ML20237E953
| ML20237E953 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | 05000603 |
| Issue date: | 11/01/1987 |
| From: | EDGE GROUP |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20237E882 | List: |
| References | |
| 28811, ENVR-871101, NUDOCS 8712290276 | |
| Download: ML20237E953 (143) | |
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ALL CHEMICAL ISOTOPE ENRICHMENT, INC. FACILITY I - CPDF ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT m m 9 DOCKCigg $ usNRc , di c3 DEC l iss7 y
'1*AE5?non Prepared for:
All Chemical Isotope Enrichment, Inc. ' I% Pine Ridge Office Park 702 South Illinois Avenue. Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830-Prepared by: The EDGE Group 725 Pellissippi Parkway P.O. Box 23010 Knoxville, TN 37933-1010 November 1, 1987 ra==:::a A ragk
I a TABLE OF CONTENTS I [() V PAGE I L I ST O F AC R 0N YMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i i i LIST OF FIGURES.................................................. iv j LIST OF TABLES................................................... v
- 1.
SUMMARY
.................................................... 1-1 j
1.1 INTRODUCTION
.......................................... 1-1
1.2 DESCRIPTION
OF ALCHEMIE FACILITY 1 AT THE CENTRIFUGE PLANT DEMONSTRATION FACILITY............... 1-2 1.3 PROPOSED ACTION AND ALTERNATIVES TO THE l 8 PROPOSED ACTI0N....................................... 1-2 I.4 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT.................................. 1-3 l 1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES............................ 1-4 1.6 UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES........ 1-4 1.7 IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE ; COMMITMENTS OF RESOURCES.............................. 1-5 1 1.8 RELATIONSHIP 0F LAND USE PLANS, POLICIES, ! AND CONTR0LS.......................................... 1-5 l 1.9 RELATIONSHIP OF SHORT-TERM USES OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY................ 1-5 Q t i 1.10 TRADE-0FF ANALYSIS.................................... 1-5 O 2. DESCRIPTION OF ALCHEMIE FACILITY 1 AT THE CENTRIFUGE PLANT DEMONSTRATION FACILITY .............................. 2-1 2.1 PURPOSE AND NEED...................................... 2-1
2.2 DESCRIPTION
OF CPDF OPERATIONS........................ 2-1 2.3 POWER-GENERATING FACILITIES............................-2-6 2.4 REGULATORY STATUS..................................... 2-6 2.5 TANGIBLE BENEFITS..................................... 2-7 2.6 KNOWN ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES............................ 2-7 1
- 3. ALTERNATIVES............................................... 3-1 3.1 PROPOSED ACTI0N....................................... 3-1
! 3.2 RELOCATION OF CPDF.................................... 3-1 3.3 NO ACTI0N............................................. 3-1
- 4. EXISTING ENVIRONMENT....................................... 4-1 4.1 LANDUSE..............................................4-1 4.2 GE0 LOGY............................................... 4-8 4.3 HYDR 0 LOGY............................................. 4-17 4.4 METEOROLOGY........................................... 4-36 4.5 EC0 LOGY............................................... 4-41 4.6 CULTURAL RESOURCES.................................... 4-45 (Q
, 4.7 AESTHETIC CHARACTERISTICS............................. 4-47 V 4.8 DEM0 GRAPHY............................................
4.9 SOCI0 ECONOMICS........................................ 4-48 4-54 i
I TABLE OF CONTENTS - cont'd: PAGE
- 5. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES.................................. 5-1 5.1 HUMAN ENVIRONMENT..................................... 5-1 5.2 ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 5.3 POTENTIAL ACCIDENTS.................................... 5-li
- 6. UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL. EFFECTS................... 6-1
- 7. IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF' RES0VRCES................................................... 7-1,
- 8. RELATIONSHIP OF LAND-USE, PLANS, POLICIES, AND CONTR0LS................'..............................
. 8-l'
- 9. RELATIONSHIP 0F SHORT-TERM USES OF THE ENVIRONMENT-
'AND LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY.............................'..... 9-1:
- 10. TRADE-0FF ANALYSIS......................................... 10 11. LIST OF PREPARERS.......................................... 11-1J
- 12. REFERENCES CITED.....................................:...... 12-1 )
f r AP P E N D I C E S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A . O b 11 t
I LIST OF ACRONYMS
.O ACTF: Advance'd Centrifuge Test. Facility AlchemIE All Chemical Isotope Enrichment;.Inc.'
BLS- Bureau of Labor Statistics - CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability 'Act CFR . Code of _ Federal: Regulations CPDF Centrifuge Plant Demonstration Facility CRK Clinch River kilometer CRM Clinch River mile DOE ' U.S.. Department of Energy .- EFPC East Fork Poplar Creek EPA U.S. Environmental Protection' Agency GCEP . Gas Centrifuge Enrichment Plant-HVAC heating, ventilating and air-conditioning I-40 U.S. Interstate 40 ICRP International. Commission on Radiological Protection MMI Modified Mercalli Intensity-MRDF Machine Recycle Development' Facility MSL mean sea level NASN National Air Sampling Network NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NBS National Bureau of Standards NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
/( ..
NPDES National Pollution Discharge Elimination System ORGDP Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory ORR Oak Ridge Reservation PCK Poplar Creek kilometer-PCM Poplar Creek mile PSAR Preliminary Safety Analysis Report ~.- RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act TDAPC Tennessee Division of Air Pollution' Control TDHE Tennessee Department of Health and Environment; TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act TSP total suspended particulate TRK Tennessee River kilometer TRM Tennessee River mile TVA Tennessee Valley Authority USGS United States Geologic Survey Y-12 Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant i O iii 1 2
LIST OF FIGURES
'd FIGURE .PAGE-2.1.1. P1 centri fuge schemati c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 4.1.1. The Oak Ridge Reservation Wildlife Management Area ................................................ 4-4 4.1.2. . Transmission line corridors on the Oak. Ridge
' Reservation'......................................... 4-7 4.1.3. Water supply lines and natural gas lines in the immediate vicinity of the Oak Ridge Reservation ..... 4-9 4.2.1. Geologic map of the Oak Ridge. Reservation ........... 4-10 4.2.2. Physiographic map of Tennessee ...................... 4-11 4.3.1. Location map of major bodies of. surface water in the vicinity of the Oak Ridge Reservation ............... 4-19 4.3.2. Location map of ORGDP NPDC monitoring locations .... 4-24 4.4.1. Annual precipitation history of Oak Ridge, Tennessee (1948-1985) ............................... 4-38, 6 4.4.2. 1985 annual wind rose at 10 meters (33 ~ft) level at meteorological tcwer a t ORGDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-40 4.4.3. 1985 annual wind rose at 60 meters (197.ft) level at meteorological l ' tower a t ORGDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-40 '
4.4.4. Total discharge of fluorides-from 0RGDP~ to; the atmosphere, 1981-1985 ............................... 4 4.4.5. Location map of perimeter air monitoring stations around ORGDP ........................................ 4-44 4.8.1. Population sectors around AlchemIE Facility 1 - CPDF ................................... 4-52 D-1. Plant communities within 3000 m of AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF .................................... D-2 D-2. Biological monitoring stations near ORGDP, 1977 - 1978 .......................................... D-8 ! b is
b LIST OF TABLES Q TABLE PAGE 2.1.1. Feedstock elements and compounds ~to be processed:and thei r respective isotope product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 4.1.1. Schools within a 16 kilometer radius of AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF ................................... 4-6 4.2.1. Stratigraphic column for the Oak Ridge Reservation .. 4-13 4.2.2. Generalized geologic section of the bedrock formations in the Oak Ridge area .....................:4-14 1 4.3.1. Public supply surface water withdrawals within' 32 . . . I kilometers of the Oak Ridge Reservation . . . .. . . . . .. .. 4-21 4.3.2. Industrial-water withdrawals from the Clinch - Tennessee River System near the Oak Ridge Reservation ......................................... 4-22' 4.3.3. 1985 concentrations of uranium in surface streams near ORGDP ........................................ . 4-25 4.3.4. 1985 radiochemical water quality for East Fork Popiar_ Creek _........................................ 4-25 4.3.5. 1985 chemical water quality data for the Clinch River down s tream f rom ORGDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-26 4.3.6. 1985 chemical water quality da'ta for Poplar Creek above Blair Bridge .................................. 4-27 4.3.7. 1985 chemical water quality data for West Fork Popla r Creek on Bl ai r Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-28 4.3.8. 1985 chemical water quality data for East Fork . Pop 1ar Creek ......................................... 4-29 4.3.9. 1985 NPDES compliance at ORGDP ...................... 4-31 4.4.1. Monthly climatic summary for the Oak Ridge area-based on a 20-year period ........................... 4-37 4.4.2. 1985 summary of air emission inventory at ORGDP ..... 4-42 ! 1 4.4.3. 1985 uranium in ai r a t ORGDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 , 4.8.1. Population'of central East Tenneessee towns .........._4-49 i f 4.8.2. Incremental population around AlChemIE : Facility 1 - CPDF ................................... 4-50 l I l' v i x
l LIST OF TABLES - cont'd TABLE PAGE 4.8.3. Incremental transient population around AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF .......................... 4-51 4.8.4. 1980 population and 1990 estimated population for the five county area surrounding AlChemIE i Fa c i l i ty 1 - C P D F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-53 l 4.9.1. Employment and labor force data by county compared with Tennessee and the United States in 1984 ........ 4-56 4.9.2. Labor force and distribution in major economic sectors for the AlchemIE Facility 1 - CPDF area ..... 4-56 4.9.3. Occupations of the employed labor force in the AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF and Knoxville, TN, area, 1980 ...................................... 4-57 4.9.4. Personal income for the A1ChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF five county area and the state of Tennessee ......... 4-59 5.1.1. Important characteristics of marketable isotopes .... 5-2 D-1. Relative abundance (%) of benthic macroinvertebrates ('~') at the six ORGDP sampling sites ...................... D-12 D-2. Percent abundance, by number and biomass, of adult fish (by families) collected by gill netting and electroshocking at six ORGDP survey sites ............ D-15 D-3. Native plant species of Roane and/or Anderson counties, Tennessee, that are rare, threatened, endangered, or of special concern .................... D-18 ; D-4 Rare, threatened, and endangered wildlife species o bs e rved on the ORR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-19 l l l [ L.] vi
h 1.
SUMMARY
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The Centrifuge Plant Demonstration Facility (CPDF) was an essential part of the continuing development of centrifuge technology that allowed integration of centrifuge machines 4 into a process and enrichment plant design. The CPDF was placed in service in November 1982 to provide - facilities for testing and continuing development of a unit cascade in' direct support of the commercial Gas Centrifuge Enrichment Plant (GCEP) located at Portsmouth, Ohio. The basic cascade-oriented equipment, feed, . auxiliary nd support equipment were tested in an operating configuration that-represents, to the extent possible, GCEP arrangement and - j operating conditions. The objective was to demonstrate 4 procedures for production cascade installation, start-up, operation, and maintenance and to provide proof of overall system design and construction concepts. The CPDF was placed j in standby status in November 1984. > The All Chemical Isotope Enrichment, Inc. (AlChemIE) project. ! began in November 1984 with the recognition by Dr. A.; Andrew 1 Carey that centrifuge machines which were originally. created and designed by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) solely for 6 the enrichment of uranium could be used to enrich in quantity a variety of other elements. j i In June 1985 the DOE discontinued the three billion dollar centrifuge program and by late 1985 and early 1986 excess centrifuge machines were being destroyed due to their. classified technology. In March 1986 the DOE recognized alternative uses for the centrifuge machines and through the Federal Register sought statements of interest from the private sector for use of the centrifuge machines and technology. j Based upon the knowledge of Dr. A. Andrew Carey and the decision by the DOE to seek private sector interest, AlChemIE conducted a private sector market analysis to determine the demand for enriched non-radioactive isotopes. Results of this , investigation indicated that 'a substantial private sector l l market existed for enriched non-radioactive isotopes with l additional markets probable. Private sector markets immediately identified included medical imaging and diagnostic needs, scientific research, the lighting industry, consumer products, defense, and solid state electronics. In 1986, A1ChemIE entered into negotiations with DOE to establish.the AlChemie Facility 1 at CPDF. 1-1
[h
1.2 DESCRIPTION
OF ALCHEMIE FACILITY 1 AT THE CENTRIFUGE PLANT Q' DEMONSTRATION FACILITY The CPDF is situated within the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant site (ORGDP), a nearly level 1580 ha.(640 ac) tract of land near the junction of Poplar Creek and the Clinch River. ORGDP, in turn, is situated within the Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) comprised of approximately 15,000 ha (37,300 ac) and located in Anderson and Roane counties, Tennessee. Specifically, CPDF is located in Building K-1220 at the ORGDP site. Building K-1220 also houses the Machine Recycle ; Development Facility (MRDF) and the Advanced Centrifuge Tes_t Facility (ACTF). AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF will-utilize countercurrent ficw gas centrifuges to perform the isatope separation. The only thoroughfares providing access to the plant site are Blair Road from the north and Tennessee Highway 58 (0ak Ridge Turnpike) from the northeast and southwest. ORGDP systems which provide overall support to the AlchemIE Facility 1 - CPDF include the electric power systems, cooling , water systems, compressed air systems, nitrogen systems,. and steam supply and distribution system. fm 1.3 PROPOSED ACTION AND ALTERNATIVES TO THE-PROPOSED ACTICN The proposed action is the operation of the AlChemIE Facility l l 1 - CPDF for the production of nonradioactive, stable i ! isotopes. This action would utilize the existing facility at I ORGDP, thus reducing environmental concerns associated with I i new construction facilities. This action will result in- ' l increased employment opportunities in the private sector and ! also keep the UF theORGDPcomplek.contaminatedmachinerwithintheconfinesof Two alternatives to the proposed action are: 1) relocation of CPDF to another site and 2) no action. It was concluded that alternative 1 would be less environmentally preferable due to new construction activities and the presence of UF contaminatedmachinesinapreviouslyuncontaminathdsetting. Alternative 2 (no action) would result in no increase in employment opportunities for the private sector and in the non-usage of the available in-place machines and buildings. f3 b 1-2
O LJ 1.4 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT Since the AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF site lies entirely within the confines of the ORGDP, information provided in this document, unless specifically stated, is applicable to ORGDP. The AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF site is located in Roane County, Tennessee, in an area of low-population density. Approximately 35% of the area is farmland, and the remaining 65% is wooded. The climate is classified as a humid subtropical with a yearly average temperature of 14.4*C (57.9 F). The average monthly temperature varies from 5"C (41 F) in the winter to 27 C (80.6 F) in the summer. Annual rainfall averages about 150 cm (59.1 in.). The weather is I clear 30% of the time, partly cloudy 25%, and cloudy 45%. Winds are primarily bimodal in nature, consisting of prevailing up-valley (SW) and down-valley (NE) movement. The elevation along the Clinch River (Watts Bar Reservoir) is I about 226 m (751.5 ft) above mean sea level (MSL) with a maximum relief of 128 m (420 ft) to the ridge crests. The hydrodynamics of the Clinch River-Poplar Creek system in the ORGDP area are complex due to the variation in Clinch River flow caused by regulating the flow at Melton Hill Dam, Fort Loudon Dam, and Watts Bar Dam to correspond to the needs for power generation and flood control. The waters are moderately A hard, well buffered, and slightly alkaline. (~') The major stratigraphic units underlying the site and its confining ridges are the Rome Formation, the Conasauga Group, the Knox Group, and the Chickamauga Limestone. The depth of alluvium beneath the site ranges from 0 to 18 m (59 ft).. The Whiteoak Mountain Fault system runs through the southeastern corner of the ORGDP site. Since there are no recorded seismic events associated with these faults, they are considered inactive. It is estimated that the largest earthquake to be expected in the area within 20 to 70 km (12.4 to 43.5 mi) of the site will have a magnitude of 6.5. l A wide variety of wildlife exists in the area surrounding . ORGDP. White-tailed deer, cottontail rabbits, eastern gray I squirrels, opossums, woodchucks, skunks, raccoons, red foxes,
- and other small mammals are common. Hunting for white-tailed l deer is restricted to specific areas on the reservation on specified days. Canadian geese are the most important of the nesting waterfowl on the reservation. Quail and mourning doves are in abundance. Thirty species of fish from ten families have been collected in the ORGDP area. Fish collected in Poplar Creek consist of about 32% game fish, 23%
rough, and 45% forage, with the gizzard shad being the most , common species. 1-3
E 1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES Environmental consequences expected from the operation of AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF are considered to be insignificant in comparison to the surrounding ORGDP operation. Minimal increases of discharges to the environment are expected over those currently occurring cnsite. Proposed routing of waste water to existing treatment facilities and additional-treatment and monitoring systems for air quality control should result in minical environmental impacts. Existing environmental consequences to the area adjacent to AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF are the result of long-term l operation for uranium enrichment at ORGDP. A detailed discussion of environmental consequences can be found in Environmental Assessment of the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant Site (Union Carbide, 1979). DOE has evaluated the yearly release of radioactivity into the ecosystem and has determined that in all cases doses are well . below current NRC regulations. Additionally, DOE has evaluated nonradioactive discharges to the environment. The evaluations have shown that concentrations of specific pollutants are present but have not caused an identifiable impact. DOE is currently conducting additional studies and (y cooperating fully with the U.S. Environmental. Protection (~,) Agency (EPA) and the Tennessee Department of Health and~ Environment (TDHE) in remediation efforts. The analysis of effects of potential accident's at AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF, assuming a worst case scenario where the entire contents of a 150 kg (331 lb) cylinder of Hg(CH3)2 I is instantly released to the atmosphere, indicates that only individuals directly involved in the accident and at the accident site could receive lethal concentrations. l 1.6 UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES l j Unavoidable adverse environmental impacts of AlchemIE Facility j 1 - CPDF operations that may occur on the ORR near the plant ] are primarily a function of air quality deterioration and { contributions to the chemical load of Poplar Creek and Clinch J River. These impacts are indirectly attributable to the ! operation of AlchemIE Facility 1 - CPDF through operation of existing support facilities at ORGDP. ) 1 Waste generated by the operation will be placed in existing and permitted ORGDP classified and low level radioactive waste disposal sites both on- and off-site. Hazardous and sanitary wastes will be placed in permitted sites at ORGDP or other g locations. . l 1-4
I . 1.7 IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF RESOURCES l Some of the resources comitted to the operation of AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF are irretrievable. These include gasoline and other fuels used primary for transportation, fluorocarbon coolants that escape to the atmosphere, and enemicals used in water treatment. Materials contaminated with radioactivity that cannot be decontaminated are irreversibly committed. The electric power used to operate the plant and the human labor /i are irretrievable.
/
1.8 RELATIONSHIP 0F LAND USE PLANS, POLICIES, AND CONTROLS , 1 l l The operation of AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF does not confliiM with local, state, or federal land use plans and policies. ORGDP air and water pollutant discharges are regulated by 1 various permits and are usually in compliance with stated i 1 i( E i s tanda rds. Any incidents of noncompliance are reported uSi i s gDr corrected. Operation is compatible with the inteand use of ' the ORR. t 1 1.9 RELATIONSHIP OF SHORT-TERM USES OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND , LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY , j lf The short-term use of the site operdion of AlChemIE Facility ; I - CPDF is to supply enriched stable isotopes for use in O research and numerous industrial, medical, and consumer products. The length of operation will be.@ pendent upon economic considerations and consumer demanasi The anticipated . I life of the operation is between 30 and 40 ycars. The operation of AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF .esults in local ' effects through impacts on sir, water, and lant' use. However, - these effects are short-term and are offset by the positive economic communities. benefits Long-term topinductivity the employees and surrc4ndingf nent should of the enviro - not be impaired sinc? ultimate decommissioning of nie platt y could restore mos; of the environment V,o its original condition. t i '
, s l J <,
s 1.10 TRADE-0FF ANALYSIS \/ _I6 The major costs associated with the operation'of AlChemIE ! -
'g~
Facility 1 - CPDF are environmental whereas.tne major benefits are socioeconomic. The environmental impacts will rtsub from' , F increased usaga of and input to exining support facilitias. ' . These impact will be well below the capac);ics of the woport facilities and insignificant ist comparis'or, to th' Jast fel '" operation at ORGDP which occurred for 'aoproximatrly 40 yers, c - An evaluation of impacts identified no significant threat to j , human life, no significant intrusion of toxic materials into '[ the human food chain, and no evidence of major harm to local wild animals, birds, plants, or aquatic life. p"
,5 F5 I i
(
[ 2. DESCRIPTION OF ALCHEMIE FACILITY 1 AT THE CPDF 2.1 PURPOSE AND NEED The AlchemIE project began in November 1984 with the recognition by Dr. A. Andrew Carey that centrifuge machines i ( which were originally created and designed by the DOE solely f o j l, for the enrichment of uranium could be used to enrich in
\
4 quantity a variety of other elements.
'i
- In June 1985 the DOE discontinued the three billion dollar
': '- / centrifuge program and by late 1985 and early 1986 excess
'L l l ' centrifuge machines were being destroyed due to their /I classified technology. In March 1986 the DOE recognized ! alternative uses for tre centrifuge machines and through the Federal Register sought statements of interest from the private sector for use,of the centrifuge machines and ji technology. >
-q i.
Based upon tht (;powledgeMf Dr. A. Andrew Carey and the decision by de DOE to seek private sector interest, AlChemIE ) conducted a private sector market analysis to determine the demand for enriched nont radioactive isotopes. Results of this < investigation indicated that a substantial private sector i
- i market existed for enriched non-radioactive isotopes with
(~ additional markets probable. Private sector markets r3 immediately identified included medical imaging and diagnostic d needs, research need, the lighting industry, csnsumer products, defmsm<
- lone solid state electronics.
( Conventional meth6db of enrichment such as calutron, thermal .' diffusion, gaseous diffusion, and cyclotrons are either too . l inefficient'er incapable of producing kilogram quantities of ! l enr$ tied, non uranium isotopes on a cost efficient and I s t continuing basis. .in comparison, the centrifuge technology j J, can efficiently manufacture kilogram quantities of many
', ! non-uranium, r9n-fissile isotopes on a cost efficient and ccf tinuing basts.7 $
, .; t 2.2_DCJCRIPT:0NOFClbFOPERATID/S y ?,
,, t
,. The AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF) includes p)rtions of the l
? existing Building K 1?20 at the ORGDP siti. The CPDF was f '
originally constrN tiA hy the DOE,to'demonstrat6 the viability l of gas centrifugal.qnf cr i uranium enrichment. ,
/ i The Alchemie Facility N 'QN will produce 'stabIe isotopes i enriched in the minor St6pe'soecies. The isotopes of major
) s l' interest include xenm,1.m.yphn, argon, sulfur, mercury, chlorine,< carbon, exygu i, t.itrogen, cadmium, boron, and h ', ' 3 molybdenum. Many of te spec!fic compounds that may be
; bE process W ire list 9d i Table 2.1.1. ,
o J 0, ! , , j , j.
