and 24 geohydrologically. The processes that are involved are 25 continually changing with time. l () ' Heritage Reporting (202) 628-4888 Corporation
f-605' [) 1~ We have also heard that the Yucca Mountain area 2 can be considered both tectonically and geohydrologically
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3 complex. That certainly has ramifications for our ability 4 to model it and to be able to predict it in the future. 5 We have heard some remarks today that the 6 collection of adequate,. reliable and representative data 7 that are going to be needed to resolve some of the issues. 8 .that we talked of today may be difficult to impossible.to 9 get with the present-state of the technology. .There are 10 certainly some areas that were alluded to today where a new-11- technology ~needs to be developed before we can collect
-r-12 reliable information here.
l 13 And lastly, referring back to the 10,000-year 14 project, a point that I made early on, that the complexity 15 of this site may show that.it will be, could be extremely 16 difficult to predict site performance over the 10,000 years 17 with the necessary reasonable assurance that is required.by 18 the NRC regulations. 19 Lastly, I think we can, at least from our point 20 of view, we can make the two following conclusions: that j 21 currently, anyway, Yucca Mountain has not been determined to
. 22 be a suitable suite for isolation of high-level waste; and l
23 certainly, there are questions in our mind as to whether the 24 suitability can be demonstrated with reasonable assurance. 25 That basically concludes my remarks. I would Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 j
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i 606 ' j (): 1- like to thank the Chairman and the members of the Committee-2 and.their consultants for certainly expanding the time 3 period so they could hear our total presentation and maybe 4 the' survival of the' Committee for passing 1through their 1 5 -- lunch period to hear our remarks today. We thank you. 6 DR. MOELLER:. Well, thank you. Let me ask just a 7 question or two.
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8 Your conclusions are straightforward. And 1et me 9 even before I ask the question thank you for the handouts 10 and the care with which they were prepared. And in 11 addition, thank you very much for the biographical sketches 12 of each of your speakers. We find that vecy helpful. I 13 MR. JOHNSON: Well, we thought that would be 14 helpful also to give you a reference base as to the 15- expertise of the individuals giving the presentations today. 16 DR. MOELLER: Correct. Let me ask, even.though 17 I've heard your conclusions, let me ask the question this 18 way. Do you believe at the present time there is -- well, 19 let me'ask it this way. Is there sufficient data to say - 20 concerns are demonstrably serious enough for the Yucca 21 Mountain site to disqualify it at this time? 22 MR. JOHNSON: Let me respond to that. I don't 23 think we have sufficient data by which we can conclude right 24 now that the site should be disqualified but we certainly 25 have sufficient data to point in the direction of possible j {) Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l
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'l- ' fatal; flaws _with the site.
2' DR. MOELLER: Now, having heard that, and it is
'3 clear what you havelsaid, you need more data, and'of-course 4 'I think DOE or NRC would agree' fully. Do you believe.that
.I
-5 the data'needed to determine whether these fatal flaws exist i
. H 6 or to determine whether the site is suitable, do you believe 1
7 that data can be obtained-from surface measurements or do I 8 you believe it will have to await the exploratory shaft 9 facility before we really are able -- before we, before DOE 10 is really able -- to obtain the necessary data? 11 MR. JOHNSON: I think many of the issues that we 12 have described today are resolvable. And that does not 13 mean resolvable either in terms of positive or negative for 14 the repository, but resolvable, using a surface-based
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15 program. ,Our belief is that the exploratory shaft is more ! 16 of a confirmatory type facility than it is a primary data 17 gathering facility. And let me follow on with that. That' 18' has formed the essence we think of our continued push that 19 'the departments needs to resolve early some of these " 20 technical issues that in our belief certainly doesn't 21 require an exploratory shaft to do that. 22 DR. MOELLER: Thank you. Do we have additional 23 questions? Dr. Okrent? 24 DR. OKRENT: I have a side question, just to learn i 25 a little bit about perspective. Heritage Reporting Corporation : (202) 628-4888 ! 3
l 608 P) ( 1 We heard a little bit about new mining activity. 1 2 And I was wondering whether environmental impact reports 3 were prepared for these mines and some assessment was made 4 of potential health effects of the tailings, if you will, or 5 whatever you want to call them, the disrupting of the 6 natural Nevada in order to try to get out this gold and 7 other things. Do you have any answer to that? 8 MR. JOHNSON: I do know for a fact that 9 environmental impact statements are required to be prepared 10 for every mining venture that occurs in the State of 11 Nevada. 12 Now, relative to the health effects of that 13 disruption caused by the mining, I'm not that familiar with 14 the environmental impact statements to know whether that 15 particular subject is addressed. 16 Now, of course, an environmental impact statement , 17 has to address things like air quality, the effect on 18 vegetation, animals, that sort of thing. But particularly, i 19 the health effects, I think is what I'm perceiving, as 20 related to human activity. I'm not certain that is 21 addressed in those EIS statements. 22 DR. OKRENT: I would be interested in learning if 23 they are addressed and whether they are addressed in any 24 sophistication, even approaching what we're trying to do 25 here. And also what levels of acceptance of health effects t Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
609 () 1 -are the standard that the state will buy? 2- MR. JOHNSON: Well, I think, why don't I take l 3 that on for us to look at that and get back to you on that 4' subject. 5- RDR. OKRENT: I'd appreciate it. 6 DR. MOELLER: Well, thank you once again, Carl, 7 for your time with us this morning and let me thank Robert 8 Loux and all of the people of the State of Nevada Agency for 9 ' Nuclear Projects, your consultants, your staff and so forth. 10 Please, our appreciation to all of them. 11 MR. LOUX: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 12 DR. MOELLER: We will now recess one hour for l 13 lunch. I lu (Whereupon, at 1:20 p.m., the lunch recess was 15 taken, the hearing to reconvene at 2:20 p.m. on the same ! 16' day, Thursday, February 23, 1989.) 17 18 - 19 - 20 21 22 i 23 , 1 24 l l l 25 Heritage Reporting Corporation (]) (202) 628-4888 i l l L _ _______ _
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3 DR. MOELLER: The meeting will come to order. 4 We are continuing with our meeting and we are now 5 at the final technical session for the day. And that is a 6 presentation by the NRC staff on the proposed rule.on 7 disposal of greater-than-Class-C radioactive waste. 8 This is a matter for the consultants, and of 9 course Don Orth will remember that the waste management 10 subcommittee of the ACRS for the past several years had been 11 following this along. And it is now coming to a point where 12 the decision is being made. 13 So we will call upon the NRC staff. We have Mel 14 Silverberg here, who will be handling the presentation for [} 15 the staff. Mel? 16 MR. SILBERBERG: Thank you, Dr. Moeller. The l'7 staff appreciates the opportunity to be here this afternoon 18 to present the status of the proposed final amendments to 19 Part 61 dealing with the disposal of greater-than-Class C 20 radioactive waste. 21 This amendment is the product of a staff working 22 group who are here with us this afternoon -- Dr. Clark 23 Prichard from the Office of Research; Dr. Dan Fehringer from 24 the Division of High-Level Waste in NMSS; Regis Boyle from 25 the Division of Low-Level Waste, NMSS in the back row; and () Heritage Reporting (202) 628-4888 Corporation
611 m () 1 Jim Wolf from the Office of General Counsel. 2 Dr. Prichard from the Office of Research will lead 3 the presentation. 4 The staff has recently sent some material to the 5 Committee dealing with the proposed final amendment. And we 6 welcome the Committee's comments on the proposed final 7 amendment. 8 Thank you. 9 MR. PRICHARD: These are amendments to Part 61 to 10 require geologic repository disposal of greater-than-Class-C 11 waste unless an alternative means of disposal has been 12 approved by the Commission. 13 The present regulations governing this type of r*w 14 waste are, it is not routinely eligible for near surface ( 15 disposal. It is presently orphan waste. 36 The proposed rulemaking was published in May, 17 1988. We had 35 public comment letters. The NRC staff has 18 analyzed public comments and is now preparing the final 19 rule. 20 The final rule is what you have I think in your 21 notebooks. 22 The schedule calls for submission of the final 23 rule to the Commission by April, 1989. 24 Greater-than-Class C waste is basically activated 25 metals from reactors, sealed sources and spent ion exchange () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
612 ( )_ 1 resins. 2 DR. PARRY: Clark? 3 MR. PRICHARD: Yes? 4 DR. PARRY: Excuse me just a moment. For those of l 5 you who are searching madly for the proposed final rule, it 1 6 is on page 8 in Section 5. 7 DR. MOELLER: Excuse me. Clark, you were saying 8 activated metals such as from decommissioning a power plant. 9 And ion exchange resins, and what was the third? 10 MR. PRICHARD: Sealed sources. 11 DR. MOELLER: Okay, sealed sources. Now, on the 12 ion exchange resins, we generally, we have, you know, 13 trainloads of ion exchange resins now from the nuclear power f 14 plants. Are they different than the ion exchange resins you
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15 are citing here? 16 MR. PRICHARD: Yes, they are. 17 DR. MOlrLER: So these ion exchange resins that 18 are greater-than-Class-C are greater in concentration than 19 the run of the mill. Thank you. 20 MR. PRICHARD: Yes. 21 DR. MOELLER: Okay. Go ahead. 22 MR. PRICHARD: Most waste will be a by product of 23 decommissioning nuclear reactors. Estimates by DOE indicate 24 that from 2,000 to 4,800 cubic meters of greater-than-Class-25 C waste will need disposal through the year 2020. () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l I
I 613 l l 1(]) 1 We now go to the public comments on the proposed 2 rule. ) 3 DR. OKRENT: Could I ask a question? i 4 MR. PRICHARD: Yes, j j 5 DR. OKRENT: Would these pieces be readily ! 6 compactable into the volume you have described? You gave a 7 volume, but I visualized things like pressure vessels that 8 are not solid. And I'm just asking, would it be easy to 9 compact it or would one actually be creating problems in the 10 compaction process that were difficult? 11 MR. FEHRINGER: Some of the wastes will need some 12 compaction or other processing. For example, if hardware is 13 removed from spent fuel, it will have a large void space as
/^) 14 you are suggesting and it will require compaction. The k/
15 difficulty of doing so is quite variable. For spent fuel 16 hardware it appears that it would be fairly easy. 17 DR. OKRENT: I'm thinking of the -- 18 MR. FEHRINGER: Well, the reactor vessel itself 19 would probably not be greater than Class '. 20 DR. OKRENT: I see. 21 MR. FEHRINGER: But a thing called the shroud, the 22 piece of metal closest to the core, very well might be 23 greater than-Class-C. And that might have to be cut up and 24 packaged. 25 DR. OKRENT: Thank you. [~h Heritage Reporting Corporation
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'(' ) 'l 'DR. STEINDLER: If I might ask, what is the 2 relationship between-what you cee as the inventory or the 3 potential inventory-of greater-than-Class-C'in this country 4 and what the Europeans cal 1' intermediate leve1Lwaste? -Are 5 they both the same thing?
6 MR. FEHRINGER: To-a large extent, they are 7 similar wastes. The Europeans are in some cases pursuing 8 reprocessing of spent fuel which generates transuranic 9 wastes. We have very small volumes of that from the
-10 . commercial sector in the United States. So they have a 11 different problem there than we do.
12 DR. STEINDLER: No, no. Yes. I'm not addressing 13 the transuranic issue. There is, in all countries I think 14 except this country, a category of waste called intermediate 15 level waste. And I'm trying to find out whether that is 16 really what you mean by greater-than-Class-C. 17 MR. PRICHARD: I don't know, because each country 18 defines their categories differently, often not by 19 concentration but rather by source of the waste, and I can't 20 make a comparison of that type. It's a similar type of 21 waste but I don't know that there's a one to one 22 correspondence. 23 MR. PRICHARD: We had 35 public comment letters. 24 We had eight from states, one from a state low-level waste 25 compact. States by and large supported the proposed rule. Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
l l 615 j ( 1 DOE and EPA commented among the Federal agencies. 2 DOE was perhaps the most vociferously opposed to the rule. 3 Utilities and EEI had some problems with placing greater-4 than-Class-C waste in the repository, but they were not so
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5 much opposed as DOE was. 6 We had some comments from environmental groups and 7 private citizens and they voiced a variety of concerns. 8 The major comments and NRC staff responses are 9 contained in the draft Federal Register notice. 10 DR. MOELLER: Say, could you go up to the podium? 11 Several of us are having trouble hearing you. 12 MR. PRICHARD: Let me just get closer. 13 DR. MOELLER: Okay. Okay. Try that. 14 MR. PRICHARD: The major comments and NRC staff 15 responses are contained in the Federal Register notice. 16 DR. MOELLER: Excuse me, now. Why was DOE 17 strongly opposed? Did you tell us? 18 MR. PRICHARD: We have a whole page on that. 19 DR. MOELLER: Okay. We'll wait. 20 MR. PRICHARD: c All 'elevant comments are addressed 21 in the detailed public comment analysis which is part of 22 the public record on the rulemaking. That is placed in the 23 public document room and available for public inspection. 24 I gave a copy of that to Jack Parry. > 25 The first major comment came basically from states () Heritage Reporting (202) 628-4888 Corporation
i 616 () 1 and environmental groups. And it was the problem of 2 limiting geologic repository alternatives to Federal 3 disposal facilities. 4 Many states and environmental groups were very 5 concerned that greater-than-Class-C waste was gong to go to 6 state low-level waste disposal sites. NRC was urged to 7 prohibit this in the rule. 8 Our staff response is that we basically don't 9 think this is a problem because under the provisions of the 10 Low-Level Waste Policy Amendments Act, greater-than-Class-C 11 waste is clearly a Federal responsibility. We just don't 12 think states can be forced to take greater-than-Class-C 13 waste. 14 However, on the other hand, this Act holds open
}
15 the option for states to take this waste at their option. 16 So we just do not want to put anything like this in the 17 rule. We feel it is covered already by legislation. 18 The second major comment came from EPA, DOE and 19 some others. They were concerned about the applicability of 20 standards. We proposed the possibility of putting greater-21 than-Class-C waste which would be low-level waste in a 22 repository for basically high-level waste. And these people 23 were concerned about what standards would apply and the 24 potential for confusion among various standards. 25 EPA's regulations, high-level and low-level waste () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
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"( ) 1. standards, are developed'for waste type, not facility, as R
2 are NRC's.- Part 60 does contain some packaging requirements
-3 which are specific to high-level waste. If greater-than-4- Class-C did go to the repository, NRC would probably have to 5 conduct some additional regulatory guidance to put in 6 packaging requirements for greater-than-Class-C waste..
7 The third major comment was basically -- 8 DR. STEINDLER: I'm sorry. Is that still open for 9 question, or is that a positive statement? 10 MR. PRICHARD: Yes, it is open for question. And 11 we don't see the need to do it unless DOE elects to put 12 greater-than-Class-C. waste in a repository. 13 DR. STEINDLER: Is the only source of greater-14 than-Class-C waste DOE? 15 MR. PRICHARD: No, but DOE was given the job of 16 managing commercial greater-than-Class-C waste by the Low-17 Level Waste Policy Amendments Act. So it will be DOE's 18 responsibility to find a disposal site. I 19 DR. STEINDLER: Okay. They then have the job. - 20 MR. PRICHARD: Yes. 21 DR. STEINDLER: And you're saying that if they in 2:2 fact do their job, then you might have to put in l 23 regulations? l 24 MR. PRICHARD: Yes. l 25 DR. STEINDLER: But it seems to me they have no Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 1 1 - _ _ _ - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ . _ _ 1
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-1 choice but to do their job.
2 MR. PRICHARD: They have a choice of either 3 electing geologic repository disposal or some other 4 alternative disposal facility which they could choose to 5 develop suoject to Commission approval. 6 DR. MOELLER: ~ Well, help me, then, because I guess 7 maybe I'm asking for the bottom line too soon. But I 8 thought the general plan was to send the greater-than-Class-9 C to a Federal repository. That is still open, then? 10 MR. PRICHARD: To my knowledge, DOE has not made
-11 that decision.
12 DR. MOELLER: Does has the responsibility. If
.13 they elect or decide to send it to a repository, then you 14 believe NRC would have to rewrite or alter, modify Part 60.
V(~s 15 MR. PRICHARD: It would not be a major 16 modification. It would only involve putting in a few i 17 specific packaging requirements for greater-than-Class-C 18 waste. 19 DR. MOELLER: Okay. And at the moment, is what 20 you are proposing simply to acknowledge or whatever that 21 DOE has the responsibility to dispose of these wastes and to 22 leave open to them to decide how they do it? Is that where 23 we are? 24 MR. PRICHARD: Yes. It is removing greater-than-25 Class-C waste from the orphan category by specifying if DOE [)
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619 () .1 does not elect some type of intermediate disposal facility, 2 then it must go to a geologic repository. 3 DR. MOODY: Do you have any information on the 4 volume of this material that is in this category? 5 MR. PRICHARD: 2,000 to 4,800 cubic meters will 6 need disposal between now and the year 2020. 7 DR. MOELLER: The volume is small. 8 DR. CARTER: How much of that is commercial? 9 MR. PRICHARD: That's all commercial. 10 DR. CARTER: That's all commercial. 11 MR. PRICHARD: We're only talking about commercial 12 waste here. 13 MR. VOILAND: Question? 14 DR.'MOELLER: Yes. Excuse me. Gene. 15 MR. VOILAND: Have you done an analysis which 16 indicates how much of this that is greater-than-Class-C, how 17 much~ greater is it? And if you waited ten years or 15 18 years, would it all of a sudden become Class C and could be 19 disposed of in low-level waste sites? - 20 Some of the items I'm familiar with are biological 21 fields from reactors, control rods, parts of them, things of 22 that sort. 23 MR. FERRINGER: That's generally not the case. 24 Many of the nuclides that cause a waste to go above the 25 Class C limits are quite long-lived. Some of the activated Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 { l
-3 620 .(q j. 1 metals-have halflifes of thousands of years. And even if 2 strontium and cesium were the nuclides of concern, the 30-3 year halflife is a marginal opportunity to allow decay.
4 MR. VOILAND: The limit for cesium on Class C is 5 monumental. Thank you. 6 DR. MOELLER: Let me back up, and not to beat it 7 to death, but just to be sure I firmly understand, number 8 one, is it the National Waste Policy Act that requires DOE 9 to handle greater-than-Class-C? 10 MR. PRICHARD: The Low-Level Waste Policy 11 Amendments Act of 1985. 12 DR. MOELLER: All right. The Low-Level Waste 13 Policy Amendments Act of 1985 requires DOE to handle
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14 greater-than-Class-C waste. Number two, the NRC obviously 15 agrees with that law. You can't object. And you say 16 though that DOE in doing this, that it is all right, it's 17 okay with you for them to develop whatever satisfactory 18 means of disposal they want to? If they put it in a 19 repository, you'll modify, you are willing to modify Part 60 20 to cover it? If they develop some intermediate sort of a 21 disposal scheme, you will do what? 22 MR. PRICHARD: They could license it under Part 23 61. 24 DR. MOELLER: Okay. It could be licensed under 25 Part 61. Okay. Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l l
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) =1 MR. PRITCHARD: The major comments that DOE and 2 some others had concerning the geologic repository disposal l.
j' 3 option were these. They felt that it would impose 4 unnecessary cost impacts on the repository program. They. 5 thought that it would use up valuable repository space. Some 6 comments even went so far as to claim that this would cause 7 need for a second geologic repository. i 8 DR. MOODY: How does that correlate with the l 9 supposed small volume? 10 MR. PRITCHARD: It does not correlate at all. 11 DR. MOELLER: Then it would seem to me, you know, 12 that they could use it as a space to reduce'the temperature 13 output of the high level waste. 14 MR. PRITCHARD: That has been considered.
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15 DR. MOELLER: Okay. 16 MR. PRITCHARD: DOE also argued that it would 17 complicate its performance assessment of the repository. 18 Our response to these comments are that cost impacts are not 19 significant. Greater than Class C waste is not eligible for 20 near surface disposal, so you cannot compare the cost of 21 shallow land burial with geologic depository disposal. 22 DR. STEINDLER: Well now, wait a minute. On the 23 other hand,.you do not have to go much beyond the shallow 24 land burial say for greater confinement, or you can make a 25 reasonably decent estimate of costs on the basis of existing 1
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622 A () 1 literature, and compare that to what it costs to bury a slug 2 of material in a repository. That is at least what people 3 are being charged. So that cost impact is enormous. 4 MR. PRITCHARD: Well, the Congressional Office of 5 Technology Assessment just did a study on greater than 6 Class C waste, and they looked at this cost question. And 7 they felt that geologic repository disposal would be no more 8 expensive than developing a separate greater than Class C 9 only facility. 10 DR. STEINDLER: I find that less than intuitively 11 obvious. l 12 MR. PRITCHARD: Because of the high fixed cost of ; l 13 developing a brand new facility. 14 DR. MOELLER: Now who will bear the cost, will the 15 generator of the greater than Class C be charged so much per i 16 cubic foot? 17 MR. PRITCHARD: That is something that we do not 18 have any regulations about or really know too much about. 19 But we assume that DOE will find some means of charging i 20 generators. The Low Level Waste Policy Amendments Act 21 directs them to do so. 22 DR. MOELLER: All right. 23 DR. MOODY: You mean that there really is no l 24 policy available at this point in time? 25 MR. PRITCHARD: There i.; no set way of funding l Heritage Reporting Corporation
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I 623 m () 1 this at this time. 2 The greater than Class C volumes that we talked 3 about, the 2000 to 4800 cubic meters, if that went to the 4 repository, it would represent less than one percent of the 5 total space in the repository. 6 DR. PERRY: Is that repository space or the 7 canister? 8 MR. FERRINGER: The volume of opening in a 9 repository is roughly a hundred times the volume of the 10 waste. If you could efficiently pack greater than Class C 11 in the repository, it would oce.py about one percent of the 12 volume. 13 MR. PRITCHARD: Regarding DOE's comments on 14 performance assessment, most greater than Class C wastes are ("}
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15 physically and chemically similar to high level waste. If 16 this is a big problem, DOE always has the opportunity to not 17 put it in the repository, but to develop a separate facility 18 for greater than Class C waste. 19 DR. STEINDLER: You indicated that that separate 20 facility or greater confinement or whatever would be 21 licensed under Part 61? 22 MR. PRITCHARD: Yes. 23 DR. STEINDLER: Are you not proposing a change to 24 the Part 61 that says that waste that is not generally 25 accepted for near surface disposal must be disposed of in a (~5 Heritage Reporting Corporation k' (202) 628-4888 l
624 () 1 different way? 2 MR. PRITCHARD: No. The current Part 61 says 3 waste that is not generally acceptable must be disposed of ' 4 in ways, I think that it says more stringent or something 5 very vague like that. All this rule does is specify one 6 more stringent way. 7 This concludes our presentation. 8 DR. MOELLER: Do we have comments or suggestions 9 and so forth? I tried a few minutes ago, of course, to be 10 sure that I followed what they are doing, and maybe I am 11 beating it to death. But what I heard the staff saying is 12 they are willing to go along with whatever method of 13 disposal that DOE wants to use in meeting their
/'N 14 congressional mandate. And you are willing to-make whatever
(_/ 15 changes are necessary and whatever regulations 60 or 61 that 16 will help DOE to fulfill again its mandate. 17 MR. PRITCHARD: We consider our regulations to be 18 very flexible with respect to DOE's actions. 19 DR. MOELLER: What do you need from this 20 committee? 21 MR. PRITCHARD: We sent the draft final rulemaking 22 to you. We would just like your opinion as to I guess 23 whether you approve of it or if you have any suggestions or 24 comments. 25 DR. STEINDLER: I have got a question about the () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
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( ,1 repository again. 2 Do you. imply that_the packaging requirements,are 3 going to be similar to the'high level waste packaging 4 requirements for release rates, times, et cetera? 5 MR. PRITCHARD: No , they probably would be quite 6 dissimilar. 7 DR. STEINDLER: But that has not been settled, 8 right, I mean you have got no draft? 9 MR. PRITCHARD: We have no draft regulations. I 10 -do not know'if'anybody else here knows more than I do about 11 this. 12 MR. FEHRINGER: In the absence 5f a commitment by 13 DOE'to pursue use of a repository for disposal of these j 14 wastes, we have not developed a criteria that would apply to 15 that type of disposal. Ic DR. STEINDLER: Now currently in other countries, 17 I gather that intermediate level waste at least in some 18 countries is buried I guess in what we would call greater 19 confinement. 20 Does the staff have any experience in the analysis 21 of designs of greater confinement if someone were to throw 22 one on your desk for licensing? 23 MR. FEHRINGER: Many of the concepts for greater 24 confinement are very similar to those that the states are 25 now developing for low level waste disposal. I do not the Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 I
l l 626 i-m () 1 extent that our low level waste division has the analytical 2 tools available, but we have a contract in place to provide 3 that type of support in the future. ! 4 DR. MOELLER: And you have analyzed the i 5 alternatives to shallow land burial. And as you say, 6 essentially all of them represent greater confinement. 7 DR. ORTH: I have what may be an argumentive 8 question that the Chairman can rule me out of order on. 9 DR. MOELLER: No, go ahead. 10 DR. ORTH: In view of the significant number of 11 comments that DOE put in, and they were rather extensive in 12 my reading of them, I would characterize argumentively here 13 now, I would characterize the answer by the NRC to many of 1 r- 14 them as published in the comment letter as rather cursory. V' ' T15 I am just idly wondering, does the NRC when it i 16 deals with these comments do the equivalent of let's say 17 appointing an internal advocate for the DOE to sit and argue 18 the DOE points against the staff point, just to make sure 19 that we end up with the best possible answer. This is a I ( 20 little different from looking at the comments there and how ! 21 do we get rid of it. 22 Does anybody want to try to answer that one, or am 23 I out of order? 24 DR. MOELLER: No , I think that that is a good 25 question, For example, I guess that we do not have DOE here l {} Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 g
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,n (J' 1 today, or is there someone here. Okay, Ed is here. Well, 2 maybe we could listen. Go ahead, you answer. And Ed, would' 3 you be prepared to give us any remarks?
