ML20248D327
| ML20248D327 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Trojan File:Portland General Electric icon.png |
| Issue date: | 03/27/1989 |
| From: | Decker J MEMPHIS TESTING SERVICES, INC. |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20248D324 | List: |
| References | |
| QAP-VT-108, NUDOCS 8910040198 | |
| Download: ML20248D327 (46) | |
Text
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SECTION/74801AFE EtvIsION f
DATE AFFECTED P R EF ARE) B Yg QA APP 10 VAL asgjj g m-.
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8910040198 890927 PDR ADOCK 05000344 PNU
l VISUAL EIGMDGE2DT 1.0 agsgr
'Dzis yt _-% rovides 11.w_-_
= ft:r Mumphis Testirg services,
^*
3 Inc. OCS) imp =*4m persemal t *% vimal examinstdans of scisar power plant parts, systems, ampments and +-m agparts.
2.0 g:35 2.1 the c14=h4'4ty of this pu is limitad to the detectim of W i~ tions by visual observation.
2.2 Dominations partamned in accordanos with this r h. are intended to satisfy the visual manninstian requiwa defined as VF-2/3/4 by the AsMr soiler and Pressure vessel Ceda, Sectim XI, 1983 edition, Sunnar 1983 addanda.
3.0 222 TITE 2tS 3.1
.Almanuality A aceditien that is wa ci to hi@, - Lh ar,instauntim requL i-ce,e4~.
Unally related to preservice ar baseline amminaticos.
M1-: - Arc strike cm pressure z*4% bcundary.
- Cottar pins act spread.
- spring remiings off scale.
- split washar net acapressed,. iWee thread ww:-
3.2
- 4. Jai.icn Detarie:stien which is caused by usage, envim m damage, or age.
hl===
- Cracked or defcz:med parts.
- o:mTosim and erosien.
- Stripped threads.
- Icome bolting or fastanars.
- Dpty fluid reservoirs.
StP-QAP-Vp-108 Revisim 1 Page 1 of 19 9
I I
3.3 Evidonos of stress an observatim tte the corziitim at the item or any part thsemof has e appears to baw degraded anommaively but, not to the autant of loss of integrity.
3.4 Zams af zntegrity
'tha omfition dues an its is not ;--- ---Ny or amid not E 1-its intarxiad function.
Desples: - separated welds.
- ostached am+incal amneceians.
- anyty finic reservoir.
~
a --
3.5 Ncmdastructive Dominatica DEE)
'ihe parfammance or any amminatim nothod, conducted to determina the presence or abeance of atranslities without ----- My 4? *4m the intandad func:tian af the item.
4 3.6 Drlevant M tians A canditir.s observed dLrring a visual awaminatim that requires a applemer&1. mandnation, cenxective measure, repair, r=rt===rrt =
analytical svaluatien.
s 3.7 VP-1 visual meninsticn mandnations ccnducted to detarmine the condition of tta part, camponent, or surface ammined, including sucet aanditions as cracks, wear, cetrosicn, arosicn, z physical damage cm the surthoms of the part or w 4.
3.8 77-3 visual Examination
'h==hmtions acmoucted to dsearnim the general N and structural aanditiens of acupcuents and their supports, such as the prenance of leena partc, debris, or atmoemal caczonim predacts, wear, arcaicn, h, and the loss of h*dty at holtad or waldad acmeetions.
3.9 VN Visual Dammination mandnaticns conducted to detaraine acmditions relating to the
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operability of W is or devices, such as 6 and hydr =14r srn*+=rs, +we sw^=, pumps, valves, spring iW hangues, and constant weight hangers.
'DGH AP-VP-108 Revision 1 Page 2 of 19 1
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4.0 21emocTn21s 4.1 General M 4 W J 4.1.1 Visual Emmminaticms shall be,- ^ -
" and docamented caly by omst4 Mad Imvel II w Imvel III m1 Ins L___,--51m persconal are *=14fied and certified in accordanos with )C5-QnM-300, "2ctining, 0=14+4*4= and Cartificatica of Parsonnel" and MI5-QnM-800, "Qaalificatica and omre-4Nr=tica of visuat w47 Persarmal".
4.1.2
'2he removal of ~h pM*= or paire is net required unless these pM*_= emuld interfere with tbs examination.
1 4.3. 3
, To allow ftr requi ed resolutism, natural' ar as*4*4 4=1 lighting at tbs surface being exandnad shall be s2fficient
~
to see a 2/32" black lins an an lat neutral gray card.
4.1.4 only the acoassible arrfacas of bolting need he examined W un the bolting is installad.
4.1.5 Au suefaces of bolting aball be exandnad dan the bolting is removed.
4.1.6 vimal examination W.1 aball beva knowledge of all tolerances, esetings andVer dimensisms required to be verified, price to r" tw the naamdnatism.
4.1.7 Each examination area shall in located er identified using the -yr elated wald map,1 ale drawing, system M_=4= 7 d4=== cze other.yy A dcczanents.
4.1.5 Proper and safe acomes to the examinatica area and surfaces shall ine1nsa but not be limitad ter 1
m.
Rumcual of insulatism and otbar barriers that pF *
"line of sigtsta observation of the requized surfacas, such as the ir*M of pumps and valves.
b.
Inddars, scaffolds, rangs, etc., Wdch as a minian (except for pressure retaining boltig in place) allow uma er remote tactmiques.-
4.1.s ube fo11 cuing examination equipment or its equivalent may be used as r=-4-4 a.
Ben:cacope.
'DGHahP-VP-los Revisica 1 Page 3 of 19 9
b.
Fiber #~ darvios.
c.
c1- :2 ::ircuit television systaa.
4 d.
'Dalenecpa.
e.
Ic - 9 Ting lens (2X, 5X, icx).
f.
wime.
g.
Portable light source (s).
h.
Camera.
i.
Par ni.
j.
18% Neutral gray card.
4.1.10 Euaninations shall be cxxxtucted by either the direct at the remote tacemique.
a.
Dims;g technique any ba conductad idun access is suffir-4M to provide the examinar with a lina of vision distance that is not more than two fast fress the surfmas to be examined and, at an angle of not less than 30 degrees to the surfaca. Mirrors Issy be used to 1,m. the arsyle of vision.
b.
Bgggs technique may be substituted fw direct by empicying welata v4==*, such as talescopes, 6%, fiber q;+4~, <mneres or other suitable instruments provided such systans have a m1'*im
~~h414 y at least equivalent to that attainable by t
dixect visual examination.
4.2 YP-1 Visual Examinatica 4.2.1 Burfoca a visual examination of the part, ccepcmant ca-surface as =p -4f4ed by At*ar+=rtt 1 (VP-1 Emainations) of 1211 s rh.
4.2.2 Record the results of the examinatica cri NA 3, Visual Examinatica Depart (Pnma vr).
4.3 VP 3 Visus 1 Examinatia Perfoca a visual examination of the part, s# ; ions) of 4.3.1 or
-_wwwwt as ap=-4f4ed by Attachment 1 (VP-3 Ekaminat this r. - -.iww.
DuM)m-vr-108 Davisicri 1 Page 4 of 19
. m.
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.c-i 4.3.2 maainatisrs any reqpize the measurumart of cleax=ma, h h lanci detectics of 3drysical di-1=-
cazzying structural neuturn, the tightnams of bolting.
4.3.3 SJpport asuminatice boundarias (Sas M+=+-st 2) shall be as defined by ASME sectdan XI, 2MP-1300 (amenturms 6.3.1).
4.3.4 Escord the results of the summinaticri cas M**4mment: 3, i
visual w= tim a prt m== vr).
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4.4 Vf=4 Visual Dominatiers 4.4.1 Moctanical arubbers shall be ammined in acuerdance with PEl:' Attachment 1 (72-4 Bandnatiems).
4.4.2 Bydraulic anut:bar mhan be ammined in acencdance with Attm+marte 1 (VP-4 Dominations) of this ph.
4.4.3 spring bangers that menad the cold Iced set *4 toleranca shall be r-4+ at operating tanparature.
4.4.4 Decord the results of the e$astination an Attactante 3, Visual manhaticn Espect (Rata VI).
4.5 melevant conditiza 4.5.1 malevant conditions (At*w+=nment 1) revealed by visual escamination shall be recceded cri Attachment 3, Visual W%nticn M., and evaltanted in acccedance with W en 4.7, Evaluation of Results.
4.5.2 Visual amminations that reveal the relevant conditions described in this wh shmH be supplemented by surface or volumetric soundnatims, teste e14*1a, to dotarsdna the ectand of the canditions ani the need the
--ctive measures, rupairs, analytical ev=1*4=, or rurl e===2t.
u-- 1. dv== examinaticms reveal ralsmurt M wm 4.5.3 cerditions shall be ur= =j hle for continand asevice until they have been r=1d ce repaired, ce have been demonstrated to meet functicmal requirements %.*
testiny or evaluatiert.
4.6 h==rtaticrz vian=1 emminaticms shall be 5% cm Athwhmart 3, 4.8.1 Visual Danination aspect (Feca vr).
msvisicn 1 Page 5 of 39 9
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4.6.2
-4wticr results shall be rocca1 Sad cm Decament copian enly, as. c_n as P h1= iblicarirg the mamminutism, tart 4
act latet m the ard of the abift.
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4.. 3 emplee.d visual -4% 2.pcets.hau n.
1 d by -
an M5 m Issel III ce designes.