/! , ,
j, * ( / ji f c , i
/c-
< 2- 1 ('o
't p *
, !x 0 %
s J
rar-n
. i l%
p , i. Table 2.1.1. Feedstock elements and compounds to be processed and their respective isotope product FEEDSTOCK, IS0 TOPE 78, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86 Kr. Kr
124, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 136 Xe' Xe
' 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 130 TeFg Te N'N'N'M'M'M M f, Mp(CH3 )2 Hg 32, 33, 34, 36 S
5N[ 35, 37 CF C1 C1 3 36, 38, 40 l Ar Ar
' N'M'N'M'M Zn 7.n(CH 3 )2 13 CF C 4
15 L N C0p (or PF30) 0 N' U BF 8 U 3 28, 29, 30 SiF4 ' si Cr6 F Cr 50, 52, 53, 54 22 IE 54, 56, 57, 58 F[(co)5 Ni 58, 60, 61, 62, 64 Nf(CO),g GeF Ge 70, 72, 73, 74, 76 4 ScF So '74, 76, 77, 78, 80, 82 6 79, 81 CF Br Br 3 WF y 180, 182, 183, 184, 186 6 Ne Ne 20' 21* 22 TiCl 4 Ti O' U, G. O, 50 ( VF 5 Y Ga O' N Ga(CH 3 )3 2-2
Table 2.1.1. (continued) rx N.N FEEDSTOCK IS0 TOPE l i
, , , , , , 00 McF No 6
I 99, 100, 101, 102, 104 Ru Ru(CO)4 106, 108, 110, Ill, 112, 113, 114, 116 Cd Cd(CH 3 )2 In O'* In(CH3 )3 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 124 SnH Sn i 4 I I' IE SbH Sb 3 W . E , 187, 188, 189, 190, 192 OsF Os 6 IrF 6 Ir E'* 190, 192, 194, 195 Pt(PCH3 )3 Pt
)
M , 205 T1 T1(CH3 )3 204, 206, 207, 208 ( Pb(CH3 )4 Pb E , 181 b TaF 5 Ta 185 ReF Re 6 l l l l l
! )
Q ,/ 2-3
l l AlchemIE Facility 1 - CPDF will utilize: countercurrent' flow
% gas centrifuges to perform the. isotope separation.
Centrifuges separate mater differences between two'is.ials by taking otopes or chemical advantage of the species. mass Because of the high speeds necessary to effect the required separation of two isotopes having fairly.close masses, the gas
. centrifuges operate in a vacuum. The gases are collected via scoops positioned' at different distances relative 'to the ' wall' of the centrifuge rotor. Countercurrent flow is induced by -
the stationary bottom scoop and is enhanced by an axial' temperature gradient which is established by. maintaining an axial temperature prof'ile on the exterior of the vacuum casing and a reflective radf stive heat transfer shield between the casing and the rotor. As shown in Figure'2.1.1, process gas is' introduced'into the. centrifuge near the axial center of,the machine and withdrawn
~
at either end.. The product, or stream enhanced in the desired isotope specie, is withdrawn via a product scoop located near' the top of-the machine. .The tails, or stream depleted in-the
' desired isotope specie, are . withdrawn by the stationary bottom
' scoop.
The feed gas is vaporized by heating feed gas cylinders with hot air or heating-blankets. It is fed at subatmospheric pressures to the centrifuge. The product and tails streams I are withdrawn at subatmospheric pressures into cold traps where they are; condensed into solids. .The product and tails are then transferred under vacuum to shipping cylinders by heating the cold traps and cooling the shipping cylinders. .. The centrifuge process is supported by. vacuum systems to establish and maintain the process under. Vacuum. L Additionally, plant support utilities include electricity, steam, and compressed air. l O( 2-4
i- [ f . UPPER SUSPDVS/CN-a- ASSEMBL Y - L' t/2 e, _1
,p
~ ~
PROCE5S UNE -
,;f UPPER SCOOP CONNECTORS -
/
W l"- 1 - l i i ROTOR - % ;' ASSEMBL Y K,W % CAS7NG . s .
,W ASSEMBL Y.
!%s d 'W %
,s COLUMN ._ ;r FEED PORT ASSEV8L Y =ci .
~
g,ygg
. -% i PUMP l
l VA C U U M l l 4 g' d s q
', LOHER SCOOP.
/i
/N'i.N ,
1 y, ' h s l' l i
;l LOHER DR/W MOTOR !
LOl1ER SUSPENS/CN ASSEMBLY- ' l { l U l' U a Figure 2.1.1 P1 Centrifuge S:chematic . i
, 2-5 i
2.3 POWER-GENERATING FACILITIES Electrical energy will be supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) utilizing fossil-fuel plants (coal fired and gas turbine units), hydro units, nuclear units, and a pump ' storage unit. The TVA system functions as a single unit; therefore, no specific generating plant (s), can be considered as being dedicated to the A1ChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF facility. AlchemIE will contract directly with the TVA for a guaranteed quantity of electrical energy. Current DOE electrical energy consumption at CPDF in its standby phase is approximately 50 kw/ day.. At full operations of the_ AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF, 400 kw/ day will probably be . required. This level of consumption-is well belsw the existing capabilities of the TVA. Transmission lines, towers and corridors, substations, and control and maintenance measurers are-in place and active through the TVA, the City of Oak Ridge, and the DOE-(Union Carbide,1979). I 2.4 REGULATORY STATUS The AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF operation will meet EPA and TDHE statutory requirements by utilizing existing 0RGDP 6 permits and acquiring new permits, where necessary. Only those waste streams and emmission sources specific to the A1ChemIE operation will be monitored for compliance with.the appropriate permit requirements. AlChemIE will seek permi.ssion from the DOE to continue-discharging sanitary sewage waste into the ORGDP sewer system for treatment at the existing sewage treatment plant. The ORGDP sewage treatment plant has an National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systen (NPDES) permit under regulation by the EPA and TDHE (Appendix A). This _ permit will expire in 1989. AlChemIE w ' ill coordinate with the TDHE for all environmental permits necessary to cover their specific. ) emissions and discharge points. AlChemIE will also seek permission from the DOE to continue-the disposal of solid waste through the current solid waste disposal plan at ORGDP. In the event that an agreement cannot be reached, AlChemIE'will enter into an-. agreement with a private contractor for the transportation and disposal of solid waste in a privately permitted landfill. Additionally, due to the classified technology and contamination of the centrifuge machines at CPDF, AlChemIE will seek an agreement with the DOE for disposal of discontinued centrifuge machines and support equipment ; (Appendix B). A1ChemIE will comply with the TDHE requirements for hazardous waste generated by small quantity generators. . 2-6 l
.i
fk AlChemIE will also seek an agreement with the DOE for the use of data generated by the ongoing environmental monitoring U) ( program conducted by the DOE within and adjacent to the ORR. All appropriate federal, state, and local business licenses will be obtained prior to operation of AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF by A1ChemIE. 2.5 TANGIBLE BENEFITS The closure of the ORGDP in 1985 resulted in a reduction of 2,500 management and skilled labor positions within the Oak Ridge area. Operating of AlchemIE Facility 1 - CPDF will result in the creation of 50 management and skilled labor positions. The production of non-uranium, non-fissile isotopes on a regular schedule and at guaranteed volumes will stimulate a greater market utilization and may lead to increased research efforts. 2.6 KNOWN ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES There are no known environmental issues associated with the operation of A1ChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF for the production of non-uranium, non-fissile isotopes. However, some concerns have been identified in the past with the operation of the ORGDP. There are two known threatened or endangered species that have been identified as occurrir.g in the vicinity of the site. These include the state threatened black snakeroot (Cimicifuca rubifolia) and the federally endangered pink mucket peH1y mussel (Lamosilis orbiculata). The operation of AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF in compliance with air and water quality standards should have no adverse impact on these plant and aquatic species. Additionally, intensive studies are currently underway to determine the adverse impacts and potential impact sources at ORGDP originating from past operations. Once identified, the contaminated areas and identified sources will undergo a cleanup program. (- U 2-7
i
- 3. ALTERNATIVES i
i) Alternatives evaluated by this report include- (1) the production of non-uranium, non-fissile isotopes utilizing the CPDF and. support equipment, (2) relocation of the CPDF, and (3) the no-action alternative. 3.1 PROPOSED ACTION The proposed action is the production of non-uranium, non-fissile isotopes utilizing the CPDF and support equipment. The CPDF and support equipment was deactivated in. November 1984 by DOE directive. Centrifuge machines and support equipment were conditioned for long-term storage and have remained in place for almost immediate operation pending minor maintenance and reconditioning. The facility has remained fully operational with respect to electrical power, HVAC, l water, sewer, .and office space and can accept occupancy at any time. The operation of this facility' could be initiated in the near future without adverse impacts. 3.2 RELOCATION OF CPDF The relocation of CPDF as an alternative to operating the
/
( facility at its current location would result in a time frame currently unacceptable to A1ChemIE for production of ( non-uranium, non-fissile isotopes. Construction of new buildings and support facilities would result in additional environmental impacts. Moreover, the existing operable centrifuge machines at ORGDP would not be relocated because of their UF gcontamination. DOE would either leave the machines idle or destroy them, due to transportation and possible safety problems associated _with relocation. 3.3 NO ACTION The no action alternative woukd result in the centrifuge machines either sitting idle indefinitely or being destroyed by DOE. This alternative would result in a negative socioeconomic l impact upon the Oak Ridge community with respect to employment; a negative impact upon the market availability of . non-uranium, non-fissile isotopes; and a negative impact upon i the general public due to continued government cost associated l with facilities maintenance and demolition. The no action l alternative was evaluated and found to be unacceptable to the i AlChemIE program. U 3-1 J
- 4. EXISTING ENVIRONMENT 4.1 LAND USE Regional land use around the . site of AlChemIE Facility 1 -
CPDF includes agricultural, industrial, residential, and recreational uses. AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF is located in east central ~ Tennessee in the eastern portion of Roane County. The Clinch River forms the southern and portions of the western boundary of the site.- 'A1ChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF is-located within the ORGDP. ORGDP in turn is situated ~within the boundaries of the ORR, consisting of approximately 15,000-ha.(37,300ac). Agricultural Land-Use.. Eastern. Tennessee has followed a
. national trend. in farming activities over recent years with a declining number of farms. The average farm size.has increased, and a shift towards less labor intensive farming.
has occurred. While farming activity has gradually declined, it still represents a significant portion of the total land use in the a rea . The percentage of total . land area devoted to agricultural' use. in Roane County.is 27.8%. For Anderson, Knox, and- Loudon Counties the percentages are: 20.3%, 32.4%, ( and 52.9%, respectively (U.S. Dept. of Commerce,1983). j Approximately 19.8% of the. total land area of Morgan County is devoted to agricultural activities (State of Tennessee, 1974). The principal cash crops grown in the five surrounding counties are corn, tobacco, soybeans, and wheat. These crops are produced on relatively small' farms, interspersed throughout areas of diffeting land use. . Pasture and grazing constitute a large portion of the agricultural land usage in the region. -Over 37,000 head of cattle were in the five county area in 1980. In 1974, there were approximately 475 head of beef cattle within a 8 km (5 mi) radius of AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF. These were-found. in scattered herds consisting of 20 to 30 head each (PMC, 1975). Beef cattle production has increased substantially over the last several years. 9 Dairy farms are prevalent throughout eastern Tennessee. However, no commercial dairy farms are found within the 16 km (10 mi) radius of AlchemIE Facility 1 - CPDF in. either Morgan, Anderson, or Knox Counties. Within the 16 km (10 mi) radius four dairy farms are located in Roane County and one in Loudon County. ( 4-1
' ^
Although no mineral extraction occurs' within the 16 km (10 mi) radius of the AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF site,' various O. resources are extracted'in the surrounding area. . Coal mining, both by underground and surface methods, is important within - the region, particularly in Anderson. and Morgan Counties. Other minerals and resources extracted from the surrounding area include limestone, crushed stone, marble, zinc, granite, and manganese (TN Div. Comm. Dev.,-1983). Two TVA coal fired ' steam plants, Kingston Steam Plant and Bull Run Steam Plant, are located within a few kilometers of the site. Both the Melton Hill and Watts Bar reservoirs join DOE land'near. the site. Each has hydroelectric.pewer generation capabilities as well as navigational locks. Timber resources in eastern Tennessee are extensive. Over one-half of the land area in the five surrounding counties'of. the site is in. commercial forest. Although the A1ChemIE Facility .1 - CPDF site within the ORGDP is not forested,- the federally owned land surrounding the site 13 heavily forested. The majority of this land is under a forest management. plan, with periodic logging and reforestation-ongoing. ..As existing-hardwood forests (primarily oak-hickory) are harvested, the trend has been to reestablish selected pine species in plantations. ( /' Industrial Land Use. Urbanization of the larger cities within this portion of eastern Tennessee is increasing. However. much of the area of the five surrounding counties is still predominantly rural, Knoxville, the largest city within. the surrounding area, continues. to expand. It serves.as a major center for commercial, industrial, and social activities. Additional urban areas within 16 km (10 mi) of the site include the cities of Oak Ridge, Lenoir' City, Kingston,-~ and Harriman. __ Constrictions such as the Ridge and Valley topography and the large amount of federally owned lands have severely limited the industrial growth of the immediate surrounding area. Additionally, the nearest commercial airport to the site is approximately 37 km (23 mi). 1 The major industrial activities which provide much of the' i employment in the five county area surrounding the site are DOE and DOE-related nuclear industry facilities. Of these . facilities, the Oak Ridge Natianal Laboratory (0RNL), a research and development center, and the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant. 1 (Y-12) a research and production center for DOE's military 1 program (PMC, 1975), are the largest. The ORGDP, which did serve to produce enriched uranium for nuclear reactors, has been placed in a standby phase since'1985. ORNL lies g approximately (8 km) 5 mi northeast of the AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF site, and Y-12 is situated approximately 6.5.km (4 i mi) northeast of the site. i 4-2 a
[) ( v Five industrial parks are located within the Oak Ridge City limits. These include the Clinch River Industrial Park - 38 ha (95 ac), the Valley Industrial Park - 85 ha (210 ac), the Municipal Industrial Park - 35 ha (86 ac), the Commerce Park - 104 ha (260 ac), and the Bethel Valley Industrial Park - 40 ha (100 ac). Companies currently occupying these sites are involved in metal fabrication and casting, machinery and tool production, various nuclear related activities, high technology development, hazardous waste management, and agricultural research and development. Residential Land Use. The AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF site area has a low population density, with the nearest privately owned property being approximately 3 km (2 mi) west of the site. No significant concentration of residential. population occurs within 8 km (5 mi) of the site. The primary reason for the low residential usage near the site is the large amount of federally owned land. Approximately one-third of the land J within the 8 km (5 mi) radius of the site is federally owned. f Residential development in the immednte area of the site is l primarily rural. This residential population has historically , been stable and can be expected to remain approximately ) constant. The majority of the residential population of Oak 1 i Ridge lies outside of the 16 km (10 mi) radius of the site. l l ' f
/^ Recreational Land Use. Numerous recreational facilities exist \ within the 16 km (10 mi) radius of the site. Many of these '
are associated with water related activities afforded by the Clinch River and numerous lakes in the vicinity. Outdoor recreational activities include swimming, fishing, boating, and camping. Several public and commercial campgrounds, day-use parks, boat launches, and lake access areas are located within the 8 km (5_mi) radius of the site. Hunting of both big and small game and migratory birds is also an important outdoor recreational activity in the immediate ; vicinity of the site and surrounding areas. In 1984, portions , of the ORR were designated as a wildlife management area. Figure 4.1.1 outlines the wildlife management area on the ORR where big game (deer) hunting is currently allowed. Additionally, three other wildlife sanctuaries, preserves, or hunting areas are located within the 16 km (10 mi) radius of 1 the site. These include portions of the Long Island Wildlife Management Area, the Paint Rock Management Area, and the Kingston Steam Plant Management Area. A stockcar race track is also located within the 8 km (5 mi) radius of the site. Additional recreational activities in the surrounding area include scenic roadways and hiking trails. ( Usage of these facilities, especially during peak hour use, p could result in substantial increases in the transient Q population of the immediate vicinity of the site. 4-3 J
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# Public Facilities. -One major highway, U.S. Interstate 40 O
(I-40), passes about 10 km (6 mi) south of the plant site. The closest interchanges on I-40 are State Highway Routes 58' and 95. The' average traffic count on I-40 between the exits for Routes 58 and 95 for a 24-hour pariod is 16,500 vehicles. Harriman Junction, about 13 km (8 mi) northwest of the' site, has the closest rail mainline. It is served by the Norfolk Southern Corporation.. The four airports located near the site.are: Name -Type Distance and Direction l Meadowlake Air Park . Sport 19 km 12 mi SW Oak Ridge Air Park Sport . 13 km 8 mi 'NNE Rockwood Municipal Business and Sport 29 km 18 mi W McGhee-Tyson Commercial 37 km (23 mi) ESE-McGhee-Tyson (Knoxville) is the only airport with scheduled commercial flights. The nearest flight path, V16,=is about_16 km (10 mi) south of the site. Aircraft approaching McGhee-Tyson would be at a minimum altitude of 1500 m (5,000 ft) as they pass 16 km (10 mi) south of the' site. The-nearest holding pattern for McGhee-Tyson is .about 50 km-(30 mi) northeast of the site. There are no military installations within the 16 km (10 mi)
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radius of the site. Schools within the 16 km (10 mi) radius of the site'are listed in Table 4.1.1. Utilities. Transmission lines on or near the site consist of 500 KV,161 KV, and 69 KVJines. Self-supporting steel towers, capable of both single and double circuit lines, , support the 500 KV and 161 KV lines. Towers vary in height i and spacing depending upon topographic conditions. Wood pole structures are also used to support some 161 KV lines and the 69 KV lines. These power transmission lines'are located on Figure 4.1.2. Transmission lino corridors vary in width from approximately 23 m (75 ft) to 53 m (175 ft). Additionally, trees adjoining the corridors which are deemed dangerous are removed.
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Substations in the vicinity of.the site and surrounding area are owned either by DOE, TVA, or the City of Oak Ridge. Substations are enclosed in cyclone fencing or in areas ' j surrounded by cyclone fencing. Most of the areas within the , substations are covered with crushed stone. Transmission.line i corridors are covered by either grass or low growth vegetation ! O( 1 4-5
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Table'4.1.1. Schools within a 16 kilometer r~N radius of AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF V (Sources: PMC and TVA, 1975; Joyce Harris, 1987) System Name Grades 197 990 Loudon County .Browder 1-8 111 200 250 l Eatons K-8 638 800 850 Highland Park K-8 380 600 700 Lenoir City Lenoir City High School 9-12 910 950 1000 Lenoir City Junior High School 5-8 472 700 800 Nichols School K-4 401 750 800 West Hill 1-6 113 250 300 Morgan County Coalfield Elementary 1 ~-8 375 375 375 Coalfield High School 9-12 183 200 200 Roane County Edgewood* 1-6 110 Cherokee 1-6 294 500 600 Dyllis 1-8 211 300 300 Emory 1-8 118 200 300 Fairview K-6 200 200 250-Kingston Elementary K-6 675 750 900 l f Kingston Junior High School 7-8 351 500 600 em Roane County High School 9-12 814. 1000 1200 Q Michael Dunn Rehabilitation Ctr - 239 280 Harriman Cumberland Junior High School 7-9 345 600 650 Harriman Central Elementary 1-6 362 600 700 Harriman High School 10-12 504 850 900 Ma rgrave 5-6 109 125 125 , Walnut Hill _ 1-4 225 500 500 ! Oak Ridge New Elementary K-6 725 Anderson County No schools are within (16 km) 10 mi of the site, and none are forecast for 1980 or 1990. l Oak Ridge No schools are within (16 km) 10 mi of the site. A new elementary school (kindergarten through 6th grade) is likely by 1990 in western Oak Ridge to accommodate 725 students. Knox County No schools are within (16 km) 10 mi of the site, and - none are forecast for 1980 or 1990.
*No longer functional as a school.
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along the ridges. Vegetative growth control on corridors is accomplished by either mowing, bush-hogging, or herbicide-applications. The.0RR receives natural: gas from the East Tennessee Natural Gas Company. Locations of natural: gas pipelines in the~ immediate. vicinity of the. site are shown on Figure 4.1.3. Water supply systems for the immediate vicinity are also .. delineated on Figure. 4.1.3.. : Water treatment for the ORGDP is located along the southern boundary of.the site at the Clinch.
. River [RK 23 (RM 14.5)]. Facilities include a' pumping station,. treatment facility, storage tanks, and distribution; lines.
4.2 GEOLOGY Toooaraphy. The A1ChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF is situated in:the Valley and Ridge Subregion of the Appalachian Highlands Province, which lies between the Cumbr.rland Mountains to the. northwest.and the Great Smoky Mountains to the southeast.. This subregion consists of a series of northeast-southwest trending ridges bordered-by the Cumberland Plateau on the west. and by the Blue Ridge Front on theLeast (Figure 4.2.1). The long, narrow ridges.are breached at irregular intervals by-stream channels, which otherwise follow the trend of the ridges. The. AlChemIE Facility 1 CPDF is located _ between the L [ . Black Oak-Ridge on the northwest and Pine Ridge on the i southeast (Figure 4.2.2). The ridges, called the " folded Appalachians," originated from sediments deposited in nearly horizontal layers during the' Paleozoic Era; crustal movements caused the faulting and folding of these compressed sediments. ~ Weathering and erosional processes removed the less resistant' strata, leaving-ridges composed of sandstone or cherty rocks. Erosion of the less resistant materials formed the valleys composed primaril of limestone of the Chickamauga Group (the more fertile areas or weathered shales from the. Conasauga Group-(less fertile' areas) '(Petrich et al. ,1984). j A small remnant of East Fork Ridge, McKinney Ridge, borders i the site on the northeast.. Poplar Creek cuts'through the northeast side of the site and ' joins Clinch River in the southwest. . Maximum relief.in the immediate area is 128 m . (420 ft), from the surface of Clinch River to' the top of: McKinney Ridge. The ridges have a fairly uniform elevation .of 304.8 to 335.3 m (1000 to 1100 ft) above MSL. The. valleys are-approximately 243.8 m (800 ft) above'MSL.- The elevation of the ORGDP site varies from 228.6 to 246.9 m (750 to 810 ft) above HSL with elevation of the plant' structures between 231.6 j and 246.6 m (760 and 809 ft). I 4 l
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l The ORGDP site occupies virtually all of the area resulting l E) from the small delta formed by the confluence of Poplar Creek and Clinch River. The delta sediments can be expected to be i shallow [less than 6 m (20 ft)] because of the limited influence on valley topography and local drainage. The original topography of the delta has been almost completely altered by past ORGDP site development (Union Carbide,1979). Stratio raphy. A stratigraphic column of the units present on ; tne ORR site is presented in Table 4.2.1. The formations j listed are of sedimentary origin, either chemical (limestone and dolomite) or clastic (sandstone and shale). From the oldest to the youngest, the stratigraphic units include: the Rome Formation, Conasauga Group, Knox Group, Chickamauga Limestone, Sequatchie Formation, Chattanooga Shale, Maury Formation, and Fort Payne Chert (MMES,1986). Table 4.2.2 l l presents a generalized geologic section of the bedrock l formation in the Oak Ridge Area (Stockdale, 1951). 1 1 The major formations in the area are defined by erosional or structural boundaries and are more easily recognized. The formation contacts in the area are defined by thrust faults where old rock has been thrust over younger rock toward the j northwest. However, the tcpography is primary influenced by ! differential erosion rather than structural deformation (Union j Carbide,1979).