4 MR. REGNIER: Well, I am not prepared, but I would 5 make a couple anyway. 6 DR. MOELLER: Fine, okay. Go ahead. Dan is going 7 to speak, and then Ed. 8 MR. FEHRINGER: We do not use the approach that 9 was suggested of having an advocate. We tried to understand 10 the comments and. respond to them, but we do not have someone 11 on the staff take that advocacy role. 12 DR. MOELLER: Okay. Ed Regnier is here. 13 MR. REGNIER: Ed Regnier from the Department of 14 Energy. I did not come here to this meeting expecting to 15 make any remarks. But I think that since I have the l 16 opportunity that I will make a couple. I think that the 17 staff has fairly well characterized our concerns. Of 18 course, we are not particularly pleased I think with the 19 fact that a lot of them have not been adopted. - 20 One of our concerns, if not our major concern, 21 which I think may not be coming through quite as clearly as 22 it.might is our concern that the rule at least as it was 23 drafted in the proposed rule I think is very subject to an 24 incorrect interpretation, at leact incorrect from what we 25 understand talking to the NRC staff as to their intent. Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l
l j 628 l 1 () 1 And that is in the matter of whether or not the 2 NRC is showing a preference for disposal of this waste in l 3 the repository. It is our understanding talking with the 4 staff that in fact there is not a preference for disposal of 5 the waste in the repository. We have been told that what 6 'this rule is intended to do is simply to codify the status 7 quo. The simple fact that there is not any other place to 1 8 put the waste now. 9 However, at least the way that the rule is worded 10 in the proposed rule, that does not come through, at least 11 in our view, it does not come through at all clearly. When 12 we read the ruling of the proposed rule seeing how it could 13 be interpreted against us if you will unfavorably, it is 14 pretty easy to interpret it we felt to be showing a 15 preference or a direction to dispose of this waste in the 16 repository. 17 It has been pointed out, and indeed the Low Level 18 Waste Amendments Act does give to DOE the task of deciding 19 where and how to dispose of the waste. So if that were, 20 that certainly would be inappropriate. I am certain that 21 that was not the intent, but we would like to have that made 22 much, much clearer. 23 Again from our own perspective, DOE really has not 24 determined whether or not it would be advisable to dispose 25 of the waste in the repository. There are numerous () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 _ _ _ _ - - _ _ - - _ - - _ - _ _ _ - - - l
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1 tradeoffs to be made. The costs, we have not done detailed ( )N 2 cost comparisons. They are very difficult to establish, and 3 it is very difficult to determine how much of the repository 4 costs to assess to the waste and so forth. I 5 In that view, another technical and legal concern i 6 which certainly could be overcome by the simple act of some 7 legislation is the concern that right now we are required to 8 only place in the repository waste from waste producers who 9 had entered into a contract with us for disposal of that 10 waste at a date that has already been bypassed. Now that, 11 of course, is something that could be remedied. But as of 12 now, we would have no means to pass the costs on to the 13 waste generators. And again it is a problem that can be (^g 14 addressed, but it will be or would be very difficult for us V 15 to determine how to assess those costs. ! 16 Also, I guess that we are sort of in a chicken and 17 egg situation with the specification of waste package 18 requirements. As the staff pointed out, the Part 60 does 19 not contain a waste package or waste form requirements for 20 these greater than Class C wastes. So we do not really know 21 what would be required of us. 22 Maybe on an extreme, maybe on a ridiculous extreme 23 I won
- nope, that we might be required to place them in the l 24 san.; type of canister as the high level waste is. Anything 25 down from that to put in bushel baskets and stacking it. We
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(_) 1 ' find it hard to believe that we would be able to use any l 2 method that resembled that. 3 And again as pointed out, the performance 4 assessment concerns, the EPA regulation was developed. You 5 know, using examples, we had special isotopic content. If 6 these are different sources, different. chemical composition, 7 and different isotopic compositions. It is something that 8 we have not looked at in detail, but that could create some 9 problems. 10 The bottom line is that we would like to encourage 11 the NRC and we certainly would be more than willing to work 12 with them in continuing the efforts to develop what is a 13 risk based definition of high level waste in the vein of
~s. 14 earlier versions that were being considered.
(O 15 We did have other concerns. And if you like, we 16 would be happy to provide some other time certainly more 17 information on our views on this. I do thank you for the I , 18 opportunity to make these few remarks. 19 DR. MOELLER: Thank you. 20 21 22 23 24 l 25 1 () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
631 ( )l l' DR. MOELLER: Thank you, Ed. That-was well done, 2 particularly as you had to do it impromptu. 3 Well, let's pick these up then. Let's see. Jack 4 and then Gene. 5 DR. PARRY: I just wanted to remind Ed that there 6 are limits on the isotopes of concern depending upon the 7 1,000 year inventory, that might well take these materials 8 out of concern in terms of the performance assessment if 9 they are not concluded already in the EPA standard. 10 DR. MOELLER: Gene? 11 MR. VOILAND: In the Part D, relationship to 12 defense waste, the question was asked whether there might be 13 applicability of this regulation to some of the defense r' 14 wastes at Hanford and at Savannah River. And the answer was
%.))
15 essentially no, that it applied only to commercial greater 16 than low-level waste. But then in the very last paragraph, 17 there was a statement that said, additional efforts are now 18 underway to review decontaminated salts to be produced at 19 Hanford so as to determine whether the disposal thereof is 20 subject to Commission licensing. 21 I guess my question is, if it turns out that they 22 are subject to Commission licensing, is there a chance that 23 they would have to be considered in this particular category 24 of waste? And the volume of those is not inconsequential. 25 If I remember, there are tens of millions of dewatered salt () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 I l l
632 () 1 out there. 2- Can somebody address that? 3 MR. FEHRINGER: I will give the answers that I can 4 to the questions. And if my colleagues want to elaborate on 5 those answers, why perhaps they'll be able to do so. 6 The first point that Ed made was perceived NRC 7 staff preference for repository disposal of greater-than-8 Class-C wastes.
'9 I think today, given the absence of any disposal 10 facility for greater-than-Class-C wastes, it would be fair 11 to say we prefer a repository, as compared to the continued 12 non-disposal of those wastes. .
.v ' l 13 There are a few wastes in existence now that 14 .perhaps could pose a public health risk if they are not 15 taken into some management and disposal scheme. Sealed
- 16. sources that the owners no longer have a use for, they run a 17 risk of lying around until they get lost and get out into an 18 uncontrolled situation. So today we would prefer 19 repository disposal as compared to non-disposal.
20 We don't know enough about the intermediate 21 disposal concept to state a preference of that versus 22 repository -- the greater confinement disposal. 23 DR. MOELLER: Excuse me, Dan. You are saying you 24 prefer a repository which is going to be ready to operate in 25 2005, isn't that the date, if it meet with luck? So what f () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 i
633 () 1 are you saying? 2 MR. FEHRINGER: We're saying that if plans are 3 made now to' dispose of greater-than-Class-C wastes in a 4 repository, perhaps DOE can take them into a storage 5 situation in the interim. That will provide the control 6 over these wastes that will prevent them from becoming a 7 public health hazard. 8 DR. STEINDLER: Doesn't DOE have a storage 9 requirement now? Your rulemaking is not going to be the 10 thing that causes DOE to take care of those wastes? 11 MR. FEHRINGER: No , that's correct. This I 12 rulemaking will not affect the temporary sto' rage before 13 disposal of wastes. r') 14 DR. STEINDLER: So I have to go back to Dr. 15 Moeller's comment. You are talking about the repository 16 disposal in the year 2010, with luck, against not disposal. 17 And you are sitting in 1989. 18 MR. FEHRINGER: Baseline today is no disposal 19 facility. We see no evidence that the department is 20 developing one. And we want to push for an acceptably safe 21 disposal facility,_whether that is a repository or a greater 22 confinement disposal. Either one would be acceptable if the 23 technology is appropriate for the waste. 24 DR. MOELLER: Well, I think if you said that, DOE 25 would be happy. But apparently you have not said that. Ai. O b/ Heritage Reporting Corporation l (202) 628-4888 1
634
/"% 1 least not in the proposed rule.
(_j 2 MR. FEHRINGER: Perhaps in the proposed rule 3 package we did not say it as strongly as we could and we 4 tried to say it more strongly in the responses to comments 5 and in the final rule package. 6 The second point that Ed made was their legal view 7 that the repository can only accept waste that is currently < 8 covered by the high-level waste contracts. That may be a 9 reason that the Department will want to develop another type 10 of disposal facility, if they are not able to obtain that 11 legal authority, and that's fine with us. If there are 12 reasons to do so, we will evaluate a greater confinement , 13 proposal just like we would evaluato any other. pg 14 So we don't think that that is a problem for our (~ / 15 rulemaking. 16 We discussed earlier our recognition that Part 60 17 does not now have waste packaging and waste form 18 requirements for any wastes other than high-level waste and 19 spent fuel. And we recognize that if the department chooses 20 a repository for disposal of greater-than-Class-C wastes, we 21 may need to develop new criteria covering those subjects. 22 Concerns about the performance assessment for a ; 1 23 repository we think are over-stated. The largest part of 24 greater-than-Class-C wastes will likely be activated metals 25 which should be much like the activated metal portion of I Heritage Reporting Corporation _( ) (202) 628-4888
l i i 635 l
' l( f 1 -spent! fuel, the hardware and. cladding. Some of the same 7 2L radionuclides, some of the same physical characteristics. (
'3 In any case, the total inventory of material in 4- greater-than-Class-C wastesEradionuclide content is a very 5 small fraction of the radionuclides inventory of spent fuel.
6 And we just think that the presence of greater-
~
7 than-Class-C waste will be within the uncertainty of the 8 overall performance. assessment and hardly be noticeable. 9 Again, though, if some particular type of greater-10 than-Class-C waste' posed a problem,.it would be permissible 11- 'to develop another disposal facility for those wastes. 12 And finally, regarding the risk-based definition 13 of high-level' waste that initiated this action, we have not
~
14 been able to overcome the legal difficulties that would 15 result from that. We would.end up with wastes classified'as 16 high-level wastes for purposes of one law, not high-level 17 wastes'for purposes of another law. And we think it would 18 just make things worse rather than improving the situation. 19 Finally, there was the question about - l 20 applicability to. defense wastes, and particularly-the 21 decontaminated salts at the Hanford site. 22 This is a confusing point. Let me try to explain ! 23 it. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission has licensing l 24 authority for defense wastes only if those wastes are 25 classified as high-level wastes. ] o l L ) Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 ; l
_ _ -- - . ._ _ - -=__ ____ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 636 l ) 1 We have no authority to license disposal of low-2 level wastes'from the defense program. 3 .Therefore, this rulemaking will not affect the 4 transuranic wastes destined for the WIPP site, for. example, 5 'cn: any other defense wastes that are not high level. 6 The wastes in the tanks at Hanford arguably might 7 be high-level' wastes, and that's the reason we're' discussing 8 with the department how to. classify the salt fraction that 9 might be separated from those wastes. We think conceptually 10 it is possible to split the salts out in a way that would 11 not have them classified as high-level and we're working 12 with themLto develop criteria that will determine when that 13 separation sufficiently complete so that they will not be
-( g 14 classified as high-level and NRC will not have to license V
15 the disposal of those wastes. 16 But the wastes that are analogous to greater-than-17 Class-C wastes are outside the NRC's licensing jurisdiction
- 18. by the legal structure of our authority.
19 DR. ORTH: Well, then, in effect, since the < 20 activity in the waste is what is going to determine whether 21 it is high-level or low-level, you are going to go to a 22 risk-based waste classification at some point. Is that' l 23 right? 24 MR. VOILAND: I think it's going to determine 25 whether it's greater-than-Class-C.
.O Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
637 ~() 1 DR. ORTH: And that's going to be determined by l
- :2 the radioactivity level in it which by definition is' a risk- <
3 based analysis of sorts. 4 DR. STEINDLER: I didn't hear him say anything 5 about radioactivity level. All I heard him say was 6 something about the separation of salt. Sounds like a 7 chemical operation. 8 DR. ORTH: From radioactivity. 9 DR. CARTER: Yes, but it involves activity. I 10 think that is inherent in what he said. 11 DR. STEINDLER: And so we are going to change the 12 definition of high-level waste for that particular kind of 13 material? r DR. MOELLER: Well, you know, we heard about West U' 14 15 Valley last month. And at West Valley they are taking the 16 supernatant and running it through the ion exchange columns 17 and that becomes low-level and the sludge becomes high. So 18 that is a risk-based approach, too. Okay. Maybe we're j l 19 making progress. 20 DR. CARTER: The thing that I hear, it sounds to 21 me like that's still missing, is the packaging, for example, 22 if DOE decides that they would like to take that small 23 volume of commercial TRU and put it in the repository. I t 24 don't think you addressed that. l l 25 MR. FEHRINGER: I addressed it in acknowledging I)
\'
Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
638 (m_)1 that those criteria are not in place now. 2 DR. CARTER: That's missing, either way? 3 MR. FEHRINGER: Yes. Yes. That's correct. And 4 whichever way the department decides to go, whether it's 5 repository or greater confinement disposal, either way we 6 may need to develop specific criteria. We don't want to 7 set out doing both. We would prefer to have a decision by 8 the Department and then we can limit our efforts to one set 9 of criteria. 10 DR. MOELLER: Well, it would seem to me the 11 Committee could write a letter that says we've heard the 12 parties, representatives from the staff and DOE, and that we 13 concur with what the NRC Staff proposes to do. However, we
^s 14 do believe they ought to not favor any particular disposal l (d '
15 method in any of their proposed, in the proposed rule. They 16 should give DOE full choice or full flexibility, whatever it 17 is, to do whatever works out best. Not prejudge it. 18 And they have just said they stand ready, once DOE 19 makes the decision, they stand ready to modify whatever I 20 regulations need modified to accommodate it. And that is 21 certainly reasonable. 22 I think we are again serving our purpose. That 23 is, to bring the parties together and resolve the issues. I 24 Does that sound reasonable to the Committee? 25 DR. STEINDLER: I'm not sure we've resolved the Heritage Reporting Corporation (T' (202) 628-4888
l ? 639
'1' issue, but we can at least ventilate the issue.
2' DR. MOELLER: We ventilated it. Okay. 3 Well, then, I think~that is what'we'll probably 4 do. 5 Any other comments? Yes. A legal comment, a 6- .isgal opinion? 7 MR. WOLF: Dr. Moeller, this is Jim Wolf from
-8 Office of General Counsel.
9- It occurred to me that you might wish to. consider,
.10 . having offered the floor to one of the commenters on this 11 rule, the Department of Energy, if there happened to be any 12 other commenters here who'might wish to take advantage of 13' the same opportunity, I would recommend that, sir.
14 DR..MOELLER: You are absolutely correct. 15 Are there any representatives from any other 16 organizations here who would like to comment on this issue? 17 (No response) 18 DR. MOELLER: And this is a public meeting, and 19 we do always invite public comment. - 20 (No response) 21 DR. MOELLER: I hear none. But thank you for 22 that, reminding me of our obligation. 23 With that, then, I believe this brings our formal 24 meeting to a close. The Committee will go into immediate 25 Executive Session -- well, now that I say it, do we need -- Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888
I 640 L ( ). 1 well, we'11ogo into Executive Session just for a few 2 minutes, to elicit any other comments from the consultants 3 on what you heard the last three days. I doubt that t here 4 is anything really new to cover. 5 And then following that, Dr. Steindler and I will 6 go into closed Executive Session to discuss personnel 7 matters, personal matters related to the activities of the 8 Committee. 9 With that, then, let me thank our Reporter once i 10 again for her time, thank the NRC staff, particularly for 11 the fact we were an hour or more late this afternoon in 12 accommodating you. 13 With that, I declare the meeting adjourned. 14 (Whereupon, at 3:10, the meeting was adjourned.) 15 16 17 18 19 20 i 21 l l 22 23 24 25 () Heritage Reporting Corporation (202) 628-4888 l l l I 1
?g k/ 1 CERTIFICATE /^
! ( 2 l 3 This is to certify that the attached proceedings before the 4 United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission in the matter 5 of: ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR WASTE 7th Meeting 3rd Day 6 Name: 7 1 i 8 Docket Number: ) i 9- Place: Bethesda, Maryland 10 Date: February 23, 1989 11 were held as herein appears, and that this is the original 12 transcript thereof for the file of the United States Nuclear 13 Regulatory Commission taken stenographically by me and, 14 thereafter reduced to typewriting by me or under the 15 direction of the court reporting company, and that the 16 transcript is a true and accurate record of the foregoing 17 proceedings. T' 18 /s/ OCL" \ 19 (Signature typed) : JOAN ROSE 20 Official Reporter i 21 Heritage Reporting Corporation 22 23 24 25 O Heritage Reporting Corporation ' () (202) 628-4888 l
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L O State of Nevada Presentation to the Advisory Committee on Nuclear Vlaste (ACNW)
Subject:
Tectonics of Yucca Mountain and its Environs i Date: February 23,1989 Presenter: Dr. Michael A.Ellis i O iuihors: Dr. u. i. s111s, and l lO Prof. Richard A. Schweickert , Title / Organization: Research Scientist Center for Neotectonic Studies Mackay School of Mines University of Nevada Reno Reno, Nevada 89557 Telephone: (702) 784-6610 l O ! O 1 i
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e e o Conclusions O To understand the processes and kinematics of modern (seismic) deformation at Yucca Mountain, and to anticipate the character of future deformation, we need to understand the processes and kinematics of Basin and Range tectonics; this is particularly critical since current ideas of Basin and Range tectonics are relatively new and as yet untested. Yucca Mountain cannot be studied in isolation from its context. Faults and earthquakes at Yucca Mountain are relevant to the issues of waste isolation because of: l O O + strong ground motions, e the need to characterize the hydrologic system, a variations in permeability following an earthquake, a the potential for mineralization, and a the potential for volcanic events. The degree of relevance depends on their history, geometry, occurrence rate,. type of faulting mechanism, i and the rupture characteristics. The complete characterization of such features requires both detailed site studies and careful evaluation of l regional deformation. O O :
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Two cross-sections of the Yucca Mountain region: top one by USGS, bottom one by Center for Neotectonic Studies, UNR. ST EAST YUCCA CALICO HILLS BULLFROG HILLS BARE MOUNTAIN CR ATER FLAT MOUNTAIN s w-UPPER PLATE W
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I . Functional dependence of hydrologic character,0: O n n>1 O = f {e, E, T1, Y,7) l O rauit E = strain or displacement distribution
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T} = density and fracture permeability distribution Y = elastic rheology 7 = geometry of fault l l O aults may affect the hydrologic characteristics of a volume l by: l
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- altering the fracture and density distribution after an earthquake, giving rise to both short and long-term fluctuations in the groundwater flow patterns.
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fault ? 5km b Vertical Cross Section O O Subsurface Fattt Geometry -
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(In the latter model, the curvature is a function of the style of deformation in the hanging wall, HW.) O O U --_- - -_-_. _ _ _ _ _ - _ - - -
O 1 O i Conc..usions { To understand the processes and kinematics of modern (seismic) deformation at Yucca Mountain, and to anticipate the character of future deformation, i we need to know about both the detailed geometry.and the history of faulting, and we need to know the regional tectonic setting in which I Yucca Mountain sits . . . i O . . . in other words, we need to know the whole of which Yucca Mountain is a part and, moreover, appreciate O that this whole is greater than the sum of its parts. l The tectonic complexities described here make any prediction of future seismic and volcanic processes extremely difficult. O O l
\
IYsume page 1 Michael A. Ellis n U Center for Neotectonic Studies Birthdate: December 4,1954 Mackay School of Mines l University of Nevada Reno Citizenship: English j Reno, Nevada 89557 Eoic: Permanent U. S. Resident Tel.: (702) 784 - 6610 Allen number: A22812954 Education 1984 Ph.D. Geology, Washington State University, Pullman. Dissertation: Structtiral morphology and associated strain in parts of i the Kootenay Arc, NE Washington. Principal advisor: A. J. Watkinson J l 1977 B.Sc. (Hcns) Geology, University College of Swansea, U.K. B.Sc. thesis: A part of the Mercantour massif and its sedimentary cover. Principal advisor: R. H. Graham Grants and Awards , i Co-PrincipalInvestigator: Tectonics and Neotectonics in Evaluation of the Geologic Relations and Seismotectonic Stability of the Yucca Mountain area, Nevada Nuclear Waste Site Investigations (NNWSI). 1988-89, $200,000. State of Nevada. Investigator: Earthquake Research in Eastern Sierra - Nevada Western Great Basin Region. (P.I. Professor James Bmne). 1988-89, $165.000. U. S. Geological Survev. A PrincipalInvestigator: Analysis and Modeling of Modern Deformation in the Excelsor V - Coaldale block, Basin and Range Province, USA. $75,000. (One year.) Submitted December 1,1988, to the National Science Foundation. Co-Principal Investigator: Analysis of the fold and thrust relations, Stansbury i Mountains, Utah. In cooperation with P. Cashman, UNR; c. $80,000. (One year.) To be submitted June 1,1988, to the National Science Foundation. Co-PrincipalInvestigator: Fault patterns and modern deformation in parts of the Basin and Range, Nevada, using remote sensing techniques. In coopemtion with the Cooperative Institute for Aerospace Studies and Terrestrial Applications (CIASTA): c.$240,000. (Three years.) To be submitted January 1988, to NASA. Recipient of the GSA Penrose Scholarships for 1979 and 1980 field work, and of Sigma XI Award,1980. l l Academic Experience: Teaching and Research Present: Postdoctoral Fellow. Center for Neotectonic Studies, Mackay School of Mines, University of Nevada - Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557. l 1985-87 Assistant Professor and Research Fellow. DepaItment of Geology, and Lecturer. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Minnesota, Duluth. Course responsibilities : Structural Geology Advanced Structural Geology, Plate Tectonics, l Active Tectonics, and Introduction to Geology. (Sabbatical replacement.) l 1983-85 Assistant Professor. Department of Geology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania. Course responsibilities: Structural Geology, Senior Seminar, and Introduction to Geology. (Two year position.) 1982-3 Visitina Lecturer. Department of Geology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster. 1978-82 Teachinc Assistant. Department of Geology. Washington State University, Pullman.
, Msume mp 2 j s
_O =ies i ^ =iii-I ' Industrial and Field Experience /.~ Employment by M11 chem Exploration during the summer of 1982 involved ' reconnaissance exploration for barite within mid-Palemote rocks of southern 1 Idaho, and detailed mapping of established deposits. Employment by C11 mar Molybdenum Company during the summer of 1981 ) involved detailed mapping (1:2400) of the Cumo molybdenum deposit in southern i' Idaho. During the tenure of undergraduate and graduate studies general field and mapping - experience included exposure to Precambrian terrains in Scotland and Wales, Pyrenean and Cantabrian geology, Alpine geology within the Alpes Maritimes, and (for the Ph.D.) the Kootenay Arc in Washington State. Professional Memberships and Activities
- Reviewer for the Journal of Structural Geology, ' Journal of Geology, and Geology,
- Member: American Geophysical Union and Geological Society of America.
- NE GSA 1985 Organizational committee member, and abstract reviewer,
- North American representative of the Tectonic Studies Group, U.K., 1985-87.-
- Coordinator of UNR-convened workshop, " Late Cenmoic Evolution of the Southern Great Basin", November,1987.
Publications ' Papers All refereed internationaljournals Ellis, M. A. and Dunlap, W. J. Or ' Displacement vanation along thrustfaults:Implicationsfor the development of largefaults. Journal of Structural Geology, v.10, p,183-192,1988. E111s, M. A. Lithospheric strength in compression: Initiation of subduction,jlake tectonics, foreland migration of thrusting, and an origin of displacat terranes. Journal of . Geology, v. 96, p. 91-100,1988. Holm, D. K., Holst, T. B., and Ellis, M. A. The Penokean orogeny : A tectonic model based on stmin analysis, conditions of metamorphism. and structuralgeology in east-centralMinnesota. GSA Bulletin, vol 100, p.1811-1818,' 1988. Watkinson, A. J. and Ellis, M. A. Recent structural analyses of the Kootency Arc in N.E. Washington. in: Selected Papers on the Geology of Washington. Editor, J. E. Schuster. Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources. Bulletin 77,1987. Ellis, M. A. and Watkinson, A. J. Orogen-parallel extension and oblique tectonics: The relation between stretching lineations and relative plate motions , Geology, v.15, p.1022-1026,1987. Ellis, M. A. The determination ofprogrcssfue deformation historiesfom antitaxial '~ syntectonic crystalfibres. Journal of Structural Geology, vol. 8, 701-709,1986. Ellis, M. A. Structural morphology and associated strain in the central Cordillera (British Columbia and Washington State): Evidence ofoblique tectonics. Geology, vol.14, , !O 647 650,1986. O
, Itsum6 pcge 3 1/3 Michael A. Ellis V
/O Nitchman, S. P., Ellis, M. A., Matz, B., Slemmons, D. B., and Vittori, E.
O Inte Neogene structural development of the San Luis Obispo/ Santa Maria region. (In preparation; due for submission by January 30,1989, to Geological Society of America, Special Volume.) Zhang, P., Ellis, M. A., and Slemmons D. B. Holocene slip rate and earthquake recurrence interval on the southern Panamint valleyfault zone. (In preparation: due for submission by January 30,1989, to Journ. of Geophys, Res.) Ellis, M. A., and Bodin, P. ! Geological and geophysical constraints on the existence oflow angle normalfaults. (In preparation: due for submission by February 28,1989, to GSA Bulletin.) Publications Abstracts Ellis, M. A., Bodin, P., and Anderson, J. G. Geological and geophysical constraints on the existence oflow angle normalfaults. GSA Nationa1 Annual Meeting, Abstracts with program, v. 19,1988. Zhang, P., Ellis, M. A., and Slemmons, D. B. Holocene slip rate and earthquake recurrence interval on the southern Panamint valleyfault zone. EOS, v. 69.1988. [ Elus, M. A. and Watkinson, A. J. The relation between stretching lineations and relative plate motions, and the origin oforogen parallel extension. EOS, v. 68. p.1449-1450,1987. Dunlap. W. J. and Ellis, M. A. Fault nucleation and propagation: Evidencefrom thrust displacement analysis. GSA National Annual Meeting, Abstracts with program, v.18. no. 6,1986. Ellis, M. A. Lithospheric strength in compression: Initiation of subduction, flake tectonics, foreland migration of thrusting, and an origin of displaced terranes, GSA National Annual Meeting, Abstracts with program , v.18, no.6,1986. f Holm, D. K. and Ellis, M. A. l Basement cover deformation during the Penokean orogeny, cast central Minnesota. GSA Annual NC Meeting, Abstracts with program, v. 18,1986. e [. Ellis, M. A. and Watkinson, A. J, Is the Kootenay Arc an asymmetricalpop-up ? GSA National Annual Meeting, Abstracts with program, vol.16, no. 6,1986. l Ellis, M. A. and Schriber, C. N. Strain measures derivedfrom grain shapefabrics and syntectonic crystaljlbers: a , comparison. GSA National Annual Meeting, Abstracts with program, vol.16, no. 6, 1984. Sabota, W. F. and Ellis, M. A. A microcomputer basedfinite strain analysis package. GSA National Annual ( Meeting, Abstracts with program, vol.16, no. 6,1984. Ellis, M. A. Syntectonic crystalflbers and strain histories. GSA Annual NE Meeting, Abstracts n with program, vol.16, no.1,1984.