4.7 Evahastiers of Rosattus 4.7.1 Visual Deadnation mayorts teich identify relevant ocr:11tians will be thrwanted to MIS n Isyn1 III er evaluaticn.
c.
She MIS M Isval DI reviads the Vimaal Ehemmiriaticr1 mapart ard upcm Weim of the zwiaw, tha rupert is suksitted to the PGE 25I cometinator fue e -----17 in I
accs:n: dance with T14 4 1a PGE aita p h.
5.0 MESPONSIBILTE!S 5.1 MIB E Sita r.
- cmtive 5.1.1 -
5he MIS S sita T-, - -_ _; Ivo is rumpcruible fbr:
E% caly certified paczennel,- ^ -- - visual m.
manninaticos.
b.
Ensur:by et-:--W 7 e is maintained.
14 c.
overan dim +4m af the manninstien pecgram.
5.2 MIS NEE Isval III 5.2.1 sha Mrs stE Isval III is respcasibla ite:
- a. She technical ocntent of this rh.
b.
Daviewirg all visual Examination Esports fice completeness and accuracy, e,
certification of visual emainaticm W..el.
5.3 NEE Isval II 5.3.1 the MIS NIE Isvel II is W=ibla 2ct:
a.
Perfeenirq visual easinations ard -i-r "i=J the results en a visual mamminatias asport (see, Ftas VI).
1NP-QUKfT-108 movision 1 Page a or is
3 b.
Ihtstiig the Visual ueninaticas Bap:st raabez' m es Memphis Testire Services ISI r+, = :m Icg.
mintaining level or e-14fie-+4= as -- 4we w e, c.
c14*1e written prae +4=.
5.0 EEMtlMt25 8.1 Osumitments mana.
4.2 Pacadures 6.2.1 752 9-4, yachanien1 aru*har visual Danninstien and Functional t u ting.
5.2.2 PE!HF 7, Rydraulic Snutbar Visual Daninstion ani Functional SWting.
5.2.3 OnN-300, Training, 9=14'4% and Cat +4+4*4rm of Perso m al.
s.2.4.
QRN-600, O=14f4*im and Cartificatim of Visual MN Drwmnl.
3,[
5.3 Other 6.3.1 AsME Bollar ar:1 Pressure wesel axle, sectica XI,1983 miitien sumsr 1983 Addenda.
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7.0 M
7.1 At+mr+ mar
- 3, Visual Dansinatim Rupact (Ptaz ) and suggarting exzaments arm a mecords enn cxspleted, and shall be forwarded to
'T n accxzedanon with PGE sita the RE 2EE Chardinator for r __-
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TIGHlAP-VP-108 Deviaim i 1
Page 7 of 19 F
1 I
j RE M M GMp M E m i mamminatie s 1.
- Jhs zalsvarm ccriditicns thich are descrdhed in the M11M__wr
~
paragraph aball be reoarded.
a.
Planga surfaces 1)
Cracks.
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2)
CarresierVerosion.
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3)
Gallirg.
4)
Parmign materials.
5) scratches crs sealirs and h% surfaces.
5)
Pittirg (unusual e atmatsal).
7)
Wear en nating surfaces.
8) 2hdications of e - t--tim.
b.
Pressure M4% Boltity 1)
Cracio liJos surface flaus in vessel c1cauta studs and rW4% haltirg shall r 2 suceed the M1NM
- ncmaxial flaws, 2/4 inches in Inngth
- exial flaws,1 in* in lanyth l
2) kirs than cma defermed e sheared thread in the sons of the thread engagesar* of bolts, studs, or asabs.
3) 1=N general cmczosica that reduces tbs bolts or stud w ::: Tie =1al area.
4)
Bandirg, twistirg, or h% of bolts or stads to the extant that assashly or disasumably is impaired.
5)
Missirq cr loose bolts, studs, raxts or W.
1 5NPCnP Vf-108 Revision 1 3 age 1 af 9 Peas s of is
6)
Fractured bolts, studs, or Insts.
7)
NAi.icas of rwwdve Mn= cn boltirg surenema.
9 8)
Evidence of coolart lankage near boltinir.
YP-3 Dzmainatiens 1.
Pipe Casirgs anivalve w ins a.
The followirq relevant coniitfann shall be rar 1) hveicri or erosion that pr~*= a no*4=Ma r **4m' in tb8 pressure rethining Well t2Lickness.
3)
Wear of nating surfacas that may lead to loss of flartian er leakage.
3)
Any m dt-133cm,strface fisus.
2.
M
- 4. 9 - -i.
4 Se faM=ing relevant ecoditions aball be recteded:
a.
1)
Defcasttians or.LsM 4 " ! 4N of thstanars,
@m=, c!?, or other eW items.
2)
Missirg, datarbed, or 1comaned apport items.
3)
Arc stri3ans, weld spatter, paint:, sacring, roughnams, or general cerrosica cut cices tolerance nachined or slidf24 marfaces.
4)
Fluid loss beyond W#4'd limits ce lack of fluid irsiicatien (hydraulde eruh only).
5) 4w bot er cold positisms.
6)
Baltirg:
- Gaps under head or nut.
{
---4
- Split tatsher not fully ---
~ Crossed threads.
6 108 Attacinnant 1 Revisicr11 Page 2 of 9 Page 9 of 19
)
- Iass than cumpleta thread engagenere of ada.
i
- Ineffective lockirg devices.
I b.
the fb11 caring are emunples of nonreimrar$ aanditions:
1)
FM-ticri amm$as (e.g. fram =edar, Imyant, handirg, 2milirg and M4a4M.)
i 2) m 4 W ar di - 1rwsd paint.
3)
Wald spattar an other than cices talaranca machinnd or sidding suences.
4)
Scratches and surface atresim marks.
5)
Roughness or general carrasion tenicti does not radkaos the load bearirs -,,-ity of the agpart.
6)'
General conditians Thia by the antarial, design, ar4/cr --L=% W+4=tians.
3.
W Attachments a.
ihe M1'a'ing relevant conditions shall be recorded 1)
Surence indiatisms ciaaractah as =4_=rla indications (Figure 1) that escoed ths valtans listed in 'Dahle 1 through 4 h
- an indication extends bayand the emedantim area boundary, cc
- Separata indicati' cms are detected with ces indication in the examination area and ens buyend the examinatism area, but are cdaaracterized as a single indication.
2)
Flaticns 1411 cts autand into the pressure e41ngr sambanna of the w A that amoseds tbs value listed in the cliable standard.
W Bandnatisma 1.
W 3 =1.4fydraulic Devices 3
a.
1be following relevant ocnditicns shall be recceded:
1) mestricted acmanent.
At+=charit 1
'De M a p yr-los mage 3 af 9 Revision 1 seem lo of is
I 2)
Deflection tid amends wack fi.sW limits.
3)
Fluid Inval below minhaas limit.
4)
Fluid lankage.
5)
Irdiated position emmeds bct er ccGd limit.
4)
W =al L;-
.t.
7)
W matacial en slidinir surface.
8)
Defocasd parta.
s) manged parts.
- 10) Arc strikas.
2.
Sprinl[ Ehngers a.
'Jha MU% relevant canditicais shall be recordsh 1)
Ckald Iced seteb shall ha i 10% of the MLM e +4s an the amenenical ', guidanos dociannt M-903.
2)
Bot Iced settings shall be i 25% of the #47 W'4M L
on tbs 6 hanger guidanos document N-903.
2) sprinp=f et not be bottened against the overtravel stw.
4)
W hangers that are within 25% of the overtravel stops unese cele load condities shall ha romasined at
%.;ing '-.-- 2, to verify that the hanger has not bottcasd out.
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Attar
- ment 1 N 108 Page 4 of 9 Revision 1
% 11 re se
.l' Bfemphis Testing Serbices,Inc.
FT@ne i LINEAR SURFAC3 INDICATIONS (Illustrative flaw configuration and determination of lanfth 1 i
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- TABrE 1 111rv.amh1. h m DIN M 121 Pulq) Onai21y arti Mvs Bedias M#ia Steel) 3rc=4 -1 m e+4 rm y 4,,s m Stickness t, in.
Iangth 1, in.
Pneservim 1!basateJan 2.0
.25 3.0
.25 4.0
.25 5.0
.25 6.0 and over
.25
.InserviceExami$nticn 2.0
.30 3.0
.45 4.0
.60 5.0
.75 6.0 ard cwur
.90 nth 23:
3 Ytt* 1r+*4*a thickness t, linear Mviatien is ?=4=4h1=.
2.
Nbare sugger:t secticrs +hir+ nam: varies, the average thickness over tha langth of the ivira*4m is tbn "m thici'. mas.
'!NP-@P-VP-108 Page 6 of 9 3Invisien 1 n=p. u ec is
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'. *,..4 2 BEL 2 111rumhim b 2rElimtidra Preemas Estainizig Dissimilar 10 scal unids
. an! Austenitic Pipig madnal sectism 2nsicatsm Ttdekness t, im Zanyth 1, in.
0.312 ce less
.225 1.0
.as75 2.0 and over
.25 s
2hearvim mandmt:im 0.312 or Iras
.20 1.0
.25 '
2.0
.45 3.0 and over
.65 1CIES8 1.
Rur ir*memediate thicknesses t, linear id-A is,=4=N*.
-n sectice thickness varias, the avocage ttdekness over Meza
- h of t2:a fwt4r =+-4rm is tbs M4r= thickness.
2.
its inniit
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2REL2 111 " 1= Linear m h. h.Ini_wr h M M and m pipin;g i
medini section 2r:11cution thidmems t, in.