-l I
In the immediate area of the ORGDP site, the following four
- formations are recognizable:
- 1. The Rome Formation, of Lower Cambrian age, consists of q two distinct rock units. The lower unit is composed of 3 silty shale bounded on both contacts by faults - the ;
White Oak Mountain Fault and a parallel fault. The White Oak Mountain Fault runs through the southeast corner of the site, paralleling the Oak Ridge Turnpike. The parallel fault separates the shale contact from the upper unit. The ' shale is estimated to be 244 to 305 m (800 to , 1000 ft) thick in the Oak Ridge area. The exact stratigraphic position for this unit has not been i confirmed to the faulting on both surfaces and the lack of correlation of formations with other local units. See Appendix C for a more detailed description (Union Carbide,1979).
- 2. The Conasauga Group, of Middle to Late Cambrian age, consists of calcareous shale interbedded with thinner layers of limestone and siltstone. Most of the ORGDP site is underlain by Chickamauga Limestone, with the exception of a triangular section of Conasauga Shale in the southeast part of the site and the area around McKinney Ridge. The triangular section of Conasauga v Shale is in contact with an irregular section of Knox Dolomite. These two sections rest uncunformably cr the younger Chickamauga Limestone, bounded on two sides by 4-12
1 (s Table 4.2.1. Stratigraphic column for the v' Oak Ridge Reservation (Source: Butz, 1984; Haase et al., 1985) Thickness Unit (m) Age Fort Payne Chert 20 Lower Mississippian Maury Shale 1 Upper Devonian l Chattanooga Shale 5 Upper Devonian i Rockwood Formation 210 Lower Silurian , Sequatchie Formation 110 Upper Ordovician Chickamauga Group 670 Middle Ordovician Knox Group 920 Upper Cambrian- 4 Lower Ordovician Conasauga Group 460 Middle Cambrian j Rome Formation 100-188 Lower Camorian i (N O F eens 1 l 5 4 i (.
/~~)N 4-13
-_ _ . _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ - a
g Table 4.2.2. Generalized geologic section of the bedrock formations x~) in the Oak Ridge area (Source: McMaster,1963)
*mbe Thi ess System Group Formation r Characteristics of Rocks Fort Payne Impure limestone and Chert calcareous siltstone, with much chert.
Chattanooga Shale; black, fissile.
? Shale & Maury Formation Rockwood BrassTield 310+ Shale, sandy shale, sandstone; calcareous, red, drab, brown.
Sequatchie 1T ? ( b 90 G 90 Limestone, shaly limestone, F 8 calcareous siltstone, and Chickamauga E 115 shale; mostly gray, partly D 50 maroon, with cherty zones C 35 in basal portions. B 65 A 75 l Knox Dolomitic limestone; light 800 to dark gray, with prominent chert zones. l Maynardville Limestone l Shale; gray, olive, drab, Conasauga brown with beds of Conasauga 450 limestone in upper part. Shale Pumpkin Valley Sandstone and shale; f Rome 310+ variegated with brilliant
/] Forma tion yellow, brown, red, V maroon, olive-green, with dolomitic limestone lenses.
l 4-14
)
faults. The same sequence of Conasauga and Knox.is found V(5 northwest and southeast of the site where the Conasauga Shale, being less erosion resistant, underlies Bear Creak and Poplar Creek valleys. The Knox, which is much more resistant, supports Chestnut and Blackoak ridges. The section-of Conasauga found.within the site is between the Whiteoak Mountain Fault and a branch that begins just' south of the site. A general description of the Conasauga Group in the Oak-Ridge area is given in Appendix A (Union Carbide, 1979).
- 3. The Knox Group, of Late Cambrian to .Early Ordovician,. J occupies only minor portions of'the ORGDP site. . .The Knox Group can be found at the base of Blackoak Ridge on the northwest corner of.the site and an area southwest of- 3 McKinney-Ridge which grades into the Conasauga' south of Blair Road. As previously described,, this. section of.the Knox-Conasauga sequence is thrust over.the Chickamauga Limestone underlying East Fork Valley and is bounded by
~
Whiteoak Mountain Fault and.one of its branches. Along the base of Blackoak Ridge at the northwestern. edge'of the site, the upper surface of the Knox is in contact with the Chickamauga Limestone and is generally defined ; by the change in slope. The precise contact is not - distinct in this area and is only inferred..'This contact-
/ is more definitely identified in East Fork Valley to the northeast (Fig. 4.2.2). A detailed description.of-the Knox Group is given in Appendix A (Union Carbide, 1979).
- 4. The Chickamauga Limestone, of Middle Ordovician,;is exposed in the site area in East Fork Valley and in a I small, complex section north of McKinney Ridge. Bethel Vallef, to the southeast, is'also underlain by it.
Except for the overthrust sections mentioned previously,. most of the ORGDP site is underlain by the Chickamauga. This formation has a complex lithology and contains bentonite layers near the base and.toward the top of the formation. Bentonite is a poor foundation material because it can expand when moist and cause differential . i heaving of structures built on it. The bentonite layers described by McMaster (1963) may be present in the site ! area. A detailed description of the Chickamauga I limestone is given in Appendix A-(Union Carbide, 1979)._ j Structure. The most important structural features near the ORGDP site are the fault system consisting of Whiteoak Mountain Fault, which runs through the . southeastern corner of the site, and a parallel fault that roughly defines the.- , northwestern margin of Pine Ridge (Fig. 4.2.2). A branch of the Whiteoak Mountain Fault originates just suuth of the site.- running due north through its center to McKinney Ridge where it turns along the base of the ridge into East Fork Valley and ; terminates after approximately 1.6 km (1 mi). Between the
~
branch and the main fault lies a displaced section of the Knox-Conasauga sequence, which has been thrust over the younger Chickamauga Limestone underlying East Fork Valley. ; 4 t _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ -__- .. ._ . __A
The amount of stratigraphic displacement along Whiteoak h) (~ Mountain Fault has not been determined. This multibranch fault originates about 32 km (20 mi) northeast of the site, near Clinton, Tennessee, and extends southwestward across the state. Along the length of the fault, older rocks of the Rome Formation have been thrust northwest over younger rocks - . Chickamauga Limestone (Sheppard, 1974). A parallel fault to I the southeast separates two members of the Rome Formation, the i lower shale and the upper siltstone. Apparently, a section of j undetermined thickness has been faulted out of the Rome i Formation along the base of Pine Ridge. l 1 Both faults appear to have no topographic expression, and it j is assumed that displacement took place prior to development 1 of the present erosion surface. The fault planes dip steeply. l to the southeast at an angle of approximately 45 degrees,. parallel to or slightly steeper than the bedding planes. No-seismic events have been associated with these faults near the site (Boyle et al.,1982), and no surface movement along the faults has been reported. These faults can probably be classified as inactive, but no confirmation is available.
]
l Soils. At the present time, there are no detailed 1 site-specific investigations of soil characteristics at the AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF site. However, Petrich et al.
/% (1984) and Carroll (1961) present a generalized description of
( soils in the Oak Ridge area and McMaster and Waller (1965) present a description of the soils in the nearby Whiteoak I Creek Basin. The Oak Ridge Reservation is overlain primarily by residual soils and, to a lesser extent, by alluvial soils. The alluvium, water deposit soil,. occurs cnly in flood plains and along stream beds and is a conglomerate of organic and mineral particles. The nature of the residual soils depends on the type of source rock, degree of weathering, climate, vegetation, and drainage. The soil types in this area are typically red-yellow podsolic, reddish-brown lateritic, or lithosols. The soils are usually strongly leached, acid, low in organic content, and have exchange capacities of less than 10 milli-equivalents per j hundred grams of soil (Union Carbide, 1979). l l The depth of overburden beneath the site area ranges from near zero to 18.3 km (60 ft) (Dames and Moore,1973). . Soils developed on the Chickamauga Formation, which underlies most of the site, are typically yellow to yellow-brown montmorillonite which contain small chips of chert, pebbles of siltstone, and small blocks of limestone (McMaster and Waller,1965). The Conasauga Shale underlying the southeast i section of the site develops a silty brown, tan, greenish, and maroon clay which is micaceous and contains fragments of unweathered parent rock. At least five distinc't rock units [b have been identified within the Conasauga in Bethel Valley, and all have variable soil descriptions. 4-16
Seismic Activity. The seismicity of the ORGDP site is ( ( )% characterized by a small number of events with a Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) (Wood and Newman, 1931) of general intensity VI or less (Appendix B). The major earthquakes
, affecting the site include the New Madrid Earthquake of 1811 and 1812, the Charleston / South Carolina Earthquake of 1886, and the Giles County, Virginia Earthquake of 1897 (D0E, 1985).
These earthquakes had an MMI of VI-VII, VI, and V, respectively, at the A1ChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF site (Parsons, 1985). The Dames and Moore (1973), concluded in their seismic risk evaluation of ORGDP that the maximum-magnitude allowable earthquake is 6.5 within 20 to 70 km (12.5 to 43.5 mi) of the site. In their evaluation of the seismicity of the South-eastern United States, McClain and Meyers (1970) concluded that the probability of an event of this magnitude is minimal. 4.3 HYDROLOGY Surface Water. The A1ChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF facility is f located near the co.1 fluence of the Clinch River (a tributary l of the Tennessee River) and Poplar Creek on the ORGDP (Figure l 4.3.1). Therefore, the operation of AlchemIE Facility 1 - CPDF could indirectly affect the aquatic environment of both A streams. There are ORGDP effluent discharge points on both () Poplar Creek and the Clinch River and two ORGDP water withdrawal points on the Clinch River. 1 Because the existing AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF consists of buildings, paved / concreted areas, and maintained lawns, l changes to surface water hydrology will be limited only to l intake amounts and discharge quality. l l A1ChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF will use an estimated '275 m3 (72,000 gal) per day of water which is an increase of approximately 72% over the current consumption of the ORGDP (Crow,1987) . This is well below the 18,900 m3 (5,000,000 gal) per day capacity of the water pumping and filtration facility which supplies ORGDP. AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF waste water discharge amounts are expected to be approximately 72,000 gal / day to the sanitary sewage facility. This approximately constitutes an 11% increase over the current 640,000 gal / day discharged by ORGDP. Monitoring of volumes created by AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF will be conducted for record keeping purposes. Only minimal amounts of water used for cleaning purposes (approximately 100 gal / day) will be discharged to the us K-1007-B holding pond. Discharges will be through drains located under Building 1220 and will occur at infrequent [Vl intervals. This is less than 0.01% of th9 current 2,200,000 gal / day surface and cooling water discharges to K-1007-8. An inline monitoring system will be used for record keeping purposes to determine volumes and quality of the water going to K-1007-B. 4-17
' The Clinch River is' the main surface' water body at AlChemIE
(} V Facility 1 - CPDF. The Clinch River originates in the southwest corner of Virginia near the Kentucky border, 280 km-(175 mi) northeast of Oak Ridge. The river flows in an. approximately southwestward direction for more. than 560 km (350 mi) before merging with the Tennessee River near Kingston, Tennessee,.at Tennessee River Kilometer (TRK) 91.29 [TennesseeRiverMile(TRM)56.78](PMC,1975).TheClinch River drainage basin encompasses an area of 11,400 km2 (4,413-sq mi) and has an average width of 30 km (18 mi). . Four.TVA reservoirs influence the flow and/or levels of the lower Clinch: Norris and Melton Hill on the Clinch River and Watts. Bar and Fort Loudon on the Tennessee River. Figure'4.3.1 shows the: location of. surface water bodies in the vicinity of the ORR and the' tributaries;in. the vicinity of AlchemIE Facility 1 - CPDF. The A1ChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF - site drains predominantly into Poplar Creek. . Water levels on the Clinch River are regulated by the TVA, and fluctuations on the river have an impact on the tributary streams and creeks - draining the ORR. Based on stream gauge records from three locations,'the average flow of'the Clinch River is 130 ma /sec (4561 cfs).
~
The maximum recorded flow was 1222.76 m3/sec (42,900 cfs) on [' February 9,1937, before the closing of Melton Hill _ Dam. g Based on discharge records from Melton Hill Dam since the-closing in 1963, the average annual flow-is about 150 m a/sec l (5380 cfs) at the site (PMC,'1975). The maximum hourly average release was 1500 m3/sec (54,960 cfs) on April 5,1977, and the maximum daily average release was 980 ma /sec (34,966 cfs) on January 11, 1974, at Melton Hill Dam (PMC, 1975). Normal maximum water level of the' Clinch River at AlChemIE l Facility 1 - CPDF is approximately-225.8 m (741 ft) above MSL. The elevation of. the 100-approximately 228.3 m (749 ft)aboveyear MSL, flood and at the thesite is elevation of the probable maximum flood, which includes dam failure, is 243.8 m (800 ft) above MSL (Parsons,1985). _ The elevation of
'the river at Melton Hill Dam on May 7, 1984, during the recent flood, was 242.6 m (795.6 ft) above MSL. Melton Hill Dam is 10.5 km (6.5 mi' upstream from the site.
The largest tributaries of _ the Clinch River. are the Powell and Emory Rivers. The Powell: River originates northwest of the headwaters of the Clinch River and flows parallel to it. d The Powell River receives water from a 2420 km2 (938 sq mi) ; area and joins the. Clinch River above Norris Dam at Clinch i River kilometer (CRK) 142.8 [ Clinch River mile (CRM) 88.8]. Northwest of ORR, the Emory River drains a basin of 2240 km2 i (865 sq mi) before joining the Clinch River at CRK 7.1 (CRM l 4.4) near Kingston. i b 4-18 j
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l Figure 4.3.1. Location map of major bodies of surface water in the j vicinity of the Oak Ridge Reservation. i (Source: MMES,1986.) l l l
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, ( \' Gp V East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC) empties into Npl/r, Creek 'at ,js Poplar Creek Rilonter (PCK) 8.8 [ Poplar Crog mile (PCS rn 5.47] after travesing East Fork Valley. Fhw in EFPC is ^
augmented by abaut 0.34 to 0.68 m3/s (12 tW4 cfs) of waste water from Y-12 and 0.08 to 0,28 am /s (3 tri,10Ws) Of diter from the sewage 'creatment plant of the City' of Oak Mdf l (McMaster,1967). j Poplar Creek has the largest drainage basin 952 kmf (136 y) mi2)] of.any stream' ;n the ORR. The estern halfset the basin lies in the Cumberland Mountains ofrbn tupa,thrnian s Phteau and the eastern half in in the Valley 41d Rime Province. 1 Poplar Creek has de greatebt topographic rglir.f af all the basins in ORR.' Thi elevatido at the westery:r.rainage divide is 975 m (3200 ft) above NFL; where Poplaryreek enters Clinch River at CRK 19.3 (CRF 12a) the elevation lis 2?4 m (735 ft) above MSL. ,
/'i
~ l Approximately 65% of the basin h wooded sit 1/ the remaindet'
~
/
predominantly cultivated or pasture (ThW',1978). Most of the^ < Poplar yield littleCreek water. basin A snmilisportion underhir of. the bybasin shalds and sandstoWs thay is underlain, by the Knox Dolomit.e- (McMaster,1967). Water from all prts of t l '. , the drainage casin is monitored at the gauge stationWcated I ' at the mouth of Poplar. Creek. . h '
/ c1 Surface Water Use. There ce nine public w tc'r supp'[ systems serving about 91,500 peoplb that withdraw' surface waN within; a 32 km (20 mi) radius of OR2, n listed inHable 4.3[1. Of , '
these nine supply systems. ony the City of!Kingston is - located downstream of the ORR outfall. Kingston witharaws approximately 9% of its average daily supplyjfromt the 1
.(
Tennessee River at TRK 914.1 iTRL. P3.f), ahed 0.6 km (0.4 (! f. , mi) above the c nfluence of tFa Ciiach'and hvessh Rivers tL ~ 4-ca 4 Surface water is used by facilities on the ORR as a J.eans for [ ', waste water discharge as well as-fnr a source of m ter supply. >- Industrial water withdrawals from the Clinch-Tennessee Finc / system surrounding the ORR are listed in Table'4.3.2. , t t t cc i A water pumping and filtration facility is beated on Clind i (, River at CRK 23.2 (CRM 14.4) near. the ORGDP" This facil' ty,' sized to handle 18,900 m3 (5 million gallc M per day, supplies potable water to the ORGDP, AlChemIF, Facility ~ 1 - /> CPDF and the Clinch River Industrial Park. ile average daily 7 s use rate for this facility is less than half 0" the ratej ' ' capacity (PMC, 1975). The DOE's ORGDP recih/1ating pump > facility at'Cifxh River on CRK 18.49 (CRM 11.5) wir? draws (v water for cooling systems only (Exxon,1977). +, y D v 4-20
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t , / , i /, Table 4.3.1. ibiic supplyfsurface water withdrawals within . p' ( dp) > \ 32 oJometer.s of the Oak Ridge Reservation ( [; (hercr2 mthschild,1924; Fitzpatrick,1982) t !
' ~~~ ~'~
/ , Average llitharawal
/
5
. hdblic Population Withdrawal i
- Source Distance.
S' ! - l Wpplyy Served < Rate and from ORR I (Thousand) (m3/s) _ , Location (km)
- ' j f, stem;,
106.7 25.1 glinton 6.2 ' O.03 CRks prriman 0.10 EEK 20.8 p. 21.7 y 1J1.0
\ ,
jf.nggton 0.0 '
,0.014 c TRK d
914.2f20.1 9 Unuir City ' 6.d 0.04 TRK 967.5 16.6 e 7 f/ boudon
'AndersonCodty C 5. 2, ' O.03 TRK 903.0 21.7 I
j ,s
- 1 i Ut11ity Board W
,s 0.03 CRK 89.3 14.5 I .\
/ Cumberland Utility
. ' , IDistrict of Roane &
\ ;
Morgan dopi ties 4.3 / 1 0.0CS$ LEREK9 3.5 14.0 . I. First Utflity Dist'rict I r h of Knox County ' 10.5 0.05 SCEK 2.7 18.7 e 4'\ U Hallsdale-Powell ( , d Utility Distrde; 28.7 ' O.07' BRCEK 2.1 18.2
' hyst Inex County ,
k Utility District c 15.0 ' O.06 CRK H.2 16.3
- a. Clinch River Af)ameter. /jk '
- b. Emory River ib0ometer. / '
- c. Secondary sote ce ;;i%); sprkg (91%).
- d. Tennessee River kilbmeter. <
- e. Half source ,(E$.%); hpring (50%).' '
- f. SaccrAry sourcs '(5%); spring (959
- g. Little Emorv ' diver Embayment kilometer.
b h. Sinking Crdek Embayment kilometer (Tannessee River).
- i. Primary souc ce (70%); spring (30%) (outside 25 km radius).
- j. Bull Run CMk Enfoayment kilometer (Clinch River).
- k. Primary Scusa (90%); well (10%).
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, Table 4.3.2. Industrial water withdrawals from the Clinch-Tennessee River system near the Oak Ridge Reservation (Source: Rnthsebild, 1984; Fitzpatrick, 1982)
Average River Distance Industrial Withdrawal Withdrawal from Mouth of Water User Rate Source and White Oak Creek (m3/s) location (km) a Withdrawals above White Oak Creek (mouth of CRK 33.5) Modine Manufacturing Co. 0.05 CRK 103.7 71.2 Tennessee Valley Authority Buli Run Steam Plant 25 CRK 77.2 43./ 0.S. Department of Energy OR.NL , Y-12. Scarboro Facility, b and City of Oak Ridge 0.96 CRK 66.8 33.3 O Withdrawals Below White Oak Creek b ORGDP 0.13 CRK 23.3 10.2 c ORGDP 0.54 CRK 18.5 15.0 Tennessee Valley Authority d Kingston Steam Plant 61.3 ERK 2.9 29.6 Watts 8ar Hydro Plant, Lock, and Steam Plant 0.02 TRK' 851.5 94.5
- a. Clinch River kilometer.
- b. Process and potable water.
- c. Cooling water makeup only.
- d. Emory River kilometer.
- e. Tennessee River kilometer.
4-22
^
Surface Water Quality. The surface waters of. the ORR are of a. O- calcium-magnesium / bicarbonate chemical type which reflects the V abundance of limestone and dolomite bedrock in-the watershed area (MMES, 1986). Hardness is generally moderate with total-dissolved solids concentration usually ranging between 100 and' 250 mg/L (Lentsch et al.. 1972).. The water temperatures in the ORGDP . area -depend somewhat. on
. the effects induced by the release of hypolimnetic waters from Melton Hill Reservoir and the back up of epilimnetic waters-from Watts Bar Reservoir. Generally, the temperature of the Clinch River . ranges from 1 to 25* C (33' to 75 F).(DOE,1985).
Water samples are collected and analyzed regularly' for L - radiological content from water sampling stations W-21 through W-24 (Figure 4.3.2). These samples are collected on Poplar Creek (W21 and W22, Table 4.3.3), on West ~ Fork Poplar Creek (W23, Table 4.3.3), and on East Fork Poplar Creek (W24, Table 4.3.4). Chemical water quality data for the Clinch River downstream (near Kingston) from ORGDP are given inETable 4.3.5. The 1985 chemical water quality data' for Poplar Creek above Blair Bridge (W21) are given in Table 4.3.6.. ' Table 4.3.7 lists the. 1985 chemical water quality for West Fork Poplar Creek' on
/ Blair Road (W23). Chemical water quality data for East Fork Poplar Creek (W24) are given in Table 4.3.8.
An NPDES permit under the Clean. Water Act was issued by-the EPA for ORGDP in 1975. The permit established a number of discharge locations and. listed specific concentration limits and/or monitoring requirements for a number of parameters at each discharge location. A new NPDES permit was-issued to: ORGDP in February 1984. The sampling locations are shown in Figure 4.3.2. The current 1984 NPDES permit expires in February 1989 (MMES, 1986). Compliance with this permit is ' shown in' Table 4.3.9. The noncompliance at K-1007-B (outfall 006) are due to increased C0D loading.which occurs .during periods of heavy
]
rainfall . This results in deposits of naturally occurring 1 organic decomposition products in the K-1007-B holding pond I (MMES,1986). i
.i i
e O( 4-23 _ __ _a
~
r d ,, cf* f4 1 f 4 y g, q i se i K-1gs-o g % B ) Es
= _
- = j K-JJ K-2 K-1407C i~j0l~^ , l K-J1l K-1036 K-1,401 0 y_ y4pg hl
- t. - 1 53 s ~$$
x-27U #~'# K-1209 K- y_yony K-100 0000 TurcPN' ( g gge
~
- s. #~'##$g BRASHEAR ISLAND
\ K-722 h w gM 6 Foad K-151s gall *I ras Wy y,,g
- NOT TO SCALE k NPDES WATER SAMPLING STARON LOCARONS _
E WA TER SAMPLING STA RON LOCA RONS x Figure 4.3.2. Location Map of ORGDP NPDES Monitoring locations. (Source: MMES,1986.) ( I LJ 4-24 - i
1 l I Table 4.3.3. 1985 concentrations of uranium i N in surface streams near ORGDP d (b (Source: MMES,1986) Concentration (pCi/L)a(10-28 9/mL)b Location c No of l Samples 95% Max Min Av d CC W21 11 13.7(139) 3.8( 14) 4.9( 18) 0.002(0.0074) j W22 11 5.3(19) 3.8( 14) 3.9( 14) 0.000(0.000) W23 11 4.6(17) 0.8( 3.0) 3.6( 14) 0.001(0.0037)
- a. pCi = 10-12Ci = 0.01 disintegration par second.
- b. Bq = Becqueral = 1 disintegration per second. Becqueral/L are in ( ).
- c. See Fig. 4.3.2.