..t
, IEstun6 page 4
(] Michael A. Ellis O - Snook, J. R. Ellis, M. A., Mills, J. W., and Watidnson, A. J. O The Kootenay Arc in NE Washington. GSA Annual Cordilleran Meeting, Abstracts with progran, vol.14, no. 4,1982. Ellis, M.A. Bimodal micafabrics: aplausible origin. Tectonic Studies Group Annual Meeting, Abstracts, p. 25,1982. Ellis, M. A. Structural morphology of the Ordovician Ledbetter slate, NE Washington. GSA Annual Cordilleran Meeting, Abstracts with program, vol.13 no. 2,1981, Reports Review of the Department of Energy's Consultation Draft of the Site Characterization Plan. (Authored the General Summary, and the section relevant to Neotectonics.) 1988. Published by the State of Nevada, NWSO. Final Report of the Yucca Mountain Site Investigations. 1987-88. (Authored section relevant to Neotectonics and Tectonics.) 1988. (Unpublished.) Review of Concentual considerations of the Death Vallev groundwater system with soecial emohasis on the adeauacy of this system to accommodate the hich-level nuclear waste reoository, by Jerry Szymanski, Department of Energy. (Authored the General Summary, and individual review.) 1987. (Unpublished.) o ! cO l O l o V _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - _ _ _ i
4 1 STATE OF NEVADA O PRESENTATION TO THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR WASTE (ACNW)
SUBJECT:
ACTIVE FAULTING, DATE: FEBRUARY 23,1989 PRESENTER: DR. D. BURTON SLEMMONS TITLE / ORGANIZATION: DIRECTOR CENTER FOR NEOTECTONIC STUDIES MACKAY SCHOOL OF MINES UNIvERSIry Or NEVADA- RENO O RENO, NEVADA 89557 l O TELEPHONE: (702) 784-6067 O O
. 1 ISSUES RELATED TO ACTIVE FAULTS AT THE YUCCA MOUNTAIN SITE O
O 1: HOW IS LICENS AllILITY AFFECTED 11Y FAU LT ACTIVITY OF FA U LTS NEAR, 13O UN DING, ' OR WITHIN THE REPOSITORY BLOCK 7 l Figure 1. Map of faults with recent displacement (probable latest Pleistocene or Holocene) by Alan Ramelli, Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology. l Includes faults exhibiting definitive or reasonable evidence of Quaternary activity; primarily as defined from low-sun-angle photography. Does not include mapped faults with lack of evidence of Quaternary activity, e.g. Ghost Dance fault. Bold lines indicate those scarps and/or associated fault traces with either:
- 1) Basaltic ash in trench exposures; or
- 2) Morphology suggesting relatively recent displacement (in general on the order of tens of cms and superimposed on pre-existing scarp), as defined from low sun-angle aerial photography.
Balls indicate relative vertical displacement; do not imply a lack of strike-slip l ! O disp acement. Morphology of scarps east of Yucca Mountain crest subdued by aeolian deposition ( (sand ramps). Representations of cinder cones include associated flows. Figure 2. Low-sun angle aerial photograph of one of the active faults at site (taken as part of the Center for Neotectonic Studies program). Trench at center of photo is CF - 1 on figure 8. Figure 3. Simplified fault map from the Site Characterization Plan (Figure 1-41, p.1-122), including northwest trending fault systems (Walker Lane). O O l l l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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O O2. WILL FUTURE EARTHQUAK_ES HAVE COMP _L_EX SURFACE RUPTURE PATTERNS WITH SIMUL-TANEOUS ACTIVATION OF MULTIPLE FAULTS. TILTED BLOCKS. HORST AND/OR GRABEN? ' i 1 Figure 4. Complex fault rupture pattern of the 1932 Cedar Mountain earthquake of 7.2 magnitude in the Walker Lane. This possible analog is characterized by strike-slip faulting, little or no vertical scarp expression, distributed rupture pattern, and possible associated folding and detachment faults at depth.
- Figure 5. The shattered pattern of faulting from the 1954 Fairview Peak earthquake of magnitude 7.2. The faulting was mainly oblique-slip and adjoins the Walker Lane. The ruptures formed mainly on bounding faults of two horsts and an intervening graben, and showed a complex fault trace and en echelon pattern.
[GK denotes Gold King, CM for Chalk Mtn., WG for West Gate, FV Q for Fairview Peak. F for Fairview scarp, SM for Slate Min., and MA for Mount Anna.] O Figure 6. The en echelon pattern of surface faulting from the 1915 Pleasant Valley earthquake of 7.6 magnitude. [P denotes Pearce scarp, T for Tobin scarp.] O O w___ - - - - - - - -- -- - 1
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- 03. witt TnERE nE oieEiCuLTiES iN TsE RECOG-O NITION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVE FAULTS OWING TO CONCEALMENT BY YOUNG UNITS, PAUCITY OF DATEABLE OLDER OUATER-NARY UNITS, DIFFICULTIES WITH DATING TECHNIOUES, AND EXTR APO L ATION OF NEAR SURFACE FEATURES TO GREATER DEPTHS ?
Norntal, oblique- and strike-slip faults conunonly change in attitude and slip characteristics at depth or laterally. One example of the difficulties in recognizing or extending fault rupture character-O istics was noted by Hardyman (1978). Figure 7 O (from Hardyman) in the Walker Lane, near the Cedar Mountain area, shows an example of strike-slip faulting that leads to low-angle faulting at Tertiary unconformities, and on beds between welded pyroclastic (volcanic) units. O O l l - _ - - - - - - - -
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- 1. Trenches CF-2/3: Windy Wash fault (as defined by John Whitney).
- 2. Trench CF-1: Fatigue Wash fault (as O d e fin e d by Alan O Rainelli, NUM&G).
- 3. Trench 8: Solitario Canyon fault.
- 4. Trench 14: Bow Ridge fault.
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- 5. El_OW DO_A_CTIVE FAULTING _ EVENTS IMPACT THE HYDROLOGIC REGIME: DOES FRACTURING AND FISSURING AFFECT PATHWAYS, AND RATES OF GROUNDWATER FLOW 7 Figure ' 9. Ground water effects from the 1954 Fairview Peak (M. 7.2) and Dixie Valley (M 6.8) earthquakes in Dixie Valley (from Zones,1956, and Raney, 1988).
Figure 10. Ground water effects from Fairview Peak earthquake (M 7.2), at well near Eastgate. O O l \ O O E - --
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- 6. WHAT IS THE AFFECT OF THE WALKER LANE TECTONIC SETTING, OR THE KNOWN STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS OF THE SITING AREA, ON THE REPOSITORY BLOCK 7 O
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- 07. VARIOUS ISSUES RELATING TO ESTIMATION OF FUTURE EARTHQUAKES AND FAULTING AT THE SITE.
1 WHAT SIZE EARTHQUAKES ARE POSSIBLE AT THE SITE? I WHAT ARE THEIR FREQUENCY FOR ACTIVITY? ' WHAT IS THE CHARACTER OF ANY TEMPORAL CHANGE 7 HOW CERTAIN CAN WE BE OF THESE ESTIMATES? O O l O O
D. BURTON SLEMMONS Director, Center for Neotectonic Studies j (3 Professor of Geology and Geophysics Department of Geological Sciences Mackay School of Mines University of Nevada Reno, Nevada 89557 EDUCATION B.S., Economic Geology,1947; and Ph.D. in Geology, University of California, Berkeley, California, 1953 PROFESSIONAL HISTORY l' Assistant Professor to Professor; University of Nevada-Reno, 1951 to present. Visiting Assistant Professor to Professor; University of California, Berkeley, Summer Sessions, 1952-1962. Principal Investigator, or Co-Principal Investigator; research grants and contracts on seismology, active faulting, seismic regionalization, late Cenozoic volcanism, geothermal energy and environmental geology. Chairman: Department of Geology-Geography, Mackay School of Mines, University of Nevada-Reno, 1966-1970. Program Director for Geophysics; National Science Foundation, (O 1970-1971. Director; Center for Neotectonic Studies, Mackay School of Mines, University of Nevada-Reno,1985 to present. CONSULTING EXPERIENCE Consulting services and contracts with industry arid the federal government in geology, engineering geology, environmental geology, earthquake hazard and risk assessment for nuclear reactors, dams and waste disposal facilities. Work includes services with the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S. Army Engineers, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, and International Atomic ! Energy Agency. HONORS AND AWARDS G.K. Gilbert Award in Seismic Geology, Carnegie Institute of Washington, l'962. Listed in: Dictionary of International Biography, World Who's Who in Science, Who's Who in America, Who's Who in. i Technology, Who's Who in the West, Who's Who in the World, I and American Men and Women of Science. Delegate to Second and Third U.S.-Japan Conferences on Earthquake Prediction: 1966 and 1969. Delegate to U.S.-China Conference on Microzonation for
. Earthquakes, 1981.
UNESCO Control Board Member, seismic miccozonation, Algeria, 1984
O OFFICES AND APPOINTMENTS Board of Directors, Seismological Society of America, 1969-1970. Chairman, Cordilleran Section, Geological Society of America, 1971-1972. Associate Editor, Geological Society of America, 1971-1973. Member, committee on Safety of Dams, Assembly of Engineering, National Research Council, 1977-1978. Chairman, Geophysics Division, Geological Society of America, 1981-1982. Member, Panel on Active Tectonics, National Research Council, 1983-1984. Program Chairman, Geological Society of America,1984. REGISTRATION f California, Registered Geologist i ) Nevada, Registered Engineering Geologist. PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS American Association for the Advancement of Science American Geophysical Union American Institute Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers Earthquake Engineering Research Institute Geological Society of America O c otoeic 1 s ci tv or w v a-Phi Kappa Phi p Seismological Society of America Sigma Xi Theta Tau Tau Beta Pi EXPERIENCE WITH SEISMIC DESIGN OR SITING OF VITAL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES FOR EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS j i DAMS: , Safety of Dams, National Academy of Science Report, Committee on Safety of Dams i Fort Peck Dam, Missouri River, Montana; U.S. Army Engineers Libby Raregulating Dam, Kootenay River, Troy, Montana; U.S. Army Engineers Richard B. Russell Dam, savannah River, Georgia-South Carolina; : U.S. Army Engineers ! , Dickey-Lincoln Dam, St. Johns River, Maine; U.S. Army Engineers l l Lake Barkley Dam, Cumberland River, Kentucky; U.S. Army Engineers - McNary Dam, Columbia River, Oregon-Washington; U.S. Army Engineers Ice Harbor Dam, Snake River, Washington; U.S. Army Engineers Lower Monumental Dam, Snake River, Washington; U.S. Army 1 Engineers L O titet co== o sa *e niver. " at=sto#> o s ^r v ==et# Lower Granite Dam, Snake River, Washington; U.S. Army Engineers r-O
Auburn Dam, American River, . California; . Woodward-Clyde
. Consultants
! O Lake Shastina, Shasta River, California; Montague Water conservation District Mount Spinney Dam, North Platte River, Colorado; . converse-Ward-Davis-Dixon Remote Sensing Evaluation of New England, regional study for many i dams; U.S. Army Engineers, New England District , NUCLEAR AND FOSSIL FUEL POWER GENERATING PLANTS AND HIGH-LEVEL NUCLEAR WASTE REPOSITORY SITES Proposed Malibu Nuclear Power Plant Site, California; U.S. Atomic Energy Commission review Matagordo Nuclear Power Plant Site, Texas; Woodward-Clyde Consultants and U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Mason Valley Fossil Fuel Power Plant Siting Study, Nevada; Sierra Pacific Power Company Northern Nevada Nuclear Power Plant Site Study; consortium of Utilities Palo Verde Nuclear Power Plant, Arizona; Fugro, Inc, Hanford Nuclear Power Plants, WPPSS 1, 2, and 4; Washington Public Power System and U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Delta Junction Fossil Fuel Power Plant Site; Utah and Los Angeles Water and Power Hudson River Nuclear Power Plant Siting Study, New York; O Woodward-Clyde consultants General Electric Test Reactor (GETR)f Vallecitos, California; U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission O- San Onofre Nuclear Generating Plant, Cal-ifornia; U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Satsop, Washington; U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission 1 Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission . All 11 orginal high-level nuclear waste repository sites that -l' were reviewed; U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Yucca Mountain, Nevada Test Site; U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission / Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (until , 1986), State of Nevada l PIPELINES AND RELATED FACILITIES Trans-Alaska Pipeline; Alyeska Pipeline Service LNG Storage Siting Study, Nevada; - Converse-Ward-Davis-Dixon Northwest Alaskan Pipeline (LNG); Fluor MINING FACILITIES, MILLS AND TAILINGS DISPOSAL, DAMS AND DIKES Virginia City and Silver City, Nevada; Houston Oil and Minerals Corp. , Sergent Hauskins and Beckwith l Jerritt Canyon, Elko County, Nevada; Freeport Exploration, i Sergent Hauskins and Beckwith O Aurora aunt venture. Sergent Hauskins and Beckwith xc-r itt. Oreeon-Nevada; Piacer Amex. O
O Springer Project, Tungsten, Nevada; Utah International, Sergent j O Hauskins and Beckwith Liberty Mine; Anaconda Corp, Earth Science Consultants Church Rock, New Mexico; United Nuclear, Sergent Hauskins and Beckwith Gold Quarry, Carlin, Nevada;- Newmont, Sergent Hauskins Beckwith O O O O
PUBLICATIONS Post-1970 reviewed publications are marked with an asterisk. Slemmons, D.B., 1953, Geology of the Sonora Pass region: unpublished Ph.D. thesis: University of California-Berkeley, 201 p. Slemmons, D.B., 1956, Geological setting for the Fallon-Stillwater earthquake of 1954: Bulletin Seismological Society of America, v. 46, p. 4-9. Slemmons, D.B., 1957, Geological effects of the Dixie Valley-Fairview Peak, Navnda, earthquake of December 16, 1954: Bulletin Seismological Society of- America, v. 47, p. 353-375. Slemmons, D.B., Steinbrugge, K.V., Tocher, D., Oakeshott, B.B., Gianella, V.P., 1959, Wonder, Nevada, earthquake of 1903: Bulletin Seismological Society of America, v. 49, p. 251-- 265. Slammens, D.B., 1962, Determination of volcanic and plutonic plagioclases using a three- or four-axis universal stage: Geological Society of America Special Paper 69, 64 p. Slammons, D.B., 1962, The Dixie Valley-Fairview Peak earthquakes O. of December 16, 1954: Auxiliary road log--earthquake features in Dixie Valley: Guidebook Annual Field Trip, Sacramento Section, California Association of Engineering Geologists, p. 81-86. Slemmons, D.B., 1962, Observations on order-disorder relations of natural plagioclase, Part I: A method of evaluating order-disorder: Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, Bind 42, p. 533-554. Slemmons, D.B. and Eisinger, J.V. , 1962, Observations on order-disorder relations of natural plagioclase, Part II: Order-
~ disorder relations in metavolcanic and plutonic rocks of the Prison Hill area, Carson City, Nevada: Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, Bind 42, p. 555-566.
Slemmons, D.B. and Davis, T.E., 1962, observations on order-disorder relations of natural plagioclase, Part III: Highly ordered plagioclases from the Sudbury intrusive, Ontario, Canada: Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrif t, Bind 42, p. 567-577. Slemmons, D.B. and Leavitt, F.G., 1962, Observations on order-disorder relations of natural plagioclase, Part IV: Order-disorder relations in plagioclase of the White Mountain and New Haspshire magma series: Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, Bind 42, p. 578-585. O O
Slemmons, D. B. , Gimlett, J.I., Jones, . A.E. , Greensfelder, R., , and Koenig, J., 1965, Earthquake epicenter map of Nevada: OL Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Map 29, Scale b ,v- 1:1,000,000. i j 1 Slemmons, D.B., Hibbard, M. , Chapman, . P. , Quade, J. , Sj oberg, J. and Sterling, D., 1965, Mackay ' School of Mines, N.A.S.A. (_ Tech. Repor_t 1, 48 p. Ryall, A.S., Slemmons, D.B. and Gedney, L.D., 1966, Seismicity, tectonism and surface faulting in the western United States ! during historic time: Bulletin Seismological Society of America, v. 56, no. 5, p. 1105-113 5. Slemmons, D.B., 1966, Dixie Valley-Fairview Peak features: Mackay School of Mines, Nevada Bureau of Minas and Geology and Geological Society. of America Guidebook for field trip excursions in northern Nevada: April 6-11, 1966, Cordilleran Section Meeting, Geological Society of America, p. Al-A43. Slemmons, D.B. and Jones, A.E., 1966, Field Guide Annual Trip: Geologic Society Sacramento and Sacramento Section California Association of Engineering Geologists, June 18 and 19, 1966. Oliver, J., Ryall, A.S., Brune, J.N. and Slemmons, D.B., 1966, Microearthquake activity recorded by portable seismographs of high sensitivity: Bulletin Seismological' Society of America, v. 56, p. 899-924. Slemmons, D.B., 1966, Cenozoic volcanism of the Central Sierra Nevada, California: in Bailey, E.H. (ed.), Geology of northern California: California Division Mines and Geology Bulletin 190, p . 199-2 08. Slemmons, D.B., 1967, Pliocene and Quaternary crustal movements of the Basin-and-Range province, U.S.A.: in Sea level changes and crustal movements of the Pacific: lith Pacific Science Congress, Tokyo, 1966, Symp. 19: Osaka City ' University Journal of Geoscience, v. 10, Art. 1-11, p. 91-103. Went, F. and Slemmons, D.B., 1967, The organic nature of atmospheric condensation nuclei: Proceedings National Academy of Science, v. 58, p. 69-74. Cluff, L.S. and Slemmons, D.B., 1970, Active fault zone hazards and related problems of siting works of man: 4th International Symposium on Ea rthquake Engineering Procedures: Roorkee University, Indian Society of Earthquake Technology, Bulletin, v.1, p. 401-410. O O
1 Slemmons, D.B., 1972, Microzonation for surface faulting:
? International Conference on Microzonation for Safer l' Construction Research and Application, v. 1, p. 347-361.
Cluff, L.S. and Slemmons, D.B., 1972, Wasatch fault zone"- features defined by low-sun-angle photography: in Hilpert, L.S. (ed.), 1971, Environmental Geology of the ' Wasatch Front, Utah Geological Association Publication 1, p. G1-G9. Noble, D.C. , Slemmons, D.B. , Korringa, M.K. and Dickinson, W.R., 1974, Eureka Valley Tuff, east-central California and adjacent Nevada: Geology, v. 2, no. 3, p. 139-142. Slemmons, D.B., 1975, Cenozoic deformation along the Sierra 1 Nevada Province and the Basin and Range Province boundary- l (general field trip information and road-log): California l Geology, v. 28, no. 5,'p. 99-119. Slemmons, D.B.,-1975, Fault activity and seismicity near the Los Alamos Scientific Laporatory Geothermal Test Site, Jemez-Mountains, New Mexico: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Informal Report LA-5911-MS, 26 p.
- Brogan, G.E., Cluff, L.S., Korringa, M.K. and Slemmons, D.B.,
1975, Active faults of Alaska: Tectonophysics, v. 29, p. 73-85. Slemmons, D.B., 1977, Faults and earthquake magnitude: State-of-the-art for assessing earthquake hazards in the United O States: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS, Misc. Paper S-73-1, Report 6, 166 p. Slemmons, D.B. and McKinney, 'R. , 1977, Definitions of the term j " active fault": U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS, Misc. Paper S-77-8, 17 p. Committee on the Safety of Dams, National Research Council, 1977, Safety of Dams, A Review of the Program of the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation for the Safety of Existing Dams: National Academy Press, 70 p. Rojahn, C., Brogan, G.E. and Slemmons, D.B., 1978, Preliminary ' report on the San Juan, Argentina, earthquake of November 23, 1977: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute Newsletter, v. 12, no. 3, p. 51-69; also: Proceedings, Central American Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Glass, C.E. and Slemmons, D.B., 1978, Imagery in earthquake l analysis: State-of-the-art for assessing earthquake hazards l in the United States: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Es:periment Station, Vicksburg, MS, Misc. Paper S-73-1,
- Report 11, 233 p.
O
- _o
Bell, E.J.,. Pease, R.C., Sanders, C.O. and Slemmons,.D.B.,-1978,
~
Western Basin and Range active faultin Fieldtrip Guidebook for the Seventy-Third Annual Meetings,g: Seismological Society of America,. Sparks, Nevada, March 1978, 19 p. plus appendices.
- Slemmons, D.B., VanWormer, D., Bell, E.J. and Silberman,'M.L.,
1979, Recent crustal movements in the central ~ Sierra Nevada-Walker Lane region of California-Nevada: Part I, Rate and style of deformation: Tectonophysics, v. 52, p. 561-570.
- Bell, E.J. and Slemmons, D.B. ,' 1979, Recent crustal movements in the central Sierra Nevada-Walker. Lane. region of California-Nevada: Part II, The Pyramid Lake right-slip fault zone negment of the Walker _ Lane: Tectonophysics, v..
; 52, p. 571-583.
- Sanders, C.O. and Slemmons, D.B., 1970, Recent crustal movements in the central Sierra Nevada-Walker Lane region of California-Nevada: Pqrt III, The Olinghouse fault zone:
Tectonophysics, v. 52, p. 584-597. Bell, E.J., Slemmons, D.B., Whitney, R.A. and others, 1980, Models of the Dixie Valley Geothermal System, in Geothermal' reservoir assessment case study, northern Basin and Range Province, northern Dixie Valley, Nevada: Report for U.S. Dept. of Energy, contract no. DE-AC08-79ET27006,. NTIS Report DOE /ET/27006-1, appendix F-1, ch. 7, p. ,206-217; also, j University of Utah Research Institute report NV/DV/SR-13, v. ; I, ch. 7, p. 206-217. Slammons, D.B., 1980, Design earthquake magnitudes for the I western Great Basin: in Earthquake hazards along-the Wasatch and ' Sierra Nevada frontal fault zones: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-801, p. 348-358. Slemmons, D.B., Stroh, J.M. and Whitney, R.A. (eds.), 1980, An
-environmental overview 'of geothermal development; the northern Nevada region: Report for U.S. Dept. of Energy, Contract LLL P.O. 4585209, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, 261 p., including:
l Ch. I; Slemmons, D.B. and Stroh, J.M. , Executive summary, p. l I-1 to I-8. I ! Ch. II; Slemmons, D.B. and Stroh, J.M., Introduction, p. II-1 to II-5. Ch. III; Stroh, J.M., Slemmons, D.B. and Whitney, R.A., Environmental geology, p. III-l to III-34. g Slammons, D.B., December 1980, Appendix E, Letter from David B. Slemmons, Consultant, to Robert E. Jackson, NRC, dated November 5, 1980, and errata, dated December 4, 1980, pages O l
j O E-1 to E-28: in Safety Evaluation Report (Geology and I L Seismology) related to the operation of San Onofre Nuclear 'l
. Generating Station, Units-2 and 3, Docket Nos. 50-361 and !
50-362, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office- of U.S. Nuclear Reactor Regulation, NUREG-0712. j Slemmons, D.B., 1981, Geologic considerations for earthquake microzonation: U.S.-China Workshop on Microzonation for j
' Earthquakes, Sept. 1981, 84 p. j
- Slemmons, D.B., 1981, A. procedure for analyzing fault controlled lineaments and the activity of faults: in o' Leary, D.W. and Earle, J.L. , - Proceedings 3rd International Conference on Basement Tectonics, no. 3, p. 33-49. l Slemmons, D.B., 1982, Determination of design earthquake magnitudes for microzonation: Proceedings 3rd International Earthquake Conference, v..I of III, p. 119-130.
Slemmons, D.B. and Chung, p.H., 1982, Maximum credible earthquake magnitudes for the Calaveras and Hayward fault zones, California: Proceedings _of the Conference on Earthquake Hazards in the eastern San Francisco Bay Area: California Division Mines and Geology Special Paper 62, p. 115-124. Slemmons, D.B., 1982, Fault capability and earthquake parameters O for the Washington Public Power Supply System Nuclear Power Project No. 2: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, NUREG-0892, Supplement No."1, Appendix H. I Slemmons, D.B.,.1982, Fault capability and earthquake parameters at the Skagit/Hanford Site of the Puget Sound Power Light and other utilities: in U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, NUREG-0309, Supplement No. 3, Appendix G. Slemmons, D.B., 1983, Fault activity and maximum earthquakes: la Evaluation of Seismic Hazards in Decisionmaking in Earthquake Resistant Design, EERI Seminar Handbook, 18 p. plus appendices. i Bell, J.W., Slemmons, D.B. and Wallace, R.E., 1984, Roadlog Reno to Dixie Valley - Fairview Peak earthquake areas: in Lintz, J. (ed.), Western Geological Excursions, Dept. Geological l Sciences,-Mackay School of Mines, Reno, NV, v. 4, p. 425- , 472. I' l Slammons, D.B., 1984, Evaluation of Seismic Hazards in l Earthquake-Resistant Design; Identification and Characterization of Active Faults: in Crouse, C.B. and Martin, G.R. (ed.), Evaluation of Seismic Hazards in Earthquake-Resistant Design Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Publication No. 84-06, 31 p. Seminar for the Eighth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. LO
O' * =1 a , o= "aa>=1,c", 1986, =v 1= et== =r faulting. and associated hazards: in Wallace, R.E. ceive
' (ed.),
f Active Tectonics -- Impact on Society: National Research- [ Council,. Washington, DC, p. 45-62. Slemmons, D.B. and dePolo, C.M.,1986, Determination of earthquake size: Proceedings Conference XXXIV, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, p. 181-196. ? 1 Slemmons, D.B. and Lugaski, T., 1986, Preliminary evaluation of maximum earthquakes, Algiers region, Algeria: Proceedings. : Conference International sur la Microzonation Sismique, v. 2, p. 143-152. Ramelli, A.R. and Slemmons, D.B.,1986, Neotectonic activity of the Meers fault: in The Slick Hills of southwestern _ Oklahoma Fragments of an aulocogen?: Oklahoma Geological Survey Guidebook 24, p. 45-54. Slemmons, D.B., 1986, Faults and fault structures: iD McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science & Tethnology, New York, McGraw-Hill Book ~ Co., p. 195-197. j Ramelli, A.R., Slemmons, D.B. and Brocoum, S., 1987, The Meers Fault: Tectonic activity in southwestern Oklahoma: U.S. l Nuclear Regulatory Commission, NUREG/CR-4852, 50 p. O
- S1 oa ,
earthquake o.a. area, a 8 11, 3, 1987, 19s4 r irview re x Nevada: Geological Society of America Centennial Field Guide - Cordilleran Section, p. 73-76.
- White, D.E. and Slemmons, D.B.,1987, Steamboat Springs, Nevada:
Geological Society of America Centennial Field Guide, Cordilleran Section, p. 67-68. Slemmons, D.B., 1988, Determination of segmentation length for extensional Western United States tectonic settings, based on historical surface faulting, USGS Workshop. on Fault Segmentation and' Controls on Rupture Initiation and Termination, 5 p.- Slemmons, D.B., Bodin, P. and Zhang, X., in press, Determination of earthquake size for active faults: International Seminar on Seismic Zonation, Guangzhou, China, December 6-10, 1987, 12 p.
- dePolo, C.M. and Slemmons, D.B., in press, Estimation of earthquake size for seismic hazards: Geological Society of America, Centennial Volume of the Engineering Geology Division.
l t O L O
4 O * =1 =ea , o = aa a >=1=, c a , 1*=a, =v 1u tioa or faulting. and associated hazards: ID Wallace, R.E. ceive (ed.),
-A Active Tectonics --
Impact on Society: National Research V Council,. Washington, DC, p. 45-62. Slemmons, D.B. and dePolo, C.M.,1986, Determination of earthquake size: Proceedings Conference XXXIV, U.S. Geological Survey j open-File Report, p. 181-196. Slemmons, D.B. and Lugaski, T., 1986, Preliminary evaluation of maximum earthquakes, Algiers region, Algeria: Proceedings Conference International sur la Microzonation Sismique, v. 2, p. 143-152. Ramelli, A.R. and Slemmons, D.B.,1986, Neotectonic activity of the Meers fault: in The Slick Hills of southwestern Oklahoma - Fragments of an aulocogen?: Oklahoma Geological Survey Guidebook 24, p. 45-54. Slemmons, D.B., 1986, Faults and fault structures: in McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science & Tethnology, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., p. 195-197. Ramell1, A.R., Slemmons, D.B. and Brocoum, S., 1987, The Meers Fault: Tectonic activity in southwestern Oklahoma: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, NUREG/CR-4852, 50 p.