Zanyth 1, in.
Prumarvice ammiratirm
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.062 0.312
.225 1.0 ani over
.250 Inmarvica Eummiratim 0.312 at1 lams
.2ss 1.0
.310 -
2.0
.625 3.0 and over
.s75 M: ass:
1.
Mr h4mta xxminal wa21 thicommmmes t, ifamer few1*!= is 4
& -ihle.
4 At*achment i e los Page a of 9 Davisica 1
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2B2EE 4 niiramble Linger indirmeirma Pressure metaining Malds in Emactw vessel Ncminal Section D1dicatian thistonnes t, in.
Iangth 1, in.
2.5
.386 4
.250 6
.375 5
.558 10
.682 37.
.J06 34 10
-&s' 16 1.125 302F.
1.
7tr it+hiata 12dekness, 23near hp-A*4= is W 4h1=.
l Attadanet 1 N 108 Page 9 of 9 DeVision 1 Page 16 of 19 9
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EXAMINATION RESULTS STATUS ji ji g[
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Date ANE O'
seanyt Revision 0 p.se _-,_
TNF-QAP-VTalOS Revision 1
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ARTICLE 5 ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION GENERAL REQUIREMENTS T.510 SCOPE quencies over the nominal range of I MHz to 5 MHz.
frope may used Y equal or kte This Article describes or references requirements I **
which are to be used in selecting and developing [see O D*
- ** Y*'"'"' * "" P#* U""
T 110(c)] ultrasonic examination procedures for vertical presentation within *5% of the full screer.
welds, parts, components, materials, and thickness height for 20% to 80% of the full screen height (base determinations, when camm, nation to any part of this line to maaimum calibrated screen height). He screen i
Article is a requirement of a referencing Code Section.
beight linearity shall be measured and recorded as The referencing Code $eetion should be consulted for required in T431.1.
apecine requirmnants for the idlowing:
(c) The ultrasonic instrument shan utilize an ampli-Personnel Qualification /Certificanoe Requirements e
rd, te w its useful rw m N Procedure Requiremems maA/ar Techniques of the nominal amplitude ratio, to allow measureraent Examination System Characteristics of ndications beyond the linear range of the vertical Retention and Control of CaHbration Blocks W tude M En W H
%mhmh Volume to Be Scanned shan be measured and recorded as required in T431.2.
Extent of Eaammation for Planar Reflectors H
Extent of Examination for Iaminar Reflectors i
Acceptance Standards to Be Used for Evaluation T.523 Written Procedure' Requirements i
Estant and Retention of Records Report Requirements When required by the referencing Code Section, i
f ultrasonic examination shan be performed in accord-anoe with a written procedure. Each procedure shall 4
include at least the following information. as applica.
T 820 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS bie.
7 T 521 Baste Requireerv and Terms Used (a) weld types and/or materials and cono urstions s
to be co 'dned, including thickness dimensions and tj Article 1 General Requiremmts, and Appendis A, product form v-'.*
, forging, plate, etc.);
m k
Glossary of Terms Used in NotAestructive Framma-(b) the surface or surfaces from which the examins-ten, apply when the use of this Article is required by a tion shan be performed; referencing Code Section. When SA. SB, and SE (c) surface condition;
[;
uments are referenced, they are located in Article (4) couplant;
[
(#1 technique (straight beam, angled beam, contact, and/orimmersion);
(/) angles and mode (s) of wave propagation in the y 522 Equipment Requirements for Other Das material-Dickness Musuremients (g) search unit type. frequency (ies), and transducer A pulse. echo type of ultrasonic instrument shall be size (s);
teed for this examination.
(A) special search units, wedges, sho2s or saddles,
]
(e) The examination shall be conducted with an and type; thrasonic, pulsed reflection system pnerating fre-(t/ ultrasonicinstrumenttype(s):
41
)
Y I
i t
p.
c.
7438-T gM.1J SECTION Y - NONDESTRUCITVE EXAMINas10N g/ descriptionofcalibration; 338 mespt that inunersion techniques may also be (4) directions and estant of sonnains; sard. When Isagth-to dia=*ar or imagth to-thicknen
@ dem to be rumorded and method of recording satios essesd 6:1, the axial na=i=diaa shall be (manual or marha=imadh performed ibe both and faces by straight beam.
(m/ automatic stores and ruonedrag equipment, or (c) Forsiay and bars winch cannot be etractively esamined asiaDy firont both ends using a straisht' beam both; (m/ rotating, revolving, or scanning machanisms.
shall be esamined with the beam directed along the axis in both d6reetions with an angle beam technique.
T434 General w-.a.
a Regelr.sn.at, g,,
Other Then Thicknees Mensaremones T 833 Tabeler Prodnets 7434.1 F===i==ek= coveress. The volume shan Procedura aned for ultrasonic exammanon of pipe, be esamined by moving the search unit over the tubing, and Attings shall conform to the following as saanunation surface no a to scar the entire===ian-applicable:
tion volume. Each pass of the serech unit shall overlap SE 213 examination of====ta= pipe and tube other a minimuss of 10% of the trorseducer (p=
- Et than mcket alloy; elessent)!)mension perpendictdar to the direcnon of SE.273 eammination oflongitudinal and spiral welds,
ofwelded pipe tad tubing; the scan.
i P pe a y s**8n 7 534,2 Rate of Search Unit Move===*a The rate and
- of aestch unit movesment for e===1== tion shall not asased 6 in/ene (ISO mm/sec) unless calibration is verited at scanning speed.
T434 Castiny (Restricted to Cerbes and Low AUoy Steels)
T424J Recordlag Samstevity 14,et. For both manuai and machaaland
- "'== recording of When ultrasonic amamination of fanstic casdags is andle=+1a== shall be made with tospcct to the reference required by the referencing Code Seenon, all sectious, regardless of thickness, shall be examined in ac-level.
cordance with SA 609 as supplemented in the foi-lowing paragraphs.
7430 ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF A suppiamentary angle beam examination shad be MATERIAL FRODUCT FORMS performed on castiny or areas of castiny where a back r:6ection cannot be maintained during the T411 Plate straight beam examination or where the angle between Procedures used for ultrasonic examination of plate the front and back surfaces of the castags escoeds 15 shall confona to the following as applicable:
deg.
SA 577 angle basa examination of steel plate 2 in.
T 534.1 Caubrados h The M w M (51 mm) thick andless; required to estabush the 2 don M*y acem SA.578 straight beam examination of carbon and the fuH thickness of the castiny to be examined shall eBoy steelplate, be made of material of the same speedcation. grade,
$8 $09 straight beam examination of nickel alloy product form, heat treatment, and thickness 125% as pg,.
the casdnss to be examined. The surface Anish d the I
SB 548 straight beam examination of aluminues cabration block shan k wesentatn @e esad aDoy plate.
nation surface of the casting to be examined.
T 834.1J Straight Beam. Calibration blocks T432 Forgings and Rars (Except Botting meeting the requirements described in T 534.1 and in.
MaterlaD (a) Procedures used for ultrasonic examination of7434.1.2 Angle P4ans. The basic calibration forginy shall conform to SA 388 cacept that immer.
block shall be as shown la Fig. T 534.1.2. Holes of sion techniques may also be used.
larger or smaller diameters, Vee or square notches (h) Procedures used for ultrasonic examination ofmay also be placed in the reference block to provide alckel aDoy barn shall conform to SB-510. Procedura reference re6ectors for evaluation purpoem, These used for bars of other materials shall conform to SA-a P
7 lARTICLF.5 - ULTRASOMC EXAMINA"9N T.g34.1.3 T435.2 -
)
additional holes and notches aban be located so as not diameter (4), besth (/), and enkation Wack to laterfers wie the responess 6cm the basic estibre-diameter (D), and length (L). Plat kuom holm shan be as shown la Fig. T 535.1 driDed a minimum of 1%
alonre$ectort I". Os am) dup h the asial diration of the block.
"d "*"'"#I 'I***
T.guJ osubessen T.gM.1.1 Straight Beam.'The examination asesi.
e Mme W e@a et to se boldng dvity adjusunent shah be perfamed a desenbad b
- ',ge, sA 409, esclusive of paragraph 7.3, on the embution T-538.1 Straight Beam, Badial Sea. Bohit mate.
block describedin T SM.LL sia s ahnB be===w radiaHy pria to threading.The T.5MJ.2 Angle Beam.The -.
1.
sensitiv-a beinecondencewitheefogowing ky shallbe established on an 90% of fuU acreen baght (e
a4ue The examW dan be pedwmed t wie 2e ampHtude huat the side druled hole producing the largest asponse. The distance amputade correcdon (DAC) serve shah be constraciad by stGiains the (6) Ce&sdos. The unsitivity aban be stabSshed suponen from me side dimed bok res.com in se using the m$ecnon in& cation from the side of the hole angle beam mierence block (Fig.T SM.I.2) coming la calibrationblock A, at the radialmetal paths of b/4 nation distance mage in the easting to be and 3D/4. Select the hole indiention at the metal path which gives the greatest amplitude and set the gain sentrol so that tMs in& cation is 8025% of full screen T 534.1J Calibradon CoeArmation. Checks shan height. Without ebangmg the instrument sentrols.
j be made to verify the DAC (sweep reading and obtain mashnum ampHtudes from the other meu!
amplitude) en the embation block (s) described in T-path. Mark the indicatier. amplitudes on the enthode i
SM.l. These checks aball be made at the end of he say tube, connect the ad scent points and extend the
,===hiam but not less than once per shift. The DAC to cover the range of===i-ata=
shock shan verify the limiu described la T 545.1 and (c) Kzaadmedon. Scanning simu be performed beli-T 545.2 for the antibration renectom or the examins.
enHy or circumferentisUy la overlapping paths so as to tion data shaR k correced in M~ with T.
eover the entire accessible cylindrical surface of the I,
M5.1 andT 545.2.
bar.