- d. 95% confidence coefficient about the average.
f (n)v 1985 radiochemical water quality for Table 4.3.4. a East Fork Poplar Creek (Source: MMES,1986) Concentration No. of Unit Samples Parameter Max Min Av pCi/Lb(10-28q/L)c l Gross alpha 12 60(220) 9.4(35) 28.7 Gross beta 12 120(450) 4.0(15) 34.0(126)pCi/L(10-2Bq/L) Uranium 12 0.268 0.002 0.043 mg/L , U 12 1.2 0.43 0.76 % of total U l Thorium 12 0.037 0.003 0.010 mg/L
- a. Fig. 4.3.2, Station W24. Total flow: 13 billion L/ year.
-12
- b. pCi = 10 Ci = 0.01 disintegration per second. 1
- c. Bq = Becqueral = 1 disintegration per second. Becquerels are in ( ).
LJ 4-25 i
# Table 4.3.5. 1985 chemical water quality dataa for the Clinch River downstream from ORGDP
't/~'.) (Source: MMES,1986)
Concentration No. of (59/b) . c Percentage Substance Samples Criteria of Criteria 95 Max Min Av CC Cd 12 0.0020 0.0020 0.0020 0.00 0.000025 d Cr 12 0.030 0.010 0.012 0.0030 0.05 23 CN 12 0.0050 0.0020 0.0030 0.0010 0.0035 79 NO(N) 12 0.61 0.18 0.37 0.071 10 3.7 3 Pb 12 0.021 0.0040 0.0060 0.25 0.0038 156 2 S04 - 12 26 16 22 1.5 250 9 8 TDS 12 1100 130 230 150 500 45 Zn 12 0.050 0.020 0.030 0.010 0.05 57 I F~ 12 0.27 0.010 0.15 0.040 1.4-2.4 15 g Hg 12 0.0010 0.00020 0.0010 0.00 0.00005 2000 Ni 12 0.18 0.010 0.040 0.030 0.1 35 q\~/ , a. Located near Kingston, TN. l b. 95% confidence coefficient about the average. I c. Tennessee stream standards based on protection of domestic water supply, fish and aquatic life, and recreation classifications.
- d. When max, min, and av values were all less than ( ) values, no percentages of criteria were determined because this is an indication that criteria are below the analytical lower limit of detection.
- e. Total dissolved solids.
- f. Temperature dependent. Below 12 C maximum fluoride concentration is 2.4 mg/L; above this, the maximum concentration is 1.4 mg/L.
( O v 4-26 l
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . J
Table 4.3.6. 1985 chemical water qualityadata for Poplar Creek k) ( v above Blair. Bridge (Source: MMES,1986) Concentration (mg/L) N* I Substance Samples Criteria c Percentage of Criteria 95 Max Min Av ; CC ! Cd 12 0.0020 0.0020 0.0020 0.00 0.000025 d l Cr 12 0.030 0.010 0.013 0.0035 0.05 26 ! i CN 12 0.015 0.0020 0.0030 0.0020 0.0035 86 NO(N) 12 1.5 0.21 1.0 0.22 10 10 3 Pb 12 0.012 0.0040 0.014 0.019 0.0038 368 2 SO4 - 12 46 34 40 0.56 250 16 d TDS 12 550 100 190 68 500 38 Zn 12 0.23 0.020 0.090 0.50 0.05 180 8 F~ 12 0.30 0.060 0.22 0.47 1.4-2.4 16 Hg 12 0.0010 0.00020 0.0010 0.00 0.00005 d Ni 12 0.060 0.010 0.020 0.010 0.1 20 l
- a. Location W21, Fig. 4.3.2. l
- b. 95% confidence coefficient about the average. '
- c. Tennessee stream standards based on protection of domestic water
' supply, fish and aquatic life, and recreation classifications.
- d. When max, min, and av values were all less than ( ) values, no ,
percentages of criteria were determined because this is an , indication that criteria are below the analytical lower limit of detection.
- e. Temperature dependent. Below 12 C maximum fluoride concentration l is 2.4 mg/L; above this, the maximum concentration is 1.4 mg/L.
U 4-27
. Table 4.3.7. -1985 chemical water qualitya data' for West Fork Poplar Creek on Blair Road
' (So'urce : MMES,1986):
-Concentra tion No.-of- (" N ) . c . Percentage Substance Samples Criteria. of. Criteria =
95. Max Min Av , CC l Cd 12 0.0020. 0.0020 0.0020 0.00 0.000025 d Cr 12 0.020: '0.010 0.010 0.00 -0.05- 20' CN 12 0.0050 0.0020 0.0030' O.0010 0.0035- 86 NO(N) 12 0.50 0.17. 0.32 0.060 10 3.2-3 Pb 12- .0.027 'O.0040~ 0.0090 -0.0050 0.0038~ 237.' 2 SO4 - 12 63 34 39 . 7. 0 ' 250' 16" e TDS 12 780- 100 200 100' 500- .40 Zn 12 0.070~ 0.020 0.040 0.010- 0.05 80 e l F- 12 0.27 0.10 0.17 0.040 1.4-2.4 -12 Hg 12 0.0010 0.00020 0.0010 0.00 0.00005 d Ni 12 0.080 0.010 0.020 0.010 0.1- 20
- a. Location W23, Fig. 4.3.2.
- b. 95% confidence coefficient about' the. average.-
- c. Tennessee. stream standards based on protection of domestic water supply, fish and aquatic ~ life, and recreation classifications.
- d. When max, min, and av values were all less.than?(') values,-no percentages of criteria were determined because this is an .
indication that criteria are below the analytical lower limit of detection.
- e. Total dissolved solids.
6 4-28
~
Table 4.3.8. 1985 chemical water qualityadata (qj for East Fork Poplar Creek (Source: MMES,1986) Concentration (*9b) Substance No. of Samples Criteria c Percentage of Criteria 95. Max Min Av CC Hg 12 0.0039 0.0006 0.0018 0.00005 3600 d TSS 12 66 5.0 20 NC e TDS 12 340 150 240 500 48 C1 12 190 13 34 250 14 CN 12 0.006 0.002 0.003 0.0035 85 F- 12 1.0 0.8 0.9 1.0 90 MBAS 12 0.05 0.05 0.05 NC TKN 12 10 0.3 1.4 NC NO3 (N) 12 34 1.4 6.9 10 69 r 2 fs $04 - 12 80 44 58 250 23 d Turbidity 12 17 0.7 7.9 NC Ag 12 0.03 0.01 0.01 NC Al 12 1.2 0.07 0.3 NC As 12 0.06 0.06 0.06 NC B 12 0.07 0.02 0.04 NC l Ba 12 0.2 0.2 0.2 NC . Be 12 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 . NC l Ca 12 47 33 39 NC Cd 12 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.000025 f Ce 12 0.03 0.03 0.03 NC Co 12 0.002 0.002 0.002 NC Cr 12 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.05 f Cu 12 0.09 0.006 0.019 0.02 95 Fe 12 1.3 0.06 0.6 NC Ga 12 0.04 0.04 0.04 NC ( K 12 2.6 1.3 1.9 NC 0.01 0.01 p) 'm. La 12 0.01 NC 4-29
e Table 4.3.8. (continued) Concentration (*9 Substance No. of Samples Criteria.c Percentage of Criteria 9 5,. Max Min Av CC Li 12 0.03 0.01 0.02 NC Mg 12 11 8.2 9.5 NC Mn 12 0.22 0.01 0.08 NC Mo 12 0.1 0.1 0.1 NC Na 12 36 8.9 16 NC Nb 12 0.02 0.02 0.02 NC Ni 12 0.15 0.01 0.02 0.1 P 12 0.3 0.11 0.2 NC Pb 12 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0038 f Sc 12 0.001 0.001 0.001 NC f' Sr 12 0.12 0.09 0.17 NC q Th 12 0.02 0.02 0.02 NC b/ Ti 12 0.013 0.001 0.008 NC V 12 0.003 0.003 0.003 Y 12 0.002 0.001 0.001 Zn 12 0.09 0.02 0.05 0.05 -100 Zr 12 0.002 0.001 0.001
- a. Location W24, Fig. 4.3.2.
- b. 95% confidence coefficient about the average.
- c. Tennessee stream standards based on protection of domestic water supply, fish and aquatic life, and recreation classifications,
- d. NC = No criteria available.
- e. Total dissolved solids,
- f. When max, min, and av values were all less than ( ) values, no percentages of criteria were determined because this is an indication that criteria are below the analytical lower limit of detection.
( O N! 4-30
i Table 4.3.9. 1985 NPDES compliance at ORGDP (Source: MMES,1986) k' Effluent Limits Percentage j of ' Discharge Effluent Monthly Daily Monthly Daily Measurements Point Parameters Av Max Av Max in (mg/L) (mg/L) (kg/d) (kg/d) Como11ance 005 (K-1203 Sanitary Ammonia nitrogen 5.0 7.0 12 17.3 100 ' Treatment BOD 15 20 37 49.5 100 Facility)c Chlorine residual 0.24 100 ! b Dissolved oxygen 5.0 100 l i Fecal coliform, 200 400 98 No./100 mL pH, units 6.0-9.0 100 Suspended solids 30 45 74 110 99 Settleable solids, 0.50 100 j mL/L I Beryllium 0.0010 0.0020 0.0020 0.0050 100 (O i/
'~
Cadmium 0.0040 0.010 0.010 0.025 100 Mercury 0.0013 0.011 0.0030 0.027 100 Selenium 0.12 0.31 0.30 0.77 100 Silver 0.014 0.027 0.035 0.067 100 Lead 0.008 0.93 0.02 2.30 100 Zinc 0.12 1.52 0.30 3.76 100 Perchloroethylene 0.12 0.21 0.30 0.52 100 Trichloromethane 0.11 0.27 100 j Methylene chloride 0.035 0.087 100 l Trichlorethylene 0.41 0.61 1.01 1.51 100 Total halomethanes 1.23 2.05 3.04 5.07 100 1 I O l 4-31
Table 4.3.9. (continued)
/N Effluent Limits V Percentage of Discharge Effluent Monthly Daily Monthly Daily Measurements Point Parameters Av Max Av Max in (mg/L) (mg/L) (kg/d) (kg/d) Compliance 006 (K-1007-B C00 20 25 120 150 93 Holding Pond) Chromium (total) 0.050 0.30 100 b
Dissolved oxygen 5.0 100 Fluoride 1.0 1.5 6.1 9.1 100 Oil and grease 10 15 61 91 100 pH units 6.0-9.0 100 a Suspended solids 30 50 182 304 100 i
- a. Limit applicable only during normal operations. Not applicable during periods of l I increased discharge due to surface run-off resulting from precipitation.
- b. Daily minimum.
(,_ ) c. Because of the small flow rates at the K-710 sanitary treatment facility, i V (discharge point W27), a rapid sand filter was installed May 1,1978, eliminating the surface discharge and the need for monitoring. i i 1 i n V 4-32 ______________a
l Ground Water. Any AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF impacts to 7s grouna water would be as a result of underground drains ('} leading from K-1220 and potentially from increased discharges into the K-1007-B holding pond. Although no impacts are
. expected, upgrading of the ground water monitoring program at ORGDP is currently ongoing. This monitoring well program should provide any evidence of impacts as a result of the AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF operation. In general, ground water in the vicinity of the AlchemIE Facility 1 - CPDF, as elsewhere in. east Tennessee, occurs in fractures in the underlying rocks. This water supplies drilled wells, dug wells, and springs. Dug wells are r it common in the thick residuum overlying the dolomite of the Knox Group, but some have been dug in shale and along valley bottoms in alluvial material.
i The Knox Group and the lower and middle parts of the Chickamauga Group compose an aquifer system in the vicinity of the A1ChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF. The extensive water storage unit is due to fractures of bedrock enlarged by dissolution of the dolomites (Butz, 1984). Sinkholes occur frequently in the Knox Group outcrop belts, and many sizeable springs arise from the base of the ridges underlain by the Knox Group. Water table depths reach 40 m ( (131 ft) at the ridge tops (McMaster, 1963). The position of the water table commonly caincides with the interface between (] bedrock and the residual clay overburden. The residual V material varies in depth from 10 to 40 m (32 to 131 ft) and provides the major area for ground water storage of this unit. This huge thickness of overburden has a high infiltration capacity,(which tends to minimize recharge Sheppard,1974). The meanoverland runoff Knox Group spring andand maximize well yields are estimated to be about 0.017 m3/s (270 gpm) (MMES,1986). 3 The Chickamauga Group is between 450 and 600 m (1476 to 1968 feet) thick in the Oak Ridge vicinity and consists of alternating limestone and siltstone/mudstone lithologies (Haase et al., 1985). Sinkholes present on the Chickamauga , are numerous and large in size (Webster,1976). The clay-rich l residuum restricts most infiltration causing water to be stored predominantly in near surface [30 m (98 ft) deep] openings in the bedrock. Solution features appear to decrease with depth, which indicates deep flow is very limited in the Chickamauga (Rothschild, 1984). ! I Ground water levels parallel topographic contours, with joints and fractures controlling flow direction. Movement of groundwater is largely restricted to the upper, more weathered , zones of the rock underlying the area. The ground water flows l 7 from areas of high elevation to those of low elevation with i (~N the principal flow direction normal to the contour lines. '
'b 4-33
# Generally, ground water in this area occurs under water table:
I p conditions but local and transient semi-confined conditions have been observed during periods of high water levels, ( especially in. low regions of the site. Ground water recharge is primarily derived from precipitation although it-is possible recharge may occur in restricted areas from the Clinch River during periods of rapid increase of river stage. ) Ground water levels follow an annual cycle; maximum levels 1 occurring during January and February decrease to minimum-levels during October and November. Ground water is generally ! at a depth of 9.1 m (30 ft) or less, except in areas of high- .) topographic relief.- The ground water table responds rapidly to precipitation, rising several feet in one day during and after periods. of heavy precipitation (PMC,1975). , q. Permeabilities of the underlying rocks in the ORGDP area have j been measured by means of packer permeability tests. Data indicate that permeabilities tend to decrease with. depth (PMC, -l 1975). l l At ORGDP, there are various. geologic features that could' provide rapid transmission of water. There is the. fault that runs through the center of the site, across one limb of Poplar . Creek, and through the Clinch . River. Also, there is the I (- possibility of. buried stream channels (remnants of Poplar Creek) beneath the site. These' buried stream channels are q typically filled with coarse sand and gravel and make g excellent aquifers. The contacts between the rock ' units are often more hydraulically conductive than the rock units themselves. Although the primary determinant of the rate of migration of pollutants in the ground is the movement of ground water, soils play an important role in retaining toxic contaminants such as radionuclides. Clays and their' parent-rocks,.the-shales, are excellent filter media. They generally have low- ) hydraulic conductivities and are chemically active because they contain a large variety of charged ions which can exchange with and immobilize certain toxic metals. It should be recognized, however, that few rock or soil units are homogeneous. Although the average- transmissivity of a rock or soil unit may be very low, a discontinuity such as a buried j stream channel filled with sand or a fault zone can transform an impermeable barrior into a pipeline (Union Carbide,1979). Ground Water Use. The major. portion of the industrial and drinking water supply in the Oak Ridge area is taken from ; surface water sources. As in most areas, ground water j discharge contributes to the base flow of surface streams that f ultimately augment the Clinch River water supply. Also, !
\ single-family wells are common in adjacent rural areas not~ j served by public water supply systems. Most of.the j C residential wells in the immediate area are south of the !
Clinch' River. l 1 4-34 . j
1 I l Over 100 water supply wells and springs are located within 16 6) ( km (10 mi) of the CPDF area (MMES, 1986). Studies have indicated that the incised meander of the river in bedrock i
)
represents a major topographic feature that prevents any { ground water flow from passing beneath the river where most of : the water supply wells' are located (Boyle et al.,1982). i Three industrial ground water supplies are located within 16 km (10 mi) of the CPDF area. The nearest industrial ground water supply.is at the Charles H. Bacon Company in Lenoir City, Tennessee. An estimated average of 320 ma (85,000 gal) is obtained daily from this supply (Exxon, 1976), i which is located about 15 km (9.3 mi) south-southeast of the ORR. A daily average of about'38 ma (10,000 gal) is obtained from the well supplying the Lenoir City Car Works, which is about 15 km (9.3 mi) south of the ORR, and the well supplying the Ralph Rogers Company, which is approximately 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of the ORR. Any connections between off-site and on-site-ground water sources are presently being investigated by the United States Geologic Survey (USGS). Because of the stratigraphic control of ground water flow in the region, ground water beneath the ORR is expected to migrate along strike and discharge to surface water bodies (MMES,1986). There is a low probability l of ground water migration from the ORR to off-site wells.
' Ground Water Quality. Monitoring of the original 21 ground water wells at ORGDP was judged to be inadequate to monitor-the active and inactive waste disposal sites (NUS Corporation, 1985). A new ground water protection program is being implemented at the ORGDP. Energy Systems personnel are ; , providing multidisciplinary support to the ORGDP Environmental j l Management Staff in establishing a formal ground water ;
monitoring program. The required wells are being installed 1 with approval of the TDHE and the EPA. j i As a part of this program, new exploratory wells were l installed around the K-1407-B and K-1407-C holding ponds in 1985, and more wells are scheduled to be placed around the classified burial ground and other areas at ORGDP where , applicable. The current schedule calls for completion of the 1 initial assessment of ground water quality at ORGDP Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) facilities at the end of fiscal year 1987. 1 v 4 ,
i 4.4. METEOROLOGY
,g U The meterology of the Oak Ridge area is primarily a result of its topography. The Appalachian Mountain Range on the east and the Cumberland Plateau on the west have a protecting and '
moderating influence on the climate. As a' result, the climate is milder than the more continental climate found just to the west on the Plateau or on the eastern side of the Smoky j Mountains. The prevailing winds follow the topographic trend of the ridges: daytime, up-valley winds come from the southwest; nighttime, down-valley winds come from the northeast. The Smoky Mountains to the southeast provide shelter so that severe storms, such as tornados or high velocity windstorms, are rare. Similarly, the mountains ; divert hot southerly winds that develop along the southern ! Atlantic coast. Temperature. In the fall, slow-moving high-pressure cells suppress rain and remain stationary for days, thus providing ; mild weather. Year-round mean temperatures are about 15*C (58 F), with a January mean of approximately 3.5*C' (38*F) and a July mean of approximately 25 C (77 F) (MMES,1986). However, temperatures above 38 C (100 F) or below -18 C (O F) occur but are unusual. Low-level temperature inversions occur during approximately 56 percent of the hourly observations f' (MMES,1986). Table 4.4.1 summarizes the climatic conditions (N of the Oak Ridge area. U Precipitation. The mean annual 3 area is approximately 138.2 cm54.4 (precipitation in) based onin1948 the Oak Ridge through j 1985 precipitation data (NOAA, 1965-1985). Mean annual 1 precipitation ranges from more than 147 cm (58 in) in the northwest to less than 117 cm (46 in) in the northeast i , (Rothschild,1984). Rainfall is at a maximum near the i l Cumberland Mountains and decreases from northeast to { southeast; it reaches a minimum at the foot of the Smoky 1 Mountains. - Precipitation varies annually as demonstrated in Figure 4.4.1. l The period of highest rainfall is the winter months, which are characterized by passing storm fronts. Winter storms are usually of low intensity and long duration. Another peak in rainfall Accurs in July when short, heavy rain associated with thunderstorms are common. The total precipitation -in 1985 was 107.7 cm (42.4 in.) (MMES, 1986). Clear conditions prevail 30% of the time throughout the year; partly cloudy, 25%; and cloudy 45%. An average of 53 l thunderstorms and 40 days of heavy natural fog [ upper visibility limit, 0.4 km (0.25 mi) occur in a year] (Union ,
< Carbide,1979). Annual snowfall averages about 25.5 cm (10 in) per year with the maximum recorded snowfall for one year
[L\ (1959) being 105 cm (41.4 in) (DOE, 1985). Rain, snow, and fog occur approximately 127, 3, and 34 days per year, respectively. 4-36
( Table 4.4.1. Monthly climatic summary for the Oak Ridge area based on a 20-year period (t )/- (Source: NOAA,1965-1985) Temperature Precipitation Month Max Min- Mean Rain Snow a C "C C cm cm-January 9.3 -1.8 3.3 13.5 8.6 February 10.7 -0.8 4.9 13.5 6.6 March 14.8 2.4 8.6 14.2 3.3 April 21.7 8.3 15.0 11.2 0.03 May 26.2 12.5 19.3 9.1 0.0 June 29.6 17.1 23.3 10.2 0.0 July 30.7 19.1 24.9 14.2 0.0 l August 30.4 18.4 24.4 9.7 0.0 ( September 27.5 14.8 21.2 8.4 0-. 0 i ( i October 21.8 8.4 15.2 6.8 1.5 , November 14.3 2.2 8.3 10.7 1.3 December 9.3 -0.8 4.3 14.5 6.4 )
~
Annual 14.4 135.9 26.2
]
a C = ( F - 32) X 5/9.
?') %Y 4-37
l K L af .
-N t l
)
-i i
~
go / /;;; b i 6. ., i a a i. i-38-WAR MON '(1:8.2cm) . \;;;;\;\.*., p190 ._ - ;{'.}* {' 9- * ;i.".
,;i; ,, -
160 _
.i'.*;i r
g a -- f -- -- - - - - -- -
-i R 130 _. -
O G '5{5'5
) ***
'100 _ .( .,,,. ..,.;;;
l . .;.. ; . .-.- 70 t t t : I- f' t 1943 1950 1955 1960 -1965 1970 : 19 75 1980. 1985 ; . WAR '
. .1 1
1 1 l i I
-1 i
4 i, , /~ Figure 4.4.1. Annual precipitation history of Oak Ridge, Tennessee (1948-1985).
.. (Source: MMES,1986.).
4-38 !
-i d
Flood risk on the Clinch River and East Fork of Poplar Creek n has been evaluated by TVA (TVA, 1959; TVA, 1968). Regional floods predominantly occur in the December-to-April period of ' ('") frequent and intense cyclonic storms. The gravity of the-flood risk on the Clinch River was reduced considerably by the closure of the TVA dams at Norris, Melton Hill, Watts Bar and Fort Loudon. From 1883 until the closure of Norris Dam in 1936, 47 floods overflowed the Clinch River floodplain. Since the completion of this dam, only once out of 23 times has a flood exceeded the storage of the reservoir (2937) and this flood affected the entire Mississippi Valley.
. Wind. Examination of the annual wind roses (Figures 4.4.2 and 4.4.3) reveals that the prevailing winds are almost equally split into two directions that are 180 degrees apart: one l- prevailing direction is from the SW to WSW sector and the other prevailing direction is from the NE to ENE sector. The winds are strongly aligned along these directions due to the channeling affect induced by the . ridge and valley structure of-the area.
The opposing forces of regional and local winds counteract one another to yield a rather high occurrence of calm periods (23%) and the lowest wind-velocity classes [.44 to 1.33 m/sec (1 to 3 mph), 28%; 1.77 to 3.11 m/sec (4 to 7 mph), 26%]
/" (Union Carbide, 1979). In fact the average wind speed for the q Oak Ridge area is only 1.95 m/sec (4.4 mph). A major factor i; in the stability of air movement is the Cumberland Plateau, which diminishes the strength of winter and early-spring storms.