- Slemmons, D.B. and Bell, J.W., 1987, 1954 Fairview " Peak earthquake area, Nevada: Geological Society of -America Centennial Field Guide Cordilleran Section, p. 73-76.
- White, D.E. and Slemmons, D.B. ,1987, Steamboat Springs, Nevada:
Geological Society of America Centennial Field- Guide, Cordilleran Section, p. 67-68. Slemmons, D.B., 1988, Determination of segmentation leagth for extensional Western United States tectonic settings, based on historical surface faulting, USGS Workshop on Fault Segmentation and Controls on Rupture Initiation and Termination, 5 p. Slemmons, D.B., Bodin, P. and Zhang, X., in press, Determination of earthquake size for active faults: International Seminar on Seismic Zonation, Guangzhou, China, December 6-10, 1987, 12 p.
- dePolo, C.M. and Slemmons, D.B., in press, Estimation of earthquake size for seismic hazards: Geological Society of America, Centennial Volume of the Engineering Geology Division.
O l _-_________.____m__ . - - _ . - _ - - - - - . - _ . _ -
O- Reme111, x.R. , and S1emmons, D. m. , in press,1me11cetions ef the Meers fault on seismic potential in the Central United j States Geological Society of America, Centennial Volume of O' the Engineering Geology Division, 82 p. manuscript.
- dePolo, C.M., Clark, D. G., and Slemmons, D.B., in press, I Historical Basin and Range Province Surface Faulting and Segmentation in Fault Segmentation and controls of Rupture Initiation and Termination: U. S. Geological Survey Open File Report 89-xxx, 33 p.
l O i n o ! I 1 0 ! O 1
ABSTRACTS Slemmons, D.B., 1955, Structural' and geomorphic effects of the Dixie Valley-Fairview Peak earthquakes of December 16, 1954, Churchill County, Nevada (abstr.): Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 66, p.1618. Slemmons, D.B., 1955, Dixie Valley-Fairview Peak, Nevada, earthquakes of December 16, 1954 (abstr.): Geological Society.of America Bulletin, v. 66, p. 1663-1664. Slemmons, D.B., 1958, Revision of Turner's method for the determination of plagioclase with a Universal stage of three or more axes (abstr.): Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 69, p. 1644-1645. Slemmons, D.B., 1958, Revision of Turner's method for the l determination of plagioclase with the four-axis Universal Stage (abstr.): Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 69, p. 1706. Slemmons, D.B. and Davis, T.E., 1960, Relative speed and accuracy of some methods of measuring the position of optical directions by U-stage (abstr.): Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 71, p. 2076. O tour, t s- aa s1 ==oa=, oa, 1961, struotur 1 e ee of plagioclase hydrothermally altered rock from Pyramid Butte, O w ao- couatv, "ev a- t d=*r 2: America Special Paper 68, p. 38-39. a o1oeto 1 sooi tv or Gimlett, J.I., Slammons, D.B. and Jones, A.E., 1963, Catalog of Nevada earthquakes, Part I (abstr.): Geological Society of America Special Paper 76, p. 202-203. Greensfelder, R., Jones, A.E., Koenig, J., Slemmons, D.B. and Gimlett, J.I., 1963, Earthquake epicenters in the Basin and Range Province and their relations to Quaternary faults (abstr.): American Geophysical Union Transactions, v. 44, p. 889. Slemmons, D.B. and Gimlett, J.I. , 1963, Provisional map of active faults of the Basin and Range Province (abstr.): American Geophysical Union Transactions, v. 44, p. 889-890. Ryall, A.S., Slemmons, D.B. and Gedney, L.D., 1966, Active seismic zones in the western United States [abstr.): Geological Society of America Special Paper 101, p. 331-332. Slemmons, D.B., 1967, Tectonic movements and seismicity (abstr.): in Proceedings of the Second United States-Japan Conference O on Research Related to Earthquake Prediction Problems, p. 82. O l j
O Slammons, D.B. and Ryall, A.S. , 1968, Basin and Range tectonism, from studies of surface faulting geodesy and seismicity-(abstr.): Geological Society of America Special . Paper, p. L 335. Bonham,-H.F. and Slemmons, D.B., 1968, Faulting - associated--with 1 the northern part of the Walker Lane, Nevada (abstr.): ' Geological Society of America Special Paper 101, p. 290. Slemmons,- D.B., 1969, Surface faulting from the December 27, 1969, Olinghouse, Nevada,. earthquake (abstr.]: Seiz.mological Society of America Earthquake Notes, v. 40, p. 23. Slemmons, D.B., Mcdonald, R.L. and Cluff, 'L.S., 1969, Surface faulting from the December 16, 1954, earthquake in Dixie Valley, Nevada (abstr.): Geological Society of -America Abstracts, Part 5 (Rocky Mountain Section), p. 73-74. i Brogan, G.E. and Slemmons, D.B., _1969, Late Quaternary fault patterns along the Dgath Valley-Furnace Creek fault zones, , Death Valley and Fish Lake Valley, California and Nevada (abstr.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts, v. 2, p. 74-75. Carver, G.A., Slemmons,- D.B. and Glass, C.E., 1969, Surface faulting pattern in Owens Valley, California (abstr.): O aeotoeic 1 soci tv Section), p. 9-10. r ^ ric ^* tr cts, vert 2 (cora111 r a Glass, C.E. and Slemmons, D.B'. ,1969, Restudy of surface faulting from the October 2, 1915 Pleasant Valley _ area earthquake, Nevada [abstr.): Geological Society ' of America Abstracts, Part 5 (Rocky Mountain Section), p. 28. Slemmons, D.B. and Firby, J.R., 1970, Quaternary folding, warping ! and faulting of post-Tertiary lacustrine sediments of Owens Lake, California (abstr.]: Geological Society of America
- Abstracts, v. 2, p. 144-145.
Slemmons, D.B., 1971, Details of Cenozoic high-angle faulting in 1 space and time (abstr.]: Geological Society 'of America i Abstracts, v. 3, p. 195. l Ryall, A.S., Savage, W.U. and Slemmons, D.B., 1972, Seismic potential in the western Basin and Range / eastern Sierra Nevada region, Nevada and California (abstr.): EOS (American Geophysical Union Transactions), v. 53, p. 552. Slemmons, D.B. and Brogan, G.E. , 1973, Preliminary microzonation for surface faulting in the Reno-Carson City area, Part 1: Character and pattern of active faults (abstr.]: Earthquake Notes, v. 44, no. 1-4, p. 32. O
._--___.__-___m. _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1 Slammons=, D.B., 1974, Active faults in Alaska (abstr.): Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. l 6, p. 959-960. Slemmons, D.B., 1977, New earthquake magnitude-fault length-maximum displacement-relationships (abstr.): Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 9, no. 4, p. 501. Slemmons, D.B., 1977, Criteria for detection, delineation and evaluation of active faults for siting of vital engineering structures (abstr.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 9, no. 4, p. 5021. Slemmons, D.B., 1977, Definitions of fault activity and non-activity (abstr.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 9, no. 7, p. 1179-1180. Slemmons, D.B., VanWormer, D., Bell, E.J. and Silberman, M.N., 1977, Recent crustal movements in the central Sierra Nevada-Walker Lane region of California-Nevada: Part 1, Rate, style, and historical record of deformation (abstr.]: International Symposium on Recent Crustal Movements, Stanford University, Tectonophysics, v. 52, no. 1-4, p. 561-570. Bell, E.J. and Slemmons, D.B., 1977, Recent crustal movements in ! the central Sierra ' Nevada-Walker Lane region of California- I O Nevada: Part II, The Pyramid Lake right-slip fault zone segment of the Walker Lane (abstr.]: International Symposium on Recent Crustal Movements, Stanford University, Tectonophysics, v. 52, no. 1-4, p. 571-583. Sanders, C.O. and Slemmonc, D.B., 1977, Recent crustal movements in the Sierra Nevada-Walker Lane region of California-
' Nevada: Part III, The Olinghouse- fault zone (abstr.]:
International Symposium on Recent Crustal Movements, Stanford University, Tectonophysics, v. 52,.no. 1-4, p. 585-597. Slemmons, D.B., Glass, C.E., Carver, G.A., Trexler, D.T. and Tillson, D.D., 1978, Remote sensing analysis of fault activity and lineament pattern of the epicentral region of the 1972 Pacific Northwest earthquake (abstr.]: 3rd International Conference on Basement Tectonics. Zellmer, J.T., Roquemore, G. and Slemmons, D.B., 1978, Topographic lineament analysis of the state of Washington ( abstr. ) : 3rd International Conference on Basement 4 Tectonics. Bell, E.J., Sanders, C.O. and Slemmons, D.B., 1978, Geologic and of conjugate strike-slip faults and O geometric analysis regional strain in the Western Basin and Range Province
t [abstr.): Geological Society of. America Abstracts with Programs, v. 10, no. 3, p. 95. Whitney, R.A. and' Slemmons, D. B. ,- 1981, Subsurface crustal structures as. defined by surficial geomorphic features, northern Dixie Valley, Nevada (abstr.): Geological Society. of America Abstracts with Programs, Cordilleran Section. - Zellmer, J.T., Roquemore, G. and Slemmons, D.B., 1981, Topographic lineament analysis of the state of Washington j (abstr.]: 1D O' Leary, D.W. and Earle, J.L., Proceedings 3rd ! International Conference on Basement Tectonics, p. 69. I i Slemmons, D.B., 1982, Relationship between total fault length, r.urface rupture length and maximum displacement, and earthquake magnitude [abstr.): Earthquake Notes, v. 53, no. 1, p. 66-67. i Bell, E.J. and Slemmons, D.B., 1982, Neotectonic analysis of the northern Walker Lane,* western Nevada and northern California-(abstr.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 14, no. 4, p. 148. Bell, E.J. and Slemmons, D.B., 1982, Tectonic activity in the Smoke Creek Desert, northwestern Nevada (abstr.): Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v.14(4), p.148. Slemmons, D.B., 1982, Lessons learned from earthquake-hazard and risk assessments (abstr.): Geological Society of America O- Abstracts with Programs, v.14, no. 7, p. 619. Slemmons, D.B., 1982, Tectonic setting, fault parameters, and 1 maximum earthquakes (abstr.): American Geophysical Union, Chapman Conference on Fault Behavior and the Earthquake Generation Process, p. 6. Slemmons, D.B., 1982, Basin and range tectonics as indicated by j historical and Quaternary faulting [abstr.): Cornell Program for Study of the Continents (COPSTOC) , p. 5-6. Slammons, D.B., 1983, Assessment of fault activity and determination of associated design earthquakes [abstr.): Abstracts, 33rd Annual Convention of ASOVAC. Slemmons, D.B., 1983, Evaluation of Active Faulting and i' Earthquake Hazards (abstr.): EOS, v. 66, p. Whitney, R. A. and Slemmons, D.B. , 1984, Thrust fault near-surface geometry and age of last displacement determined from geomorphic and trench data in the precordillera of the San i Juan province, Argentina (abstr.): Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 16, no. 6, p. 693. L O O I
Slemmons, D.B. ,- 1984, Uncertainty in fault slip-rate and relation to earthquake timing and recurrence [abstr.]: Earthquake Notes. Slemmons, D.B. and Lugaski, T. , .1984, Preliminary evaluation of maximum earthquakes, Algiers region (abstr.]: in prcprint, National conference on Seismic Microzonation Proceedings, p. 1. Ramelli, A.R. and Slemmons, D.B., 1985, Surface-offsets and scarp morphology, Meers fault, Oklahoma [abstr.]: Earthquake Notes, v. 55, p. 1. Slemmons, D.B. , Ramelli, A.R. and Brocoum, S.J. ,1985, Earthquake potential of the Meers fault, Oklahoma [abstr.]: Earthquake Notes, v. 55, p. 1. Ramelli, A.R. and Slemmons, D.B., 1986, Meers fault, Oklahoma: Surface displacements and earthquake potential of an active mid-plate fault [abst2;.]: EOS, v. 67, no. 44, p. 1188. Slemmons, D.B. and Dennis, J.G., 1986, Neotectonics of North l America [abstr.]: EOS, v. 67, no. 44, p. 1235. l Walker, N.D. and Slemmons, D.B., 1986, Remote sensing analysis of southern Walker Lane [abstr.]: EOS, v. 67, no. 44, p. 1262.
'O.-O I Brocoum, S.J., Slemmons, D.B. and Ramelli, A.R., 1986, The Meers Fault, Oklahoma: Its implications to our understanding of O eastern U.S. seismicity [abstr.]: Earthquake Notes, v. 57, no. 1, p. 7.
Slemmons, D.B., 1987, Paleeseismic events in intraplate . regions of North America [abstr.]: Programme with Abstracts, International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA), XIIth International Congress, p. 266. Ramelli, A.R. and Slemmons, D.B., 1987, Implications of the Meers fault on seismic potential of active faults in the central U.S. [abstr. ]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with . Programs, v. 19, p. 812. j Matz, B. and Slemmons, D.B., 1987, Remote sensing study of Pismo Syncline and Santa Maria Basin, california [abstr.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 19, no. 6, p. 429. l. i , Killeen, K.M., Slemmons, D.B. and Swanson, K.E., 1987, Timing of folding and uplift of the Pismo Syncline, San Luis Obispo county, california [abstr.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 19, no. 6, p. 394. I Nitchman, S.P. and Slemmons, D.B., 1987, Late Pleistocene f flexural-slip faulting possible triggered by crustal O unloading, Pismo Beach, central coastal California [abstr.): O l l i
7 1 q U Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v.19, no. 6, p. 437. i A () Slemmons, D.B., 1987, capable faults and tectonically active folds of the California central Coast Ranges (abstr.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 19, no. 6, p. 452. dePolo, C.M. and Slemmons, D.B., 1987, Methods for estimating earthquake size for seismic hazard analysis (abstr.): Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v.19,
- p. 641.
Ramelli, A.R. and Slemmons, D.B., 1987, Implications of the Meers fault on seismic potential of active faults in the central United States (abstr.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 19. Bodin, P., Brune, J., Slemmons, D.B. and Zhang, X., 1987, Scaling relations among the source parameters of shallow earthquakes (abstr.]: American Geophysical Union, EOS, v. 68, no. 44, p. 1243. Sawyer, T.L. and Slemmons, D.B. ,1988, Chronology of late Holocene paleeseismicity of the northern Death Valley-Furnace Creek fault zone, Fish Lake Valley, California-Nevada (abstr.): Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 20, O no. 3, p. 228. V Zhang, P. , Ellis, M. A. and Slemmons, D.B. ,1988, Holocene slip rate L and earthquake recurrence interval on the southern Panamint Valley fault zone (abstr. ): American Geophysical Union, EOS,
- v. 69, no. 44, p. 1459-1460.
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4 REFERENCES LANGKOPF, B. S. and P. R. Gnirk,1986, Rock-mass classification of candidate repository units at Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada; Sandia National Laboratories, SAND 2034, Albuquerque, New Mexico. MONTAZER, P. and W. E. Wilson,1984, Conceptual hydrologic model of flow in the unsaturated zone, Yucca Mountain, Nevada; U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigations i Report 84-4345. SASS, J. H., et al.,1988, Temperature, thermal conductivity, and heat flow near Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Some tectonic and hydrologic implications; U. S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 87-649. SCOTT, R. B. and M. Castellanos,1984, Stratigraphic and structural relations of volcanic 7 rocks in drill holes USW GU-3 and USW G-3, Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada; U. S. f Geological Survey, Open-File Report 84-491. SPENGLER, R. W. and M. P. Chornack,1984, Stratigraphic and structural characteristics of volcanic rocks in core hole USW G-4, Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada; U. S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 84-'789. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY,1988, Si;c characterization plan, Yucca Mountain site, Nevada research and development area, Nevada; DOE /RW-0199, Washington, D. C. i
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YANG, I. C., et al.,1988, Triaxial-compression extraction of pore water from unsaturated tuff, Yucca Mountain, Nevada; U. S. Geological Surve. Nater-Resources investigations Report 88-4189. O O MY890217draf t j
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O VITAE V M ARTIN D. MIFFLIN EDUCATION: Ph.D.,1968, University of Nevada,in Hydrogeology. M.S.,1963, Montana State University,in Applied Science. B.S.,1960, University of Washington,in Geology. Washington State University, Eastern Washington. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: President and Senior Hydrogeologist of Mifflin & Associates, Inc., a consulting firm which conducts hydrogeologic and geologic investigations, July,1986 to Present. Research Professor, Water Resources Center, Desert Research Institute, University of Nevada System. Research in ground-water problems in arid-zone hydrology. Specific areas of activity: carbonate-rock hydrology, ground-water exploration and development, exploratory-drilling techniques, vadose-zone moisture conditions, and recharge in arid terrane. During this period of time, major ground-water exploration and development programs were established for the State of Nevada (Jean Prison water supply, Valley of Fire State Park), the U.S. Air Force (Tonopah Test Range, Tolicha Peak), and Nevada Power Company (Meadow Valley Well Field development, monitoring, and modeling; j carbonate-rock ground water exploration program near Moapa). Program Director of the Yucca Mountain Candidate High Level Nuclear Waste Repository technical support program for the State of Nevada (1983-1986), Sept.,1977 to July,1986. Senior Hydrogeologist, UNDP, Chile. Leave of absence from the Desert Research Institute n for service in Region 4, Chile United Nations Development Program (UNDP) project. V Water resource assessment project in semi-arid region of Chile, chief resident adminis-trative responsibility for the UNDP of the project, March,1978 to March,1979.
- Water Resources Center Associate Director and Research Professor, Desert Research institute, Las Vegas, Nevada. Head administrator for the Water Resources Center of the Desert Research Institute in the Las Vegas branch office. General responsibilities included research funding, direction, md execution of program of the Water Resource Center in Southern Nevada. Areas c research interest during this period included land subsidence caused by fluid withdrawals and associated earth fissures and faults in Las Vegas Va' ley and Mexico, deep carbonate-rock aquifers in Nevada as a potential water-supply alternative for Eastern and Southern Nevada, and waste-water treatment by natural marsh systems in Las Vegas Valley. Excert testimony on the Cross Florida Barge Canal ground-water hydrology was given to the State of Florida Bureau of Planning and Florida Cabinet in July,1976; as wel: as serving on the board of review for 1 the Water Element of the State Plan of Florida frcm 1976 to 1977. Periodic consulting !'
1975, 1976, 1977 for the Comision del Plan Nacional Hidraulico, in the area of ground water policy and executed programs of resource evaluation and ndvanced training of personnel, July,1975 to Sept.,1977. Resident Consultor, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank). Leave of Absence from the University of Florida in order to accept an 18-month position as World Bank Resident Consultor in ground water to the Plan Nacional Hidraulico (PNH), a newly-created planning organization within the Mexican government. Held additional position of Jefe de Aguas Subterranean (chief in charge of ground-water l planning and associated investigations within PNH). Responsibilities involved training a I and development of professional staff, development of procedures and policy, and direction of ground water studies designed for both short and long term planning of ground water exploitation and management, PNH was a joint effort by the United Nations Development Programs (UNDP) and the Mexican Government. The effort of the UNDP was executed by the World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and l A. 14 mal 890217 l
r ,p*- a e-~ s Development) and the procedure was to supply five resident consultors who were expert f in various disciplines in water resource planning and development. I was also appointed
' to a Mexican government management role, and maintained the Bank title.
Subsequently, the experimental program was judged successful by the UNDP, World Bank, and the Mexican Government formalized the organization into the continuing national planning agency for water-resource development in Mexico (Comision del Plan Nacional Hidraulico, ASRH), Sent.,1973 to Juiy,1975. Associate Professor Geology,liniversity of Florida. Teaching responsibilities in the following ; courses: Physical Geology, introductory Geosciences, Geomorphology, Structural Geology, Ground-Water Geology and Hydrogeology. Research was more or less limited to local problems of ground-water pollution and continued work (summers of 1970,1972) on isostatic rebound in the Lahontan Basin of the Great Basin. Member of the University 1 of Florida Graduate Faculty, served on graduate committees (M.S. and Ph.D.) for Geology, Environmental Engineering, Coastal Engineering, and Civil Engineering graduate students. Considerable involvement in ground-water pollution aspects of the Cross Florida Barge Canal controversy, with testimony given to Florida Legislative committees, the State of Florida Cabinet, and the U. S. Presidential Council on Environmental Quality. Principal expert witness in ground water for EDF and the Department of interior in court proceedings (U.S. Government vs. Florida Canal . Authority)in August,1973, Sept.,1969 to July,1975. ! Research Associate, Desert Research Institute and Nevada Center for Water Resources Research. Activities primarily research in ground water and hydrogeology. Principal investigator or co-investigator in research dealing with the following: hydrologic safety, AEC underground nuclear detonation; investigation of land subsidence in Las Vegas Valley and the development of the theory of mechanics; investigation of the hydrogeology of Las Vegas Valley for feasibility of artificial recharge; delineation of ground-water flow systems using studies of fluid potential, water chemistry, isotopes, and other methods: palechydrologic investigations in Nevada (surface and ground water); q Q stratigraphic studies of alluvial basins, documentation of mudiump formation and hydro-logic relationships causing formation, and developing a theory for mechanics of formation; investigations of carbonate-terrain hydrology in Nevada using tritium and hy-O drogeochemical techniques; exploration and development of ground water in a number of arid areas for federal, state, and private agencies; investigation of techniques for delineation of ground-water flow systems. Other activities included guest and substitute lecturing in ground water, hydrogeology, and physical geology, and direction of graduate student research in the Great Basin on hydrologic problems, July,1963 to Sept.,1969. Graduate Research Assistant, Montana State University (the Montana State University expe-rience consisted of 1/2-time teaching of geology laboratories and two winters of snow avalanch ) research), Sept.,1962 to June,1963. Geologist, GS-7, U.S. Geological Survey, field mapping in the Lemhi Range and Beaverhead Range, Idaho and Montana, May,1962 to Sept.,1962. Graduate Teaching Assistant, Montana State University, Sept.,1960 to June,1962. Apprentice Geologist, Pan Petroleum Corp., Field-reconnaissance mapping in Western Alas-ka, April,1959 to Aug.,1959. PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS Geological Society of America NationalWaterWell Association Sigma Xi j PROFESSIONAL HONORS AND OTHER PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES: DRASTIC Advisory Board Member, National Water Well Assoc.,1986-1987 invited Speaker,15th Annual Rocky Mountain Groundwater Conference on Today's Groundwater Issues, Phoenix, Arizona, Sept.1986, " Total Basin Concept - Groundwater Flow Systems" Invited Speaker, International Workshop on Regional Aquifers, Sponsored by the Institute of
"^'* "
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L
' Geophysics, UNAM, Mexico City, Feb.,1985, "Hydrogeology of regional systems in the Great Basin"
' (* - Co-Leader, Field trip, White River Hydrological (Karst) System, S.E. Nevada,6th Conference on Karst Hydrogeology and Speleology (Friends of the Karst), Sept.1979 i
l Moderator, Water Supply Planning Session, AWRA Conference " Water Resource Management in a Changing Society," Sept.,1979, Las Vegas Geological Society of America Meinzer Award Committee, term 1977-1980 Elected to DRI Faculty Senate,1975-1978 Moderator, Special Session on Ground-Water Quality, Las Vegas Valley, NWWA Tech. Meeting, Las Vegas,1976 Selected as resident international consultant in the field of ground water to the Mexican Government by the World Bank and UNDP,1973-1975 Trustee: Florida Defenders of the Environment (1970-1977) FDE Scientific Committee Co Chairman (1971 1974) '! l Appointed Chairman, Environmental Impact Committee City of Gainesville-Alachua Co. joint committee (Jan.1973; resigned Aug.,1973) Elected Foundation Advisory Member, Environmental Information Center, Florida l Conservation Foundation, Inc.,1972 ! Elected member University of Florida Presidential Faculty Concems Committee,1971 Appointed member of University of Florida Ad Hoc Com. on Environmental Programs,1971 Designated Program Moderator (1970 Nat. GSA Evening Discussion of Hydrology Section) Member of the U.S. delegation to the Inter. Assoc. of Sci. Hydrol., Symposium Hydrology of Deltas, Bucharest, Rumania,1969 Granted first sabbatical leave offered to DRI faculty,1969 Elected to DRI Faculty Organization,1968 to 1969 Program Chairman, Sigma Xi Luncheon Lecture Series at University of Nevada,1965 to
-1966 Co-Author of scientific paper nominated for the G.S.A. Meinzer Award,1965 NSF Basin and Range Field Conference Co-leader,1965 h3- INQUA Great Basin Field Conference Co-leader,1965 Sigma Xi (Nominated at Montana State University for M.S. thesis).
CONSULTING EXPERIENCE: Consukant to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission on Yucca Mountain, Nevada,1982 to 1984. Consultant to Govemment of Ecuador, g,ound-water development for irrigation, Rio Guayas Basin,1982 to 1983. Consultant to USAID, University of Wisconain, and OTDC, Government of Tunisia, on design and feasibility of potable water development for dispersed populations in Central Tunisia, Feb.-Mar.,1980. Consultant for the organization, and partichant in " Seminar on Development and Rational Management of Groundwater of the Y Jcatan Peninsula" sponsored by the Banco de Mexico, S.A., Dec. 3-7,1979, Merida, YJeatan, Mexico,1979. Consultant to Mexico, reviewer of all ground-water studies by CPNH 1973 77, Comision del Plan Nacional Hidraulico, ASRH, July 1977. State of Florida, Div. of State Planning, Water Element of State Comprehensive Plan, Panel of Experts, review of water element, 1977. State of Florida, Dept. of Planning: testimony to the Florida Cabinet on hydrologic impacts of Cross Florida Barge Canal, June,1976. Ground water consultant to Arthur D. Little, Inc. on bi-national water-resource development project for Colombia and Venezuela. Consultant to Mexico, organization of PNH sponsored symposium entitled "La Soreexplotacion de Agua Subterranean en Algunas Partes del Mundo," Mexico City, Dec.,1975. [ Nevada and California (19691973): runoff / erosion studies with respect to timbering activities I in the Sierra Nevada (1972, major lumber company). Florida: lake dewatering i hydrogeological studies for Lake Apopka (1970, Citrus Growers). Numerous O 16 mal 890217 t-L O
b hydrogeological studies for land developers as senior hydrologic consultant for the firms f Eco impact, Inc. and Environmental Science Engineering, Inc. (1972-73). Solid-waste
'\ disposal and site suitability for Alachua County (1972). Three landfill sites located, evaluated, and subsequently adopted by the County. Landfill monitoring, Alachua County (1972-73). Offshore Nuclear Power Plant site evaluation - aspects of tectonic history and seismic Mzards (major engineering firm,1973).