(d) Eu,thodes. Any imparfation which easses e T4NJ Eneminaties la& cation in snoess of 20% of LAC aball be inv 7434J.1 Straight Bamm The czamination aban gated to the extent that it can be evalasted in terms i
be senducted la anoordance with the procedure of1A-the anooptance mandards d the saferencing Code
{
409,melusive nf paragrapk 7.3 Section.
T 534JJ Angle Beam. Beam angle in the mese.
7435J Straight. Beam, Asia! Sena.Botting materi-sial shall be in the range of $ to 75 deg., inclusive, ak shall be esamined asiaHy before or eher threedmg.
measured with respect to a pg-9d-so the The===ination shaB be conducted in accordanc mamination surface. The angle selected shall resolve with the foEowing.
the calibration block resectors described in T4M.1.2 (e) TeeAnque. The examination shad be perfonned
[
In socordance with the requirements of T 534.2.2.The tom both ed nrfaces of the material using pulse-scans shsE be made in at least two directions 90 deg.
echo, straight. beam equipment with the contact or j
apart.
immerniontechnique.
4 (6) Celibreries. Tbc senaltivity shaU be adjusted to l
give an 80% of fuD semen amplitude from the 8st f
bonom hole in se Mock wWeh gim the highest l
?
T435 Bottles Material amplitude. Mark this amplitude and the amplitude the Sat bottom hole in the lower amplitude block on Procedures used for nitrasonic examination of the screen, and connect the two marks with a straight a
A bolting material bolta, studs, and nuts shah conform toline calendmg to the entry surface indication. This is j
the requirements of SA488 as modi 6ed by the the DAC line. If the lower amplitude bloek gives less following subparagraphs. Calibration blocks in ecoor-than 20% of fun screen amplitude, prepare an / /4 +
i dance with Tames T 535.1 and T-535.2 shan be used hole depth block and construet two DAC lines to j
for straight beam calibration. Tables T 535.1 and T-cover the examination metal path rang'e. This is
$35.2 show relationships between c; anined material 43 5
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in-r em Hoess: Drilled and teamed essentially peronel to the omsminetton surface.The tolerance on hols diameter shall be sit 32 in. The tolerance on loostion through the thicknese shall be sie in.
Material Thicknees (7)
Diameter IDI Holes Required 1/2 through 2 in.
12in.
m Groeter th6n 2 in.
Sein.
nt M,and 3rA FIC.T 534.1.2 ANGLE BEAM CALIBRATION BLOCK S
44
(
Fig.7sas.I' ARTICLE S - ULTILASONIC EXAMI JION Tshhs T.838,3.T 555.2
.I TABLE T 535.2 l
BLOCK DESIGNATION PER LENGTH AND TABLE T 555.1 N0LE LOCATION l
FLAT BOTTOM N0LE PER O!MENSIONAL DIAMETER Flattemem Shet Disd Fu totum a = d = 1 h.
Hele Diam. = v32 m.
medpenen tense, e siele tasaden, t f
3/16 in.
f/5 + hair DI4 of hieck A
tip toI h.
depth omf WW A Duer its 3 A A
f /3 + heir Comse 16ae of yle k.
Guer 3 to 3 in, empth het end 5/16 in.
Over 3 to 4 h, C
I/4 + hele Comer line d W8 M.
Deer 4 in.
depth teock and IIUTE-(1) A taleren, d $3% g be W.
4 e
e i
i i
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DM \\ o /
f iI f
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't o
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1
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?
y FIG. T 535.1 STRAIGHT BEAM (F8H) CALIBRATION BLOC h
t 45 1
-I
' ' ~ "
- 7. ass.s-7.sasAs
. asenoN Y -. NONDs3730CffVF
) AMINATION f M by setting the sensitivity to give an 80%
depth. A abstance amplitude curve shall be established of full scrusa amplitude toen the $st bottosa hole in by scanning from both ends of the test bar.
the t/s or //4 block which gives time higher (c) Keeluelion of ladisetions. Any shacontinuity asnplitedt. hiark this==plir=6 and the amplitude of which causes an indication in acons d that produced the kmer amplitude block on the screen and sonnect by the calibration hole in the reference aparimaa as the two marks with a straight line atendag as the sorrecend by the datance amplitude.eurve aball be atry surface indication. Record the sensitivity asming inveGigated to the antant that the operator aan which will be used in the camination of the ed evaluate the shape, identity, and location of au meh guarters oflength of the botting material. Nut est the seSecton in terms of amoeptance-ressetion standards of asasitivity to sive an 80% of full screen ampktade the referencing Code seenon.
tem the Sat bottom hole in the //4 or //2 block which gives the higher amplitude. Mark this anspli-tade and the maplitude of the lower t.mplitude block T.840 ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF on the screes and connect the two marks with a WELDS straight line. Record the sensitivity settag winch will T 541 SCOPE be used in the examination of the two middle quaners ofisagth of the bolting material.
Thane paragraphs describe the requirements for (r) Kaem tasion. Surfaw preparation - Both and shrssonic examination of full penetration welds in asefaces of the bolting material shall be Bat and wrought (rolled, drawn, forged, cc extruded) and cast
'~
aannat to tha bolt axis. Record all indications metenals.
suoseding 20% DAC in the quaner aflength apphen-ble to the esmaltivity setting.
(d) gie/metion. Any re8ector which causes an T.842 Application indiention in sacess of 20% of DAC shall be investi-These requinments are established for the uhrs-posed to the estcat that it can be evaluated in terms of
,,,i, am haelaa and evaluation of uhensome the anospianae standards of ?be referencing Code es8ectors wittun the weld heat.deetad sens, and Sachen.
adjacent material The three general amamination alassiacations are:
T.546 for welds in ferritic product fanns other than T 536 Inservice Fwamimadam of Bolts sad pipe; Sands T 547 for ferritie welds in ferntic pipe; T 548 for austenitic and Mgh nickel alloy welds.
T 836.1 When inservice examination of boks and stads is speciSed by the referencing Chde section, the enh6 aban be perforenad in accordance with T-7 543 Basic Caubreden Block (s)
$35J ort 336.2.
The basic saEbration reSectors shall be used to
- establish a primary reference respon.e of the equip-T g36J Straight Beam, Axial Scan. When bolts ment. The basic snHbration unactors may be located and studs of alaes speci$ed by the referencing Code alther in the component material or in a basic Section are to be ultrasonicaDy n==laed axiaRy per estibration block. Where the block thickness 21 in.
an entire end surface before or after throeding, the (125 mm) spans two of the weld thickness ranges camination may be perfonned in accordance with the shown in Fig. T.546.1, the block's me shad be followmg:
acceptable in those portions of each thickness range (s) TecAnigne. Examination sha!! be performed at a spend by Iin.(25 mm).
nomins) frequency of 2.25 MHz with a simular transducer element not less than % in. diameter (12.7 T 543.1 Basle Calibration Block Material min) and not greater than 1% in. diameter (25.6 mm).
T-543.1.1 Block Selection. The material tom (6) Cali6mrion. Calibration shall be established on a which the block is fabricated shat! be of the same test her of the same nominal composition and diame-product fans, and material speci6 cation or equivalent ter as the production part and a minimum of one-half F number srouping as one of the materials being of the length. /s % in. (10 mm) diameter X 3 is. (76 czamined. For the purposes of this paragraph. F.Nos.
sun) deep Bat bottom bole shall be drilled in one and 1,3,4, and 5 materials are considend aquivalent. For of the bar and plugged with airaltar areterial to full calibration blocks for dissimilar metal welds, the 46 l
[
material selection shall be based on the meterial on the end less. Escept where otherwise stated in this Anicle.
skle of the weld fkom which the =Wien will be o single curved basic calibration block may be need to asadocted: if the examination will be condseted hem enlibrate the esammation on surfaces in the range of d
both sides, calibration redactors aball be erovided in servature f>om 0.9 to 1.5 times the basic calibration I
both materialt Where two or more base material block diameter. Por saample, an 8 in. (203 mm) thicknesses are involved, the calibration block
&ameter mrwi block may be used to calibrate the 1
skickness shad be determined by the average thiekans amamination on scrfaces in the range of. curvature af the weld.
from 7.2 in. (183 mm) to 12 in. (305 nun) diameter.
cunature mage (24 mm) to 20 in.
T 843.L2 Oad. Where the component materialis
'(508 mm) diameter nogvives 6 block curvatures as cled. Se block shan be clad by 6e same welding indicated in Article 4 Fig. T 434.2 for any thickness procedure as the production part. Where the auto.
snatic method is isopractical, deposition of clad shall be by the manual method. It is dearable to have T 543.3.3 As an alterne.te to the requirements it, component materials which have been clad before the T-543.3.1 when examining from the ccevea su-face by drop outs or prolongations are removed.
the straight beam contact technique. Appendix A may T 543.1J Heat Treatment.De calibration block shall reciive at least the minimum tempering treet.
naent required by the material speciAcation for the T 544 System Ca!Ibration type and grade, and also a postweld heat treatment of T444.1 General Requirernents. Calibration shall si least 2 hr, if the calibration block contains weld (s) include the complete ultrasonic eaaminanon system seer enn cladhI' and shan be performed in accordance with T 432.1.