An air pollution episode is forecast to occur whenever: 1) the mixing depth is less than 1500 m (4921.5 ft), 2) the mean wind speed is less than 4Jn/sec (9 mph), 3) no precipitation is expected to occur, and 4) these or worse conditions persist for two days. The AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF site is in an area where 17 episodes (a total of 40 days)'of high air-pollution potential, by this definition, have occurred over a five-year period. This potential is high for the I l eastern United States but low compared with a large part of
- the western United States (Holzworth, 1972).
Air Quality. The Tennessee Division of Air Pollution Cont i (TDAPC) has the responsibility for implementing air quality regulations and issuing air quality permits within the State. Tennessee has adopted the national ambient air quality j l standards [NAAQS (40 CFR 50)] which limit the concentrations of six pollutants - total suspended particulate (TSP), sulfur dioxide (50 2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (03 ), nitrogen dioxide (N0 ), and lead (Pb) - in the outside air. ( O 4-39 l
f NNw NN[ Q NE
,6 ww * ' '
6 Yf 6 l' \. I *
, O ,. [
nw ce sw x mA V zw M
, * * $}gy g 3 >'!2 Figure 4.4.2. 1985 annual wind rose at 10 meters (33 ft) level at meteorological tower at ORGDP.
p (Source: MMES,1986.) ,r . . N N gd ww # T,
/
I ) 1 w o l E i (\ ' sw sc "A 6 i zw w SSE ae&}2 9.3$$ ( /~T Figure 4.4.3. 1985 annual wind rose at 60 meters (197 ft) level at t ) meteorological tower at ORGDP.
-i (Source: MMES , 1986. )
}
4-40 )
Additionally, the TDAPC has adnpted regulations governing the E)
- prevention of significant deterioration of air quality. These regulations apply to all areas in attainment of the NAAQS.
The closest Class I area is the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, about 48 km (30 mi) southeast of the AlChemIE Facility 1
- CPDF site. Class I areas have the most restrictive limitations. The AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF is in a Class II area. Class II attainment areas are those which have relatively good air quality and fall between Class I and Class III areas as outlined in the " Prevention of Significant Deterioration" increment system (DOE,1985).
A summary of the air emission inventory for the ORGDP installation is given in Table 4.4.2. There are 67 emission points at the ORGDP installation. Radioactivity may be present in waste streams as a solid (particulate), as an absorbable gas (such as iodine), or as a nonabsorbable species (such as noble gas). Nonradioactive gaseous waste may also be solid (particulate) or gas (such as fluorine). The most significant nonradioactive materials released to the atmosphere from ORGDP are fluorides. The fluorides released from ORGDP to the atmosphere from 1981 through 1985 ranged from a high of 91.1 kg (200.4 lbs) (1983) to a low of 26 kg (57.2 lbs) (1981) (MMES, 1986). The 28 kg (61.6 lbs) discharged in 1985 represents a 39% decrease from the 47 kg (103.4 lbs) released in 1984 and was a result of ORGDP being placed in standby (Figure 4.4.4). The ORGDP installation has five ambient air monitors (A81-A85) surrounding the plant beyond the boundary fence, as shown ii. Figure 4.4.5. These monitors are used to measure ambient uranium concentrations and other parameters of interest. The results from the weekly composite samples are evaluated monthly by station for uranium and other parameters. The 1985 summary of these results are shown in Table 4.4.3. 4.5 ECOLOGY The AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF site, located within the ORGDP complex, consistq of buildings, paved an'.i concreted areas, maintained lawns, and a small number of trees and shrubs. The ecology of the region and the immediate area surrounding the AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF has been thoroughly researched over , the past several years, and additional work is still being conducted. An intensive review of the ecology of the area is provided in Appendix 0. No impacts to the existing ecological environment surrounding the AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF site are anticipated. Only one f plant and one aquatic species, which could conceivably be Tm impacted due to the operation of the facility, have been ('") identified close to the site. One of these, the black i snakeroot (Cimicifuaa _rubifolia) has been identified within a j 4-41 j l
)
' ~
Tabic '4.4.2. 1985~ summary of air emission inventory at ORGDP - (Source: MMES,1986)- Number of Discharge Type of. Emission Points for Each Type of~ Emission Uranium and. technetium 8 Fluoride 9 Particulate 17 Volatile organic compounds 18-
' Sulfur dioxide 3
Nitrogen oxides 5
' Carbon monoxide 2 Hydrochloric. acid .2
. Miscellaneous pollutants 0 J Total 67 Table 4.4.3. 1985 uranium in' air at ORGDP (Source: MMES,1986)
Concentration' (ug/m2) Number of - a Location Samples . . Monthly Weekly - max Yearly max av av b A81 50 0.019 0.010 0.0030 0.0010 A82 49 0.030 0.0090 -0.0030 0.0010 A83 48 0.021 0.0070 0.0030 0.0010 A84 40 0.033 0.0080 0.0030 0.0020 A85 50 0.046 0.017 0.003 0.0020
- a. See Fig. 4.4.5 (ORGDP perimeter),
- b. Value is the 95% confidence coefficient about the average.
- c. Location of A85 is 8 km west of ORGDP.
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NOT TO SCALE s D LOCATIONS OF AIR MONITORING STA TIONS . f2UORIDE (A81-A85) CON 11NUOUS SAMPLER (A90-A97) TIMER OPERA TED SAMPLES (24 HOUR SAMPLE TAKEN ON EVERY 8th DA Y) (A86-A89) x / (O
/ Figure 4.4.5. Location map of perimeter air monitoring stations around ORGDP.
(Source: MMES,1986.) - 4-44
l l l N 3000-m radius of the site. This plant is listed as threatened by the State of Tennessee. No impact to this species is (" ) anticipated based on the fact that the proposed operation is already in existence with no further construction activities or habitat destruction to occur. The federally endangered pink mucket pearly mussel (Lampsilis orbiculata) was documented in the Clinch River near the proposed site in 1982 (DOE, 1985). AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF's compliance to NPDES permit conditions and the lack of any further disturbance at the site, primarily in the form of increased siltation, should assure no impact to this aquatic species. Comments from regulatory agencies concerning rare and endangered plant and animal species near the site are found in Appendix E. 4.6 CULTURAL RESOURCES { The National Register of Historic Places (U.S. Dept. of Interior,1976) lists 23 sites in the five-county area (Anderson, Knox, Loudon, Morgan, and Roane) around AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF with only four located within the 16 km (10 mi) radius of the plant site. The Graphite Reactor located 7 km (4 mi) east of AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF is listed in Anderson County although it is located in Roane County. The Graphite Reactor is the world's first full-scale nuclear reactor to produce significant amounts of heat as well as measurable amounts of plutonium-239. Harriman City Hall [15 km (9 mi) from AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF], Roane County Courthouse in Kingston [15 km (9 mi)], and Southwest Point at the confluence of the Clinch and Tennessee Rivers [16 km (10 mi)] are listed in Roane County. A 1975 study of ORGDP done by the University of Tennessee (Fielder,1975) indicates that no other historic structur.es or sites require preservation or mitigation of adverse impacts under federal criteria (U.S. Dept. of Interior,1976). The Tennessee State Historical Preservation Office's response to the proposed site or any cultural resources within the area is found in Appendix E. Archaeological field studies and reconnaissance (U.S. Dept. of Interior,1976; Fielder,1974) revealed 45 sites of prehistoric occupation in the site area. These 45 sites included a paleo-Indian site, eight Archaic Period sites, 24 Woodland Period sites, and five Mississippian Period sites. . Most of these sites were distributed along the Clinch River. The American Museum of Science and Energy is located 14 km (9 miles) northeast of AlChemlE Facility 1 - CPDF in Oak Ridge. This museum contains displays, movies, demonstrations, and equipment on energy; it recorded 199,511 visitors during 1986 f (Burgoss,1987). The ORGDP also attracts many visitors who ! /] view it from an enclosed overlook along the Oak Ridge Turnpike V 4-45
)
m (State Highway 58). The University of Tennessee maintains one
) of the Southeast's largest and most complete live collections of Appalachian plant species at the UT Arboretum located 16 km (10 mi) east-north-east of A1ChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF. The arboretum attracts many visitors throughout the year.
The community characteristics will be discussed by counties. Anderson County. Anderson County's 1980 population of 67,346 includes two distinct population groups because of the way in which the City of Oak Ridge was formed. In the 1940's, the federal government acquired about 143,840 ha (58,000 ac) of rural East Tennessee land for weapons development during World War II. Part of the 143,840 ha (58,000 ac) set aside for the residential, commercial, and support services needed by the federal employees became the City of Oak Ridge in 1959. The entire original Oak Ridge Reservation is designated as the City of Oak Ridge, but only 15,000 ha (37,300 ac) remain under the control of DOE. Anderson County has two distinct population groups which are the rural population and the Oak Ridge population. The demographics of the rural population are similar to the surrounding rural Tennessee population. The demographics of the Oak Ridge population are unique in that it is set apart from other communities in the area and from the rural population. Differences between the two populations in Anderson County include: (1) the rural populations are more evenly distributed by age group whereas the Oak Ridge , population has proportionately more working-age and 1 proportionately fewer retirement-age people; (2) only 52.8% of I Oak Ridge's citizens are native Tennesseans, compared with i 85.9% native Tennesseans in the rest of the population; and (3) virtually all foreign-born residents live in Oak Ridge. The development of the Oak Ridge Reservation was the main contributing factor in the urbanization of the once rural area. The population increase was most pronounced from 1940 ! to 1950 as a result of the establishment of the federal I reservation. Between 1950 and 1980 the population has
- increased from 59,407 to 67,346.
Knox County. Knox County, including Knoxville is the population and service center of this region. Between 1960 and 1980, the Knox County population has grown steadily from a population of 250,523 to 319,694. The western part of Knox County (from the City of Knoxville towards the ORR) is the main growth area. This growth is due to various factors, including easy access by I-40 to either Knoxville or Oak Ridge, availability to developable land, and employment ( opportunities provided directly or indirectly by DOE, TVA, and ( ) the University of Tennessee, Urban areas account for 76% (_/ of the total population. 4-46
=
l l Roane County. Roane County had a 1980 population of 48,425. Roane County's population is currently slowly but steadily. increasing and changing from a rural to an urban type. Urban l areas, accounting for 45.3% of the population, include-Harriman (1980 population: 8303),Kingston(4441),Rockwood (5767), and parts of Oliver Springs.and Oak Ridge'- . Loudon County. Loudon' County is a small:predominantly rural county with two small cities, Lenoir City and Loudon.. Between 1970 and.1980,'the. population of Loudon Sounty has grown from 24,266 to 28,553. Rural areas account for 67.1% of the population. Morgan County. Morgan County had a 1980 population of 16,604.' Morgan County is the largest'in area of the five counties but. the smallest in population. 'Except for a small part of.011ver Springs (66 people),.all, of Morgan County is classified'as rural. ' 4.7 AESTHETIC CHARACTERISTICS. Aesthetic characteristics 'of. the AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF and the surrounding area will be described briefly in terms of noise levels and visual qualities. Noise. Operations at the AlchemIE Facility 1 .CPDF do not result in noise levels that affect the' surrounding communities. Noise from diesels, generators,' and heavy- q equipment is localized within the perimeter of the' facility. In addition, the site is sufficiently isolated from l residential, commercial, and recreational areas to preclude adverse effects from noise. Visual. The only thoroughfares providing access,to the' plant site are Blair Road from the north and Tennessee Highway 58 i from the northeast and southwest (Figure 2.1)._ The most I distinct features viewed from'either-of these routes'are.the' l plumes of condensed water vapor above the cooling towers used ' to cool the plant's process water and the 110 m (360 ft) red
~
and white fire-protection-water storage. tank. A traveler viewing ORGDP from Blair Road.(north of the plant) would also
~
see the two 52 m (170 ft) tall . smoke- stacks of the: plant's. (south of steam plant the plant) wouldwhereas see theanyone passing large grassy areasby'on and Highway the 58 lakes that'l
- i border the front of the plant. All these - features . can be . i viewed clearly from the ORGDP overlook located just south of l l the plant on'. Highway 58.
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( f 4.8 DEMOGRA'PHY ' o ( g A The' AlChemIE Facility I q.CPDF% b ated kon Ridge the _' S'g f ORGDP on the Oak Ridge Reservat%e in Anderson anri Roane k y p counties,1ennessee. The rese hatiot isLsurroupded by five. T 's a counties (Anderson, Knox, Loud a combined 1980 populationjof,pn, G G 6229 Mb4.in, and Rodne) ,7 y whi&aa _ v y y The two major population' centers near the site are the _Ci;ty.f of 7y Oak Ridge and the City of KncfWille. Oak Ridge is located.on ' F the northern border of the reservation and had a(198H: ' population of 27,602.- Knoxvil h is located 40 km (25 mi)9ast > le /0 l" (_ i^ of AKhemIE Facility)1 - CPDF[rgi ' / had a 1980 population of 183,139(Table-4p.1. Tables 4.812 and 4.8.3 show the existing and transient populations resp'Jctively, ib7 the. sectortahown in Figure 4.8.1. Figure d.S;1 shows theil.6, 3.2, 4'.3.- 6.C ands km . (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mi) radii n irrounding Alc.hemIE Fadiijtv11 - 3 CPDF with each circle divided into 22.6* segments cenb6sfonii; . ., 16 compass points (N, NNE, NE ENE, etc.). M expect % the - 'i popula'. ion . increases with distance fror the, AlchemIE Fpciliiy j:, 1 - CPhr site. L ,(
-f, . .
r, / 1 Table 4.8.4 gives a breakdown in the population and population 4 density,for the five county area. The five county-brea had a! J corabine? 1980 population of _480,622 with a projecud 1990 population: of 553,635. y , , The five ccunties had a combineb 1980, populdt an of 0004584 in the 16- to 64-year old age grobe s it.,h Kno'x C6mty representing ' 66% of t;he total. This populaticigroup represents the /s potent 7al labor force ofp his arn . The larger the area's ! i potential labor force, Jne. fewef mtjrtnts r4 quired tt fill',new
. job openings. The next largest; age groupfl; the"3- to 17-year old age group, which had a combfwa 1980 ,lopulation of 95,758.
This population group represents thefpoteM!al dediand for-primary and seco'ndary edvcation serv 16# -The combined -1980 L population of the over 65 year'old ag'e group waiS4,053. This population group representsrthe potential demand fos me1icrd { i and nursing home care. The poptf atioe;, of these age grcedp: !!. i areinthesameproportionsas/.heUnitedStatesasamhole E
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F. s (D0E,1985). m b - a (E .: 1 The cbsest residence to the proposed facfif ty lib: r
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r( hf !) approximately 2895 m (9500 ft) southwe # cf the site.' ' qq
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( ,/ (Source: Pot tich et al . ,1984) i Town / City Population Anderson County Clinton 5,245 2,335 Lake City P ' Norris 1,374 Oak Ridge /.7,662 i
/ - - Oliver Springs ,?~,600 Knox County Knoxville 183,139 i
l Loudon Cour y Greenbi.73 546 f i' Lew ir Ciff 5,446 Loudon 3,940 Morgan County Wartburg 761 , ( Roane County i i Harriman
~
8,303 < Kingston 4,441 Rockwood 5,767 \< I f,, x_-> t 4-49 m_.__ . _ . _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _
l l 6
,#s Table 4.8.2. Incremental population around AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF (N-)' (Source: Oak Ridge Mayor Roy Pruitt, 1987) l _.
Radial Distance (miles) ) . _. Direction __ ,0- 1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 Totals N 0 4 187 216 205 612 NNE O O 55 221 244 520 NE 0 0 0 108 267 375 El4E 0 0 0 19 108 127 i ~E O 0 0 0 0 0 ESE O 0 0 0 0 0 SE- 0 0 1 24 120 145 aIE O 0 1 14 82 97 5 0 1 6 21 107 135 SSW 0 0 10 70 136 216 < SW 0 0 26 64 168 258 WSW 0 0 72 143 179 394 ) W 0 0' 140 243 385 768 WNW 0 24 156 199 312 688 NW 0 40- 155 162 125 482 MW 0 29 172 172 69 442 0 Totals 0 95 981 1676 2507 5259
- a. See Figure 4.8.1. l l
j: LJ s 6 4 50 1 a
i (3 Table 4.8.3. Incremental transient population around j () AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF i Radial Distance (miles) { i b Direction" 0-l 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 Totals j N 12 0 0 0 0 12 NNE 12 0 0 0 0 12 NE 12 0 0 0 0 12 i ENE 12 0 0 0 0 12 c c E 12 0 0 2602 2602 5216 ESE 12 0 0 0 0 12 d SE 12 0 0 0 6100 6112 l SSE 12 359 0 0 0 47 8 5 12 259 0 0 280 317 SSW 200 33 0 0 0 233 SW 200 0 0 0 0 200 WSW 200 0 0 0 0 200 W 863 0 0 0 0 863 WNW 863 0 0 0 0 863 { NW 12 0 0 0 0 12 i l NNW 12 0 0 0 0 12 l Totals 2458 93 0 2602 8982 14,135
- a. See Figure 4.8.1.
- b. Population at ORGDP based on April 1987 data (Source: Wyatt,1987).
- c. Population at ORNL based on April 1987 data (Source: Wyatt,1987).
- d. Population at stock-car racetrack and boat launch -
(Source: Union Carbide, 1979).
- e. Population at campground (Source: Union Carbide, 1979).
- f. Population at boat launch (Source: Union Carbide, 1979).
- g. Population at Clinch River Industrial Park.
( v 4-51
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8 6 3 0 6 3 0 6 4 3 0 5 5 4, 7, 8, 2, 8, 0, p)L p 6 u o 7 3 1 5 5 3 4 5 r G e 1 1 7 0 5 4 g 4 5 1 9 0 2 8 A 6 3, 1 , 5, 2, 3, 5, y 8 1 7 9 9 3 0 b 1 4 1 2 0 0 2 3 n
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4.9 SOCI0 ECONOMICS O The DOE facilities, have two major local impacts which .. include providing a major source of employment in the region' and restricting the tax base's of Anderson and Roane counties. The federal facilities have had a positive impact on local; employment and a mixed positive and negative impact on new
~
~
industrial development. The DOE. facilities occupy 10% of the. total land in Roane County and 6% of the total land in Anderson County-(Union; Carbide,1979). This area. includes many of the prime industrial sites in the two counties,- including frontage on-the TVA's Melton Hill and Watts Bar lakes. Industrial sites are available off the Oak Ridge' Reservation,:but the size of the reservation' and its location have-limited.the site possibilities 'for' new industries. The large facilities operated by DOE, 000' contractors, and TVA are exempt-from ad valorem property taxes 'due :to federal
-ownership. This tax-exempt status, along with changes 'in financial assistance under the Atomic Energy Community Act of 1955, continues to be the subject of much debate in the. local' area. This substantially reduces' the' size of the potential tax bases for the two counties in which the' facilities are located, bringing the contention that the restricted tax bases T)
V result in excessive property taxes on residences,-farms, and small businesses in attempts by local governments to meet service needs caused by the large number of employees from_the facilities (Union Carbide, 1979). Tax statistics show that-Anderson County continues to have the highest actual and-effective property tax rates of any Tennessee county .(State of Tennessee, 1974,1977). Emoloyment. Currently,'the DOE and its contractors are the dominant force in the. local economy. . The DOE accounts for 77% of total employment in Oak Ridge and. owns' 63% of the total-land area within the city limits, including most of the
~
developable land (DOE, 1985). 0nly a small portion of the remaining. land can be developed for industrial use due to the topography of the land (Freeman et al., 1984). Until the summer of 1985, ORGDP had provided a major source'of employment. These employees had'a greater average income in their respective localities, enjoyed a relatively higher standard of living than is' customary for the area, and contributed more per capita to the local economy than the average, thereby providing an important source of local revenue. The process of bringing the CPDF back.into full service after the change in operators from DOE to AlChemIE
, will reestablish some of these jobs, thus contributing to the-
[ per capita of the local economy.- ( 4-54
i [ The 1974 total civilian labor force, total employment, total unemployment, and the unemployment rate by county is presented ' ( V) in Table 4.9.1. The total civilian labor force in April 1987 for the five county area, based on Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data, was 237,480 with Knox County representing 67% and i Anderson County representing 13% of this total. The unemployment rate varies from a high of 11.9% in Morgan County to a low of 6.6% in Knox County based on 1987 data. The unemployment rate of 6.5% in Anderson County was lower than the neighboring central county of Roane where it was 7.4%. The five county unemployment rate of 8.1% is above the United States average and the Tennessee average. Data on employment by sector and county for 1983 is presented in Table 4.9.2. In 1983, 18% of the total Roane County labor force worked in manufacturing, 8% in wholesale and retail trade, 8% in service jobs, and 19% in government. In Anderson County 22% of the labor force worked in manufacturing,16% in wholesale and retail trade, 33% in professional or service jcis, and 25% work for the government. For counties outside the primary impact area, 25.8% work in manufacturing, 19.4% are in wholesale and retail trade, 18.7% have profe,ssional or service jobs, and 19.6% are in government. The presence of the DOE, Y-12, and ORNL in Anderson and Roane counties explain the high percentage of workers in raanufacturing and government jobs. Much of the manufacturing activity in the area outside the primary impact area centers around the textile industry. Another large portion of manufacturing produces furniture, fixtures, and other wood products utilizing the extensive local timber resources. Manufacturing of metals and machinery is also significant. Table 4.9.3 summarizes the occupational mix of the employed labor force in the five county area surrounding A1ChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF at the time of the 1980 census. As can be seen from the table, Anderson, Loudon, Morgan, and Roane counties have a high proportion of craft workers, machine operators, and administrative and clerical workers. This would correspond to the requirements of AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF. Knox County shows a higher proportion of managerial, professional, clerical, sales, and service people. This reflects Knoxville's position as a regional trade center and as a residence of the managerial and scientific workers at the Oak Ridge Reservation (D0E, 1985). p.s ( )
%.J 4-55 i l
,Q Table 4.9.1. Employment and labor force data by county compared with Tennessee and the United States in April 1987 U) e (Source: Tennessee Dept. of Employment Security,1987)
Total Total Total Unemployment Counties Labor Force Employment Unemployment Rate Anderson County 31,690 29,620 2,070 6.5 Loudon County 14,160 13,030 1,130 8.0 Morgan County 5,700 5,020 680 11.9 Roane County 26,300 24,580 1,720 7.4 l Knox County 159,630 150,030 9,600 6.0 l l Total 237,480 222,280 15,200 6.4 Tennessee 2,319,400 2,160,300 159,100 7.6 United States 118,347,000 111,041,000 7,306,000 6.2 I J Table 4.9.2. Labor force and distribution in major economic sectors for the A1ChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF Area,1983 (Source: Tennessee Dept. of Employment Security,1984) Labor Force Employment Distribution (%) Wholesale Civilian and Labor , Retail County , Force Manufacturing Trade Services Government Anderson" 33,276 22 16 33 25 Loudon 13,370 27 7 6 12 l Morgan 5,840 15 3 3 15 Roane 16,780 18 8 8 19 D Knoxville MSA 231,100 21 20 16 19
- a. Separate information was not available on the 1983 labor force or its distribution for Anderson County since it is part of the Knoxville MSA. The values shown are for 1980 (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1983).