Nevada and California (19631969): ground-water exploration and water supply development in arid terrain for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Nevada State Parks, and several development and mining firms; ground-water supply and contamination studies, U.S. Gypsum. PUBLICATIONS AND REPORTS: Mifflin, M. D., Johnson, C. L., and Johnson, R. J.,1989, Hydrogeologic assessment, Upper Muddy River Valley, Nevada: Mifflin & Associates,Inc.,46 p., Appendices. Mifflin, M. D. and J. Quade,1988, Hydrogeology and palcohydrology of the Carbonato Rock Province of the Great Basin: Geol. Soc. Amer. Field Trip Guidebook,1988 GSA Centennial, AnnualMeeting. Mifflin, M. D.,1988, Region 5 Great Basin, in Back, W., Rosenshein, J. S., and Seabar, eds., Hydrogeology: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of An orica, The Geology of North America, vol. 0-2, p. 69 to 78. Mifflin, M. D., Ed.,1988, Review of consultation draft of the site characterization plan, Yucca Mountain Site, Nevada research and development area, Nevada (DOE /RW-0160), January 1988): Mifflin & Associates, Inc.,247 p. Mifflin, M. D. and J. Quade,1987, Estimating climate change from hydrologic response: Water Forum '86, ASCE Proceedings, Aug. 4-6,1986, Long Beach, California. Mifflin, M. D., et al.,1987, Technical review comments on the environmental assessment: l Yucca Mountain site, Nevada Research and Development Area, Nevada (May 1986, Vols.I,11, Ill [ DOE /RW-0073]): Mifflin and Assoc.,Inc.,187 p. g Mifflin, M. D. and M. E. Morgenstein, Eds.,1985, Technical review comments on the draft 9 environmental assessment: Yucca Mountain Site, Nevada Research and Development x ' Area, Nevada: WRI-DRI,169 p. t Mifflin, M. D. and D. E. Zimmerman,1984, Ground-water availability in the lower Meadow j Valley Wash near Glendale, Nevada: WRC-DRI, 52 p. Glancy, P. A., R. L. Jacobsen, and M. D. Mifflin,1984, The hydrogeology of the Carson and Truckee River Basins, Nevada: in Western Geological Excursions,1984 Annual Meeting, Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 3, Lintz, J. (Ed.), p. 52-146. Woessner, W. W., M. D. Mifflin, D. E. Zimmerman, and K. E. Sullivan,1983, Meadow Valley Wash exploration program, October and November: WRC DRI,47 p. Mifflin, M. D., A. Elzeftawy, S. W. Wheateraft, and J. W. Hess,1982, Henderson, Nevada rapid infiltration basin siting and monitoring study: WRC-DRI Project Report,100 p. Mifflin, M. D.,1982, Preliminary report on the Jean Correctional Facility test / production well: j WRC-DRI Memo. Rc,nt. to Nevada Legislature intrium Finance Committee,5 p. l Elzeftawy, A. and M. D. Mifflin,1982, Soil sample analyses from borings of the RIB site I for the City of Henderson: WRC-DRI Letter Report to URS/ City of Henderson,8 p. Mifflin, M. D.,1982, Exploration and development of a ground-water supply for the southern Nevada Correctional Center, Jean, Nevada: WRC-DRI,43 p. and Appendices. Zimmerman, D. E., M. D. Mifflin, and K. E. Sullivan,1982, Construction and testing of wells NPC 2, NPC-11, NPC-25, and NPC-34, Meadow Va! ley Wash Field: WRC-DRI,203 p. Mifflin, M. D. and A. Elzeftawy,1982, Lateral hydraulic conductivity of the alluvial sediments near the RIB site: WRC-DRI Letter Report to City of Henderson,6 p. Mifflin, M. D.,1982, Preliminary results of additional test holes for the determination of the useful life of the test / production well, Jean Correctional Facility: WRC-DRI Memo. Rept. to Nevada Legislature Intrium Finance Committee,4 p. Elzeftawy, A., M. D. Mifflin, R. L. Skaggs, and M. J. Miles,1981, TIMET waste leach liquor as I a soil stabilizer: WRC-DR1 Project Report,64 p. Woessner, W. W., M. D. Mifflin, R. H. French, A. Elzeftawy, and A. Zimmerman,1981, O 17 mal 890217 O
l l q V Hydrologic and salinity analysis of the lower Virgin River Basin, Nevada and Arizona:
/O WRC-DRI Project Report,171 p.
V Mifflin, M. D. and A. Elzoftawy,1981, Soils, geology and hydrogeology of the Laughlin area, Nevada: WRC-DRI Project Report,75 p. French, R. H., M. D. Mifflin, and J. Edkins,1981, Salt storage in the lower Las Vegas Valley: WRC-DRI Project Report 270 p. Mifflin, M. D. and J. Harrill,1981, Hydrogeologic characteristics of the Great Basin: Geol. Soc. Amer. Abstracts with Programs, vol.13, no. 7. Dickson, B. H., M. D. Mifflin, and M. E. Vollbrecht,1980, Potable water for dispersed populations in contra! Tunisia: Regional Planning and Area Development Project, University of ,101 p. (in English and French). Mifflin, M. D.,1980, Ground-water aquifer system assessment in carbonate terrano of the Great Basin: Symposium on Regional Aquifer Analysis, Amer. Geophy. Union, Fall Annual Moeting, San Francisco (Abst.). Mifflin, M. D. and M. Wheat,1979, Pluvial takes and estimated pluvial climates of Nevada: Nevada Bur. of Mines and Geol. Bull 94,57 p. Mifflin, M. D. and J. W. Hoss,1970, Regional carbonate flow systems in Nevada: in Maxey Memorial Volume 43, Jour. Hydrology, p. 217 237. Mifflin, M. D.,1979, Ground water of the Rio Elqui Valley, Region IV, Chile: UNDP, Project Chi /69/535. Hess, J. W. and M. D. Mifflin,1978, A feasibility study of water production from deep carbonate aquifers in Nevada: Desert Research Institute, Water Resources Conter, Pub. No. 4iO54,125 p. Hess, J. W. and M. D. Mifflin,1976, Water-quality investigation of Fort Churchill State Historical Monument, Lyon County, Nevada: Desert Research Instituto, WRC, Project Report No. 45,34 p. Mifflin, M. D. and M. Wheat,1971, Isostatic warping in Lahontan Basin, Northom Great g Basin: Geol. Soc. Amor. Annual Meeting, Program and Abstracts, p. 467. Mifflin, M. D.,1970, Mudiumps and suggested genesis in Pyramid Lake, Nevada: Inter. Q Assoc. of Sci. Hydrol., Symposium Hydrology of Deltas, Bucharest, Rumania, May,1969, o Pub. No. 90, p. 75-88. () Milflin, M. D.,1970, Hydrology and conclusions: in Environmental Impact of the Cross Florir Sarge Canal: Florida Defenders Environment, p. 17-19,64-72 and 114-115. Mifflin, M. D. and M. Wheat,1969, Distribution of Late Quaternary lakes in Nevada: Desert Research Institute, Unpubl. Mifflin, M. D.,1968, Recognition of ground water flow systems configuration by fluid potential measurements: Geol. Soc. Amer., Program 1968 Annual Meeting, p. 200-201 (Abst.). Mifflin, M. D.,1968, Delineation of ground-water flow systems in Nevada: University of Nevada Ph.D. Dissertation: Desert Research Institute, CWRR, Tech. Rept. Series H W, No. 4,11 p. Mifflin, M. D.,1967, Hydrogeology: in A Reconnaissance of the Technology for Rocharging Reclaimed Waste Water into the Las Vegas Ground Water Basin: Dosort Research Institute, Tech. Rept. Series H-W, Pub. No. 2, p.14-29. Mifflin, M. D.,1967, Formation of mudiumps in Pyramid Lake, Nevada: Geol. Soc. Am., Program 1967 Annual Meeting, p.149-150 (Abst.). Mifflin, M. D.,1967, Strange things are rising in Pyramid Lake, Nevada: State Journal, Science in Novada, July 2,1967 issue. Maxey, G. B., M. D. Mifflin, P. A. Domenico, and A. McLane,1966, Geology and water resources of Red Rock Ranch: Mim. Rept. to the Red Rock Ranch Stockholders,48 p., 2 maps. Maxey, G. B. and M. D. Mifflin,1966, Occurrence and motion of water in carbonate rocks of Nevada: Annual Meeting of the Amer. Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, Berkeley, Califomia, Dec. 28-29,1965. Published in Natl. Spolool. Soc. Bull., vol. 28, no. 3, July, 1966. Morrison, R. B., M. D. Mifflin, and M. Wheat,1965, Rye Patch Dam Pleistocene stratigraphy: INQUA Vll Congress, Northem Great Basin and Califomia Guidebook, p. 28-33. k 18 mal 890217 o
- l l
i 1 q U Morrison, R. B., M. D. Mifflin, and M. Wheat,1965, Pleistocene stratigraphy at the Badland Amphitheater on the Truckee River north of Wadsworth: INQUA Vll Congress, Northern (q / Great Basin and California' Guidebook, p. 38-43. Domenico, P. A. and M. D. Mifflin,1965, Water from low-permeability sediments and land subsidence: Am. Geophy. Union, Water Resources Research, vol.1, no. 4, p 563-576. Domenico, P. A., M. D. Mifflin, and A. Mindling,1965, Geologic controls on land subsidence, Las Vegas Valley, Nevada: Proceedings 4th Annual Symposium on Engineering Geology and Soils Engineering, Moscow, Idaho, p.113121. Mifflin, M. D. and P. A. Domenico,1964, Part 11, Hydrogeology: in Seismology, Hydrogeology and Meteorology of the Proposed Nuclear Power Plant Site in Mason Valley, Nevada: Desert Research Institute Mim. Report to Sierra Pacific Power Co.,14 p. Mifflin, M. D., G. B. Maxey, P. A. Domenico, D. A. Stephenson, and J. R. Hardaway,1964, Hydrological investigations of the Sand Springs Range, Fairview Valley and Fourmite Flat, Churchill County, Nevada: VELA UNIFORM, Project SHOAL, AEC Report VUF-1001, p. 239-364. Mifflin, M. D. and G. B. Maxey,1964, Lahontan 16 inch well, construction pump tests, and recommendations: Desert Research Institute Letter Report to Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,8 p. Mifflin, M. D.,1964, Lahontan well #3 step-drawdown test and Interpretations: Desert Research Institute Letter Report to Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,8 p. Mifflin, M. D.,1964, Hydrology of the Lahontan Basin, Northwestern Nevada: INQUA Vil Congress, Northern Gieat Basin and California Guidebook, p. 25-28. Mifflin, M. D.,1963, Preliminary report on the ground-water possibilities in the Valley of Fire State Park, Nevada: Desert Research Institute Letter Report of Sept.19,1963, to Dean L. Kastens, Director of the Nevada State Park Service,6 p. Mifflin, M. D.,1963, A discussion of the hydrology and hydrogeology in the Sand Springs Range, Churchill County, Nevada: Northwest Science, Spokane, Washington Meeting, n
; i Dec.1963 (Abst.).
L Mifflin, M. D. and G. B. Maxey,1963, Preliminary report of the geology and hydrology of the Settlemeyer Site, Carson Valley, Nevada: Desert Research Institute Mim. Rept. to O Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,13 p. i U Mifflin, M. D.,1963, Geology of a part of the southern margin of the Gallatin Valley, Southwest Montana: M.S. Thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana,111 p.; Program of the 16th Annt .. Meeting, Geol. Soc. Am., Rocky Mtn. Sect. (Abst). STUDIES DIRECTED AND/OR COAUTHORED IN MEXICO (in Spanish by Plan Nacional Hidraulico, Secretary of Water Resources, Mexico): Ground-Water Reconnaissance and Availability, Region Closed Basins, No. Central Mexico, 1976. Ground-Water Reconnaissance of Region Rio Lerma Basin, Central Mexico,1976. Ground-Water Reconnaissance and Availability, Region Rio Bravo ,1975. Ground-Water Reconnaissance and Availability, Region NW Pacific coast, NW Mexico,1975. Ground Water Availability, Exploitation and Policy, National Water Plan of Mexico, in Plan Nacional Hidraulics de Mexico (1974) (1975),1975. Ground-Water Reconnaissance and Availability, Region Papaloapan, SE Mexico,1974. O 19 mal 890217 O V I
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.@ REFERENCES n
Cranwell, Robert M. and Helton, Jon C.,1981. " Uncertainty analysis for eologic disposal of radioactive waste," in Proceedings ofthe Symposium on Uncertai ties Associated with the Regulation ofthe GeologicDisposalofHigh-LevelRadioactive Waste, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (Washington, D.C., March 9-13,1981), NUREG/CP-0022, pp.131-143.
]
Eisenberg, Norman A., Rickertsen, Larry D. and Voss, Charles,1987. " Performance Assessment, Site Characterization, and Sensitivity and Uncertainty Methods: Their Necessary Association for Licensing" in Proceedings on the Conference on Geostatistical, Sensitivity, and Uncertainty Methods for Ground- Water Flow and Radionuclides TransportModeling, DOE /AECL (San Francisco, CA, September 15-17,1987), pp. 9-38 Freeze, R. Allan and Cherry, John A.,1979. CROUNDWA TER, Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.,604 pages. Kocher, D.C., Sjoreen, A.L, and Bard, C.S.,1983. Lincertaintiesin GeologicDisposal offbyh-Les el Wastes - Groundwater Transport ofRadionuclides andRadiological Consequences, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C., July,1983, NUREG/CR-2506. , 1 Schalla, R. and Leonhart, L.S.,1981. " Dealing with regional hydrologic data-base q limitations case example: the Columbia river basalts," in Proceedings ofthe ! O Symposium on Uncertainties Associated with the Regulation ofthe GeologicDisposal ofihph-LevelRadioactive Waste, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Os (Washington, D.C., March 9-13,1981), NUREG/CP-0022, pp. 415-423. O O
s- RESUME [$)T s Linda L. Lehman, President j L. LEHMAN & ASSOCIATES, INC. 1103 W. Burnsville Parkway, Suite 209 Burasville, Minnesota 55337 (612) 894-0357 i EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND: University of South Florida, M.S., 1 9 7.8 , Hydrogeology Florida Atlantic University, B.S., 1975, Geology University of Minnesota, Ph.D. candidate /Hydrogeology, 1989 WORK HISTORY: President / Principal Hydroceolocist J L. Lehman & Associates, Inc.; 1985 - Present Private Consultant Hydrogeology; 1983 - 1985 Hydraulic Enaineer () U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission; 1979 - 1982 O .Hydroceolocist Parsons, Brinkerhoff, Quade & Douglas, Inc.; 1977 - 1979 EXPERIENCE: Ground Water Model10,7 o Currently developing modeling efforts as the representative of the State of Nevada at the international flow and transport model validation effort for nuclear waste repository performance codes (INTRAVAL) . o Directed the development of conceptual flow models at solid and hazardous waste sites contaminated with volatile organic contaminants and other pollutants. o Performed ground water flow and contaminant transport modeling of high-level nuclear waste sites (the Hanford Site Washington). o Performed time series analyses using computerized data bases to establish baseline ground water conditions at high-level nuclear waste sites. O 1 i
h'/ L inda L. Lehman Resume Page 2
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J Expert Witness Testimony j o Served as primary technical expert regarding the ground water contamination at the Flying Cloud Landfill under litigation procedures, public hearings, and formal governmental agency meetings at various levels. o Hydrogeologic expert for a class-action suit in Fernald, Ohio regarding ground water contaminants from defense-related nuclear operations. o Provided the primary expert testimony regarding potential ground water contamination and site suitability for a solid waste landfill in McHenry County, Illinois, o Provided expert testimony concerning potential ground water contamination from sewage sludge land application c I agricultural runoff. Hydroaeolocic Investigations o Directed the development of site characterization studies, () environmental sampling and analytical program as part of the Remedial Investigation / Feasibility Study (RI/FS) for the Union Scrap Superfund Site. f_)/ s o Technical review and analysis of the RI/FS at the Flying Cloud Landfill regarding ground water contamination and design of the ground water pump-out system. o Directed staff in hydrogeological studies of potential solid waste disposal sites in Minnesota and Illinois. o Directed the evaluation of the RI/FS for the Fernald nuclear defense facility in Ohio with regard to ground water contamination at that site. Technical Procram Manaaement o Provided overall project direction to the Yakima Indian Nation i regarding the disposal of high-level nuclear waste and defense l wastes at the Hanford reservation, including scientific and l engineering efforts related to waste disposal design and siting issues. ( o Served as prime contractor to the Minnesota Governor's Nuclear , Waste Council for high-level nuclear waste Crystalline { (~% Repository Project and provided technical assistance in the { (_) areas of hydrology, geology, ground water modeling and l regulatory / program analysis. I O l _ - -_- _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ - _- 1
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,( ) Page 3 o Provided technical management assistance to the Nevada i Governor's. office in regards to scientific and engineering )
i contractor support regarding the high-level nuclear waste repository at the Nevada Test Site. l I Reculatory Development and Analysis o Directed the development of rules to regulate the siting, design, construction, operation and closure of'a low-level radioactive waste storage or disposal facility in the State of Maine. o Participated in the development of siting criteria for the Federal Regulation (10 CFR 60) for high-level nuclear waste repositories. o Provided formal review and comment efforts for various clients in regards to ground water and waste management regulations related to solid waste, hazardous waste, high-level and low-level nuclear waste, U.S. defense wastes, agricultural impacts on ground water, and ground water quality standards. f-) (_/ o Developed site suitability and selection criteria for () radioactive waste disposal facilities keyed to various federal and state statutes. 1 PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES: i l President, Minnesota Ground Water Association (1988) Chairwoman, Subcommittee on Ground Water Protection Strategies; Environmental Quality Board Advisory Committee on Ground Water Protection (1988) Member, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Joint Hydrology Task Force certifications Registered Geologist, State of Indiana Professional Hydrogeologist, American Institute of Hydrology Associations International Association of Hydrogeologists National Water Well Association American Geophysical Union e~ Engineers Club of Minneapolis ()g American Institute of Hydrology I - _-__- ---- --- -_ - 1
Linda L. Lehman Resume () Page 4 SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Nguyen, V.V., G.V. Abi-Ghanem and L.L. Lehman; Fractal Mixing in a Class of Composite Media; Preprints of Proceedings of the Stochastic Approach to Subsurface Flow, Montvillargenne, i France; 6/85. ] Lehman, L.L.; Factor Analysis of Groundwater Flow Paths in the Central Columbia Plateau; Comments of the Yakima Indian Nation on the Draft Environmental Assessment for the Hanford Site, Washington under the Nuclear Waste Policy Act, Volume 2; 3/85. 1 Lehman, L.L., GeoTrans, Inc.; Preliminary Sensitivity Analysis of Rockwell Flow Path Using SWIFT; Comments of the Yakima Indian Nation on the Draft Environmental Assessment for the Hanford Site, Washington under the Nuclear Waste Policy Act, Volume 2; 3/85. Lehman, L.L.; Model Comparison; Comments of the Yakima Indian Nation on the Draft Environment' Assessment for the Hanford l Site, Washington under the Nuclear Waste Policy Act, Volume 2; 3/85. Lehman, L.L., V.V. Nguyen; Regional Correlation Between () - Precipitation and Piezometric Potential in Basalts: Analysis and Application; 3/88. Lehman, L.L., Eric Hansen; Secondary Concentration of Air-Released Uranium through Watershed Runoff at the Feed Materials Production Center, Fernald, Ohio; 3/88. Nguyen, V.V., L.L. Lehman; Interscale Transfer of Information in Nuclear Waste Repository Multibarrier Systems; Proceedings of Western Regional Conference Society of Groundwater Scientists and Engineers; 1/85. Bennett, R.H., L.L. Lehman, et.al.; Interrelationships of Organic Carbon and Submarine Sediment Geotechnical Properties; Marine Geotechnology, Volume 6, Number 1; 3/84. Upchurch, S.B., M. Dalton and L.L. Lehman; Groundwater Mixing in the Lower Floridan Aquifer in the Southern Peace River Basin; Florida Scientist, Volume 41, Supplement 1; 1978. O O ---___..m_._____.________..___._
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-' - M AURICE E. MORGENSTEIN EDUCATION:
Ph.D.,1974, University of Hawaii, in Geology and Goophysics. M.S.,1969, Syracuse University,in Geology. B.A.,19G7, Queens Collego, City University of Now York,in Geology, Now Mexico Instituto of Mining and Technology (NMIMT). PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Chairman and Roscarch Scientist, Mifflin & Associates, Inc., Las Vogas, Nevada, June 198G to present. Consultant, Dosort Research Instituto, Water Resources Contor, University of Nevada Sys- ; tom,1984-June 1986. Senior Geologist, Geophysicist, Director of Operations, Brim Partnership, placer gold mining operation, Lake Havasu, Arizona,1982-1984. President, Hawaii Marino Research, Corporation. Honolulu, Hawaii,1974-1982. , Consultant, Altman & Vanairsdalo, Attorneys-at-Law, Hilo, Hawaii, Economic Geology,1978 to present. Affiliato Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Hawaii,19701979. Consultant, Stato of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Rosourcos, Division of Stato Parks,1977.
, Aquatic Biologist, State of Hawaii, Department of Fish and Game, Honolulu, Hawaii,1976-1977.
Consultant, Enorgy Resourcos, Pacific Marino and Supply Co., Honolulu, Hawaii. Director of Rosearch, Commercial Division, Pacific Analysis Corporation, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1976. Assistant Oceanographer, University of Hawaii,1975. Assistant Researcher, Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii,19741975, Ferromanganoso Program Coordinator, Stato Program, University of Hawaii,1973-1975. ; Roscarch Assistant, Roscarch Corporation of the University of Hawaii,1972-1974. Chief Scientist RN Kana Kooko,1972-1974. Lecturer University of Hawaii,1972. Chief Scientist RNTeritu,19701974. Assistant in Geophysics, University of Hawaii,1969-1972. Lecturer - Utica Co!!cgo,1968-1969. l Lecturer - Department of Geology, Rutgers University, NSF Summer Institute,1907, Teaching Assistant Syracuse University,1967-1969. Chief Geologist- RN Conrad,1905-1969. Assistant in Research, Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University, j 1964-1969. ! PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS: American Association for the Advancement of Scienco Hawail Association of Professional Geologists International Association of Sodimentologists Sigma XI PUBLICATIONS: Blundy, J. D., R. G. Burns, and M. Morgonstein, Authigenic Minerals in Rhyolito Tuff at Yucca 20 MA1390120
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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ l
i) Mountain, Nevada. In prop. (q'j Morgenstein, M.,in pross, Hydration Rind Dating of Basaltic Glass Artifacts: Roaction Dopon-donco of Temperature and Chemistry, Asian Perspectives. Blundy, J. D., R. G. Burns, and M. Morgonstein, Authigonic Minorals in Rhyolito Tuff at Yucca Mtn. Nevada: Diagonesis in A Proposed Nuclear Wasto Repository, Abstract, poster i paper, GSA Annual Mocting (136950), Phoenix, Arim,1987, Morgenstein, M. and P. Rosendahl, Basaltic Glass Hyoration Dating, In: Advances in Obsid-ian Glass Studies: Archaeological and Geological Perspectives, R. E. Taylor (Ed.), Park Ridge, Now Jorsey: Noyos Press,1970. Durnott, W. C. and M. Morgonstein, Growth Ratos of Pacific Manganoso Nodulos as Do-duced by Uranium Serios and Hydration-rind Dating Techniques, in: Earth and Planetary i' Science Lotters,1976. Burnott, W. C., M. Morgonstein, and D. Z. Pipor, Goochomistry and Ago of a Ferromanganoso Crust From the Galapagos Spreading Contor, Eastern Pacific, in: EOS Trans. Am. Geophys., Union 50, p.1000,1975. Morgonstein, M., Sedimentary Diagonosis and Manganoso Accrotion on Submarino Platforms, Kaual Channel, Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Ph.D. Dissertation,1974. Fein, C. and M. Morgonstein, Now Artificial Roofs on Oahu, in: Papers from Artificial Rool Conferenco, Houston, Texas,1974. Morgenstein, M. and T. J. Riley, Hydration-Rind Dating of Basaltic Glass: A Now Method for Archaeological Chronologies, In: Asian Perspectives, vol. XVil, (2), p.145159,1974. Morgonstein, M., Dating Techniques for the Archaeologist Review, MIT Press, In: Asian
- Perspectives, vol. XVil (1),19'4.