T 543.L4 surtnee Plalah. The laish as the TM.2 htlon Measurema;s. M cahha-surfaces of the block shall be representative of the tion shan be performed from the surface (eled or sudace Anien on ec components.
unclad) w..
yc,r. ding to the er.rface of the component T443.1.5 slock Quality. The callbastion block freen which the esamir.i.Jon will be performed.
material shad be completaly -W with a straight T.548J Techalques. Aracle 4, Appendices B and C.
beam search unit. Areas that contain an indication give geners! techniques for both angle beam and esoseding te sin =% back re8ection shaU be escluded ikcm the beam paths required to reach the
. straight beam calibrations. Othes techniques may be used.
various calibration reSectors.
"r T-544J.1 Angle Beam Mredon. As appHeaW T 543.2 CaHbration ReSectors the calibration shah provide the following measure-T.543.2.1 Basic Calfbretion Retectors. De anl-Enents (Anic3e 4, A pendia B contains a general P
Rirstion reneeters are speciAed in T 546 and T 347.
technique):
T-843.2.2 Additionsi ReSectors. Ad&tional (a) sweep rsnge cahkation; reflectors mey be lastalled; these re6ectors shall act (b) distance amplitude correction; kiterfere w:.h establishing the primary ri cc.
(c) position celebration; (af) scho amplitude measurement ihnn the sudace T.843J Calibration Block Cen6surstlos Calibra-notch in the basic calibration block.
tion block een63uration requirements are specified in When an electronic distance-emplitude correction T446 and T 547.
devioe is used, the primary reference responses frorn T 543J.1 Materials With Diameters Greater the basic cal;bration block shall be equalized over the r
Than 20 in. (50s imm). For examinations in materials distance range to be employed in the examination. The where the examination surface diameter is greater response equalization line shall be at a screen height of I
than 20 in. (508 mm), a block of essentially the same 40 to 80% of fullscreen height.
curvature, or, alternately a nat basic calibration block' T-544.3.2 Stralskt Beam Calibration. The cali-shah used.
bration shall provide the followirig measurements T.543J.2 Materiale With Diameters 30 la. (808 (Article 4, Appendix C gives n general technique):
i mm), and taes. The basic calibration block shall be
. (er) sweep range calibration; 8
curved for materials with diameters 20 in. (508 ann)
(b) distance. amplitude correction.
t-41
______.____.___________m_
4 f
)
' ', [ * '
When an electrenac tode sorrection T446 Sweep Bamse Cerroeties. If a point on the devise is used, the prhaary referemos rompense shaB be DAC serve has moeud on the sweep line more than
_ equaksed on the basic anHbration block c3 a screen 80% of the sweep reading or $% of Aill sweep.
. height between 40 and 80% af Aill screen beight over whichever is groter, sorrect the sweep range m!! bra-die distamos range to be employed la the esamiastion.
tion and acte the sorrection in the examination 7444.4 Calibra2ies Deck om Basic CalRerstles senord. If ru6ectors are recorded on the data sheets Block. When any part of the saamination system is those data sheets shot be voided, and a new calibra.'
changed, a salibrmion abak aban be made en the tion shall be receeded. All recorded indications basic enBbration black to verth that %, % and %T since the last valid calibration or cah) ration check Points as the sweep sad distamos ampBtode correction shah be reexamined with the conectd calibrulon values rumorded satisfy the requirunents of T.M5.
and their values shaB be changed on the data sheets.
Where original entibration data esists for the part of T 54g.2 DAC Cervestlem. If a point on the distance.
the system replaced, a check as permitted la T.544.1 mpain* oorrection (DAC) curve has decreased 20%
sesy be used.
or 2 dB ofits ampbtede, all data sheets since the last anHbration or calibration check shall be markd void.
7444.5 Calibration Check en Basic Calibration Black er Slasalater Osek. A calibration eheck on at A new onEbration shsE be made and recorded and the least one of the bewie russetors in the basic alibration area sovered by the coided data shall be r====iaad block or a check using a simulator shall be made at the If any point of the distance amputade correction (DAC) entve has increased more than 20% or 2 dB of Saish of each==amina% or series of similar mand.
Its amphtsde, au roostded indications since the last nations, every 4 hr during the examination, and when vaHd asHbration or sair Gtion check shall be re.
namiastion paraonnel (except for automated equip.
. im.d with the sorrected onlibration and thdr meant) are changed. 'Ibe sweep and distance amplitude values shan be changed on the data sheets.
earrecdon values recorded shan satisfy the seguire unsats oft 445.
T444.4 Simaalator Osck. Acy simulator checks T446 Welds la Wroesht and Out Ferritic that are used shan be sorrelated with the origina!
Product Ferusa, Emeloding Pipe aanbration en the basic enuhration block during the original calibration. The simulator checks may use MI Bute CaMhreden diferset types of onlibration re6ector or block (puch as T446.1.1 Basic Calibration Block. The basic I!W) and/or electronic simulation. However, the enhirstim block shnB be as specised in T.M3, and slaiulation used abaB be cosapletely identtaable on the shan un side druled holm as caHbraion reSeters. Su caDbration sheet (s). The simulator check shan be Fag.T.M6.1.
asede a the atire examination systam. 'ne atire 7446.1J Angle Beam Caubration. Angle beam symam dom act have to be chuked a one operstba, anHbradons shah be performed a decribed in Article however, hr its check, the search unit shan be
- d. Appendia B suppismented as fellows.
-w to the mitrasonic instrument and checked against a calibration re8ector. Aacuracy of the shoula-T.M6.1.2.1 Preseency. 'the nominal f..svency ter checks shah be comarmed, using the basic cahbra, shaB be 2.25 MHz unisse variables such as production tion block, at the conclusion of each period of amaterial grain structure require the use of other estended una, or every 3 months, whichever is less.
toquencies to assure adequate penetration or better Tbc requirements for calibration sonarmatice of T.
resolution
$45.1 and T.545.2 shall be met.
7446.1.2.2 Boss Angle. An angle shan be eclected as appropriate for the conEguration being 7448 Calibration ConArmation
- a= mad 5,
Calibration (T444.3) sha!! be performed prior to 7446.1.2J Distance Amplitude correction ese of the system in the thickness range under (DAQ Esemption. A DAC is not required where the examination. A calibration check shall verify the
== amination is lindled to one half vec path in a sweep range calibration and distance amplitude ear.
material less than I in. (25 mm) thick. in which case rection [T444.3.l(s) or T.544.3.2(a)] as deined in T.
the ampEtude level from a single caEbration resector
$44.1.
shah be used.
48 a
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ARTICLE 5-ULTRASONIC EXAnt!W
%.T 846.! -
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Wald Thicknees trl SteeltThickneen m Diemeser leseek Sise:
1 In. er Less als in. eri tes in.
Wieh = 14 h to is in.
Osor 1 in.1hrough I in.
114 in.er r 18 in.
Over 2 in,through 4 in.
8 in, or i Sfl6 in.
AspIh a 2% T Over 4 in. Wrough 6 in.
6in ert 1 Min.
~
over a in.swough e in.
7 in. er t arts in, tensih = *In. min.
Ovw e in.sweven to in.
ein.ert asin.
Over it in. See Ness (5).
ND7ES:
(1) Notes ehen be serfuod and memed a minknum of 112 in, deep, essenileW parellel a the e m minsilon owtees.
- 3) Ahernately, the bleek may be constructed as shown in Fig. Yes.t.
et owved awfeces: ser owved sweeses, two awved biosa ene ser esen eepenomesw surveiwe: er swo esas et asubrecen ro6eosors oriented 30 deg. frern seeh samt shen be used.
- 14) Notr.hes moy be provided as reeutrod.
pl por sech inernese in thicknese of 2 h. er fression thwest, she hele mometer ehen inereen ins h, p) The solerence for hole diame'.or eheR be a 142 in.The tolerance en notch depih she# be + 10 and ~ 20%.The tolerance en hele lacemen through the thickness ehen be ela in.
g nG.T 546.1 BA51C CALIBRATION BLOCK t
[
i:
1 49 ii t
y .h j i
Tams.Lb-T.887.1.3.
SECTION.Y ~ MONDESTRUCTIV KidINATION
.*,,.-l j.'
T.H&1J Straight Been Calibration. Calibradon weld and adjacent base metal specined by the referenc.
];I and streght beam a====da= shall be perfbemed 'a ing Code Section. The semaning shau be performed at -
cf;-
assordance with Article 4 Appendia C, supplemented a asia setting at least two times the primary aference as follows:
leoul Bvaluation shan be performed with respect m march unit shan be T.54EL3.1 Fregosag.The nominal frequency
- 85. and se elan mpeated.
j eball be 2.25 MHz unless variables such as production J
l, insterid grain structure require the use of othee 754L3 Evelanden. Aar imperfection which drequecies to assure adequate r c G or better sanses an indication in emessa of 209b DAC shall be k"'
se'al" dan invatigated to the sitent that it can be evaluated h4 iL tutins of the acceptance standards of the referencing C*d' 8*8838"-
h j,!
L.f f'I T 54L2 Emmadaara== etWeids L f T 54A2.1 Surface Properation
_h, T.54L2.LI Base Metal The bees asetal on T.447 Ferritie Welds la Ferritic Pipe each side of the weld shall be free of weld systter.
T.H7.1 Basic hen
.I surface irregularities, or forman matter that might T.547.L1 Basic Calibration Bleek (see Ptg.