(m b. Metropolitan Statistical Area; includes Anderson, Blount, Knox and Union Counties. (L) 4-56
'1 Table 4.9.3. Occupations of the employed labor force O in the AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF and Knoxville, TN, area,1980 (Source: University of Tennessee,1985)
County Category Anderson Loudon Morgan Roane Knox Total Employed 31,342 14,132 6,088 22,286 155,355 Executive, Administrative, Managerial: Number. 2,330 635 290 1,221 11,890-Percent 7.4 4.5 4.8 5.5 9.6 Professional Specialty: Number- 4,538 1,099 375 2,210 20,766 Percent 14.5 7.8 6.2 a 9.9 13.4-Technicians and Related Support: - ' Number 2,081 347 88 836 6,227 Percent 6.6 2.5 1.4 3.8 4.0 Sales: . Number 2,356 871 317 1,525 16,817 Percent 7.5 6.2 5.2 6.8 10.8 Administrative Support, Clerical: Number. 4,370 1,555 540 2,708. 24,485 Percent 13.9 11.0 ;8. 9 12.2 '15.8 Private Household: ~ Number 227 52- . 19 70 -730-Percent 0.7 0.4- 0.3 0.3 0.5 T Protective Services: Number 534 140 170 296 1,892 Percent 1.7 1.0 248 1.3 .1.2 ! Services, Except Protective and Household: Number 2,852 1,422 465 2,162 .17,719 l Percent 9.1 10.1 7.6 9.7 11.4 Farming, Forestry, Fishing: . . _ Number 311 481 179 278 1,297 Percent 1.0 3.4 2.9 1.2 0.8
' Precision Production, Craft, and -
Repair: Number 4,868 2,227 1,281 4,159 18,218 Percent 15.5 15.8 21.0 18.7 11.7 Machine Operators, Assemblers, Inspectors: Number 3,678 3,203 1,234 3,619 15,736 Percent 11.7 22.7 20.3 16.2- 10.1 . Transportation and Material Moving: . Number 1,118 762 504 1,044 6,422 Percent 3.6 5.4 8.3 4.7 4.1 Handlers, Cleaners, Helpers, and Laborers: Number 2,079 1,338 626 2,158 10,156 Percent 6.6 9.5 10.3 9.7 6.5 4-57 I
i Income. Table 4.9.4 summarizes the 1983 data for the AlChemIE l [ Facility 1 - CPDF five county area and the state of Tennessee V levels of personal income and per capita income. The per capita income was utilized to compare income levels across counties. Of the five county area, Anderson County with a per { capita income of $10,760 is wealthier than Roane County { ($9338) and the surrounding counties. With the higher income, l Anderson County residents probably buy more consumer durables 4 and have higher quality community services than those in lower i income per capita counties. It can also be anticipated that j Anderson County residents spend money in surrounding counties and some of this income generates jobs and other benefits in these counties, primarily Knox County. Housina Characteristics. The current housing trend in the l AlChem1E Facility 1 - CPDF five county area has been_for new residents to live in outlying regions, primarily West Knox County (SAIC, 1985). Anderson County (City of Oak Ridge) has i i higher rent and housing values than Loudon, Morgan, and Roane { counties (University of Tennessee, 1983). However, Knox 1 County values are higher still, reflecting new and more i attractive housing stock. About 46% of the Oak Ridge housing is from the Manhatten Project in the 1940s; therefore, architectural variety is limited. Vacancy rates in Anderson County are low, reflecting a scarcity of housing in the City r of Oak Ridge caused by a lack of land developers, unfavorable i /l tax climate, low turnover rate, and uncertainty in the local V government (City of Oak Ridge,1985). j I Fiscal Characteristics. Revenues, expenditures on public services, the county and city tax effort, and debt structure will be discussed in the following paragraphs. Expenditures- l will indicate how fiscal resources are divided, thus indicating what the commurtity values by a measure of financial outflows. Counties. Each of the counties supplied between about ; one-half and one-third of its operating revenues from its own ' sources (Tennessee Div. of Community Development, 1985a, 1985b, 1985c, 1985d, and 1985e). Between one-half and three-fourths of this locally supplied revenue came from j property taxes and about 60 to 80% came from sales taxes and i property taxes combined (D0E, 1985). Property tax revenues ranged from a low of $76 per capita in Roane County to $130 . per capita in Morgan County. b
- V) 4-58
i
' Table 4.9.4. Personal income for the AlchemIE Facility 1 - CPDF / five county area and the State of Tennessee a k- (Source: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 1985)
Total Personal Per Capita Income 1983 Personal Income County or Area (millions of $) (1983 $) Anderson County $736 $10,769 Loudon County 292 9,697 j Morgan County 105 6,093 Roane County 462 9,338 Knox County 3,355 10,368 Tennessee $44,580 $9,515
- a. Based on 1983 Bureau of Census estimated population. )
O[ i 4 S I ( v 4-59
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- 4 Operating expenditures for each of the counties were less than j m)
( V operating revenues, with a majority of the differences accounted for by capital projects and transfer of funds to __ other governments. Excluding these other expenditures, ; Anderson and Morgan Counties had a surplus in fiscal year ' 1983; Loudon and Roane Counties had a deficit. Schools __ .. accounted for between 60% (Loudon County) and 68% (Anderson County) of total operating expenditures of county governments (Tennessee Div. of Community Development, 1985a, 1985b, 1985c, 1985d, and 1985e). I Cities. Local effective property tax rates (taxes as a proportion of estimated market value) varied from $0.89 per hundred dollars of estimated value in Kingston to $1.88 in Oak .{ Ridge (Tennessee Div. of Community Development, 1985a, 1985b, l 1985c, 1985d, and 1985e). ; Because of the differences between jurisdictions in their appraisal and assessment of property, the effective rate is __the.best measure of relative tax effort. Part of the difference between property tax rates is accounted for by the , fact that some of the cities have higher city or county sales j tax rates. Differences in assessed value do not account for ! differences in tax rates. The highest assessed value per ! capita is in the City of Oak Ridge, which also has one of the f lower values for assessed value per capita; it also has the
/s\
V lowest nominal combined property tax rate. The cities and counties also varied in combined debt burden. In Wartburg the burden per hundred dollars of assessed value was only $3.60 while in Lenoir City it was $46.30. ) 1 f Public Education. There is a fairly wide spread, both in j expenditures per pupil and. in student / teacher ratios, in the counties surrounding the AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF. Oak ' Ridge schools have the highest service standards based on higher expenditures per student and having the lowest student to teacher ratios. Morgan County, on the other hand, has lower expenditures per student and higher student / teacher ratio. The Tennessee 1983-1984 average student / teacher ratio was 18.5 and education expenditures averaged $1875 per student in average daily attendance (Tennessee Dept. of Education, 1984). The recommissioning of the CPDF will not have a major impact on the area becausa of the vacancies made available due to the loss of students created by the K-25 layoffs. Public Welfare. Social service statistics are determined by demographics, the economic conditions s arid eligibility and I funding levels of the various programs. Overall, the number , of poor in the five county area is a smaller percentage of the ! population than in Tennessee as a whole. Morgan County is the ) O( exception, with nearly 22% of all. families having incomes below poverty levels (University of Tennessee, 1985). V 4-60
i A Transfer payments per capita are above the state average with ) V the exception of Morgan County. The highest participation j rate for food stamps is Morgan County with almost 20% of the ) population participating (University of Tennessee,1985). Health Care. There are 23 hospitals located within 80 km (50 mi) of the AlchemIE Facility 1 - CPDF, including short-term, 'j long-term, emergency, and psychiatric care (PMC,1975). In. l addition to these facilities, Knox County has 3114 staffed hospital beds, 753 physicians, and 242 dentists to serve the East Tennessee area (DOE, 1985). In the area around AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF, the number of hospital beds, physicians, , and dentists are below national averages, but this is typical i of rural areas and small towns. i Law Enforcement and Fire Protection. The process of bringing i the CPDF back into full service af ter the transfer of operators will not create a large influx of workers into the ; area. The local labor force is sufficient to provide adequate -{ management and technical personnel. It is, therefore, anticipated that no increases in law enforcement and fire l protection personnel will be required. 1 Utilities. Sewage systems consist of both waste water control l and solid waste management. The adequacy of these systems is ! r"N related to such issues as the capacity of waste treatment Q facilities and the adequacy of landfills. The operation of AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF will not increase the demand on utilities. The AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF has in place waste
)
water control, solid waste management, and other utilities required for operation. Transportation Conditions. There are two thoroughfares that provide access to the plant site. These are'Blair Road, which l provides access from the north, and Tennessee Highway 58, which provides access from the northeast and southeast. In general, the rural highway system around the AlchemIE Facility 1 - CPDF is adequate to handle the existing number of ORGDP, Y-12, and ORNL commuters, with a minor congestion between 7:00 am and 8:00 am and 4:00 pm to 5:00 pm; it will be capable of handling any additional ccmmuters created at the AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF. 4 (O LJ
- 5. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES 5.1 HUMAN ENVIRONMENT AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF. will have a positive impact on local government and industrial development. The most significant impact will be the addition of a previously DOE operated facility, which was exempt from state, local and federal taxes to the tax roles of Roane County. Estimated tax payments to Roane County are $100,000 per year. Payments to the City of Oak Ridge are estimated to be $91,000 per year.
Additionally, an estimated employment of 40 persons during full operation of the facility will result in a substantial increase of employment in the private sector in the immediate area. 'The estimated payroll at full production is $1,200,000 per year. Exposure of the human environment will be minimal due to the small quantities of feedstock and operational controls established by AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF. By far the most - l identifiable impacts resulting from the operation of AlChemIE l Facility 1 - CPDF will result from ORGDP support facilities. These facilities, which include HVAC, wastewater treatment, classified burial ground operation, and sanitary waste disposal, are currently creating various levels of impacts.
/ However, these impacts have been analyzed in numerous reports
(]) and found to be within acceptable standards (Union Carbide, 1979;MMES,1986). Because of the current standby status of the ORGDP, AlChemIE's use of existing support facilities will not result in those facilities being burdened beyond their capacities. AlChemIE will monitor usage of and input to all the support facilities it utilizes to assess CPDF's overall impact to the ORGDP facilities. 5.2 ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Operations of AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF should not directly induce measurable impacts on the ecological environment. However, as previously stated in Section 5.1, ORGDP support facilities will most likely contribute some measurable impact resulting from atmospheric cooling tower releases, wastewater discharges, stream withdrawal, chemical releases, etc. An intensive monitoring and permit compliance program is currently in effect at the ORGDP facility. This program is in . strict cooperation with EPA and TDHE. Compliance with program requirements should result in quality improvements of existing ecological impacts. 5.3 POTENTIAL ACCIDENTS q Associated feedstock compounds, projected production levels, i j and isotope products based upon current knowledge that may be enriched by the centrifuge method are listed in Table 5.1.1. 5-1
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In addition, Table 5.1!.1 notes that many of the feedstock compounds are toxic and volatile. Consequently, the accidental release of feedstock materials.to the atmosphere must be considered.
~
Feedstock. accidental . releases would most likely occur ouring-two identifiable operations. These are: (1) centrifuge machine operation, and (2) feed cylinder unloading.from transporter. Operating centrifuge machine accidents resulting inL'the destruction of an-active machine would result in approximately . 100 g of feedstock being released.into the plant area. In addition, the rupture of associated piping would result in additional small quantities of feedstock~ being released into the plant area. .Feedstock releases to the atmosphere from machine accidents are considered to be minimal and nonsignificant due to the building containment area. AlChemIE will attempt to control accidental feedstock releases from machine operations within the plant area. AlChemIE considers that the worst case accident scenario will be the rupture of a 150 kg (331 lb)' feed cylinder of a mercury
~
feedstock compound, listed in Table 5.1.1, on the loading dock-of Building K-1220. This worst ~ case accident scenario was based on a weighted. analysis of the 48 feedstock compounds ( with respect to toxicity, estimated annual feed quantity, and volatility. -The results of. this worst case' scenario would. be the immediate release of the contents of the feed cylinder to the . a tmosphe re. The mercury compounds are liquid at normal atmospheric pressure and room temperature, thus resulting in releases to the immediate ground surface as well as the- ' atmosphere. Since the mercury' compounds are liquid, this will reduce the amount released to the atmosphere because all field. cylinder contents will' not likely aerosolize. Probable impacts of this release would include: (1) at least one fatality, and (2) exposure of the immediate area to mercury contamination. These impacts could be mitigated by requiring proper protective clothing and respirator, personnel safety training, and an enclosed loading dock. To further assess any potential accidents, AlChemIE has analyzed scenarios for uranium releases and nuclear ~ ! criticality. The following discussion outlines the potential I for both. Uranium Release. The likelihood of a uranium release'is ! mitigated by the facts that: 1)-the process normally operated ) under high vacuum conditions;- therefore, given.a breach in the. vacuum containment, there would not be a source to readily expel the uranium bearing material into the operating pd environment; 2) operations at CPDF with. materials other than ; 5-11
I I i p uranium indicate that the residual uranium contamination is (
\s) not readily transferrable so that, given a breach in the vacuum containment, only a fraction of the residual uranium would be available to be released.
The bounding accident postulated for purposes of this safety analysis is judged to be rupture of the cascade process piping j as a result of a postulated catastrophic failure of the crane lifting fixture impinging on the service module. As discussed l,
- in Section 4.2.2.1 of the Preliminary Safety Analysis Report (PSAR) 'for the A1ChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF (H&R,1987), a total of 9.9 kg of uranium is estimated to be distributed throughout i the process piping for the original 120 machine cascade, q Taking into consideration the mitigating features of. the process discussed above, a conservative assumption is that 0.1% or 9.9 g of uranium would be released to the operating .
environment as a result of the postulated accident. The primary mechanism for the operator to be exposed to the released uranium is by inhalation. Thus, assuming: 1) that an operator were standing at the breach site, which is highly ; unlikely, and were to inhale 0.1% of the amount of U released; j and2)2gattheaverageassayofthereleaseduraniumwouldbe .l 2.9% U , the resulting dose to the bone (Dunning, 1979) l ' would be: (9.9 X 10-3 gU) (0.029 qu235) (2.144 X 10-6 Ci ) i gu 9U235 (15 X 10-6 rem) = 9.2 X 10-12 mrem LT which is orders of magnitude beneath the allowable limits for both public and occupational exposure. Since the occupational dose is well within allowable limits, calculation of a resulting dose to the public is not necessary , because the resulting exposure would also be within allowable limits. 1 Therefore, release of uranium material as a result of l postulated breaches of the vacuum containment do not result in ' unacceptably high radiological exposures to either the public or operating personnel. ; Nuclear Criticality. As discussed in Section 4.2.2.1 of the PSAR for the AlChemie Facility 1 - CPDF (H&R, 1987), it is estimated that each machine contains 95 32 g of U at an I average assay of 2.9%. This amount of uranium is insufficient ! to form a critical mass under the most optimum conditions of (O) full modulation and reflection (Paxton and Pruvost, 1986). Therefore, nuclear criticality in a centrifuge is not a credible event. 5-12
( The amount of U in the process piping is estimated to be 9.9 kg of approximately 3.9% enriched material. Again, this amount of material is insufficient to form a critical mass under conceivable accident conditions since there is no credible mechanism to fonn a spherical, fully moderated and fully reflected configuration (Paxton and Pruvost,1986). Adverse health effects to the general population outside of the ORGDP as a result of the centrifuge operation are considered minimal. Health effects, including increased cancer risk, have been studied at the ORGDP since the 1940's (MMES,1986). l O l
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N 6. UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS [O Impacts related directly to the operation of AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF for the production of non-uranium, non-fissile isotopes have not been identified. However, impacts related indirectly to the operation of A1ChemIE l Facility 1 - CPDF for the production of non-uranium, non-fissile isotopes are associated with electrical _ power production, waste water treatment, solid waste disposal, classified technology, and low level radioactive waste disposal. These indirect impacts are daily occurrences at the ORGDP site and have been discussed in detail in the Environmental Asssessment of the ORGDP (Union Carbide,.1979). Operation of AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF would'not significantly increase these items.but would be considered an unavoidable environmental impact. { 0 0 l 6-1
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/ 7. IRREVERSIBLE AND 1 RETRIEVABLE COMMITMDITS OF RESOURCEM y m ---- -
[c * ] j In order to adequately address irreversible.and irretrievable < j commitments of resources at AlCbemIE Facility 1-- CPDF one must I address the entire ORGDP plant site. The Environmental Assessment prepared for ORGDP addresses the abiotic and biotic resources %D respecttoirreversibleandirjetribablecommitmentsofresouycw (Union Carbide, 1979). y
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Abiotic Resources. The land on which the ORGDP stands is neithe , irreversibly nor irretriev',bly, comWtted. The continued existe6ce of the ORGDP site recrasents m ' specific continue c#mitment of r[ about 1580 ha (640 cc) for the facilities and in ludes bu41 dings, 7I roads, railroads, ptrking lots, holding ponds, bG ial g nu ds, ,L lawns, and buffer zone. Thisislessthan2%oJthe15,0i)ha 7 t({ (37,300 ac) reservation which has been set aside for,proMts ofi g interest to the DOE. Recovery of this lad fqr nuse after ' decommissioning of the facility is primarily a'RKer of economics. jj
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Water from the Clinch River committed to ORGDP is utpva116te for l use by other customers in the area./ Of the water wighdrawn, y% ) will be returned to the rivrr in the farm of blowdown and various i waste streams. r g , i AlchemIE Facility 1 - CPDF will replace worn-out and boken
/n equipment and will consume other materials during nonbl
() operations. All scrap metal is recovered, and radioac^ contaminated metal is stored in anticipation of ultimal.ively e recovery or disposed of in a classified burial ground. Other materials consumed include: (1) gasoline and fuel that is used primarily for transportation, (2) lubrication oil and fluorocarbon coolants that I may be lost from lan't systems, (3) chemicals used in water a treatment, and (4 some process feed materials. p Coal, oil, and uranium used to' generate electricity will be irreversibly committed. Biotic Resources. The human reso6rces used in opdhing and maintaining ORGDP and AlChemIE Facliity 1 - CPDF tr# jr.ptrievably expended. Gaseous and licuid effluents are dischargedl n om ORGDP, but the concentration of pollutants in the air and, vatar outside the plant boundary do not exceed minimum concentrpt W s that are known to be harmful to biota. ' s T ' a! ' ,
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NL , Rare or endangered terrestrial pl1nt and atiiiabJpe'cies krownho occur near the plant include the bleck snake rcat and the nink mucket pearly mussell. Continued operation di the plant site is j not expected to contribute to destruction of! such species. The - liquid effluents from the plant should not significantly affect the \ distribution or abundance of any rare or endangered species. i tm 'lv ll' , LJ (- ,
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;% 8 ., RELATIONSHIP 0F LAND-USE PLANS, POLICIES, AND CONTROLS
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A1ChemI,E Facility 1 - CPDF, as a component of ORGDP and a part of i, the ORR, has only an indirect relationship with . land-cse plans, { policies, end controls. t. Ownerdip of' the ORR; 5ad bcer, retained by the <'ed5ral government to s
- accommodate pbcjects of interest to the nation. Since local lar.d-use plans do not apply to land within the reservation, there
-is no conflict between the DOE's current use of the land ard local .
cr state land-use plans and policies. p \'( 3. .(. s,
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' NW . 9. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHORT-TERM USES OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND-h) LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY There will be a significant local social and economic benefit to the surrounding communities from the operation of AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF. The estimated payroll at full operation is $1,200,000 per year. Increases to the tax bases of'Roane County and the City a of Oak Ridge are estimated to be $100,000 and $91,000, respectively, per year. Additional increases to state and local
.; sales tax revenues will also be generated.
[These. funds will be utilized to support community services, state
; and local government services, and businesses.
There are no identified direct adverse relationships between the short-term uses of the environment and >long-term productivity related to the operation of AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF. Indirect relationships, however, do exist due to the operation of ORGDP. These indirect relationships have been discussed in detail in the ORGDP Environmental Assessment (Union Carbide, 1979). t 1 4 l i l i
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- 10. TRADE-OFF ANALYSIS The impacts associated with the operation of ORGDP and AlchemIE Facility 1 - CPDF are environmental whereas the major benefits are socioeconomic.
An evaluation of impacts found no significant threat to human life, { no significant intrusion of toxic materials into the human food l chain, and no evidence of major harm to local wild animals, birds, plants, or aquatic life directly attributable to the operation of A1ChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF. l l l l l (N_ j ! i
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(~ 11. LIST OF PREPARERS ( NAME- PROJECT RESPONSIBILITY EDUCATION ALCHEMIE Dennis L. Bell Chief Executive Officer B.S., Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville A. Andrew Carey Technical Director Ph.D., Chemistry, M.S. Chemistry; Ohio State University; B.S., Chemistry, Notre Dame William A. Pfeifer, P.E. Director of Special Projects M.S., Energy Conversion; B.S., Mechanical Engineering; Washington University NAME PROJECT RESPONSIBILITY EDUCATION fs MCI CONSULTING ENGINEERS, INC. - PRIME CONTRACTOR Dwight C. Flynn Project Manager .M.S., Wildlife and Fisheries Science; B.S., Forestry; University of Tennessee,
.-_ Knoxville ,
Monte C. Mcdonald Ecologist B.S., Forestry; Graduate Studies, Wildlife and Fisheries Science; University of Tennessee, Knoxville Angela K. Brill, E.I.T. Team Leader M. Engineering, Civil Engineering; B.S., Civil Engineering; University - of Louisville ] 1 Basil A. Skelton, P.E. Environmental Engineer M.S., Civil Engineering; B.S., Civil Engineering; Tennessee Tech University f Greg Ackerman Graphics Architectural Drafting ;
- Sarasota County (V :
Vocational School l 11-1 i
i
,~
) NAME PROJECT RESPONSIBILITY EDUCATION H_ & R TECHNICAL ASSOCIATES, INC. - CONTRIBUTORS Ann H. Hansen, P.E. Safety Analysis M.S., Nuclear Engineering, ;
Carnegie-Mellon l University; M.S. , ! Physics, Virginia Polytechnical University; ) B.S., Math and Physics, Florida Southern College , l i l 1 l 1 l t \
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11-2
,e 12. REFERENCES CITED Anderson, S. H. and H. H. Shugart, Jr. 1974a. Avian Community Analysis of Walker Branch Watershed. ORNL/TM-4700. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Anderson, S. H. and H. H. Shugart, Jr. 1974b. Habitat Selection of Breeding Birds on an East Tennessee Deciduous Forest. Ecology. 55:828-37. Barber, W. E. and N. R. Kevern.1973. Ecological Factors Influencing Micro-Invertebrate Standing Crop Distribution. Hydrobiologia 43:53-75. Boyle, J. W., et al.1982. Environmental Analysis of the Operation of. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (X-10 Site). ORNL-5870. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Burgoss, Shirley.1987. Personal communication on April 30, 1987. American Museum of Science Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Burt, W. H. and R. P. Grossenheider. 1964. A Field Guide to the Ma mals. Hougton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. Butz, T.R. 1984. Geology. ORNL-6026/V8. Oak Ridge, Tennessee. C Carlander, K. D.1969. Handbook of Freshwater Fishery Biology. Vol. I. Iowa State University Press. Ames. Carroll, D. 1961. Soils and Rocks of the Oak Ridge Area, Tennessee. Trace Elements Investigations Report 785, Preliminary Draft. U. S. Geologic Survey. Chutter, F. M.1969. The Effects of Silt and Sand on the Invertebrate Fauna of Streams and Rivers. Hydrobiologia 34: 57-77. City of Oak Ridge Comprehensive Plan (Draft), April 8,1985. Crow, Leroy, 1987. Personal Communication, Department of Environmental Management, Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., Oak Ridge Gaseous . Diffusion Plant, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Dames and Moore. 1973. Seismic Design Criteria, Gaseous Diffusion ) Plants, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Paducah, Kentucky, Portsmouth, Ohio. 1 Dunning, D.E. , Jr. , et al .1979. " Estimates of Internal Dose I Equivalents to 22 Target Organs for Radionuclides Occurring in Routine j Releases from Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities", Washington: V. S. Nuclear l Regulatory Commission, NUREG/CR0150, Vol. 2, October 1979.,
~
Exxon Nuclear Company, Inc.1976. Nuclear Fuel. Recovery and Recycling
, Center: Preliminary Safety Analysis Report. Report XN-FR-32. Docket No.