Morgonstein, M., Sedimentary Dlagonosis and Ratos of Manganoso Accrotion on the Waho Sholf Kauai Channel, Hawaii, Abstract Program, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C.,1973. Foin, C. and M. Morgonstein, Microprobo Analysis of Manganoso Crusts from the Hawaian Archipelago: Abstract A.G.V., Washington, D. C.,1973. Morgenstein, M., Hawaii institute of Geophysics Data Bank for Manganoso collection and ; p Hydration rind Dating, HIG 73-5,187 p.,1973. Landmeissor, C. W. and M. Morgonstein, Survey and Mapping of Manganoso Doposits in the V Hawaiian Archipotago, In: The Origin and Distribution of Manganoso Nodutos in tho (n d
! Pacific and Prospects for Exploration (Ed: M. Morgenstein), Honolulu, Hawaii, p. 93101, 1973).
j i Morgonstein, M., Ed., The Origin and Distribution of Manganoso Nodutos in the Pacific and
)
Prospect of ExploraMon, International Workshop and Symposium, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1973. Morgonstein, M., Manganoso Accrotion at the Sodiment - Water Interface at 400 to 2400 motors Depth Hawaiian Archipelago; Offico of the international Decado of Ocean Ex-pioration, NSF, Conference, Manganoso deposits on the Ocean Floor, Ardon Houso, Now York, p. 131 138,1972. Morgonstein, M. and W. C. Burnett, Geological Observations at an Agricultural Arca in the Upper Makaha Valloy, Makaha Valloy Historical Project, Department of Anthropology, Bernico Pauahi Bishop Museum, p. 95-112,1972. Morgenstein, M., Sideromolano-palagonito Transition in Authigenic Marino Sodimonts (Ab-stract) prosented at Geological Society of America Mooting, Cordilleran Section, p. 203, 1972. Morgonstein, M. and T. J. Riley, Hydration rind Dating of Basaltic Glass: A Now Method for Archaeological Chronologies, in: Obsidian Dating, Chapter 5,1972. Morgonstein, M., Sedimentary Diagonesis and Ratos of Manganoso Accretation on the Waho Sholf, Kaual Channel, Hawail, HIG Report 72 23, p.1 58, I DOE Phaco 1 Roport,1972. Morgonstein, M., Structural Analysis of Basaltic Glass Failuro and its Relationship to Palago-nito Formation in the Marino Environment (Abstract) presented at Geological Society of America Meeting, Cordilleran Section, p. 203,1972. Morgenstein, M., A Study of the Growth Morphologies of Two Doop sca Manganoso Meganodutos, ' Pacific Science, vol. 25, no. 3, p. 301-307,1971. Morgenstein, M. and J. Andrews, Manganoso Resourcos in the Hawaiian Region, Marino Toch. Soc. Jour., vol. 5, no. 6, p. 27-30,1971. Fan, P. F., M. Morgonstein, and W. Burnett, Clay Mineralogy and Geochronology, Semi-q l V mal 89012G q 21 V l ,
n () . Annual Report HIG 70-04, Subtask 2-1-1, p. 45-47, Hawaii instituto of Goophysics, University of Hawaii,1969. n Fan, P. F., J. Southworth, and M, Morgenstein, Analysis of Coros taken by USN Sands, Sea () Spider Site, Appendix G, p. G1-G36,1969. Morgonstein, M., Authlgonic Cementation of Scoriacows Doop-sea Sodimonts West of tho Society Ridgo, South Pacific, Sedimentology, vol. 9, p.105-118,1967. Morgonstein, M., The Composition and Development of Palagonito in Doop-sea Sediments from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, Syracuse University, Now York,137 p.,1969 ; (Master's Thesis). CONSULTANT PUBLICATIONS: Morgonstein, Fein, Andrews, Doopsoa Ocean Mining for AMAX, Denver, Colorado. , Morgonstein, Kapuku Plan for Resourco Managomont, Stato of Hawaii, for Department of Fish and Game. Morgenstein and HMR archaeologists, various publications Gooarchaeology of Kaho'clawo, Maul County, Hawaii, for State of Hawaii, Department of Parks. Morgenstein and HMR archaeologists, various publications Gooarchaeology of Kaho'olawo, , I Maui County, Hawaii, for U.S. Navy, Third Floot. Morgonstein, Shallow Soismic Survey (Reflection and Refraction) of Groundwater, (KUOU 11 wo!! sito) Kanoche, Hawaii, for Stato of Hawaii, Dopartment of Land and Natural Resourcos. Circular C86, DLNR, State of Hawail,1981. Morgenstein, Petrology of Oahu Volcanics, for Hydraulic Studios, Dam Construction, Oahu, i for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. ! Morgenstein, Micropaleontology and Chemical Stratigraphy for Palcotaro Fields, Oahu, for U.S. Army Corps of Engincors. Morgenstein, Gooarchaeology, Chemical Stratigraphy, Micropaleontology, Hydration rind Dating, various publications, Society Islands, Hawaiian Islands, Samoa, Eastor Island, A ote., Bernico Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii. V Morgenstein, Gooarchaeology, Hydration-rind Dating, Micropaleontology with various archao-clogists, various publications, Maul, Oahu, Hawaii, Molokai, Kauai, archaeological sites p ( for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and for State of Hawaii, Department of Parks. Morgenstein, Age Dotorminations of Land Boundary Markings for Land Disputo Case, Law Firm in Honolulu, _ Hawaii - Witchman, Witcham and Case. Data not used in court. Morgenstein, Uranium Mining, Grants, Now Mexico Geologic and Sedimentologic Assess- I monts with other geologists for Law firm in Hilo, Hawaii, Altman & Vanalrsdale. Morgenstein, Glass Hydration, Authigonic Mineralogy, Geochemistry Reports dealing with Yucca Mountain Proposed High Lovel Nuclear Wasto Repository, for DRI, University of Nevada System. Morgenstein, Glass Hydration, Authigenic Mineralogy, Geochemistry Reports dealing with Yucca Mountain Proposed High Level Nuclear Wasto Repository, for Stato of Nevada. Morgonstein, Reviews of various DOE and DOE contractors, NRC, USGS, and other publications and reports. PATENTS: 2 U.S. Patents in Doop-Sea Mining Equipment, concepts:
- 1) Morgonstein, Elevator Apparatus; and
- 2) Andrews and Morgonstein, Concept of Full Mining System.
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a O PART 61 AMENDMENTS RULEMAKIrlG ACflW FEBRUARY 23, 1989 i CLARK PRICHARD, RES DAt: FEHRINGER, NMSS i REGIS B0YLE, NMSS JIt/ WOLF, OGC O } CONTACT: C. Prichard O 492- 3884 O _ - _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ s
. 1 t . .. l 0-1 AMENDMENTS TO PART 61 TO REQUIRE GEOLOGIC REPOSITORY DISPOSAL OF GREATER-THAN-CLASS-C LOW-LEVEL WASTE O UNLESS AN ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF DISPOSAL HAS BEEN APPROVED BY THE COMMISSION PRESENT-REGULATIONS-CONCERNING-DISPOSAL 0F GREATER THAN CLASS C :
NOT ROUTINELY ELIGIBLE FOR NEAR SURFACE DISPOSAL PRESENTLY "0RPHAN" WASTE O O , 1. E_ --
4 O O PROPOSED RULEMAKING ' l PROPOSED RULE PUBLISHED IN MAY, 1988 35 PUBLIC COMMENT LETTERS RECEIVED ; NRC STAFF HAS ANALYZED PUBLIC COMMENTS j
^" 15 N0w eReeAR1NG F1NAL Rute O
O SCHEDULE CALLS FOR SUBMISSION OF FINAL RULE TO COMMISSION IN APRIL, 1989 O O 2.
l LO ! o 1 l WHAT IS GREATER THAN CLASS C WASTE ? ACTIVATED METALS FROM REACTORS SEALED SOURCES. SPENT ION EXCHANGE RESINS O
.O MOST WASTE WILL BE A.BY-PRODUCT OF DECOMMISSIONING ESTIMATES BY DOE INDICATE THAT 2,000 TO 4,800 CUBIC METER 5 0F GTCC WASTE WILL NEED DISPOSAL THROUGH YEAR 2020 1
, O ! O , S.
b) l C:) l PUBLIC COMMENTS ON PROPOSED RULE 1 0F 35 COMMENT LETTERS, 8 FROM STATES, 1 FROM A STATE LLW COMPACT. STATES GENERALLY SUPPORTED PROPOSED RULE
,O.
V DOE AND EPA, UTILITIES AND EEI, ENVIRONMENTAL l ([)' GROUPS, PRIVATE CITIZENS i MAJOR COMMENTS AND NRC STAFF RESPONSES ARE CONTAINED IN DRAFT FEDERAL REGISTER NOTICE ALL' RELEVANT COMMENTS ARE ADDRESSED IN THE DETAILED PUBLIC COMMENT ANALYSIS O O 4,
FED / DIS SPR' LO-O LIMITING GE0 LOGIC REPOSITORY ALTERNATIVES E FEDERAL DISPOSAL FACILITIES l
- MANY STATES, ENVIRONMENTAL GROUPS WERE CONCERNED THAT GTCC WASTE WOULD GO TO STATE LLW SITES NRC WAS URGED TO PROHIBIT THIS BY RULE O
n V NRC STAFF RESPONSE , THIS CONCERN IS UNWARRANTED AS LOW-LEVEL RADI0 ACTIVE WASTE POLICY AMENDMENTS ACT INDICATES GTCC IS FEDERAL RESPONSIBILITY THE ACT ALSO LEAVES OPEN THE OPTION FOR STATES TO TAKE GTCC ON A VOLUNTARY BASIS O
.O x
-FED / DIS SPR' O-O APPLICABILITY 0F STANDARDS
-- EPA, DOE, AND OTHERS WERE CONCERNED THAT CONFUSION WOULD '
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l0 0 D Y F L E LT I N I AC F CN I G I C Mr S I N EX T A H E O S C C S N R L E I E O LO Y S W V BN A E S T AA M - I D N C I LC M U A N EL S T D I T RO I S N X V N D E O AL S K A NA CE LI S S N T T I R E A EA O F OV U RH VC C S G A T CN I OC S N LA I N I E E I Y RT AC I A T F EA C N I HC K L L T LO O A N TI D AV V T E R D TN DA O I NI R F P ET A O R SA M O EH W I F RT OH P A TT A A I R ER I S E E HE D D T TT N I I EE R T R RH C AC TT 3 O O l
h CURRICULUM' VITAE EUGENE I. SMITH Date and Place of Birth: March 4,1944, Buffalo, New York Marital Status: Married, no children Mailing Address: Department of Geoscience University of Nevada las Vegas, Nevada 89154 h Telephone: office: (702) 739-3262 home: (702) 733-6181 Educational
Background:
University Degree YfJg University of New Mexico Ph.D. 1970 University of New Mexico M.S. 1968 Wayne State University. B.S. 1965. Specialties: Igneous Petrology, Volcanology, Geochemistry, Tectonics, Planetary Geology ' ,
,] . Professionni Exnerience:
8/88 to present: Professor of Geology, University of Nevada. 9/80 to 8/88: Associate Professor of Geology, University of Nevada 9/76-8/80: Associate Professor of Earth Science, University of Wisconsin-Parkside - 9/78-8/79: Visiting Associate Professor of Geology, University of Nevada 9/72-9/76: Assistant Professor of Earth Science, University of Wisconsin Parkside 9/70-6/72: Post-doctoral Research Associate to Professor W.E. Elston, Department - of Geology, University of New Mexico 9/68-8/70: Graduate Research Assistant to Professor W.E. Elston, Department of Geology, University of New Mexico
'8/68-8/80: Geologist WAE, U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 6/66-7/68: Geological Field Anistant WAE, U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 6/64-9/64: Undergraduate Research Assistant to Professor AJ. Mozola, Department of Geology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI O
i j J 1 h._ 2 O Teaching Exoerience: 1 Courses: Petrology, Optical Mineralogy, Petrography, Geochemistry, Crystallography
.and X-ray crystallography, Mineralogy, Structural Geology, Lunar and Planetary Geology, Volcanology, Economic Geology, Introductory Geology, Instrumental Techniques, Advanced Geochemistry, Igneous Petrology ,
Professional Society Memberships:
)
Sigma Xi Sigma Gamma Epsilon Phi Kappa Phi Geological Society of America American Geophysical Union AAAS 1 Honors: l National Defense Education Act (NDEA) Title IV Fellowship,9/65-6/68 j Grants: Q NASA Grant NGR 50-009-001 for the study of volcanic features and craters on Mars, Mercury, Moon and Earth (6 years of funding). O Four University of Wisconsin research grants to support the study of Precambrian igneous i J rocks of south-central Wisconsin. UNLV Research Council grant to support the study of Tertiary volcanic rocks in Clark County, Nevada. Grant from Nevada Nuclear Waste Project Office (NWPO) and DOE to study late-Miocene and younger volcanic activity in southern Nevada (3 years of funding). Current Research- l
- 1. Geochemical, petrological and structural studies of the Tertiary volcanic and plutonic rocks of the Lake Mead area, Nevada and Arizona.
- 2. Study of volcanic rocks in the McCullough Range, Nevada
- 3. Study of the late-Miocene Fortification Hill Basalt.
O O 4
G 3 l
$ PUBLICATIONS:
A. Journal Articles in refereed journals, symposium volumes: Elston, W.E., Lambert, P.W. and Smith. E.I.1968, Striated cones: wind abrasion features, not shatter cones: in Short, N.M., and French, B.M., eds., Shock Metamorphism of Natural Materials, Mono Book Corporation, Baltimore, p. 287-290. Elston, W.E., and Smith. E.I.1970, Determination of flow direction of rhyolite ash-flow tuffs from fluidal textures: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 81, p. 3393-3406. Elston, W.E., Aldrich, MJ., Smith. E.I.. and Rhodes, R.C.,1971, Non-random distribution of lunar craters: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 76, no. 23, p. 5675-5682. Smith. E.I.1971, Determination of the origin of small lunar and terrestrial craters by depth-diameter ratio: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 76, no. 23, p. 5683-5689. Rhodes, R.C., and Smith. E.I.1972, Directional fabric of ash-flow sheets in the northwest part of the Mogollon Plateau, New Mexico: Geolcgical Society of America Bulletin,
- v. 83, p.1863-1868.
Smith. E.I.. and Rhode;. R.C.,1972, Flow direction of lava flows: Geological Society of g America Bdletin, v. 83, p.1869-1874. g Rhodes, R.C., and Smith. E.I.1973, Geology and tectonic setting of the Mule Creek Caldera, New Mexico, USA: Bulletin Volcanologique, v. 36, no. 3, p. 401-411. Smith. E.I.1973, Mono Craters, California: A new interpretation of the eruptive sequence: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, p. 2685-2690. Smith. E.I. 1973, Identification, distribution and significance of lunar volcanic domes: The Moon, v. 6, nos.1/2, p. 3-31. Smith. FJ and Sanchez, A.G.,1973, Fresh lunar craters: morphology as a function of clameter, a possible criterion for crater origin: Modern Geology, v. 4, p. 51-59. Elston, W.E., Damon, P.E., Coney, PJ., Rhodes, R.C., Smith. E.I.. and Bickerman, M.,1973, Tertiary volcanic rocks, Mogollon Plateau, New Mexico and surrounding regions: K-Ar dates and pattercs of eruption: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, p. 2259-2274. Elston, W.E., and Smith. E.I.1973, Mars, evidence for dynamic processes from Mariners 6 and 7: Icarus, v.19, p.180-194. Smith. E.I.. and Rhodes, R.C.,1974, The Squirrel Springs volcanotectonic depression, a buried cauldron in southm.atern New Mexico: Geological Society of America 9 Bulletin, v. 85, p.1865-1868. O
l
^O 4 O Smith. E.L 1974, Rumker Hills, a lunar volcanic dome complex: The Moon, v.10, no. 2, p.
175-182. Smith. E.L and Sanchez, A.G.,1975, Fresh lunar craters: morphology as a function of diameter, a possible criterion for crater origin, Reply: Modern Geology, v. 5, p.175-176. Smith. E.L 197.6, Comparison of the crater morphology-size relationship for Mars, Moon and Mercury: Icarus, v. 28, p. 543-550. Smith. E.L 1978, Precambrian rhyolites and granites in south-central Wisconsin: field relations and geochemistry: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 89, p. 975-980. Smith. E.L and Stupak, W.A.,1978, A Fortran IV program for the classification of volcanic rocks using the Irvine and Baragar classification: Computers and Geoscience, v. 4,
- p. 89-99.
Smith. E.L and Hartnell, J.A.,1978, Crater size-shape profiles for the Moon and Mercury: The Moon and Planets, v.19, p. 479-511. Qv Smith. E.L Slagle, MJ., and Luzader, S.,1980, Impact cratering experiment for a course in lunar and planetary geaMgy: Journal of Geological Education, v. 28, p. 204-209. O Smith E.L 1984, Geochemistry and evoiution of the eariy rroterozoic rest-renekean - rhyolites and granites, and related rocks of south-central Wisconsin: Geological Society of America Memoir 160, p.113-128. Choukroune, Pierre, and Smith. E.I.1985, Detachment faulting and its relationship to older structural events on Saddle Island, River Mountains, Clark County, Nevada: Geology, v.13, p. 421-424. Myers, I.A.,' Smith. E.L and Wyman, R.V.,1986, Control of gold mineralization at the l Cyclopic Mine, Gold Basin District, Mohave County, Arizona: Economic Geology,
- v. 81, no. 6, p.1553-1557.
Weber, M.E., and Smith. E.I.1987, Structural and geochemical constraints on the reasserrbly mid-Tertiary volcanoes in the Lake Mead area of southern Nevada: Geology, v.15, p. 553-556. Guth, Peter and Smith. E.L 1987, Discussion of the paper by Ron and others, " Strike-slip ' faulting and block rotation in the I.ake Mead Fault System", Geology, v.15, p. O O
O s Articles in Press: l Smith. E.I.. 1987, 1.76 b.y. old granites and rhyolites in the conterminous United States: Geological Society of America Decade of North America Geology (DNAG) Volume: i Precambrian Conterminous United States (in press). Smith. E.L Feuerbach, D.L, Naumann, T.R. and Mills, J.E.,1989, Geochemistry and evolution ot' mid-Tertiary igneous rocks in the Lake Mead area of Nevada and Arizona:in Anderson, LA., Cordilleran Magmatism, Geological Society of America Memoir 174 Duebendorfer, E.M., Sewal( AJ., and Smith. E.L 1989, The Saddle Island Detachment fault, an evolving shear zone in the Lake Mead area of southern Nevada: Geological Society 'f Ame-ica Special Paper, "Mid-Tertiary extension at the latitude of Las Vegas", Wernicke, Brian editor. Articles Submitted: Feuerbach, D.L, and Smith. E.L Miocene and Pliocene basalts in the Lake Mead area, Nevada and Arizona: volcanism during the waning stages of extension and implications for volcanic hazard assessment: Geological Society of America Bulletin (to be submitted March 1,1989). B. Articles in Guidebooks, maps O Mozoia AJ. and Smith. E.L 1969, Giaciai drift thickness mag of warne County, Michigan: in Mozola, AJ., Geology for land and ground-water development in Wayne County, Michigan: Geological Survey of Michigan, Report of Investigation 3,25 pp. Rhodes, R.C., and Smith. E.L 1976, Stratigraphy and structure of the northwestern rim of the Mogollon Plateau volcanic province, Catron County, New Mexico: New Mexico Geological Society Special Publication No. 5, p. 57-62. Smith. E.L 1976, Structure and morphology of the John Kerr Peak dome complex, southwestern New Mexico: New Mexico Geological Society Special Publication No. 5, p. 71-78. Smith. EL Aldrich, M.J., Deal, E.G., and Rhodes, R.C.,1976, Fission track ages of Tertiary volcanic rocks, Mogollon Plateau, southwestern New Mexico: New Mexico Geological Society Special Publication No. 5, p.117-118. Smith. E.L 1978, Introduction to the Precambrian rocks of south-central Wisconsin: Geoscience Wisconsin, v. 2, p.1-17. Smith. E.L Paull, R.A., and Mudrey, M.G.,1978, Precambrian inliers in south central Wisconsin: Wisconsin Natural History and Geological Survey Field Trip Guide Book ) O No. 2,89 pp. I O
O ' O Bell, J., and Smith. E.L 1980, Geological map of the Henderson quadrangle, Clark County, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, Map 67. Parolini,-J.R., Smith. E.L and Wilbanks, J.R.,1981, Fission track dating of gravity slide blocks in the Rainbow Gardens, Clark County, Nevada: Isochron / West, no. 30, p. 9-10. Smith. E.L 1982, Geology and geochemistry of the volcanic rocks in the River Mountains, Clark County, Nevada and comparisons with volcanic rocks in nearby area: b Frost, E.G., and Martin, D.L eds., Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Colorado ) River Region, California, Arizona and Nevada: San Diego, California, Cordilleran i Publishers, p. 41-54. Smith. E.L 1984, Geologic map of the Boulder City quadrangle, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, Map 81. Smith. E.L 1986, Field Guide to the Geology of the eastern River Mountains and the Hoover Dam area, Clark County, Nevada: b Rowland, S.R., Field Guide to the Geology of Southern Nevada, prepared for the NAGT-FWS Meeting, Las Vegas, Oct. 3-5,1986, p. 22-64. Smith. E.L Anderson, R.E., Bohannon, RJ. and Axen, Gary,1987, Structure, volcanology, O and sedimentology of mid-Tertiary rocks in the eastern Basin-and-Range Province, Southern Nevada: b Davis, G.H. and VandenDolder, Geologic Diversity of Arizona O. - and its Margins: Excursions to Choice Areas: Arizona Bureau of Geology and , Mineral Technology, Geological Survey Branch Special Paper 5, p. 383-397. Smith. E.L Schmidt, C.S., and Mills, J.G.,1988, Mid-Tertiarv volcanoes of the Lake Mead area of southern Nevada and Northwestern Arizom.: b Weide, D.L, and Faber, M.L, This Extended Land, Geological Journeys in the southern Basin and Range, Geological Society of America, Cordilleran Section Field Trip Guidebook; UNLV Department of Geoscience, Special Publication No. 2, p.107-122. Faulds, J.E., Hillemeyer, F.L, and Smith. E.L 1988, Geometry and kinematics off a Miocene " Accommodation Zone" in the central Black and southern Eldorado Mountains, Arizona and Nevada: b Weide, D.L, and Faber, M.L, This Extended Lsnd, Geological Journeys in the southern Basin and Range, Geological Society of America, Cordilleran Section Field Trip Guidebook; UNLV Department of Geoscience, Special Publication No. 2, p. 293-310. C. Abstracts: Smith. E.L and Elston, W.E.,1968, Determination of flow directions of rhyolitic ash flow tuffs and andesitic lavas from fluidal textures: Geological Society of America Special Paper 115, p. 207. O l O , t 1 _ _ __ __ _ ___________ __ )
O ' n Smith. E.L 1969, Rumker Hills, a volcanic plateau in the Oceanus Procellarum, Moon: ! V Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, v. 50, no. 4, p. 229. Smith. E.L 1970, A pumiceous rhyolite dome, Mono Craters, California: an analog to small lunar cratered domes and relationship to a proposed Mono Craters eruptive sequence: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 2, no. 2, p.145. Smith. E.L 1971, The determination of origin of small lunar and terrestrial craters by depth-diameter ratio: Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, v. 51, no. 4, p. 342. Rhodes, R.C., Smith. E.L and Krohn, D.H.,1971, The Squirrel Springs volcano-tectonic depression, southwestern New Mexico: evidence for a buried cauldron and possible analog to some lunar ghost craters: Transactions of the American Geophysical Union,
- v. 51, no.12, p. 832-833.
Smith. E.L and Rhodes, R.C.,1971, The Mule Creek Caldera, a recently discovered felsic volcanic center in southwestern New Mexico: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 3, no. 2, p.196. Smith. E.L and Elston, W.E.,1971, Martian stratigraphy and terrain classification: a basis for the geological mapping of Mars: Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, v. 52, no. 4, p. 263. r\ V Elston, W.E., and Smith. E.L 1971, Stratigraphy and classification of martian terrains 7 photographed by Mariners 6 and 7: XV General Assembly of the I.U.G.S., Moscow. Rhodes, R.C., Smith. E.L and Elston, W.E.,1972, The mid-Tertiary Mogollon-Datil volcanic province, southwestern New Mexico, Part I, Volcano-tectonic timing: Geological Society of Amerier., Abstracts with Programs, v. 4, no. 3, p. 224. Elston, W.E., Smith. E.L and Rhodes, R.C.,1972, The mid-Tertiary Mogollon-Datil volcanic province, southwestern New Mexico, Part 2, Petrology and Petrogenesis: Geological ; Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 4, no. 3, p.155. ! Smith. E.L 1972, Volcanic geology of the John Kerr Peak dome complex, southwestern New Mexico: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Prograrns, v. 4, p. 411-412. Smith. E.L 1973, Lunar domes: identification, distribution and significance: Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, v. 54, no. 4, p. 360. Smith. E.L and Hartlaub, D.E.,1974, Precambrian Marquette Rhyolite, Green Lake County, Wisconsin: volcanic stratigraphy, petrography and flow direction determination: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 6, no. 6, p. 546. Smith. E.L 1975, Chemical characteristics of +he Marquette Rhyolite, Green Lake County, Wisconsin: Geclogical Society of Au 'ca, Abstracts with Programs, v. 7, no. 6, p. O 86o. l O l
O- 8
' Smith. F r.1975, Mineralogy and chemistry of the Precambrian Marquette rhyolite, Green Lake County, Wisconsin: Proceedings of the 21st Institute of Lake Superior Geology,
-p.9.
Smith. E.L 1976, Geology and geochemistry of the Precambrian ' r -llon rhyolite, !
, Columbia County, Wisconsin: Proceedings of the 22st Instituw w ake Superior Geology, p. 58.