]
inter 6ere with the=====i==da,,
547.D. The basic calibration block for weldments shall
~
'l :!
l T44L2.L2 Wald Metal. Where the weld be a section of pipe of the same nominal size, schedule,'
surface interferes with the namination, the weld shau best treatment, and material ap=18e=daa or equiva-be prepared as needed to permit n=landaa Isa*.F Number grouping as one of the materials being
.h 6
asamined. For the purposes of this paragraph F Nos.
T44&2.2 **=dag
- 1. 3,4, and 5 materials are considered equivalent.The I
T 546.2.2.1 Straight Beam.The scanang of the block sine and m5mtor loondons shah be adequate to I
agacent bene metal shan be performed to detect perform caEbration for the beam angles used. De l
s's8ectan that taight aEsot interputation of angle enrfnos Anish of the ceBbration block shan be repre-beam roulu, and is nos = be used m an :.=
smudvc of es surfaes anish of es piping.
,l!
syisction eassunation. Imantions and areas of such T.547.L2 Basle Calthention BeRectors. The basic l'
sesectors shan be recorded.
+
onlibration reSectors shall be longitudinal and with T.5402.2.2 The weld and base metal abau be drwumfisrondal anches on both the inner and outer ;
W 9;
"l acanned, whom ventuimi by the refamadng Code omrfaces. The eines and locations of the calibrati l
Section to the extent possible with the straight beam wSectors an shown in Fig.T.547.1.2 i (
j search unit. The scanning shall be performed at a gain E
,4 aatting of at least two times the primary reference T.547.1J Angle Beam Calibration
!.j l
l level. Evalandaa shaR be performed with respect to T.541.1.2.1 F. 4 7. De nominal f.y.a.q abou be 2.25 MHz, unless attenuation or a need for f
the prenary saferencelevel.
l greater assolution makes some other frequency more i ;
T ML2.2J Amste Beam sesaming d'r omtable.
Re8ectore Orleated ParaDd to the Wdd. De angle L
beam aball be directed at approximate right angles to T+347.1J.2 De nommal beam angle of 45 deg. j I
the weld nais from two directions where possible. De shall generaUy be used but other angles may be used l lj search unit shall be manipulated so that the ultrasonic where appropriate for the con 6guration beias exam-h energy passes through the required volumes of weld ined.
i (
and asbacent base metal. The scanning shaR be T 547.1JJ Distance Amplitade Correction Performed at a gain setting at least two timsa the (DAC). A DAC curve is required for all pipe welds.
Primary reference leet. Evaluatmo shan be perfwmed For examination of a fuU waH thickness, the notches with respect to the primary reference level.
shan be used as calibration reRectors. The angle beam T 546.2.2.4 Angle Beam
- amales for shah be directed toward the calibration renector that l
EteSoetore Oriented Tkansverse to she Weld. m yields the maximum response, setting the instrument angle beam shall be directed esser:tiaDy parallel to the I
weld axis.The search unit shall be manipulated so that iwhen side deme holm en so n. mai for entibration. ins blaa the angle beam passes through the required volumes of shas b. a. shown in Fis. T.96 t (== T.Ht14 I
e l,
3 =ncts5-ut.7 4sosac exAuw,ow v.au.u.r.mu 4
s
)
j j'
f O
L
_ _ 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ w _ _ _=. _ _
T k
A. L AL l
r 0
/
jL JL.,w Typisel Bios baAensions Length (L) 8 in. n BT. whiehever le 6:essor betnimum Are Lawsth (AL.l(11 der 0.D. 4 in, or less: 270 dog.
- 9) ter 0.0. yester then 4 in.: she grooter of ST or 8 in.
Speelfie Neesh Dimensions Length (L) _1 in. minimum Depth (D) _2% T with enlarense 0
( of Depth th
_ t.
.e.
Lasetier. _not closer Wien T tram any bisus esige FIG. 7 547.1 ANGLE BEAM CALIBRATION (PIPE WELCS) 4
$dUnetment to yield 30% of screen beight. Taepatrch T 547.3.2 te=== lag of Pipe Weidments unit aba!! then be manipulated, without abassing T.547.12.1 Stralekt Beam. When straight imetrument settings, to obtain the maahnom responses beam aman 4 is seguired, k abaB be performed
~
tem the eaubration reSectors at the distance imore.
according to the requirements of T 546.2.2.1.
ments nonessary to generais a 3. point DAC surve.
T.547.3.2.2 Angle Beem. Angle beam acanning d P Pe welds sha!! be performed according to the I
T 547.3.3.4 Selectles of Calibration Rense.
Gers. A side <lr0 led hole nu.y be used for initial seguiremeses of T 5d " 1 and T.546.2.2A.
88"Ptanes d a pipe weld, provided 'that it can be T 547.3 Evalustloa, Any hnperfection which conses denonstated that the hole caHbration produosa a an indication in eseems of 30% DAC shall be tW misal to or greater than the M &
hvastigatal to the extant tbst k can be evalented in serns of the e~-*-~ standards of the referencing Code W.
T 547.1A Stralskt Beam Calibration. Straight beam anamine. tion, when required by the referenmas Code w% or,if needed to evaluate an angle beam T.848 Amstenitic and High Nickel Alloy Welds
' indication, chan be caBbrated on the side drined holes T 548.1 Discusslos. Ultrasonic ana=lantion d aus-b the basic calibration block. When required, the tenitic sad high alckel aBoy wekis is usuaDy more straight beam calibration shaU be performed to the discult than in ferritic materials, because of the wide seguirements of Article 4. Appendia C.
variations that may occur in the acoustic properties of austenitic sad high sickel alloy welds, even those in T 547.2 5'va-a==etan of Pipe Weld nests aDoys of the same composition, product form and
. T.547.1.1 Sarisce Proporstloa. Surface prepara.
beat treatment. It moy, therefore, be paaaaaary to
- tion shall be perforenad to the requirements of T.
anodify and/or suppleinent the provisicas of it.is 546.2.1.
$1
(
e
j [:.
.p T.64SJ-T483.2 SBCTION Y - PONDeBTRUcr!YE EXAMINATION O-n n
1I Il s.ta m.mn. neem ll 11 0
/// M ///////////L
~
if I i 1/18in.eineisrmed -
lI
~
hoe et tendose l l seawanes 144in.
l l 1 1 II I I n
is in. not heisem hwe armes a des wtonese teserunes s144in.
TIG.T-553.2 CALIBRATION BLOCK FOR TECHNIQUE ONE Article is sonordance with T 110(c) when osandning T483 ' Techalgos One a ir,.=I d-pse Bond suchwelds, and Clad Flaw T h T453.1 Egalpment. Dual search units using an angled pitch catch technique may be used. Tk las T450 ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF ohaded angle between the beam paths shall be such CLADDING that the maximum sensitivity of the search unit is in the ama ofinterest. The total transducer area shahot
.g,ggg g
saceed % aq is. (325 sam ). A naminal Asquency of 8
The pA4 tdtrasonic techniques desenhd la 2.25 MHz shall be used; however, other hoquencies these pn.W shall be used where ultrasonic may be uses to achieve the noosesary resolution.
amamhation of weld metal overlay cladding is re-q*ed by a rdracing Code Secuen. Examination of T453.2 Calibrados Block. A calP> ration block clad voll bonded and explosive clad plate sha!! be per-by tk same welding pMure o tk production part fonned in accordance with SA 572, wher it is required shall k M Tk sudace Mtion shallk p-by a sferecing Code Section.
tative of that of the production part. Either a side dnlied hole L in. (1.6 sun) diameter by 1% in. (38
-[
emm) minimum depth shall be dnlied into the block at
.g g
,__,,_m the clad interface, or a % in. (3.2 mm) diameter Aat The 1echniques described herein aba!! be used ihr bottomed hole shall be dri!!sd through the base metal examination of weld deposited cladding. Technique to the clad interface. The thickness of the bene One shall be used to examine for bond ant clad Saw naaterial shall be at least twice the thickness of the indicatioon and Technique Two'shall be used to cladding. The calibration block is shown in Fig.
esamine forlack ofbond.
T-553.2.
42 e
,f.t ARTICL.E 5 - UI.TRASONIC EXAMIb' ]ON 7 883.3-T 861
,i T.883J Calibration. Calibration sha!! be accom-T 884J Calibration. Calibration shall be accom-piished by placing the search amit on the clad surface pushed by placing the search unit on the calibration of the calibration block and _ ', '"5 the aanrch block on the side opposite from which the hole was unit for the maximum response from the onlibration drilled. The search unit shall be manipulated for the hole. The gain control aban be set so tids response is sassianan response of the erst resolvable indication 80% 25% of fun eersen. Tids la primary reference Dom the bottom of the eshliration hole. The gain shall level.
he set so est this response is 80% 25% of full screen T 553.4 Framtmaeta= Preesdares (e) Eseminarios hus. The enthe clad surface shau y.884.4 h==ianda= Preemdum he asamined where practical. De naamination shan be
(,) go,minario, sies. As required by the refereoc-performed with the plane separating the.t ts of ing Code section.
the dual search unit parallel to the amis of the weld (6)Seenstag Srastr/vity. Scanning may be per-band. *===ia=daa sha!! be perfonned flrosi the clad genned at a gain higher than the primary reference surface.
level.
(6) Sce==iar Sessirirtry. Scenning may be per-(c) Scanning shall be perfonned as the clad surface fenned at a gain higher than the primary refersees when onlibration is perfanned on the clad surface.
novel.