50-564. Bellevue, Wash. [V] Exxon Nuclear Company, Inc.1977. Nuclear Fuel Recovery and Recycling Center: Environmental Report. Report XN-FR-33. Rev. 1 Docket No. 50-564. Richland, Wash. 12-1 1 1 _____.______D
~
Fielder, J. F.,' Jr.1974. Department of Anthropology, The. University of 3 Tennessee, Knoxville. Archaeological Survey with Emphasis on Prehistoric
. Sites of the Oak Ridge- Reservation, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. ORNL/TM-4694.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Fielder,- J. F., Jr.1975. Department'of Anthropology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Reconnaissance and Evaluation of Archaeological and Historical Resources at the Proposed Gaseous Centrifuge Plant Site, Oak Ridge Reservation. Fitz, R. B.1968. Fish Habitat and Population Changes Resulting' from Impoundment of Clinch River by Melton Hill _ Dam. J. Tenn Acad. Sci. 43(1): 7-15. Fitzpatrick, F. C.1982. Oak Ridge-National Laboratory Site Data for Safety Analysis Reports. ORNL-ENG/TM-19. Oak Ridge, Tennessee.- Freeman, T. A., E. C. Harvey, T. R. Lyman and'D._G. Ousterhout. 1984.- Analysis of Annual Assistance Issues: City of Oak Ridge, Anderson and Roane Counties, Tennessee. DOE /0R/2134-T2. U. S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge Operation Office, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Griffith, J. S.1978. Effects of Low Temperature on the. Survival and' Behavior of Threadfin Shad. Dorosoma petenense. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 107(1): 63-69. r (' Haase, C. S., E. C. Walls, and C. D. Farmer.1985. Stratigraphic and Structural Data for the Conasauga Group and the Rome Formation.on' the Cooper Creek Fault Block Near Oak Ridge, Tennessee: Preliminary Results l From Test Borehole ORNL-J0Y No. 2. ORNL/TM-9159, Oak Ridge' National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. H&R Technical Associates, Inc. (H&R). 1987. Preliminary Safety Analysis Report for the AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF.? Oak Ridge, , Tennessee. Harris, J. 1987. Personal Communication June 3, 1987. Director Michael Dunn Rehabilitation Center. Holzworth, G. C. 1972. Mixing Heights, Wind Speeds, and Potential for Urban Air Pollution Throughout the Contiguous' United States. AP-101. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Howell, J. C. and P. B. Dunaway. 1959. The Oak Ridge Area: II, Long Term - Ecological Study of Observation on the Mammals with Special Reference to Melton Valley. ORNL/CF/59-10-126. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Howell, J. C. 1960. The Birds of a Valley. Audubon Mag. 62: 283-88. ronto r $s Caa$. Isom, B. G. 1971. Effects of Storage and Mainstream Reservoirs on Benthic Macroinvertebrates in the Tennessee Valley, pp. 179-91 in G. E. Hall, Ed. Reservoir Fisheries and Limnology. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 8.
% Johnson, R. M.1964. Herpetofauna of the Oak Ridge Area. ORNL-3653. Oak Ridge National Laborat'ory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. ,
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Lentsch-J. W., et al.1972. Stable Manganese and Ma-54 Distributions-in the Physical and Biological Components of the Hudson River Estuary. RadionuclidesLin Ecosystems, Proc. 3rd Natl. Symp. on Radioecology, Conf-701501-Pl. Oak. Ridge, Tennessee. Loar, J. M., et al. 1980. Environmental Analysis Report for.the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant. ORNL/TM-6714. Oak Ridge National. Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Lyman, F. E.1942. A Pre-Impoundment ' Bottom-Fauna' Study.;of Watts Bar Reservoir Area (Tenn.).- Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 72: 52-62.. Martin, A. C., H. C. Zim', and A. L..' Nelson.1951. American Wildlife and Plants, A Guide to Wildlife Food Habitats. Dover. Publication, Inc.. New
~
York. Martin Marietta Energy Systems,'Inc. (MMES)-1986. Environmental ] Surveillance of the Oak Ridge Reservation and Surrounding Environs I During 1985. ORNL-6271. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, .0ak Ridge, Tennessee. l 1 l McClain,'W. C. and 0.H. Meyers. 1970. Seismic History and Seismicity of. l l the Southeastern Region of the United States. ORNL-4582. Oak Ridge- j National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. l McMaster, W. M.1963. Geologic Map of the Oak Ridge Reservation, Tennessee. ORNL/TM-713. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, .j Tennessee. McMaster, W. M. and H. D. Waller.1965. Geology. and Soils of Whiteoak . Creek Basin, Tennessee. ORNL/TM-1108, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. , McMaster, W. M.1967. Hydrologic Data for the Oak Ridge Area, l Tennessee. USGS Water Supply Paper 1839-N. -l Miller, R. A.1974. The Geologic History of Tennessee. Tennessee i Division of Geology Bulletin 74. ) National Audubon Society Blue List. 1977. American Birds. Vol.-31, , No. 6. . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 1965-1985. Local Climatological. Data for_ Oak Ridge, Tennessee. U. S. Department of Commerce, monthly publication. NUS Corporation.1985. Environment Program Audit, Oak Ridge Gaseous l Diffusion Plant, Roane County, Tennessee, Final Report, August 16, 1985. 'i NUS Corporation, Gaithersburg, MD. Ralph M. Parsons Company (Parsons).1985. Integral Monitored Retrievable I Storage (MRS) Facility, Conceptual Design Report. Vol. 1 and 2. MRS-11.. 12-3
. __ _=_ __ _=_ _-
p Parr, P. D. and F. G. Taylor, Jr.- 1978.' Plant Species on the Department Q of Energy Oak. Ridge Reservation- that are Rare.. Threatened or-of Special.
' Concern. ORNL/TM-6101. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge',;
Tennessee.- Paxton,.H.C 1986. " Critical Dimensions of Systems Containing.23gndg3g.Pruvosf33 O,- Pu, and U,1986 Revision, LA-10860-MS, Los Alamos, N.M.: Los' Alamos National Laboratory, July 1987.
-Petrich, C.-H., et al. 1984. Geography, Demography, Topography, and-Soils.~0RNL-6026/V7. Oak Ridge Reservation, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Project Management Corpora' tion (PMC).1975. Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant Environmental Report. Vol. I-II (Amendments III-XIII.through 1982). Docket.50537.2. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C. Project Management Corporation (PMC) and Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA).1975. Clinch River Breeder Reactor Project, Environmental. Report. Docket No. 50-537. I Project Management Corporation (PMC), Tennessee . Valley Authority,- and Energy Research and Development Administration. 1977. Final Environmental Statements Related to the Construction and Operation of i the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant. NUREG-0139. Pruitt, Roy.1987. Personal Communication on Mayc7',1987. Mayor, City of Oak Ridge, Oak Ridge, TN. Ransom, J. D. and T. C. Dorris. 1972. Analysis of Benthic Community Structure in a Reservoir Standing Drop Distribution. Hydrobiologia 43: 53-75. Rothschild, E. R. 1984. Hydrology. ORNL-6026/V10. Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC).1985. Socioeconomic Assessment: . Partial Closure of the Oak Ridge Uranium Enrichment Facility, Final Report. DOE /0R/20837-T7. U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Oak Ridge, , , Tennessee. 1 Sharp, A. J.1974. Rare Plants of Tennessee. Tenn. Conserv. XL(7). Sheppard, J. D. 1974. Storm Runoff in the Vicinity of Oak Ridge, . i Tennessee. ORNL-TM-4662. Oak Ridge National-Laboratory, Oak Ridge,. Tennessee. q Sinclair, R. M. and B. G.-Isom. 1963. Further Studies on the Introduced' l Asiatic Clam Corbicula in Tennessee.-Tennessee Department of Public Health, Stream Pollution Control Board.
)
Smithsonian Institute.1975. Report on Endangered and Threatened Plant:
\ Species of the United States. House Document No. 94-51.
l Sollins, P. 1972. Organic Matter 8udget and Model for a Southern i Appalachian Liriodendron Forest. Eastern Deciduous Forest Biome-Memo . , Report 71-86. 12-4
i Stansberry, D. H.1971. Rare and Endangered Mollusks in the Eastern (Ni d United States. pp. 5-18 in S. E. Jorgensen and R. W. Sharp, eds., Rare and Endangered Mollusk (Naiads) of the U. S., Ohio State University. Columbus. l Stansberry, D. H.1973. A Preliminary Report on the Naiad Fauna of the Clinch River in the Southern Appalachian Mountains of Virginia and j Tennessee (Mollusca: Vivalvia: Unionoida). Bulletin of the American i Malacological Union for 1972. pp. 20-22. State of Tennessee. 1974. Tennessee Statistical Abstract 1974. State of Tennessee. 1977. Tennessee Statistical Abstract 1977. Stockdale, P. B. 1951. Geologic Conditions of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Area Relevant to the Disposal of Radioactive Waste. OR0-58. Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Strawn, K.1965. Resistance of Threadfin Shad to Low Temperatures. Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 17: 290-93. Tennessee Department of Education.1984. Annual Statistical Report of the Department of Education for the Scholastic Year Ending June 30, 1984. State of Tennessee Department of Education, Nashville, Tennessee. Tennessee Department of Employment Security.1984. Annual Averages:
/(7 Tennessee Labor Force Estimates 1979-1983. Nashville. Tennessee.
O Tennessee Department of Employment Security.1987. CPS Labor Force Estimates Summary. Knoxville, Tennessee. > Tennessee Division cf Community Development.1985a. Anderson County Profile. Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Development, Nashville, Tennessee. _ j 1 Tennessee Division of Community Development. 1985b. Knox County Profile. ' Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Development, Nashville, i Tennessee. 1 ! Tennessee Division of Community Development. 1985c. Loudon County l Profile. Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Development, Nashville, Tennessee. l Tennessee Division of Community Development. 1985d. Morgan County Profile. Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Development, Nashville, Tennessee. Tennessee' Division of Conmunity Development. 1985f. Roane County l Profile. Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Development, 1 Nashville, Tennessee. f3 () Tennessee Division of Community Development. 1983. Tennessee Community Data. Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Development, I Nashville, Tennessee. 12-5
)
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA).1959. Floods on the Clinch River and
-( East Fork Poplarf Creek in the Vicinity of Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Report 0-5922. Division of Water Control Planning, Knoxville' Tennessee.-
~
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA).1968. Extension of' Flood Study on East Fork Poplar Creek: Upstream from Mile- 12.4 to Mile 14.06. Suppl. No.1 to Floods. on the Clinch River. and East ' Fork Poplar' Creek in the Vicinity. of Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Knoxville, Tennessee. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 1976a'. Fish Inventory. Data:: Melton Hill Reservoir. - 1974. Norris, Tennessee.
- Tennessee-Valley Authority-(TVA) 1976b. Fish Inventory Data: Melton Hi.ll:
Reservoir - 197S. Norris, Tennessee. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA).1976c. Fish Inventory Data:: Melton Hill Reservoir - 1973.- Norris, Tennessee. Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency. 1975. Proclamation: Endangered or Threatened Species. Proc. No. 75-15. Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency. 1977. Proclamation: Amending Proclamation No. 75-15 Entitled Endangered or Threatened Species. Proc. No. 77-4. l TRW. 1978. Geology and Hydrology of the ORGDP Site. Draft ReportJ Union Carbide Corporation.1979. Environmental Assessment of the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant Site. DOE /EA-0106. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. U. S. Department of Commerce. 1983. County and City Data Book.' Bureau of I the Census. U. S. Department of Commerce.'1982. County Level Projections.of. Economic Activity and Population. Bureau of Economic Analysis. U. S. Department of Commerce.1985. County and Metropolitan Area Personal Income, 1981-1983. . SurveyofCurrentBusiness.65(5): 41-99. U. S. Department of Energy (DOE).1985. Environmental' Assessment for a Monitored Retrievable Storage Facility. Vol. 2 of Monitored Retrievable. Storage Submission to Congress. DOE /RW-0035. U. S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service.1976. The National Register of Historic Places 1976. U..S. Government Printing Office, Washingten, D.C. U. S. Department of the Interior. Fish and Wildlife Service, Un'ited States List of Endangered Fauna.1974. U. S. Printing' Office, Washington, D.C. O( i- 12-6 l
U. S. Superintendent of Documents.1976. Endangered and: Threatened h(j. Wildlife and Plants: Endangered Status for 159 Taxa of Animals. Fed. Regist. 41(115): 24062-67.
. U. S. Superintendent of Documents.1977a. Endangered and Threatene'd -
Wildlife and Plants: Final' Threatened Status:and Critical Habitar for-Five Species of Southeastern Fishes. Fed. Regist. 42(175): 45526-30. U. S.' Superintendent of Documents. 1977b. Endangered'and Threatened' Wildlife and Plants: Final Rule; Correction and Augmentation of Published Rulemaking._ Fed. Regist. 42(184): 47840-45. UniversityLof Tennessee. 1983. Tennessee Statistical Abstract 1983/84. Center fce Business and Economic Research,' University-of Tennessee,, Knoxville, Tennessee. University of Tennessee.1985. . Tennessee' Statistical Abstract :1985/86.. Center of Business and Economic Research,, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee. . , Webster, D. A.1976. A Review of Hydrologic Conditions Related to the Radioactive Solid-Waste Burial Grounds'at Oak Ridge National Laboratory', Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Open-file Report 76-727. U. S. Geological Survey. . Wilhm, J. L. and T. C. Dorris,1968 : Biological- Parameters:for Water. Quality criteria. Bioscience.18:477-81. Williams, L. G.1966. Dominant Planktonic Rotifers of Major Waterways of. the United States. Limnol. Oceanogr.'11: 83-91.. Wood, H. D. and F. Newman,1931.- Modified Mercalli Intensity. Scale' of 1931. Seis. Soc. Am. Bull. 52(5). Wyatt, Steven.1987. Personal Communication on May 18, 1987. Public Affairs Specialist, .00E, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. i 1 12-7
6 ; I I I RPPENDICES 6 l b
O APPENDIX A ORGDP NPDES PERNIT o l l b
i l l f l l 1 I l APPENDIX B ALCHEMIE/ DOE AGREEMENT l I l l l l 1 l
O APPENDIX C GE0 LOGIC FORMATIONS OF THE 0AK RIDGE, TENNESSEE AREA (Source: McMaster,1963) 0 1 1 l l l D . l
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ = _ ._ J
~
C.1 ROME FORMATION
/%
U The Rome Formation is composed of interbedded sandstone, siltstone,
. shale, and dolomite. The bulk of the formation in the Oak Ridge area {
is siltstone and shale. Sandstone beds, which range in thickness from j 7.6 to 35.3 cm (3 to 14 in.), are more abundant in the upper half of the , formation than in the lower. ] l The sandstone is composed of light-gray to light-brown, fine- to l medium-grained quartz and is cemented with silica or. iron oxide. The- j sand is so well cemented in places that it appears quartzitic. Generally, the weathered surfaces of the sandstones are dark brown or red-brown. Siltstone in the Rome is generally light to dark brown and green-brown, thin-bedded, and.has irregular bedding surfaces with concentrations of small flakes of mica.
)
l A striking characteristic of the Rome is its banded coloration, { primarily caused by the shale beds, which are green, maroon, red, violet, purple, yellow, tan, and brown. Very small flakes of mica are common along the bedding surfaces. i A belt of shale occurs northwest of Pine Ridge, which has not yet been j assigned a definite stratigraphic position. It is faulted above and l r' below, has no obvious lithologic similarity to other formations in the r3 area, and lacks identifiable fossils. The shale is dominantly maroon. V red, and tan, fairly silt-free clay, interbedded with lesser amounts of brown, purple, and green more silty clay. The maroon and red shale beds may be a potential source of brick clay since they are very similar to the shale of the Pennington Formation of Mississippian age which is used , for brick and clay. The surface over the shale is characteristically j l scattered with 5 to 15.2 cm (2 to 6 in.) diameter cobbles of dense l I blue-white to blue chalcedony, whic.h is probably derived from weathering j of calcareous beds interbedded with the shale. Many of these cobbles exhibit cryptozoanlike structures on the exterior. Wad (a hydrous { i manganese oxide mineral) occurs locally as nodules'in the shale, and a ' few fine- to medium-grained, maroon and brown thin-bedded sandstone beds are present. , The shale is thought to be an older part of the Rome Fonnation not , exposed in the belts southeast of Pine Ridge, perhaps corresponding to l the Apison Shale member of the Rome, which crops out in southwestern ! East Tennessee. The typical sandstones and siltstones of the Rome are characterized by abundant primary features such as ripple marks, swash marks, mud cracks, and, locally, raindrop imprints. i l The lower contact of the Rome is not exposed in the Oak ridge area; it is always in fault relationship with younger rocks that lie underneath it. The upper contact with shale of the Conasauga Group is gradational i I' and was chosen arbitrarily, based primarily on topography and the coloration of the shales (the shales of the Conasauga are not as ( brightly colored as those of the Rome Formation). s C-1 l
,1 The Rome Formation underlies ridges that are typically narrow,
) steep-sided, and broken by many closely spaced wind and water gaps which (V give the ridges.a "comby" appearance.
The residual soil of the Rome is generally less than 4.6 m (15 feet) thick and is composed of sandy, silty, light-colored clay containing scattered siltstone and sandstone fragments. No fossils were found in the Rome of the Oak Ridge area, but those found in the formation elsewhere show that its age is youngest Early Cambrian. The total thickness of the formation is not present in the Oak Ridge area, but probably 243.8 to 304.8 m (800 to 1000 ft) of the upper part of the Rome is represented. The thickness of the older part of the Rome has not been determined. C.2 CONASAUGA GROUP The Conasauga is primarily calcareous shale interlayered with limestone and siltstone. The shale of the Conasauga. ranges from pure clay to silty shale and is brown, tan, buff, olive green, green, and dull purple. Dark-gray, dense to crystalline, nodular, thin-bedded, silty limestone is interbedded with the shale and siltstone in the lower two-thirds of the group. Siltstone, which is brown, red-brown, buff, and tan, is present throughout the lower four-fifths of the group and is abundant in the layers underlying a line of knoblike hills on the northwestern sides of the valleys underlain by the Conasauga. b Alternating beds of shale and light-gray,. dense to crystalline, regularly bedded limestone are present about 152.4 m (500 feet) below the top of the group. These beds are overlain by about 91.4 m (300 feet) of massive, light- to medium-gray, dense to coarsely crystalline or oolitic limestone. The upper limestone beds of the Conasauga are used in many places in East Tennessee as a source of quarry stone for road aggregate; most of this limestone is fairly pure, and the oolitic beds are composed of nearly pure calcium carbonate. l The contact between the limestone of the Conasauga Group and the dolomite of the Knox Group is gradational from dolomitic limestone to dolomite containing stringers of limestone. The Conasauga Group i underlies valleys between ridges formed by the Rome Formation and the l Knox Group. The surfaces of these valleys are characteristically ) l irregular with many gullies and small hills. The most prominent ; I topographic feature is the line of knobs on the northwestern sides of the valleys. Residuum derived from shale in the Conasauga is generally thin. Weathering has penetrated to a depth of about 6.1 m (20 ft) in the layers where shale predominates, but the weathered part retains the j appearance of the original rock except that most of the limestone has ' been removed. The residuum derived from the massive limestone is characteristically orange-red and contains little or no chert. 4 k C-2 l
_The thickness of the Conasauga Group is. difficult to measure due to a ~ number of minor folds and faults, but it is ~ estimated to be 457.2 m
/] .V (1500 ft) of more. The age of the'Conasauga is Middle;and Late Cambrian.
C.3 KN0X GROUP The Knox is composed primarily of. massive,.' siliceous dolomite. The group can be divided into five formations on the basis of lithologic , variations. . The general variation in lithology is'from massive, dark-gray, crystalline, very cherty dolomite at the base to generally-less massively bedded, lighter gray, dense to. finely crystalline, less-cherty dolomite on the' top. Thin beds of light-gray, dense _ limestone are present.in the upper part, and thin beds of relatively pure-sandstone occur about 304.8 m (1000.ft) above the base of the group. Outcrops of the dolomite are not abundant due to the rapid weathering and deep soil cover to an extent that outcrops are fairly common. The amount and type of chert left by weathering . varies from formation to~ formation within the group; and, because outcrops of the dolomite are not abundant, residual chert is ;used as a basis.for' differentiating the group. Due to the varying amounts of. chert retained in the residuum, the rate of erosion varies.from formation to fonnation, producing a distinctive topography which is an aid in mapping.
,r The upper contact of the Knox Group is disconformable; that is, it is a surface once exposed to erosion, then covered by sediments, with no .
significant variation between the dip and strike of the layers beneath the erosional surface and those above. The relief on this surface is rather high in some places as indicated by the irregular contact line on the map whc 'e it is well defined for some distance (Figu're 4.2.2). The Knox Group-Chickamauga Limestone' contact is usually distinct because of the sharp contrast between the dolomite and the ove'rlying basal beds of the Chickamauga; also, springs are common along or near the contact, especially in East Fork Valley. The Knox weathers to form a deep residual mantle held in place by' the abundant chert on the surface. The surface of the' bedrock beneath the soil mantle'is very irregular; outcrops generally represent the tops-of pinnacles of bedrock projecting through the soil. The Knox Group underlies broad ridges generally having fairly gentle slopes on the southeastern side and steeper slopes on the northwestern side. Variation in resistance to erosion leads to the development of a j saddle shape in profile when viewed parallel to strike.. ) l The dolomite of the Knox is very soluble and caverns, some of which are i large, are common. Sinkholes are a persistent topographic feature of - I the group. ( Fossils are not common in the Knox Group, but small coiled gastropods q were found in a limestone bed in the upper part of the group on the northern side of McKinney Ridge. The age of the Knox is Late Cambrian. Q and Early'Ordovician. The total thickness is about 914.4 m (3000 ft). C-3
/
V C.4 CHICKAMAUGA LIMESTONE The Chickamauga Limestone underlies Bethel Valley, East Fork Valley, and a narrow belt northwest of Pine Ridge (Figure 4.2.2). Lithologically, the Chickamauga is extremely variable although the entire sequence is calcareous. In the two major valleys underlain by the formation,. East Fork Valley, where a complete section is present, and Bethel Valley, where the upper 152.4 m (500 ft) or more have been faulted out, the stratigraphic succession of beds within the formation is dissimilar. In East Fork Valley, the lowermost beds of the Chickamauga are composed of discontinuous thin layers of bentonite material; gray clay shale with obscure bedding; thin-bedded, maroon, calcareous siltstone up to 15.2 m (50 ft) thick; and gray, calcareous, micaceous siltstone. The lateral continuity of these basal beds is irregular, and in places this sequence is absent. Locally, the basal layers contain fragments of chert derived from the underlying Knox Group. A sequence of limestone about 457.2 m (1500 ft) thick lies above these layers. The limestone is dominantly light to medium gray and blue gray, dense to finely crystalline, shaly, thin-bedded, and cuntains variable amounts of chert. These layers usually contain fragmentary, small-fossil brachiopods, bryozoans, corals, and crinoid stems. The character of these beds changes along strike and similar lithologies recur in various zones, making division into units difficult. Near the top of this limestone p sequence are two bentonite beds which lie about 15.2 m (50 ft) apart y/ stratigraphically. Above the upper bentonite is a 12.2 m (40 ft) sequence of yellow and maroon, calcareous siltstone beds at the top of which is an apparently small disconformity. Blue-gray limestone, which is coarsely crystalline, extremely fossiliferous, relatively pure, and more massively bedded than the underlying limestones, lies above the disconformity. Unlike the layers of shaly limestone below, this lithology is ralatively homogeneous along strike. The coarsely crystalline limestone grades upward into the Reedsville Shale, a calcareous, tan to orange-brown, fissile, thin-bedded, fossiliferous shale, which is the uppermost unit of the Chickamauga Limestone. This unit is 61 to 76.2 m (200 to 250 ft) thick. In Bethel Valley, lithologic differences within the formation are more distinct, and the stratigraphic sequence is more easily defined than in other parts of the area. The residual mantle is generally thinner and outcrops of the beds are more common than in East Fork Valley. Also, the beds are persistent in character along strike and each unit has more ; distinguishing features. The Chickamauga in Bethel Valley can be divided into at least eight units. Three of these units consist of redbeds: one about 36.3 m (120 f t) above the base, another near the middle of the formation, and another at or near the top. These redbeds apparently are not represented in East Fork Valley although the thin, discontinuous redbeds at the base of the formation in this belt may correspond to the lower redbeds of Bethel Valley. No bentonites have
/ been observed in Bethel Valley; apparently the Copper Creek Fault O displaced beds somewhat below the bentonites.