i Smith. E.L 1977, Precambrian basement rocks of south-central Wisconsin: Programs and abstracts for the 3rd annual American Geophysical Union Midwest meeting, p.11. i Smith. E.L and Hartnell, J.A.,1977, The effects of nongravitational factors on the shape of I martian, lunar and mercurian craters: target effects: NASA Technical Memoir 1 (NASA TM X3511), p. 91 Smith. E.L 1978, A new Precambrian surface contour map for south central Wisconsin: Proceedings of the 24st Institute of Lake Superior Geology, p. 36. 1 Smith. E.L and Hartnell, J.A.,1979,-Revised crater shape-size data for the Moon and Mercury: NASA Technical Memoir (NASA TM 79729), p.147-149. Smith. E.L 1979, Tertiary volcanoes of the River Mountains, Clark County, Nevada: Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, v. 61, p. 69. O Smith. E.L 1980, Rare-earth element distribution in the Precambrian rhyolites and granites of south-central. Wisconsin: Proceedings of the 26st Institute of Lake Superior Geology, p.19. Brandon, C.N., Smith. E.L and Luther, F.W.,1980, The Precambrian Waterloo Quartzite, southeastern Wisconsin: evolution and significance: Proceedings of the 26st Institute of Lake Superior Geology, p.17-18. , l Smith. E.L 1981, Contemporaneous volcanism, strike-slip faulting and exotic block emplacement in the River Mountains, Clark County, Nevada: Geological Society of America, Abstrnets with Programs, v.13, no. 2, p.107. Parolini, J.R., andSmith. E.L Landslide masses in the Rainbow Gardens, Clark County, Nevada: lithology, emplacement and significance: Geological Society of America, 1 Abstracts with Programs, v.14, no. 4, p. 223. u Smith. E.L and Howard, W.R.,1983, Chemical and mineralogical zonation in the late- I Miocene Tuff of Bridge Spring, Eldorado Mountains, Nevada and comparisons with ash flow tuffs in nearby areas: Geological Society of Amer.ca, Abstracts with Programs, v.15, no. 5, p. 361. ] O O 1 l
l i 1 O 9 i Q Myers, I.A., and Smith. E.L 1984, Relationship of detachment faulting to mineralization at the Cyclopic Mine, Arizona: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, )j v.16,no.5,p.324. 1 i Myers, I.A., and Smith. E.L 1984, Structural control of ore deposition at the Cyclopic Mine, i Mohave County, Arizona: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v.16, no. 6 p. 606. Crow, Clay, and Smith. E.L 1984, Rare-earth element geochemistry and petrogenesis of shonkinites, syenites and granites associated with the Sulphide Queen Carbonatite, Mountain Pass, California: Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, v. 65, i no.45,p.1130. Mills, J.G. and Smith. E.L 1985, Mid Miocene volcanic rocks of the Hoover Dam area, Clark County, Nevada: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 17,no.6,p.370. Smith. E.L and Mills, J.G.,1985, Geochemistry of Post-15 m.y. old volcanicand plutonic rocks in the River Mountains-Hoover Dam area of southern Nevada and northern Arizona: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v.17, no. 6, p. 409. Weber, M.E. and Smith. E.L 1985, Structural geology of the southern McCullough range, Clark County, Nevada: Abstracts-Symposium on southwestern geology and O paleontology, Museum of Northern Arizona Publication, p.11. L O Schmidt, C.S., and Smith. E.L 1985, The Tertiary volcanic stratigraphy of the southern McCullough Range, Clark County, Nevada: Abstracts-Symposium on southwestern geology and paleontology, Museum of Northern Arizona Publication, p. 8. Weber, M.E., and Smith. E.L 1985, Tertiary lamprophyre dikes in the River Mountains, Clark County, Nevada: Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Sciences, v. 20, p.42. ) Naumann, Terry and Smith. E.L 1986, Late Miocene extension in thethe northern Black ! Range, Clark County, southern Nevada: Abstracts-Symposium on southwestern geology and paleontology, Museum of Northern Arizona Publication, p.11. Feuerbach, D.L, and Smith. E.L 1986, The Wilson Ridge Pluton, a decapitated mid- i Miocene intrusive complex in northwest Arizona: Abstracts-Symposium on { southwestern geology and paleontology, Museum of Northern Arizona Publication, )
- p. 5. 1 I
Feuerbach, D.L, and Smith. E.L 1986, The mid-Mioceue Wilson Ridge Pluton: a ; subvolcanic intrusion in the Lake Mead region, Arizona and Nevada: Transactions ! of the American Geophysical Union, v. 67, no. 44, p.1262. O O 1 l l= ._ . _ _ - _ _ . _ - _ . . _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ - . _ _ - _ - _ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ - - _ _ - - _ _ _ - - -
10 Smith. EL and Mills, J.G.,1986, The mid-Miocene Lake Mead volcanic field, southern O' Nevada: geochemical constraints on magmatic evolution: Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, v. 67, no. 44, p.1262. Sewall, Angela, and Smith. E.L 1986, The Saddle Island detachment fault, Lake Mead, ) Nevada: upper plate geology and regional significance: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v.18, p.182-183. Smith. E.L Schmidt, C.S., and Weber, M.E.,1986, Mid-Tertiary volcanic rocks of the McCullough Range, Clark County, Nevada: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v.18, p.187. Feuerbach, D.L, and Smith. E.L 1987, Late-Miocene Fortification Hill basalt, Lake Mead area, Nevada and Arizona: source areas and conduit geometry: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v.19, no. 6, p. 376-377. Naumann, T.R., and Smith. E.L 1987, Evidence for magma mixing in Mid-Tertiary volcanic rocks: Lake Mead region, southern Nevada: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v.19, no. 6, p. 435-436. Schmidt, C.S., and Smith. E.L 1987, The McCullough Pass caldera: a mid-Miocene caldera in the central McCullough Mountains, Clark County, Nevada: Geological Society of Q America Abstracts with Programs, v.19, no. 6, p. 447. m U Smith. E.L Eschner, E., Feuerbach, D.L, Naumann, T.R., and Sewall, A.,1987, Mid-Tertiary extension in the eastern Basin and Range Province, Nevada and Arizona: The Las Vegas Valley-Detrital Wash transect: Geological Society d America, Abstracts with Programs, v.19, no. 7, p. 848-849. Feuerbach, D.L, and Smith. EL 1988, Changes in volcanism during declining stages of regional extension in the Lake Mead area, Nevada and Arizona: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 20, no. 7, p.114. Naumann, T.R., and Smith. EL 1988, Compositional trends within late-Cenozoic alkalic basalts of the central Great Basin, Nevada: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 20, no. 7, p.114. Larson, LL, and Smith. El 1988, Mafic blobs: evidence for felsic and mafic magma commingling, Wilson Ridge Pluton, northwestern Arizona: Transactions of the American Geophysical Union (EOS), v. 69, no. 44, p.1491. Naumann, T.R., and Smith. EL 1988, The Boulder Canyon bieccia: A magmatic breccia associated with the intrusion of the mid Miocene Wilson Ridge pluton, southern Nevada: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 20, no. 3, p. 218. O l O l I L_ _ _ _ _ _ _.____ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ . _ _
4 O n Duebendorfer, E.M., Sewall, A.J., and Smith. E.L 1988, Kinematic interpretation of lower-U plate mylonites, Saddle Island detachment complex, Lake Mead, Nevada: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 20, no. 3, p.157. Sewall, A.J., and Smith. E.I.1988, Regional correlation and significance of a Tertiary fanglomerate in the upper plate of the Saddle Island detachment, I.ake Mead, Nevada: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 20, no. 3, p. 230. Escher, E., and Smith. E.L 1988, Geometry of mid-Tertiary normal faults in the Arch Mountain area of the northern Black Mountains, Mohave County, Northwest Arizona: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 20, no. 3, p.159 C. Open File and Technical Reports , Anderson, J.L, Young, E.D., Clarke, H.S., Orrell, S.E., Winn, M., Schmidt, C.S., Weber, M.E., and Smith. E.L 1985, The geology of the McCullough Range Wilderness area, Clark County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey, Final Technical Report,26p. Eggleton, R.E., and Smith. E.L 1967, Guologic map of the Rumker Quadrangle of the Moon: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report. O O O O
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LATE QUATERNARY PLllVIAL LAKES IN NEVADA
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l l i o' REFERENCES MIFFLIN, M. D. and M. M. Wheat,1979, Pluvial lakes and estimated pluvial climates of Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin 94. MIFFLIN, M. D. and J. Quade,1988, Palcohydrology and hydrology cf the carbonate rock province of the Great Basin (East-Central to Southem Nevada); In Holden, G. S., ed., Geological Society of America Field Trip Guidebook,1988.
' MORRISON, R. B.,1965, Quaternary geology of the Great Basin;in The Quaternary of the United States, Princeton University Press, p. 265-285.
QUADE, J.,1986, Late Quatemary environmental changes in the Upper Las Vegas Valley, Nevada; Quaternary Research,26, p. 340-357. SMITH, G. l.,1979, Subsurface stratigraphy and geochemistry of Lato Quaternary evaporites, Searles Lake, California; U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1043. SPAULDING, W. G. and L. J. Graumlich,1986, The last pluvial climatic episodes in the deserts of southwestern North America; Nature,320, p. 441-444. ! i l 1 O MY890217b i J_--____--_-_--.------- l
=l p
VITAE A
% l M ARTIN D. MIFFLIN i EDUCATION:
Ph.D.1968, University of Nevada,in Hydrogeology. M.S.,1963, Montana State University,in Applied Science. B.S.,1960, University of Washington,in Geology. Washington State University, Eastern Washington. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: President and Senior Hydrogeologist of Mifflin & Associates, Inc., a consulting firm which conducts hydrogoologic and geologic investigations, July,1986 to Present. Research Professor, Water Resources Center, Desert Research Institute, University of Nevada System. Research in ground water problems in arid zone hydrology. Specific areas of activity: carbonate rock hydrology, ground-water exploration and development, exploratory-drilling techniques, vadose-zone moisture conditions, and rechargo in arid terrane. During this period of time, major ground-water exploration and development programs were established for the State of Nevada (Jean Prison water supply, Valloy of Fire Stato Park), the U.S. Air Force (Tonopah Test Range, Tolicha Peak), and Nevada Power Company (Meadow Valley Well Field development, monitoring, and modeling; carbonate-rock ground water exploration program near Moapa). Program Director of the Yucca Mountain Candidato High-Level Nuclear Waste Repository technical support program for the State of Nevada (1983-1986), Sept.,1977 to July,1986. Senior Hydrogoologist, UNDP, Chile. Leave of absence from the Desert Research Instituto (q for service in Region 4, Chile United Nations Development Program (UNDP) project. Water resource assessment project in semi-arid region of Chile, chief resident adminis-trative responsibility for the UNDP of the project, March,1978 to March,1979. p Water Resources Conter Associate Director and Research Professor, Desert Research , V Institute, Las Vegas, Nevada. Head administrator for the Water Resources Center of the Desert Research Institute in the Las Vegas branch office. General responsibilities included research funding, direction, and execution of program of the Water Resourco Conter in Southern Nevada. Areas of research interest during this period included land subsidenco caused by fluid withdrawals and associated earth fissures and faults in Las Vegas Valloy and Mexico, deep carbonate-rock aquifers in Nevada as a potential water-supply alternative for Eastern and Southern Nevada, and waste-water treatment by natural marsh systems in Las Vegas Valley. Expert testimony on the Cross Florida Bargo Canal ground-water hydrology was given to the State of Florida Bureau of Planning and Florida Cabinet in July,1976; as well as serving on the board of review for the Water Element of the State Plan of Florida from 1976 to 1977. Periodic consulting 1975, 1976, 1977 for the Comision del Plan Nacional Hidraulico, in the area of ground water policy and executed programs of resource evaluation and advanced training of personnel, July,1975 to Sept.,1977. Residnnt Consultor, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank). Leavo of Absence from the University of Florida in order to accept an 18-month position as World Bank Resident Consultor in ground water to the Plan Nacional Hidraulico (PNH), a newly-created planning organization within the Mexican government. Held additional position of Jefe de Aguas Subterrancas (chief in charge of ground-water planning and associated investigations within PNH). Responsibilities involved training and development of professional staff, development of procedures and policy, and direction of ground-water studies designed far both short and long-term planning of ground-water exploitation and managemen' PNH was - ioint effort by the United Nations Development Programs (UNDP) and the Mexican G , rnment. The effort of the n UNDP was executed by the World Bank (International B i for Reconstruction and C 14 mal 890217
. . I 4
)
Development) and the procedure was to supply five resident consultors who were expert p in various disciplines in water-resource planning and development. I was also appointed to a Mexican govemment management role, and maintained the Bank title. , Subsequently, the experimental program was judged successful by the UNDP, World Bank, and the Mexican Govemment formalized the organization into the continuing ] i national planning agency for water-resource development in Mexico (Comision del Plan Nacior.at Hidraulico, ASRH), Sept.,1973 to July,1975. Associate Professor Geology, University of Florida. Teaching responsibilities in the following courses: Physical Geology, Introductory Geosciences, Geomorphology, Structural Geology, Ground-Water Geology and Hydrogeology. Research was more or less limited to local problems of ground-water pollution and continued work (summers of 1970,1972) on isostatic rebound in the Lahontan Basin of the Great Basin. Member of the University of Florida Graduate Faculty, served on graduate committees (M.S. and Ph.D.) for Geology, Environmental Engineering, Coastal Engineering, and Civil Engineering graduate students. Considerable involvement in ground-water pol lution aspects of the Cross Florida Barge Canal controversy, with testimony given to Florida Legislative committees, the State of Florida Cabinet, and the U. S. Presidential Council on Environmental Quality. Principal expert witness in ground water for EDF and the l Department of Interior in court proceedings (U.S. Government vs. Florida Canal Authority) in August,1973, Sept.,1969 to July,1975. Research Associcto, Desert Research Institute and Nevada Center for Water Resources Research. Activities primarily research in ground water and hydrogeology. Principal investigator or co-investigator in research dealing with the following: hydrologic safety, AEC underground nuclear detonation; investigation of land subsidence in Las Vegas i Valley and the development of the theory of mechanics; investigation of the ! hydrogeology of Las Vegas Valley for feasibility of artificial recharge; delineation of ground-water flow systems using studies of fluid potential, water chemistry, isotopes, and other methods: palcohydrologic investigations in Nevada (surface and ground water); O stratigraphic studies of alluvial basins; documentation of mudiump formation and hydro-V logic relationships causing formation, and developing a theory for mechanics of formation; investigations of carbonate-terrain hydrology in Nevada using tritium and hy- i f,T drogeochemical techniques; exploration and development of ground water in a number of i arid areas for federal, state, and private agencies; investigation of techniques for delineation of ground-water flow systems. Other activities included guest and substitute lacturing in ground water, hydrogeology, and physical geology, and direction of graduate student research in the Great Basin on hydrologic problems, July,1963 to Sept.,1969. 1 Graduate Research Assistant, Montana State University (the Montana State University expe-rience consisted of 1/2-time teaching of geology laboratories and two winters of snow avalanche research), Sept.,1962 to June,1963. Geologist, GS-7, U.S. Geological Survey, field mapping in the Lemhi Range and Beaverhead Range, Idaho and Montana, May,1962 to Sept.,1962. Graduate Teaching Assistant, Montana State University, Sept.,1960 to June,1962. Apprentice Geologist, Pan Petroleum Corp., Field-reconnaissance mapping in Western Alas-ka, April,1959 to Aug.,1959. PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS Geological Society of America National Water Well Association Sigma XI PROFESSIONAL HONORS AND OTHER PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES: DRASTIC Advisory Board Member, National Water Well Assoc.,1986-1987 Invited Speaker,15th Annual Rocky Mountain Groundwater Conference on Today's Groundwater issues, Phoenix, Arizona, Sept.1986, " Total Basin Concept - Groundwater Flow Systems" Invited Speaker, International Workshop on Regional Aquifers, Sponsored by the Institute of q b 15 mal 890217 l a u________._____.____ __
QJ . m Geophysics, UNAM, Mexico City, Feb.,1985, 'Hydrogeology of regional systems in the
! Great Basin"
)
Co-Loader, Field trip, White River Hydrological (Karst) System, S.E. Nevada,6th Conference on Karst Hydrogeology and Speleology (Friends of the Karst), Sept.1979 Moderator, Water Supply Planning Session, AWRA Conference " Water Resource Management in a Changing Society," Sept.,1979, Las Vegas Geological Society of America Moinzer Award Committee, term 19771980 Elected to DRI Faculty Senate,1975-1978 Moderator, Special Session on Ground-Water Quality, Las Vegas Valley, NWWA Tech. Moeting, Las Vegas,1976 Selected as resident international consultant in the field of ground water to the Mexican Government by the World Bank and UNDP,1973-1975 Trustee: Florida Defenders of the Environment (1970-1977) FDE Scientific Committee Co-Chairman (1971-1974) Appointed Chairman, Environmental impact Committee City of Gainesville-Alachua Co. Joint committee (Jan.1973; resigned Aug.,1973) Elected Foundation Advisory Member, Environmental Information Centor, Florida Conservation Foundation,Inc.,1972 Elected member University of Florida Presidential Faculty Concems Committee,1971 Appointed member of University of Florida Ad Hoc Com. on Environmental Programs,1971 Designated Program Moderator (1970 Nat. GSA Evening Discussion of Hydrology Section) ( Member of the U.S. delegation to the Inter. Assoc. of Scl. Hydrol., Symposium Hydrology of Deltas, Bucharest, Rumania,1969 Granted first sabbatical leave offered to DRI faculty,1969 Elected to DRI Faculty Organization,1968 to 1969 Program Chairman, Sigma Xi Luncheon Locture Series at University of Nevada,1965 to 1966
-s Co-Author of scientific paper nominated for the G.S.A. Meinzer Award,1965 NSF Basin and Range Field Conference Co-leader,1965 l}
k INQUA Great Basin Field Conference Co-leader,1965 Sigma XI(Nominated at Montana State University for M.S. thesis). (V3 l CONSULTING EXPERIENCE: Consultant to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission on Yucca Mountain, Nevada,1982 to 1984. Consultant to Govemment of Ecuador, ground-water development for irrigation, Rio Guayas Basin,1982 to 1983. Consultant to USAID, University of Wisconsin, and OTDC, Government of Tunisia, on design and feasibility of potable water development for dispersed populations in Central Tunisia, Feb.-Mar.,1980. Consultant for the organization, and participant in " Seminar on Development and Rational Management of Groundwater of the Yucatan Peninsula" sponsored by the Banco de Mexico, S.A., Doc. 3-7,1979, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico,1979. Consultant to Mexico, reviewer of all ground-water studies by CPNH 1973-77, Comision del l Plan Nacional Hidraulico, ASRH, July 1977. Stato of Florida, Div. of State Planning, Water Eloment of State Comprehensive Plan, Panel of Experts, review of water element, 1977. State of Florida, Dept. of Planning: testimony to the Florida Cabinet on hydrologic Impacts of Cross Florida Barge Canal, June,1976. Ground-water consultant to Arthur D. Little, Inc. on bi-national water-resource development project for Colombia and Venezuela. Consultant to Mexico, organization of PNH-sponsored symposium entitled "La Soreexplotacion de Agua Subtorranea en Algunas Partos del Mundo," Mexico City, Doc.,1975. Nevada and California (1969-1973): runoff / erosion studios with respect to timbering activities in the Sierra Nevada (1972, major lumber company). Florida: lake dowatering hydrogeological studies for. Lake Apopka (1970, Citrus Growers). Numerous l O G 16 mal 890217 i v
p h. m hydrogeological studies for land developers as senior hydrologic consultant for the firms i Eco impact, Inc. and Environmental Science Engineering, Inc. (1972-73). Solid-waste l) b disposal and site suitability for Alachua County (1972). Three landfill sites located, evaluated, and subsequently adopted by the County. Landfill monitoring, Alachua l County (1972-73). Offshore Nuclear Power Plant site evaluation - aspects of tectonic history and seismic hazards (major engineering firm,1973). Nevada and California (1963-1969): ground-water exploration and water supply development in arid terrain for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Nevada State Parks, and several development and mining firms; ground-water supply and contamination studies, U.S. Gypsum. PUBLICATIONS AND REPORTS: Mifflin, M. D., Johnson, C. L., and Johnson, R. J.,1989, Hydrogeologic assessment, Upper Muddy River Valley, Nevada: Mifflin & Associates, Inc.,46 p., Appendices. Mifflin, M. D. and J. Quade,1988, Hydrogeology and paleohydrology of the Carbonate Rock i Province of the Great Basin: Geol. Soc. Amer. Field Trip Guidebook,1988 GSA ! Centennial, Annual Meeting. Mifflin, M. D.,1988, Region 5, Great Basin, in Back, W., Rosenshein, J. S., and Seabar, eds., Hydrogeology: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, vol. 0-2, p. 69 to 78. J Mifflin, M. D., Ed.,1988, Review of consultation draft of the site characterization plan, Yucca j
~ Mountain Site, Nevada research and development area, Nevada (DOE /RW-0160),
January 1988): Mifflin & Associates, Inc.,247 p. Mifflin, M. D. and J. Quade,1987, Estimating climate change from hydrologic response: Water Forum '86, ASCE Proceedings, Aug. 4-6,1986, Long Beach, California. Mifflin, M. D., et al.,1987, Technical review comments on the environmental assessment: Yucca Mountain site, Nevada Research and Development Area, Nevada (May 1986, Vols.I,11, til [ DOE /RW-0073]): Mifflin and Assoc., Inc.,187 p.
)]
l, O Mifflin, M. D. and M. E. Morgenstein, Eds.,1985, Technical review comments on the draft environmental assessment: Yucca Mountain Site, Nevada Research and Development Area, Nevada: WRI-DRI,169 p. V Mifflin, M. D. and D. E. Zimmerman,1984, Ground-water availability in the lower Meadow Valley Wash near Glendale, Nevada: WRC-DRI, 52 p. Glancy, P. A., R. L. Jacobson, and M. D. Mifflin,1984, The hydrogeology of the Carson and Truckoo River Basins, Nevada:in Westem Geological Excursions,1984 Annual Meeting, Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 3 Lintz, J. (Ed.), p. 52-146. Woessner, W. W., M. D. Mifflin, D. E. Zimmerman, and K. E. Sullivan,1983, Meadow Valley Wash exploration program, October and November: WRC-DRI,47 p. Mifflin, M. D., A. Elzeftawy, S. W. Wheatcraft, and J. W. Hess,1982, Henderson, Nevada rapid infiltration basin siting and monitoring study: WRC-DRI Project Report,100 p. Mifflin, M. D.,1982, Preliminary report on the Jean Correctional Facility test / production well: WRC-DRI Memo. Rept. to Nevada Legislature Intrium Finance Committee,5 p. Elzeftawy, A. and M. D. Mifflin,1982, Soil sample analyses from borings of the RIB site for the City of Henderson: WRC-DRI Letter Report to URS/ City of Henderson,8 p. Mifflin, M. D.,1982, Exploration and development of a ground-water supply for the southem Nevada Correctional Center, Jean, Nevada: WRC-DRI,43 p. and Appendices. Zimmerman, D. E., M. D. Mifflin, and K. E. Sullivan,1982, Construction and testing of wells NFC-2, NPC-11, NPC-25, and NPC-34, Meadow Valley Wash Field: WRC-DRI,203 p. Mifflin, M. D. and A. Elzeftawy,1982, Lateral hydraulic conductivity of the alluvial sediments near the RIB site: WRC-DRI Letter Report to City of Henderson,6 p. Mifflin, M. D.,1982, Preliminary results of additional test holes for the determination of the useful life of the test / production well, Jean Correctional Facility: WRC-DRI Memo. Rept. to Nevada Legislature Intrium Finance Committee,4 p. Etzeftawy, A., M. D. Mifflin, R. L. Skaggs, and M. J. Miles,1981, TIMET waste leach liquor as a soil stabilizer: WRC-DRI Project Report,64 p. Woossner, W. W., M. D. Mifflin, R. H. French, A. Elzeftawy, and A. Zimmerman,1981, 17 mal 890217 (J
O Hydrologic and salinity analysis of the lower Virgin River Basin, Nevada and Arizona:
.p WRC-DR1 Project Report,171 p.
Mifflin, M. D. and A. Elzeftawy,1981, Soils, geology and hydrogeology of the Laughlin area, V Nevada: WRC-DRI Project Report,75 p. French, R. H., M. D. Mifflin, and J. Edkins,1981, Salt storage in the lower Las Vegas Valley: WRC-DRI Project Report,270 p. Mifflin, M. D. and J. Harrill,1981, Hydrogeologic characteristics of the Great Basin: Geol. Soc. Amer. Abstracts w.. Programs, vol.13, no. 7, Dickson, B. H., M. D. Miffdn, and M. E. Vollbrecht,1980, Potable water for dispersed populations in central Tunisia: Regional Planning and Area Development Project, University of ,101 p. (in English and French). Mifflin, M. D.,1980, Ground-water aquifer system assessment in carbonate terrane of the Great Basin: Symposium on Regional Aquifer Analysis, Amer. Geophy. Union, Fall Annual Meeting, San Francisco (Abst.). Mifflin, M. D. and M. Wheat,1979, Pluvial lakes and estimated pluvial climates of Nevada: Nevada Bur, of Mines and Geol. Bull. 94,57 p. Mifflin, M. D. and J. W. Hess,1979, Regional carbonate flow systems in Nevada: in Maxey Memorial Volume 43, Jour. Hydrology, p. 217-237. Mifflin, M. D.,1979, Ground water of the Rio Eiqui Valley, Region IV, Chile: UNDP, Project Chi /69/535. . Hess, J. W. and M. D. Mifflin,1978, A feasibility study of water production from deep carbonate aquifers In Nevada: Desert Research Institute, Water Resources Center, Pub. No. 4iO54,125 p. Hess, J. W. and M. D. Mifflin,1976, Water-quality investigation of Fort Churchill State Historical Monument, Lyon County, Nevada: Desert Research Institute, WRC, Project Report No. 45,34 p. Mifflin, M. D. and M. Wheat,1971, Isostatic warping in Lahontan Basin, Northern Great Basin: Geol. Soc. Amer. Annual Meeting, Program and Abstracts, p. 467.
- Mifflin, M. D.,1970, Mudiumps and suggested genesis in Pyramid Lake, Nevada: Inter.
Assoc. of Sci. Hydrol., Symposium Hydrology of Deltas, Bucharest, Rumania, May,1969, Pub. No. 90, p. 75-88. O Mifflin, M. D.,1970, Hydrology and conclusions: in Environmental impact of the Cross Florida U Barge Canal: Florida Defenders Environment, p.17-19,64-72 and 114-115. Mifflin, M. D. and M. Wheat,1969, Distribution of Late Quaternary lakes in Nevada: Desert Research Institute, Unpubl. Mifflin, M. D.,1968, Recognition of ground-water flow systems configuration by fluid potential measurements: Geol. Soc. Amer., Program 1968 Annual Meeting, p. 200-201 (Abst.). Mifflin, M. D.,1968, Delineation of ground-water flow systems in Nevada: University of Nevada Ph.D. Dissertation: Desert Research Institute, CWRR, Tech. Rept. Series H-W, ( No. 4,11 p. Mifflin, M. D.,1967, Hydrogeology: in A Reconnaissance of the Technology for Recharging Reclaimed Waste Water into the Las Vegas Ground-Water Basin: Desert Research Institute, Tech. Rept. Series H W, Pub. No. 2, p.14-29. l Mifflin, M. D.,1967, Formation of mudlumps in Pyramid Lake, Nevada: Geol. Soc. Am., l Program 1967 Annual Meeting, p.149-150 (Abst.). Mifflin, M. D.,1967, Strange things are rising in Pyramid Lake, Nevada: State Joumal, Science in Nevada, July 2,1967 issue. Maxey, G. B., M. D. Mifflin, P. A. Domenico, and A. McLane,1966, Geology and water resources of Red Rock Ranch: Mim. Rept. to the Red Rock Ranch Stockholders,48 p., 2 maps. Maxey, G. B. and M. D. Mifflin,1966 Occurrence and motion of water in carbonate rocks of l Nevada: Annual Meeting of the Amer. Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, Berkeley, l California, Dec. 28-29,1965. Pub 0shed in Natl. Speleol. Soc. Bull., vol. 28, no. 3, July, 1966. Morrison, R. B., M. D. Mifflin, and M. Wheat,1965, Rye Patch Dam Pleistocene stratigraphy: INQUA Vil Congress, Northern Great Basin and California Guidebook, p. 28 33. 18 mal 890217 L___________
Q,7 , n J E !i Morrison, R. B., M. D. Mifflin, and M. Wheat,1965, Pleistocene stratigraphy at the Badland i i . Amphitheater on the Truckee River north of Wadsworth: INQUA Vil Congress, Northern L
- d. Great Basin and California' Guidebook, p. 38 43.
Domenico, P. A. and M. D.' Mifflin,1965, Water from low-permeability sediments and land subsidence: Am. Geophy. Union, Water Resources Research, vol.1, no. 4, p 563 576. Domenico, P. A., M. D. Mifflin, and A. Mindling,1965, Geologic controls on land subsidence, Las Vegas Valley, Nevada: Proceedings 4th Annual Symposium on Engineering
. Geology and Soils Engineering, Moscow, Idaho, p.113121.
Mifflin, M. D. and P. A. Domenico,1964, Part 11, Hydrogeology: in Seismology, Hydrogeology and Meteorology of the Proposed Nuclear Power Plant Site in Mason Valley, Nevada: Desert Research Institute Mim. Report to Sierra Pacific Power Co.,14 p. Mifflin, M. D., G. B. Maxey, P. A. Domenico, D. A. Stephenson, and J. R. Hardaway,1964, Hydrological investigations of the Sand Springs Range, Fairview Valley and Fourmile Flat, Churchill County, Nevada: VELA UNIFORM, Project SHOAL, AEC Report VUF-1001, p. 239-364. Mifflin, M. D. and G. B. Maxey,1964, Lahontan 16-inch well, construction pump tests, and ! recommendations: Desert Research Institute Letter Report to Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,8 p. Mifflin, M. D.,1964, Lahontan well #3 step-drawdown test and interpretations: Desert / Research Institute Letter Report to Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Servics,8 p. Mifflin, M. D.,1964, Hydrology of the Lahontan Basin, Northwestern Nevada: INQUA Vil \ Congress, Northern Great Basin and California Guidebook, p. 25-28. Mifflin, M. D.,1963, Preliminary report on the ground-water possibilities in the Valley of Fire State Park,' Nevada: Desert Research Institute Letter Report of Sept.19,1963, to Dean , L. Kastens, Director of the Nevada State Park Service,6 p. ! Mifflin, M. D.,1963, A discussion of the hydrology and hydrogeology in the Sand Springs Range, Churchill County, Nevada: Northwest Science, Spokane, Washington Meeting, (3 U Dec.1963 (Abst.). Mifflin, M. D. and G. B. Maxey,1963, Preliminary report of the geology and hydrology of the p)%. Settlemeyer Site, Carson Valley, Nevada: Desert Research Institute Mim. Rept. to Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,13 p. Mifflin, M. D.,1963, Geology of a part of the southern margin of the Gallatin Valley, Southwest Montana: M.S. Thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana,111 p.; Program of the 16th Annual Meeting, Geol. Soc. Am., Rocky Mtn. Sect. (Abst). STUDIES DIRECTED AND/OR COAUTHORED IN MEXICO (In Spanish by Plan Nacional Hidraulico, Secretary of Water Resources, Mexico): Ground-Water Reconnaissance and Availability, Region Closed Basins, No. Central Mexico, I 1976. Ground-Water Reconnaissance of Region Rio Lerma Basin, Central Mexico,1976. f ' Ground-Water Reconnaissance and Availability, Region Rio Bravo ,1975. I Ground-Water Reconnaissance and Availability, Region NW Pacific coast, NW Mexico,1975. Ground-Water Availability, Exploitation and Policy, National Water Plan of Mexico, in Plan Nacional Hidraulics de M'3xico (1974) (1975),1975. Ground-Water Reconnaissance and Availability, Region Papaloapan, SE Mexico,1974 l l L9 19 mal 890217
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VITA gg
%-) LAWRENCC T. LARSON
[ 7s i ) l <> GENERAL DATA l Date and place of birth: December 3, 1930 Waukegan, Illinois Marital Status: Married Three adult children
' ADDRESSES Office - Department of Geological Sciences Mackay School of Mines University of Nevada Reno, NV 89557 Phone: (702) 784-4002 Home - 340 Sparrow Way Carson City, NV 89701 Phone: (702) 849-0587 PRESENT POSITION Professor and Chairman - Geolog ic al Sciences (Geology,
(~.' Geolog ical Engineering, Geophysics, Geochemistry,
\-}
m Hydrology)
- EDUCATION B.S. - Geology (highest honors), University of Illinois, Urbana, 1957.