Scanning shall be perfonned on the unclad surface j
(c/ Kalmarios. AI indicsoons shan be evaluated M when calibration is perfonned on tlw unclad surface.
~
the primary referencelevel.
(d) Em/mation. AU indications shad be evaluated at (4)Scenalag Direcries. The clad surface shall be the primary refersace level.
scanned by moving the eenrch unit perpendicular to the weld direction.
I T see ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION FOR T 884 Techalque Two - Esamlantion ist lack TH3CENESS DETERMINATION ef toad T 861 Scope T 554J Eqaipenest. Straight beam search units with determinations using ultruonic esamina-
~'
8 a maximum transducer area of one eq in. (625 mm )
tion s au be made using either the reonanos or pulse-shaB be seed. A nominal hegnancy of 2.25 MHz shan scho que. De technique used wul depend on the be need; however, other toq=*aal= may be used so A
surface geometry,and==d
= of the work achieve 1As m sesolution..
d' pisos. Thickness measurunents may be sonducted at T 454.2 Calthrstias Black. For clad bond examina-any toquency capetje of resolving the thickness range g
tion, a onlibration block clad by the same weldag to be measured. The recommended practice for the procedure a the production part shan be used. De
a==a
technique is given in Arucle 23, SE l!3.
~',
sarface condition shall be representative of the clad-The recoenmended practice for the longitudinal wave ding on the production part. A % is. (10 mun) *st paireeho contact technique is given la Article 23, t
botton hole shaR be druled to the weld ommy SE.114; the immersion technique is gives in Article f
imaarface.His hole may be dnDed from the base metal 23, SE 214. When using the pulas. echo "-5 or weld overlay side. Other calibration reflectors may (e) De thickness measurement shad be indeatad be used provided it is demonstrated that equal or by either a cathode rey tubs, meter, or digital display.
greater sensitivity is attained. De thickness of the (6) The instrument shall be calibrated on a block of base material cammined shall be within 1 in. (25 mm) the same material and product form as the material to I
of the calibration block thicknens when namined fhun be measured. Measurement accuracy, as noted in SE.
the base metal surface. The thickness of the base
!!4, is dependent upon calibration accuracy. SE ll3,
'l material on the calibration block shall be at least twice paragraph 5, desenting factors upon which calibra-the thickness of the cladding, when saamimag from tion accuracy is dependent, is applicable to the pulse-the clad surface.
echo technique as well as the resonance technique.
~
53 0
INFORMATION OdLY ARTICLE 6 LIQUID PENETRANT EXAMINATION a
( 7410 SCOPE may be found in Appendix A Glossary of Terms Used When speciaed by the referencmg Code Section, the in estruedve N'nineion, or in SE.270.
Equid penetant saamination techniques described in shis Article shall be used. In general, this Article is in T432 Prhe Requirements maformance with SE 165. Methed for Liquid Pene-T432.1 Initial Procedure Requirements. Liquid sant inspection, and SE 165 provides additional penetrant examination shall be performed in accord-details to be considered in the speciac procedures ance with a procedure. Such a procedure shall 8'd-consider at least the following information:
(a) the materials, shapes, or sizes to be examined, and the extent of the namination; G) type (number or letter designation if available) of each penetrant, penetrant remover, emulsi6er, and T420 DESCRU' TION OF METHOD developer; The liquid penetrant exammation method is an (c) processmg detaih for pre-examination cleaning dertive means for detecting discontinuities which are and drying, including the cleaning materials used and spen to the surface of nonporous metals and other sninimm dme aHowed for drying; anterials. Typical ducentinuities detectable by this (d) processing details for applying the penetrant; method we cracks, seems, laps, cold shum, lanuna-the length of time that the pene: rant will nmain on dons,and porosity, the surface (dwc!! time), and the temperature of the in principle, a liquid penetrant is applied to the surfac and penetrant during the examination if i
arface to be examined and allowed to enter disconti-outside 60'F to 125'F(16*C to 52'C) range;
- anhies. All excess penetrant is then removed, the parg
(*) Processing details for removing excess penetrant 6 dried, and a developer is applied. The developer AD".the surface, and for drying the surface before kne: ions both as a blotter to absorb penetrant that has applymg the developer; been trapped in discontinuities, and as a contrasting
(/) processirig detaik for apply:ng %e deveJoper, background to enhance the visibility of penetrant and length of developing time before interpretation.;
bdications. The dyes in penetranu are cidier color Igl processing details for post examination clean-sentrast (dsible under white light), or fluorescent U
(visible under ultraviolet light).
T432.2 Procedure Revision. A revir,ed procedure may be required:
(a) whenever a change or substitution is made in the type of penetrant materials (including developers, 7430 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS emulsl5ers, etc.) or in the proceuing technig Jes:
(b) whenever a change or substitution is made in 7431 Basic Requirements and Terminology the type of precleaning materials or processes.
When this Article is specified by a referencing Code (c) for say change in part processing that can clos,e Ie: tion, the liquid penetrant method der,cribed in this surface openings of discontinuities or leave interfering Anicle shall be used together with Article 1. General deposits, such as the use of grit blast cleaning or acid Requirernents. DeSnitions of terms used in this Article treatments.
57 9
q v ;.
1 p
I T640-T-660 SECTION Y - NONDESTRUCT1YE EXAMINATION T 640 APPROVED TECHNIQUES AND matenal, whichever is lower. Penetrant materials are MATERIALS acceptable if the residue does not exceed 0.005. If the 3
T 641 Appened Techniques e exceeds 02 g, it shah k analyzed for
)
chloride content in accordance with ASTM D808-63 Either a color contrast penetrant technique or a (1976). The chloride content of the residue shall not '
Boorescent penetrant technique shall be used. For sacoed 1% by weight.
each technique, one of the fonowing, three types of penetrant systems shaU be used:
(s) water washable T 650 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS i
(6) post emulsifying (c) rnivent removable T451 Surface Preparation (a) In general, satisfactory results may be obtained I
T-642 Penetraut Materials when the surface of the part is in the as welded, as-rolled, as cast, or as-forged condition. Surface prepa-The term penermar staterfsfr. as aned in this ration by grindins. machining, or other methods may 3
Article, is intended to include all penetrants, solvents be necessary where surface irregularities could mask or cleaning agents, developera, etc., need in the indications of unacceptable discontinuities.
examination pmcess.
CALTTION: Blesung with shot or du!! sand sney peen eiscontinui.
sie at the surface and should act be used.
T 643 Technique Restrictions (b) Prior to all liquid penetrant nammations, the surface to be examined and all adjacent areas within at i
Fluorescent penetrant namination shad not follow least 1 in. (23 mm) shall be dry and free of all dirt, e
o color contrast penetrant exarmnation. Intermixing of 3rease, lint, scale, welding Aux, weld spatter, oil, and penetrant materials from different family groups is not other axtraneous matter that could obscure surface a
permitted. A retest with water wasbable penetrants openings or otherwise interfere with the examination.
snay cause loss of marginal indications due to contami-(c) Typical cleaning agents which may be used are sution.
detergents, organic solvents, descahng solutions, and W
paint removers. Degressing and ultrasonic c! caning T 644 Control of Ccstaminants snahods snay h nood.
,(
(d) Cleaning solvents shall meet the requirements of t,.
The user of this Article shall obtain certdication of T 644. The cleaning method employed is an important
~
contaminant content for allliquid penetrant rnaterials part of the examination process.
a.'
used on nickel base alloys, austenitic stainless stack,
}
and titanium. These cenifications shall include the penetrant manufacturers' batch numbers and the test T 652 DtTing j
results obtained in accordance with (a) and (b) below.
Aher cleaning, drying of the surfaces to be exam-
.f These records shall be maintained as required by the ined shall be accomplished by normal evaporation or
[
referencing Code Section.
with forced hot air, as appropriate. A minimum period (a) When examining nicket base alloys, au pene-of time shan be established to ensure that the cleaning trant materials shall be analyzed for sulphur content solution has evaporated prior to application of the by evaporating a 100 g sample of each material for 30 penetrant.
min at a temperature of 194*F to 212*F (90'C to f
200'C) or the boiling point of the material, whichever J-is lower. Penetrant materials are acceptable if the T-660 TECHNIQUE REQUIREMENTS
'I residue does not exceed 0.005 g. If the residue exceeds n.
0.005 g, it shall be analyzed for sulphur in accordance As a standard technique, the temperature of the with ASTM D129-64 (1973). The sulphur content of penetrant and the surface of the part to be processed the residue shall not exceed 1% by weight.
shall not be below 60*F (16*C) nor above 125'F ($2*C)
(b) When examining sustenitic stain! css stech or throughout the examination period. Local heating or J.
titanium, all penetrant materials shall be analyzed for cooling is permitted provided the part temperature
..lil,u a' le ou,,,r... L,y respw ntus a 166 g sampte of remains in tne range or ou r to 143'r Ltot to 34%)
h.
each tr.aterial for 30 min at a temperature of 194*F to during the examination. Where it is not practical to 212*F (90*C to 100*C) or the boiling point of the comply with these temperature limitations, other sa P
JtTICLE 6 LIQUID PENETRANT EX/"'fATION 7 666 T 665 temperat res and times may be used, provided the T 663 Drying procedures are quali6ed as speci6ed in T 680.
(a)If a water washable or post emulsifying tech-nique is uned, the surface shall be dry before either dry or nonaqueous developer is applied. The surfaces may T 661 Penetraat Appliestion be dried by bletting with clean materials or by using (c) The penetrant nuy be applied by drpping, circulating warm air, provided the temperature of the brushing, m spraying. If tlie pcuctrunt in applied by surface in not raised above 125*F ($2*C). Aqueous I
spraying using compressed air type apparatus, Alters developer tusy be apphed.to either a wet or dry shall be placed on the up-stream side near the air islet sur' ace, and shall be dried by circulating warm air.
l to preclude contamination of the penetrant by oil, Blotting is not permitted for aqueous developer.
l water, dirt, or sediment that may have collected in the (b) For the solvent removabic technique, the sur.
lines.
faces may be dried by nonna! evaporation. blotting.
wi ing, or forced air.
(b) Penetration time in critical. The minimum P
penetration time shall be as recommended in SE 165 Table 2, or as qualified by demonstration for specific T 664 McW applications.
The developer shall be applied as soon as possible arkt per.etrant removal; the time interval shall not T662 Eacces Penetrant Removal enceed that estabhshed in the procedure. Two types of ~
developer, dry or wet, may be used with Auorescent Aher the speci5ed penetration time has elapsed, any penetrants. With color contrast penetrants, only a wet penetrant remaining on the surface shall be removed, developer shall be used.
taking care to minimize removal of penetrant from discontinuities.
T-664.1 Dry Developer. A dry developer muy be applied unmg a soh brush, hand powder bulb. or T 662.1 Water Washable Penetrants. Excess water powder gun. Other mean suited to the size and wathable penetrant shall be removed with a water geometry of the specimen may be used provided the spray. The water pressure shall no' exceed 50 psi (345 Powder is dusted evenly over the entire surface being
--d kPa). and the water temperature shall not escoed IID3 O*
T 664.2 Wet Developer. A wet developer is a suspension or solution of powder in water or a volatile T 662.2 Post Emulsifying Penetranta. With post-selvent. Water solutions or suspensions shall be emulsifying penetrants, the emulsiner shall be applied applied by dipping, brushing, or spraying to obtain a by spraying or dipping. Emulsification time is critical, thin coating over the entire surface being examined.
and governed by surface roughnens and type of Solvent suspensions shall be applied by spraying, d continuities sought. It shall not czeeed 5 min unless cacept where safety, beahh, or restricted accea ether times have been qualified by actual tests. AAer preclude it. Under such conditions, solvent suspended emulsiacation, the mixture shall be removed by a developer may be applied by brushing. Insuf5cient water spray using the same processes as for water coating thicknesses may result in pooling and thus washable penetrants.
muk indications. Prior to applying wet developer to the surface, the developer must be thoroughly agitated T 662.3 Solvent Removable Penetrants. Eacess to ensure adequate dispersion of suspended particles.
~
solvent removable penetrants shall be removed by Where a water suspension developer is used, drying wiping with a cloth or absorbent paper, repeating the time may be decreased by using warm air provided the operation until most traces of penetrant have been surface temperature of the part is not raised above removed. The remaining traces shall be removed by 125'F (52*Q.
lightly eviping the surface with cloth or absorbent i
paper moistened with solvent. To minimize removal of T 665 Interpretation penetrant from discontinuities, care sha!! be taken to avoid the use of excess solvent. Flushing the surface The true size and type of discontinuities are dimcult with solvent, following the app 1! cation of the pene-to evaluate if the penetrant diffuses excessively into the j
trant and prior to developing,is prohibited, developer. Comequently, the surface shall tie closely
)
59
465 T.483 Af
'ON Y.-- NONDEKULUCTIVE EXAMIN/
?!
observed during the application cf the developer to unacceptable, and such areas sha!! be cleaned and immilws the behavior of ino canons wnsen tono to teammed.
bleed-out profusely. Final interpretation shall he madn after allowing the penetrant to bleed-out for 7 to 30 min. If bleed-out does not alter the examination T 680 results, longer penods are permitted. If the surface to QUALIFICATION OF TECHNIQUES FOR NONSTANDARD be examined is large enough to preclude complete
==mination whhin the prescribed time, the surface TEMPERAT1.lRES shallbc cammined in increments.
T-6s1 Gescral T ed5J Culur cuatrast renetrants, witn a color When it is not practical 10 90nducl a licuid penetrant examination within the temperature range contrast penetrant, the developer forms a reasonably of 60*F to 115*F (16*C to $2*C) the examination uniform white coating. Surface discontinuities are indicated by biced out of the penetrant which in technique at the proposed temperature requires qual-incation. This shall require the use of a quench normally a deep red color that stains the developer.
cracked aluminum block, which in this Artic!c is indications with a light pink seter asay
- E.1-sacessive c! caning. Inadequate cleaning may leave an cesignateo as a agma penerrant comparator. One sages 6ivs background makine inte.rnreratinn riirrnit section of the block thall be examined at the proposed praeau, a 1 ti., ott.m co.Ln t mmina Adm.t. i!6ainatiin mmimi na rame alatamm as a tau u.t...". LL aup. uf(.0T Lv 1:3T41FC au r
sensidvity dunng the exammation and evaluation of
~
52*C).
Indications.
T.665J Ploorescent Penetrants. With Auorescent T 682 Liquid Pesetrant Com'arator p
penetrants, the processis w=Hy the same as in T*
665.1 eacept that the commination is conducted in a The liquid penetrant comparator shall be made of darkened area using Altered ultraviolet light, ended aluminum, SB 211 Type 2024, % in. (10 mm) thick, black light. The black light intensity at the surface and shall have approximate face dimensions of 2 in. by
, under caamination shall be measured at least once 3 in. ($1 mm by 76 mm). At the center of each tacc.
every 8 hr, and whenever the work location is an area approximately 1 in. (25 mm)in diameter shall changed, using a meter which is sensitive to light in be marked with a 950*F (510*C) temperature-indicat-the ultraviolet spectrum, centered on 365 nanometer ing crayon or point. The marked area shall be heated ym) uw.1 A). Two randingo okall ha sahen; the E'"
with 3 h1ostorch, Duneen burner, or similas devios to without a Alter and the second with an ultraviolet a temperature between 950*F and 975'F (510*C and
}
(366 ama) aksarbl..& r.hw v w LL sou.:na slewcas of 525'C). The spechneu shall then be immediately the meter. The second reading sha!! be subtracted quenched in cold water which produces a network of from the Arst and the diference shall be a minimum of Ane cracks on each face. The block shall then be dried 800 pW/cm. The black light sha!! be Altered ultravio-by heating to approximately 300*F (149*C). A groove 8
k salinduu uf wave lengtha wkhin the range or Jsu an bc anschincd across the ocnter of each fact approx' nately %, in. (1.6 mm) deep and % in.
u am to 390 nm. The bulb shall be turned on and (1.2 mrn) wide, or some other means should be allowed to warm up for not less than 5 min prior to i
une in the esaminatinn provided to permit side by side comparison while prevenung cross-contammanon t erween tae two saces.
One half of the specimen shall be designated "A" and l
the other "B" for identi$ cation in subsequent process-i T 670 EVALUATION OF INDICATIONS ing. Figure M2 Hlustrates de comparator after rk p;rooves,if used, are cut.
M Allindications snan oc evaluatco m terms of the acceptance standards of the referencing Code Section-j (b) Discontinuities at the surface will be indicated T 6R3 Comparator Applicadon l
by bloed-out of penetrant; however, localized surface (a)If it is desired to qualify a liquid penetrant j
1 irregularities due to machining marks or other surface examination technique at a temperature of less than conditions, may produce false indications.
60'F (16*C). the proposed technique sha!! be applied to (c) Broad areas of fluorescence or pigmentation aren "B" after the block and all materir.!s have been which could mask indications of discontinuities are cooled to the preposed exarrination temperature. The -
60
l 71CLE 6 - L2 QUID PENETRANT EXAMNATION T.es3
~
l this temperature range. He indications of cracks shall
.(
be onmpared between areas "A" and "B." If the indications obtained under the proposed conditions Ins in.
are essentially the same as obtained during examina.
a sse in.
I tion of 607 to 1257 (16*C to 52*C), the proposed i,
technique shall be considered quali6ed for use.
f (b) If the proposed temperature for the examination is above 1257 (52'C), then only the block need be held j
at this temperature throughout the commination of the j
"B" section. The block shall then be allowed to cool to
~
- i"'
38
- a temperature between 607 and 1257 (16*C and 52*C) and aret "A" shall be eramined and compared as describedin T 683(a).
(c) As an alternate to the requirements of(m) and (b) when using color contrast penetrants, it is permis.
g sible to use the entire comparator block for the standard and nonstandard temperatures and to make the comparison by photography. When this alternate
^
whMque is used, the block may be prepared without the machined roove.
B (1) When the entire comparator block and photo-graphic technique is used, the same processing details (as aprlicable) as described in (a) and (b) apply. The FIG. T 682 LIQll!D PENETRANT COMPARATOR block )ha!! be thornughly cleaned between the two (Note: Dimensions given are for guidance only processing steps. Photog aphs shall be taken after ed are not critical.)
processing at the nonstandard temperature and then after procening at the standard temperature. The indication of cracks shall be compared between the block shall then be allowed to warm up to a two phot:, graphs. The same criteria for qualiscation as temperature between 607 and 1257 (16*C and $2*C),
(a) above shallapply.
and area "A" shall be cammined in a manner which (2) The identical photopaphic techniques shall has previously been demonstrated as suitable for une in be used to make the comparison photographs.
1 l
61
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