M.S. - Geology, University of Wisconsin,ofMadison, 1959. Wisconsin, Madison, Ph.D.- Economic Geology, University 1962. PUBLICATIONS See appended listing. SCHOLASTIC HONORS, FELLOWSHIPS, ETC. University Honors; Bronze Tablet - University of Illinois Wisconsin Alumni Research Fellow - 1957-1959 Union Carbide Ore Company Research Fellow - 1959-1961 Phi Kappa Phi Participant, NSF-AGI studies in Brazil, summer, 1966 Participant, NSF Institute, Sulphide Phase Equilibria, 1967 Fulbright Senior Professor, 1985-86 (x_-)
/S T
l GRANTS AND CONTRACTS National Science Foundation, 1969-1970. $12,000 Bendix - U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1977-1978. $125,000 Southland ' Royalty Corp. - U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1979-80. l
$154,000 Dept. of Interior, Office of Surface Mining, 1980-1983.
$69,000 j State of Nevada, Evaluation of Proposed Yucca Mountain !
" Repository,. Task III, 1987. $156,000 State of Nevada, Evaluation of Proposed Yucca Mountain Repository, Task III, 1988. $100,000 NATO, Division of Scientific Affairs, 1989. 390,000 Be lg ia?.
Francs COLLEGE /UNIVERSI*Y COMMITTEES Faculty Development Committee, 1987-present Sabbatical Leave Committee, 1982-85 Promotion and Tenure Committee - Univ. of Nevada, 1979-81 Ad hoc University Academic Master Plan Committee, 1980-81 Hyd rology-Hyd rog eology Interdisciplinary Committee, 1976-
. present Mackay Mineral Research Institute Advisory Committee, 1979-present Water aurource Center Technical Advisory Committee, 1977 and Review Board, UNR, g- International Studico Development t 1978-80 Ad hoc Committee on Role and Function of Department
() Chairpersons, UNR, 1978-80 Governor's Committee on MX Missile siting in Nevada, 1981 Others UNIVERSITY PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITTfS 1975-present: Chairman and Professor of Economic Geology, Mackay School of Mines, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557. Responsibilities include direction and administration of the Department of Geological Sciences with a full and part time Department student faculty of 18 to 20 professionals. enrollment is composed of approximately 70 undergraduate deg rees in majors and 110 graduate students pursuing geology, geological engineering, geophysics, geochemistry and hydrogeology/ hydrology. From 1975-1979 geography (three faculty) degrees were also g iven in the Department. Administrative tasks include budget, admission, course offerings and scheduling, graduate student committee operation, faculty evaluation, assignments, daily promotion and tenure, etc. Teaching recommendation for underg raduate courses responsibilities include graduate and and exploration geology () in economic geology, (including legal and environmental aspects mining of exploration < ()
i
- e mining), ore petrology and geochemistry. Additional f/^T a nd tasks include supervision of gradua te
(/ significant teaching student research and the teaching of ind ivid ual . t utorials O and seminars in the area of ore deposits. Since 1976 I have also served as administrator. and/or principal investigator of funded research projects resulting in published research
- articles (see bibliography and page 1, vita) 1961-1975:
Assistant (1961-1966), Associate (1966-1971) and Professor (1971-1975) of Geology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tn. Responsibilities included teaching, research and graduate research supervision. Courses taught included Principles of Economic Geology; Metallic Mineral Deposits; Non-metallic Mineral Deposits; Geology of Fuels; Ore Microscopy; Reg ional Studies in Economic Geology; Introductory Physical Geology; Geology for Engineers, and various seminars in Sulphide Phase Equilibria; Massive Sulphide Deposits; Mississippi Valley Pb/Zn deposits;. Geochemistry of Ore Forming Solutions, Metallogenic Provinces, etc. Directed the graduate research leading to two Ph.D. and 16+ M.S. degrees. Served on a number of Departmental, College and University committees. Performed publishable research (see bibliography). CONTINUING EDUCATION / PREPARATION O 1981-1962: O American Council on Education - Departmental Leadership and intensive training the Academic Chairperson. Two 4-day sessions by the ACE on planning management and leadership. Decision making, budgets, responsibilities, grievances, faculty evaluation (s), counseling, etc. PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS Fellow - Geological Society of America Member - Society of Economic Geologists Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Northwest Mining Association IAGOD - International Association on the Genesis of Ore Deposits-AGID - Association of Geologists for International Development American Institute of Mining , Metallurg ical and Petroleum Engineering
- Society of Mining Engineers Member and Chairman (1978-79)
Geochemical Committee , Member - Executive Committee, SME, 1981 ! Member - Jackling Award Committee, SME, O 1980 O
)
/') Member - R. Peele Award Committee, SMF, V 1979
(~ Registered Professional Geologist (#418) - State of Georg ia l (-)' l NON-ACADEMIC PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIE,S, Co-Principal Investiga tor - Yucca Mt. Project Task III, 1987-present. Nuclear Waste Isolation, Nevada. ABET - Visitor, Geological Engineering Programs, 1987 . Consultant, Ranger Exploration, N.L., 1986-1988. Gold Explora' ion, Turkey. Fulbright Senior Professor, 1985-86. Consultant - British Petroleum Minerals, Brazil, 1983-1987. General Chairman, Geological Society of America, 1984 Annual Meeting Invited Speaker, Peru"ian Geological Congress, July 1983 Administrator and Principal Investigator, USBM Grant to investigate Geochemical Exploration for precious metals using Fe/Mn oxide joint coatings, 1980-83. Member, NSF Post Doctoral Fellowship Review Committee, 1982 consultant - Sabine Production Company, 1980, 81, 82 Consultant - Freeport Exploration, R. Robinson and others, 1981, 1982, 1983 Consultant, Sandia Laboratories, 1981, 1982 Consultant - Westcoast Oil and Gas, Summer 1981 Consultant - United Nations Dev. Prog /World Health Org .- g-)s ( Feb. 1981 Chairman and Member of technical peer review committee-() Nuclear 1979-83. Waste Isolation Program, U.S. Dept. Ene rgy , Gold Potential of Consultant - Home Oil Corp., Canada. U.S., Summer, 1980 properties in southeast and western , d Consultrnt - United Nations Dev. Program - Turkey. Zine exploration and evaluation of resources and Turkish government exploration ef forts. 1979 Administrator and Principal Investigator, Southland Royalty /U.S. DOE contract for Geothermal Reservoir Case Study, Nevada. Available time, 1979-80. Consultant - Noranda Exploration Company. Uranium exploration in Nevada. Summer, 1978. Administrator, Bendix Principal Investigator and Engineering /U.S. DOE contract for Uranium potential of the Great Basin. Available time, 1977-78. Partner and geolog ic consultant Applied Exploration Concepts. Designed and implemented copper exploration program for CONOCO, 1972-75. Consultant - International Minerals and Chemical Corp. ( Copper exploration in Wyoming and Utah. Summer, 1971. l I Consultant - Alcoa Corp. Copper / nickel exploration in Main. I Summer, 1970. Duval Corp. and Placer Amex - Copper f Consultant - exploration, Montana / Idaho, 1969. ( Consultant - Union Carbide Nuclear Corp-Oak Ridge National
)
l l
;=, ,
l ( j' Laboratories. cladding products. Development of program to study reactor Available time, 1963-1969.
-l J
Consultant - Tennessee Division of Geology. Study and l
'(]) mapping of mineral resources. Summers and available time, 1962-65, 1967.
Consultant - Several. firms such as American Zinc, U.S. Borax and Chemical, Grealbeal Interests, etc. - Short (1 week to 1 month) contracts. 1961-present. PUBLICATIONS * = reviewed publication L. T. Larson - sole author unless otherwise indicated.
- Rotation Properties of Certain Anisotropic Ore Minerals:
Econ. Geol., v. 56, pp. 569-583, 1961 (with others). Geology and Mineralogy of Certain Manganese Oxide Deposits, Philipsburg, Montana: (Abs), GSA Special Paper 68, 1961, p. 215.
- Zinc-bearing Todorokite from' Phili pa burg , Montana: Amer.
Mineralogist, v. 47, pp. 59-66, 1962.
- Geology and Mineralogy of Certain Manganese Oxide Deposits, Philipsburg, Montana: Econ. Geol., v. 59, pp. 5'4 - 7 8 ,
1964.. ( Field-trip guide to Corundum Hill, North Carolina:Ga tTInbu in Field rg , Trip Guidebook, Joint ACA-MSA meeting, - l (') A. Tennessee, July 1965 (with F. S. Lesure).
- Mineral Resources Summary of the Waverly Quadrangle, Tennessee: . Tenn. Div. of Geology, Geological Map and ,
Mineral Resources Summary (MRS) 30-SE, l'9 6 5, 7 p .
- Mineral Resources Summary of the Standing Rock Quadrangle, I GM and M RS 29 -MW ,
Tennessee: Tenn. Div. of Geology, 1965, 15 p. (with R. H. Barnes). l
- Mineral Resources Summary of the Bumpas Mills Quadrangle, GM and MRS 28-SE, Tennessee: Tenn. Div. of Geology, 1965, 17 p.
- Mineral Resources Summary of the Dover Quadrangle, Tennessee: Tenn. Div. of Geology, GM and MRS 29-NE, 1965, 12 p. (with R. H. Barnes).
- Mineral Resources Summary of the Hurricane Mills Quadrangle, Tenn. Div. of Geology, GM an;d MRS 31-NE, Tennessee:
1965, 4 p.
- Mineral Resources Summary of the Kimmins Quadrangle, O Tennessee: Tenn. Div. of Geology, GM and 1965, 17 p.
MRS 41-NE,
7 Summary Cumberland Furnace ( )= Mineral Resources Quadrangle, Tennessee: Tenn. of the Div. of Geology, GM and ! s MRS 302-SE, 1966,L15 p. l) l Mineral Resources Summary of the McEwen Quadrangle, Tennessee: Tenn. Div. of Geology, GM and MRS 39-SE, 1966, 6 p. Mineral Resources Summary of the Tharpe Quadrangle, Tennessee: Tenn. Div. of Geology, GM and MRS 2 8-SW, 1967, 17 p. (with others). Mineral Resources Summary of the Ashland City Quadrangle, Tennessee: Tenn. Div. of Geology, GM and MRS 304-SE, ! 1967, 6 p. Mineral Resources Summary of the Cheatham Dem Quadrangle,
. Tennessee: Tenn. Div. of Geology, GM and MRS 304-SW, 1967, 4 p.
- Determination of the Basal-Pole Orientation in Zirconium by Polarized Light Microscopy: Trans. Met. Soc. of AIME,
- v. 236, pp. 1104-1106, 1966.
- Equipment for the Quantitative Measurement of Reflectivity:
Journ. of Scientific Instruments, v. 40, pp. 1088-1092, {}
- 1969.
Reflectivity Measurements on Zirconium: Trans. Met. Soc. of (\]- l AIME, v. 245, pp. 2047-2049, 1969.
- Cobalt and Nickel-bearing Manganese Oxides from the Fort Payne Formation, Tennessee: Econ. Geol., v. 65, pp.
952-962, 1970. Two Sources of Error in Low Temperature Inclusion Homogenization Determination, and Corrections on l Published Temperatures for the East Tennessee and Laisvall Deposits: Econ. Geol., v. 68, pp. 113-116, 1973 (with others).
- Textural Study of Polycrystalline Pyrhotite by Reflectance Measurements and X-ray Pole Figures: Econ. Geol., v.
68, pp. 671-680, 1973. , i A Short Course on Opaque Minerals: a Text Published for the 1973 S. E. Geol. Soc. of Amer. Meeting (with R. H. Carpenter), 203 p. Geochemistry - a Review, 1976. Mining Engineering, Feb. 1977, 6 p. l () O
if - , f, The Great Basin Geologic Framework and Uranium Favorability. l
;(,) A Report to Bendix Corp., 3 vols. (226Lp. Text' and 696 Geolog ic , Geochemical,
.-s p. Bibliog raphy) plus
;(,)- Geochronologic Map Folio 211 p.
open (189 maps + 22 1978. stratigraphic columns) filed, April, (Senior Author, with others).
- Uranium Potential of Zeolites in Volcanically Derived Sed imen ts , Northern Reese River Valley, NV. AIME 4 Preprint and Trans., 13 p., 1980 (with P. Bas insk i) . .
i Geothermal Reservoir Assessment Case Study, Northern Basin and . Range Province: U.S.-DOE Document, Contract No. ' DE-AC08-79E27006, 223 p. (with several other authors). Geochemical Exploration for Preciouc Metals in the Great i Basin Using Fe/Mn Oxide Joint Coatings. AIME Meeting i and PREPRINT, Nov. 1981 (with W. Crone). Overview of Energy and Mineral Resources for the Nevada. Nuclear Waste Storage Investigations, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, NV: U.S. Dept. of Energy Report, NVO-250, 64 p. + maps (with E. Bell). Annotated Bibliography, Overview of Ene rgy and Mineral Resources for the Nevada Nuclear Waste Storage Investigations, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, NV: U.S. Dept. of Energy Report NVO-251, 30 p. (with E. Bell). () Peer Review of the Nevada Nuclear Waste Storage In A (~3}
\- ' ~~
Investigations: August 24-28, 1981: NVO 196-27 (DE84007255), Office of Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Dept. of Energy, p. 38-43 and 144-155.
- A Comparison of Iron Oxide-rich Joint Coatings and Rock Chips as Geochemical Sampling Media in Exploration for Disseminated Gold Deposits: Journal of Geochemical Explo stion, v. 20, pp. 161-178, 1984 (with others).
- Latest Miocene Hydro-Thermal Activity at the Willard and Scossa Mining Districts, Pershing County, North-western Nevada: Isochron / West, 1987, with D. C. Noble and E.
H. McKee. Geology and Gold Exploration in Western Turkey:, 1989. AIMME Preprint. 89-55, 5 pages, 9 illus. O I c:) t
NBSTRACTS (partial 111 sting)-
,1 0 The Stratigraphic 'and Petrologic Controls of the Economics of a Pottsville Sandstone, Caryville, TN . GSA Special
' (s) Paper, 1966 (with T. Freeman), National Distribution.
Preliminary' Electron Microscope Studies of West Tennessee Ceramic Clays: Prog.. for the 1967 annual meeting of S.E. Section of'G.S.A. Regional Distribution.
't.
Mineralogy of . Certain West Tennessee Ceramic Clays: Prog. for the 1967 meeting of the S.E. Section of G.S.A. ! (with C. E. Merschat). Reg ional ' Dis tribut ion . . Geochemistry of Co and Ni in Southern Appalachian Massive Sulphide Ores: Prog. for;the 1968 annual meeting of the S.E. Section of G.S.A., p. 51. Regional Distribution. Cobalt and Nickel-bearing Manganese Oxides from the Fort. , Payne Formation, -Tennessee: Prog. for the 1969 annualf meet'ing, S.E. Sectic n of G.S. A. Regional Distribution.
. Textural Study of Polycrystall'ine Pyrrhotite by Reflectance ,
Measurements and X-ray' Pole Figures: Prog._for the : 1970 National Meeting, G.S.A. National Distribution. Disseminated Sulphides in Late Precambrian Metamorphic l Rocks: Prog. of the A.E. Section of G.S.A., 1972 (with - C.E. Merschat). Regional Distribution. Besin Evolution and Mississippi Valley Type Ore Deposits:
' Abs. Northwest Mining Association, 1975. Reg ional .
. Dis t r ibut ion .
Basin Evolution and the Distribution of Mississippi Valley Type Deposits: G.S.A., Southeast Section, 1975. Regional Distribution. 1 Geochemical Exploration for Precious' Metals in the Great Basin Using Fe/Mn Oxide Joint Coatings. Abstracts with Denver, 1981 (with W. Crone, R. Program, AIME, Carpenter, and T.T. Chao). Mountain Magmato-Thermal Event: An Intense Timber Widespread Culmination of Magmatic and Hydrothermal Activity at the S..W. Nevada Volcanic Field, 1987 (with Jackson, Noble and Weiss). Hypersaline and Liquid CO2-bearing fluid inclusions suggest Candelaria sediment-hosted Ag deposit is related to a porphyry system,19 87 (with Foster and Noble). O L ! _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ =__ . _ _ _ - _ _ - - _ _ _ _ -
i l I LISTING OF THESES AND DISSERTATIONS COMPLETED UNDER DIRECTION fg OF L.T. LARSON AT THE UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, 1976-1988
.V Abrams, G., Geology and Ore Deposits of the Union District, Southern Shoshone Mountains, Nye Co., NV. (M.S.) j Adams, O., 1985, Geology and Ore Deposits of the Thunder Mountain Mining District, Valley County, Idaho. (M S.)
Basinski, P., The Mineralogy and Uranium Potential of Bedded Zeolites in the Northern Reese River Valley, Lander Co., NV (M.S.) Benham, J., Geology and Uranium Content of Middle Tertiary Ash-flow Tuffs in Southern Nightingale, Washoe County, NV (M.S.) Blair, M., Geology of the Grider Creek Pluton, Siskiyou County, California. (M.S.) Borbas, S., The Geology of Radioactive Mineral Occurrences Near Marietta, NV. (M.S.) Cinque, M., Geology and Uranium Mineralization of the Hallelujah Junction Area, Lassen County, California and Washoe County, NV. (M.S.) Collard, J., Geology and Ore Deposits of the Sand Springs Mining O District, Churchill County, NV. (M.S.)
Cox, John, Csology and Mineralization of the Atlanta District, Lincoln County, NV. (M.S.)
Crone, W., Geochemical Exploration for Precious Metals Using ; Fe/Mn Oxide Joint Coatings. (M.S.) DesRochers, G., 1984, Geology of a Part of- the Hilltop District, Lander County, Nevada. (M.S.) 4 Flint, D., Geology and Geochemistry of the Buckskin Gold Mine, Eureka County, NV. (M.S.) Flint, D., 1987, Geology, Trace Element Geochemistry and Hydrothermal Alteration at the Buckhorn Gold Mine, ';u re ka County, NV. (M.S.) Foster, J., 1988, Geology of the Lucky Boy Pit, Candelaria Di s tr ic t , Mineral Co., NV. (M.S.) Frost, K., Geology and Mineralization of the Luning Tungsten-Molybdenum Prospect, Mineral County, NV. (M.S.) The Geology of a Part of the Olinghouse District, O Geason, Washoe County, NV. (M.S.) D., O
Gibson, P.C., 1987, Geology of the Buckskin Mine, Douglas County,
/
() NV, (M.S.)
,s
') Harpel, G., Geology and Tungsten Mineralization of the Ragged Top Mining District, Pershing Co. , NV. (M.S.)
Hart, D., The Geology and Origin of the Green Mountain Massive Sulfide Deposit, Mariposa County, California. (M.S.) Hefner, M., Geology and Geochemistry of the Horse Canyon Gold Mine, Eureka County, NV. (M.S.) Heggeness, J., Geology of the Ragged Top Caldera. (M.S.) Hudson, D., Geology and Alteration of the Wedikind and Part of the Peavine Districts, Washoe County, NV. (M.S.) Hudson, D., Geology, Geochemistry and Alteration Mineralogy of Tops of Possible Porphyry Systems, Western Nevada. (Ph.D.) Hutton, R., Geology and Uranium Content of hiddle Tertiary Ash Flow Tuffs, North Part of the Dogskin Mountains, NV. (M.S.) Jackson, P., 1986, Geology and Lithogeochemistry of the Flagstaf f and Surrounding area, Stevens Co., Barite Deposits Washington. (M.S.)
' Johnson, L., Geochemistry of Mississippian Black Shales, eastern Nevada-western Utah. (M.S.)
(} Johnson, R., Geologic Investigation and Ore Reserve Estimation of the Copper Chief Mine, Douglas County, NV (M.S.) Geochemistry of the Seligmann W-Mo Jones, S., Geology at$ Prospect, White Pine County, NV. (M.S.) Kemp, W.R., Geology of the California Foothills, Cu-Zn Massive Sulfide Belt. (Ph.D.) and Mineralization of the Silver Dyke Kilbreath, S., Geology Mine, Mineral County, NV. (M.S.) McFarlane, M., Geology of the Moonlight Valley Porphyry Copper Deposit, Lights Creek, Plumas County, California. (M.S.) Markos, A., Geology ofthe Cornucopica District, Elko County, NV
/1.S.)
Paul, Geology and Mineralization of the Willard Mining Muto, District, Pershing County, NV. (M.S.) The Geology and Uranium Occurrences of the Washing ton r~ Nowak, G., km)' Mining District, Lyon County, NV. (M.S.) O
I Odt, D., Geology and Geochemistry of a part of the Sterling Gold Mine, Nye County, NV. (M.S.) Paleomagnetics of Oliviera, J., The Stratigraphy, Petrology and the Moss Flat, Lake County, Oregon. (Ph.D.) Osborne, M., Geology and Genesis of the Juniper and Prospector Vein Systems, Aurora Mining District, Mineral County, NV.
< (M.S.)
Parr, A., 1987, Geology, Alteration and Mineralization at the Western World Lakes Cu-Zn Prospect, Yuba County, California. (M.S.) Perry, R., Geology of the Northern Part of the Tobin District, Pershing County, NV. (M.S.) Powers, S., Jasperoid and Disseminated Gold at the Ogee-Pinson Mine, Humboldt Co., NV. (M.S.) Purington, Pl.R., 1985, Geology of the Indian Spring Area, Northern Washoe County, NV. (M.S.) T., Petrology of the Igneous Rocks and Endosk'arns, Putney, ' Seligmann and Monte Cristo Districts, White Pine County, NV. Ralston, E., 1984, Geology and Mineralization of a part of the Nelson Range, Inyo County, California. (M.S.) (]) Renken, P., Geology of the Montgomery Creek Mining District, Benton Quad., California-Nevada. (M.S.) Robbins, C., Geology of the Lantern Property, Scossa Mining District, Pershing County, NV. (M.S.) Ronkos, C., Geology, Alteration and Mineralization in the Pyroclastic and Sedimentary Deposits of the Bretz, Aurora Basin, Mcdermitt Caldera, Oregon-Nevada. (M.S.) Seidl, R., Geology and Uranium Evaluation of the Dry Valley Tuffs, Washoe Co., NV. (M.S.) l Shields, H., 1983, Comparative Geology and Geochemistry with Respect to Precious Metal Mineralization of Selected California Mercury Mining Districts. (M.S.) Snyder, D., 1987, Geology and Mineral Deposits of the Rossi Mine Area, Elko County, NV. (Ph.D.) ( Thomas, T., Geology of the Buffalo Valley Mo-Cu Prospect, Lander Co., NV. (M.S.) O 1
. .- i 1
. l
() LISTING OF THESES AND DISSERTATIONS COMPLETED UNDER DIRECTION OF L.T. LARSON AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE j 1 Beg, M.S., The Catawba Pluton, York Co., S.C.-A Porphyry Copper Root? (Ph.D.) . Brower, J.C., Geology of the East Fork Mine and Vicinity, Sevier Co., TN. (M.S.) Clark, A., Petrology of the Eocene Sediments in Henry, Weak 3ey, and Carroll Counties, TN. (Ph.D.) DeGroodt, J.H., Determination of Temperatures of Fluorite Themometry, Central Tennessee Fc mation by Fluid Inclusion Zinc District. (M.S.) Escobar, R.R., Statistical Evaluation of Stream Sediment Geochemsitry for Middle and Lower Ordovician Rocks in Northern Sequatchie Valley and a Part of the Ostanuala Valley, TN. (M.S.) Freeman, T.F., The Stratigraphic and Petrologic Controls of Pottsville Sandstone at Caryville, TN. (M.S.) Hetrick, J., The Clay Mineralogy of the Upper Porters Creek Clay in West Tennessee. (M.S.) Jacobs, A.K., A Mineralogic and Textural Study of Ores from the O-- Lick Mountain Manganese District, Wythe Co. , VA. (M.S.) Kyle, J.R., Preliminary Investigation of Brecciation, Alteration, and Mineralization in the Upper Knox Group of Smith and Trousdale Counties, Tennessee. (M.S.) Martin, R.G., Geology of a Portion of Franklin, Marion and ' a Winston Counties, Alabama. (M.S.) Miller, J.D., Determination of Temperature of Fluorite Formation by Fluid Inclusion Thermometry, East Tennessee Zinc Dis tr ict . (M.S.) Nadeau, J., Temperature of Fluorite Mineralization by " Fluid Inclusion Thermometry, Sweetwater Barite District., East Tennessee. (M.S.) Owens, M., Petrolog ic Study of Talc Mineralization in Murphy Marble in southwestern North Carolina. (M.S.) Pack, D., Petrography of the Ores and Host Rocks at the Cranberry Magnetite Mine, North Carolina. (M.S.) Rife, D.L., Barite Fluid Inclusion Geothermometry, Cartersville Mining District, Northwest Georgia. (M.S.) Os O
4 . Rishel, J., Geology and Trace Element . Geochemistry of the Eve Mills Zinc Prospect, Monroe, Co., Tennessee. (M.S.) O R bins n, G.D., Geologic. Dating and Its An Investigate n f the Fission Track Method of. Applications to Blue Ridge Muscovites. (M.S.) Sandrock, G.S., Petrology and Paleoenvironment of a Key Stratigraphic Unit at the New Market Zine Mine, Tennessee. (M.S.) Snyder, J., Minor Element Content of Host Rocks for Zinc Ores in East Tennessee. (Ph.D.) Wallace, J.R., Mineralogy and Textures of Certain Manganese Deposits in the Hampton and Shady Valley Districts of N.E. Tennessee. (M.S.) O O Q o
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