C-4 l
c l l ('s In other respects, the beds of gray, shaly limestone in Bethel Valley l
\ !
are similer to those of East Fork Valley in color, bedding characteristics, and chert and fossil content. In East Fork Valley, the Chickamauga Limestone-Sequatchie Formation contact is placed below the lowest occurrence of maroon, calcareous siltstone. Generally, the ; contact is covered by residuum and, in most areas, has to be approximated. The soil produced by weathering of the Chickamauga typically consists of yellow, light red-orange, or . red clay containing variable amounts of chert. Chert is abundant enough in the lower layers to cause development of a line of low hills on the northwestern sides of the valleys. This is more pronounced in Bethel Valley where the basal material is composed of alternating siltstone beds and beds of blocky L chert.- j The surfaces of the valleys underlain by the formation are irregular; i the more silty and cherty layers underlie low ridges and hills. j Sinkholes are present, but these are not as numerous or as large as those l in the Knox Group. j Fossils, including brachiopods, bryozoans, gastropods, cephalopods, crinoid stems, corals, and trilobites, are common throughout the formation. ) o d The age of the Chickamauga Limestone is Middle and Upper Ordovician. The boundary between Middle and Upper Ordovician rocks-in this area is drawn at the base of the Reedsville Shale. The thickness of the L Chickamauga in East Fork Valley is about 731.5 m (2400 ft) and in Bethel ; Valley about 533.4 m (1750 ft). s l l 4 l r \ Ll C-5
l 1 0 APPENDIX D { ECOLOGY l .O l O
Terrestrial Ecology. The majority of the region surrounding i the AlChemIE Facility'1 - CPDF site consists of second-growth i forest composed of seral plant communities'(Figure D-1). Thesecommunitiesfoundwithina3000-m(9842ft) radius'of
'the site include:
Community type ~ Acres' Percentage. Eq Bottomland hardwoods 93 1 Oak-hickory . 1270 18~ 1 i Mixed-mesophytic forest ~ 10 1 Pine and pine hardwoods .
'2516 '36 Cedar, cedar-pine, cedar-hardwoods 140 2 Unforested 2215 32 Open water -466 7
. Buildings ~and highways 293 4 Total 76D7 100 The original forest were cleared and the land cultivated prior to 1942. Since that time many of the cultivated fields; have >
been replanted to various pine species (DOE, 1985). Other q
. fields have undergone natural succession from Virginia pine _or eastern red cedar to mixed hardwood' pine-cedar forest.'.A.
description of the plant communities in the area follows'. Bottomland Hardwood Forest. The bottomland hardwoods are. dominated by yellow. poplar. Other species of..the association-include sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua), sycamore
-(Platanus occidentalis), black walnut (Juglans nigra),~various hickories (Carua spp.) and oaks (Quercus spp.), and shortleaf pine-(Pinusechinata). Understory species include red maple (Acer rubrum), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum),: dogwood (Cornus
. florida), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica),> redbud..(Cercis - <
H canadensis), and white. ash (Fraxinus emericana). Sollins (1972) described the bottomland hardwood. forest of the Oak Ridge Reservation in detail. Many herbaceous species are found in this community, with Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides) and hydrangea dominant in terms of biomass. Oak-Hickory Forest. Various oaks and hickories doininate the overstory in this community, which occurs along ridge tops and also on lower slopes. Understory species generally consist of red maple, sourwood, and _ black gum and a variety.of other tree species. On relatively dry ridge tops chestnut oak'(Quercus prinus), black oak (Quercus velutina), scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea), and southern red oak (Quercus-falcata) forests are . 1 normally dominant. Ground cover within the oak-hickory forest ; consists of such species as greenbriar (Smilax spp.), poison H O ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), ferns, Virginia creeper (Parthenocissusquinouefolia), pipsissewa-(Chimaphila 1 umbellata), and assorted grasses and flowers,
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f'EE's PINE AND PINE-HARDMOD FORESTS W CEDAR, CEDAR-PINC AND CEDAR-HAROMOD FORESTS CAK-HICKORY FORESTS Y$//fl//'/ BOTTOMLAND HARDMOD FORESTS M/XED MESOPHYTIC FORESTS CRASSLAND, DEVECETATED AREAS, AND CULTURAL FEATURES O 1 2 MfLES I f I it'ATER s s s s 0 1 2 3 KM (~J). u-Figure D-1. Plant communities within 3000 m of AlChemIE Facility 1 - CPDF. (Source: Union Carbide, 1979.) D-2
Mixed' Mesophytic Fores'ts. This forest type exhibits the most
/'h variety of the eastern deciduous: forest. It is found V interspersed along the ridges.and commonly referred to as' cove hardwoods. The overstory consists primaril
.(Acer saccharum), beech (Fagus grandifolia)y , yellowofpoplar sugar maple (Liriooendron tulipifera), magnolia (Maanolia sop.), basswood (Tsiiga
( canaaensis). .Understory species consist of suchTilia am species as mapieleaf viburnum (Viburnum son.)', pawpaw (Asimina-
~ triloba) and rhododendron (Rhododendron spp.). Ground cover species include numerous ferns, hepatica, anemone, blue cohosh-(Caulophyllum thalictroides), saxifrage, and jack-in-the-pulpit ( Arisaema tripnyllum).
Pine and Pine-Hardwoods. Native pine forests are dominated by shortleat pine (Pinus echinata) and Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana). Understory and-subordinate species-include white ash, southern red oak, hickory, red maple, dogwood,' black cherry (Prunus serotina), and Carolina buckthorn (Rhamnus carolinians). Ground cover and herbaceous species include. Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) greenbriar, poison ivy, rattlesnake plantain (Goodyera repens), small ragwort-(Senecio aureus), ebony spleenwort (Asplenium platyneuron), spotted wintergreen (Chimaphila maculata), Canada cinquefoil. , (Potentillacanadensis), bedstraw.(Galiumasprellum),andbush q
/' clover (Lespedeza spp.). i Loblolly pine-hardwood forests occur on drier ' sites and-include loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), southern red oak, post oak (Quercus stellata), northern red oak (Quercus rubra),
white oak (Quercus alba), shortleaf pine. . persimmon (Diospyros virginiana), scarlet oak, and hickories.- The majority of the pine plantations have' been planted with loblolly pine. Most are found on old field sites in the - valleys and lower slopes. . Hardwood understory species may I include dogwood, yellow poplar, sassafras (Sassafras albidum), j and red maple. Ground cover is. generally limited and includes J such species as Japanese honeysuckle, Virginia creeper, poison , ivy, and blackberry (Rubus spp.). ! Cedar, Cedar-Pine, Cedar-Hardwoods. Three different cedar communities occur on the reservation. These include cedar glades, pine-cedar, and hardwood with cedar. l Cedar glades are climax communities characterized by the bare calcareous. soils and rock outcrops on which they are found. ! Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) is the dominant overstory tree with few other species occurring. Ground cover consists of primarily grasses and forbs. Cedar-pine communities are dominated by eastern red cedar and Virginia pine and occur on dry to moist sites. Several
\ associate species may be found in this community including l post oak, chestnut oak, red oak, red maple, and dogwood.
l D-3
Cedar-hardwood communities are relatively early successional i
/m\ hardwood forests. Ground cover is generally sparse; however, it may be interspersed throughout (PMC, 1975).
Unforested Areas. Unforested areas include transmission line rights-of-way, maintained lawns, and abandoned. fields. Early succession on abandoned land is dominated by forbs and grasses; as succession continues, a shrub community dominates. Unmowed rights-of-way and areas recently timbered contain this shrub community. Several species occur in this stage including winged sumac (Rhus copallina), honeysuckle, smooth sumac (Rhus glabra), persimmon, and numerous tree saplings and sprouts. Ground cover species include various grasses, greenbriar, brambles, and lespedeza. Unique Vegetation Areas. .Three unique vegetation areas are found within the 16 km (10 mi) radius of the site. These include the University of Tennessee Arboretum near Oak Ridge, a stand of eastern red cedar near the University of Tennessee Agricultural Farm, and a nearly pure sassafras stand near the ORNL's Dosimetry Application Research Facility Reactor. Three additional natural areas exist within a 3000 m (9342 ft) radius of the site. These include an old-growth beech-maple r area, and an old-growth beech-mixed oak area occurring in a . (9 narrow stream bottom near Grassy Creek. The third site V contains old-growth pine and hardwood species in a relatively undisturbed setting (Sollins,1972). This site is located l east of the junctinn of State Highways 95 and 62. Wildlife. The primarily woodland vegetative communities near the site are typical of eastern Tennessee and provide habitat for numerous wildlife species. Discussion of several of the important mammals, birds, reptiles,'and amphibians are provided in the following sections. j Mammals. The mixed hardwoods and hardwood-cedar-pine associations exhibit a greater diversity of mammals than do the pine planta; ion and lawn areas near the site. ORNL studies of the Oak' Ridge area, especially those of the Melton 1 Valley area, can be used to characterize this mammalian fauna l (PMC, 1975; Howell and Dunaway, 1959). Economically important wildlife species on the Oak Ridge Reservation are discussed i below. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is an important big game species and is abundant throughout the area. Hunting of I white-tailed deer is currently allowed over portions of the area. Although occurring throughout the area, white-tailed g deer prefer the hardwood-pine forest edge areas of overgrown p transmission corridors. Primary foods include twigs, leaves, V oak mast, grasses, and forbes. D-4 i
Cottontail' rabbits!(Sylvilagus floridanus) are comon throughout the site, preferring olo fields, forest edges, and O- lawns.- They consume primarily. grasses and herbs.but also feed on bark and. twigs of: woody plants'.. These animals are'also-
- prey species for carnivores and raptors.'
Eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) are common'. throughout the area, preferring mature deciduous forest. 0ak. mast, hickory nuts,.and beech nuts provide the main' diet of-this rodent. Opossums'(Didelphis marsupialia) are common.and found-l primarily in wooded areas. _They'are; omnivorous marsupials l whose diet consists of insects, small mammals, birds, and fruit. They are_ mostly nocturnal in their. activities. ,. Woodchucks (Marmota monax) are' common. inhabitants near the: site._.They burrow near banks,. road shoulders,-and in fields. Primary diet _ consists of grasses' and legumes. Beavers (Castor canadensis) frequent waterways'with trees along the banks and have been identified below1 Melton Hill Dam-and the Clinch River. They feed on bark and the outer woody layers of numerous tree species and also on_ aquatic plants. r Muskrats.(Ondatra-zibethica) are.found along'the Clinch River and othee area streams. They generally burrow into the banks ~~ O. to form a den. -Although basically vegetarians, they.also consume fish, mussels, insects, crayfish, and snails. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) are common near the; site, preferring: wooded areas near_ streams. They feed on a' variety of foods - including fruits', seeds, bird eggs, crayfish, and other small invertebrates. They are primarily nocturnal in..their activities. 7 Striped Skunks (Mephitis mephitis) occupy nearly all' habitats - throughout the area. - Primarily nocturnal - their: diet. consists of a wide range of foods including small rodents, insects,- eggs, berries, cold blooded vertebrates, carrion, and other vegetative materials. Red Foxes (Vulpes fulva) are common on the ORR. They.are nearly twice as common as the gray fox (Howell and Dunaway, 1959). They oc'cupy a wide variety of habitats and may ' range over a wide area. Their diet consists of small mammals such as mice and often rodents and rabbits. They also eat insects and birds; during summer and' fall seeds and fleshy fruits may provide one-fourth of their diet (Martin et al.,1951).
. Gray Foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) are more adapted .to _-
' forest habitats tnan red foxes, preferring' mixed hardwood forest although not limited to that type. Their. diets are similar to the red fox; however, they are more omnivorous and l- comonly eat. acorns and persimmons.
D-5
.j[ f5 t lj , i V o
(.. .. O Longtail Weasels (Mustela"frenata) prefer field borders. O . brushland, open woodlands, woodlands ' bordering cultivated - , V fields, and pastures. They are found in almost all-habitats' with water sources. They'are caniivorous,. eating primarily. ., meadow and white-footed mice and rottontail rabbits. Home4 < ranges are normally 75 to 100 ha,130 toL40 ac), with . 6A. .,
.l p(opulations of 15 to 20 per 1580 ha (1 sq mi) considered Burt and Grossenheider,1964). .p hig gj Minks (Mustela vison) range over a wide area. in Ecbech of . Il their. food wnich consists of birds, smalllalong' mammals,:emphibians,
/
M b and reptiles. They are found primarily ' forested or bushy stream banks. 4 L,
% y
[d Bobcats ~(Lynx rufus) are known from s'ightings ai, d tracofun- ~ studieson the reservation.~and are -considered / rdra. Yndledge . of. population numbers, habitat prefartnces, i and dist ks 4 scarce. QM Birds. Several detailed studies of the areas avian fauna:have. been conducted (Anderson and Shugart;.1974a; Howell,!1960; '. q Anderson and Shugart,s1974b).. Descriptions of four-economically important birds are listed below.; .
- 6. .
..)
Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus) X nn abundant' upland; game species occurring throughout the' site.: ' Abandoned' farms,j} f .
~
open pine woods, and. brush fields (ar,e'pr2ferred habitat. O ., Conversion of large amounts ok land naarLthe site to pine; 34., plantations has reduced available habitat and is'likely 1 causingadeclineinpopulationsMHowellandDunaway,1959)'. .I Bobwhite diets include leaves, bucy, fruits.: seeds, insects, i and snails. ,q , ,, j Ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) occur throughout the deciduous i forest. They utilize hardwoTd and brushy cover," abandoned; q fields, orchards, and conifer stands in winter. Adult 1 diets ! consist of fruits, leaves,'and buds. Mourning Doves (Zenaidura macroura) are generally distributed throughout the Melton Valley. . They utilize open areas for l feeding and roadsides for a source of gri.t. In. addition to l resident birds, northern' birds migrate through the area in l l ; late fall. I Canada Geese (Branta candensis)Wre important nesting- I waterfowl on the Oak Ridge Reservation including the_ wildlife j refuge near the site. Breeding pairs were. raintrodudd ~ into ! the area and have successfully nested. Hunting of Cknaday ! geese now occurs on portions of Melton Mill and Wattu Tat ~ 1 t
, Reservoirs. ./'f, 3 '7 3 ,
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Woodducks(Aixsponsa)andho'odedme'r,qay[ers(Loph ji
,~x 4 cucullatus) also breed on the reservation. Wintering flocks of if d J. s L ducks include mallard (Anas,platyr g ehos)[, blaii (Anas
- ' e i
rubripes), (/nas sirenera , pintail'-(Anasacuta),gaawiTf-(BucephalCgeTa)ula) r ring-neck ( Aythya coTTarl1s), ulden-aye ( ( bufflehead (Bucephala aloeola , and cbnmon ;ner9nnser (!4_yrgus meroyser). ' 7 ( 7 ^\Mgatory, flocks'.cf ducks and ' geese also utilizithe Clinch
'k \ Rivkrsantou.er areas. . Some species connon riurin'g migration U T I Anass l ncludh discors)American widgeon tenh and green-winged (Mareca
('Anas americana), blue-winged (U carolinensis),-redhea (Aythya. americana), canvasback (Aythya, vasTsineria), lesser H i scaup (Aythya afiinis), ruddy duck Qxy_ur_a, @ maicensis)' , ll } red-breastey rag
- ganser (Mergus jerator), and Mencan coot' q's I
(Fulica!g{ricanE).. I' Herpetofauna. Herpetofaun4 of the Oak Ridge area.has been
' described (Johnson, 1961,'.~ Stream and creek banks' provide
!' /
habitat for numerousifrogs while moist ravines are utilized by i 5
, salamanders (PMC,1975)1 Fence lizards occupy old field _ sites.
, i e and roadsides. Threetimporta t species include'the bull ' frog,- f I' i common snapping turtle, and e(astern spiny softshell turtle. 1
'. , ,b O Bullfrogs (RanacatIsbeiana)arefo'ndinpbnds, reservoirs.(
f p' s u ( ! s , marshes, and other permanent water sites throughout the' area. . Ay.p. tic invertebrates, crustaceans, and = terrestrial insects make - f) p) up the diet. '
.i &
s.
\ Sr. upping turtles (Chelydra serpentina)ipe found in. Streams,.
i\[
- i N.narshes, and ponds througfic'ut the aria. . (wtic plants, . 1 o cr/.yfish,tfish, clams, amphibians,:and carrion constitute their r
! 7 diet. ' i tt The diet ofMhe eastern spiny snfe. hell turtle (Trionyx spinifer j spinfer) is'similar to that of thpapping e turtle. T6is , L> species is ef sentially a' river turtle found:in the Clinch River 3 l (Johnson, E 4).
' 1 l b s s ]
i 3-Aouatic Ecolouy., Biological monitoring of the aquatic j environments in waters adjacent to the ORGDP site was ' i s conducted during 1977 and 1978. (Loar tit' e.1,/1981). 3 Figure D-2' 7j 3' s shows the locations of aquatic samplips st@lons associated with 9 i
. this monitoring effort. Additional detailet studies concerning the aquatic environment near'the site are also available (PMC,
' 1 i 1 h
o
. 1977; Exxon, 1976). A description of, the five major biotic' !
communities in waters adPcent to the sid follows.. ; e Phytoplankton. Phf$pbktoncommunitiesofthewatersaround tre site are typical cf riverine-reservoir habitats of the '
'( \
+
1 s
'i ,
sautneastypinited %$s. Diatoms predomir.3te during most e>f the year, wiD p#aksymong'the green and blue-green ; scomponents occurring occasionally. Densities are greatest in ? ' h'v late spring and early fall and generally greater at the most ,' 2
.p + downstream locations on the' Clinch River. .
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.t. cw is NOT TO SCM.E
\
A BIOLOGICAL MON /TORING STA170NS
~
+ PCM POPLAR CREEK MILE
+ CRM CUNCH RIVER MILE x
Figure D-2. Biological monitoring stations near ORGDP, 1977 - 1978. D-8
'~
The uppermost reaches of Poplar Creek had the least densities fG due to swifter currents and denser canopy cover. Community (") compositions also differed from other sample stations. Maximum densities in 1977-1978 occurred around site PCK 0.8 (PCM 0.5) (8480 units /ml) and CRK 18.5 (CRM 11.5) (12,890 units /ml) during late spring. A bloom of Carteria spp. was largely responsible for these densities. Cyclotella spp. and Rhodomonas spp. were also abundant at the same time. Similar species composition in lower densities were found at CRK 16.8 (CRM 10,5). Peak algal densities at CRK 24.1 (CRM 15.0) occurred at the same time but consisted of only 1956 units /ml. The most upstream Poplar Creek station had the lowest densities of any of the stations (528 units /ml), with the majority of organisms present being benthic diatoms. The reduced densities of phytoplankton here were likely due to swiftness of current and dense canopy over the stream, i The late summer-early fall total phytoplankton densities were l lower than the peak spring densities. The maximum density l during this period occurred at site PCK 0.8 (PCM 0.5) (9220 units /ml). The lower Poplar Creek and Clinch River stations were dominated by Scenedesmus spp. Other stations contained large percentages of blue-greens, with common genera being Schizothrix, Oscillatoria, and Merismopedia. ( Several factors probably limit algal growth in the vicinity of n ORGDP. Both winter and summer temperatures likely influence Q growth rates (Loar et al.,1981). Cold waters released from Melton Hill dam frequently result in lower temperatures in the Clinch River than in Poplar Creek. Turbidity may also influence algal photosynthesis, especially in Poplar Creek. i Pe riphyton. Periphyton dominance and abundance from June 1977 ! througn March 1978 were typical of patterns demonstrated in the Clinch River in previous years (PMC,1975; Union Carbide,1979). 4 Diacom contributions were highest during November through 4 Februa ry. Blue-green and green algae increased substantially in summer and early fall. Differences between stations were most evident in Poplar Creek. Density and biomass were both lowest l at the two most upstream stations. , 4 Daily mcan densities at PCK 17.7, 8.8, 0.8 (PCM 11.0, 5.5, and 0.5) were 567, 2862, and 13,185 units /cm2, respectively. Monthly periphyton densities in the Clinch River were as much as - two orders of magnitude greater than the two upstream Poplar Creek sites. PCK 8.8 (PCM 5.5), however, exhibited total i densities similar to the Clinch River sites between November ! 1977 and March 1978. Daily average ash-free dry weight biomass values at PCK 8.8 and 17.7 (PCM 5.5 and 11.0) were 66 mg/m2 and i 31 mg/m2, respectively. Biomass values at PCK 0.8 (PCM 0.5) I were the most similar to those of the Clinch River sites. These sites averaged greater than 160 mg/m2 per day during the period O b from August through November (Loar et al.,1981). The influence of Watts Bar Reservoir and decreased canopy density likely l contribute to the similarities of PCK 8.8 (PCM 0.5) to the Clinch River stations. l D-9
F Blue-green and green algae were relatively abundant during the (' late summer and early fall. They constituted a greater (' relative fraction of the totals at the Poplar Creek sites (11% to 54%) than at the Clinch River sites (10%). This is attributable to the greater diatom densities in the Clinch River. Blue-green algae densities were lowest at the two uppermost Poplar Creek stations and at CRK 24.1 (CRM 15.0). Unicellular green algae was common during the same period at PCK 0.8 (PCM 0.5) (Loar et al.,1981). The periphyton densities, composition, and season variations of the Clinch River and Poplar Creek sites are typical of those of' the moderately turbid rivers of.the eastern United States (Hynes,1970). Due to contributions of litter fall and runoff to detritus amounts in the uppermost reaches of Poplar Creek, it is less auxotrophic.than the Clinch River and lower Poplar Creek. Zooplankton. Rotifera was the most common zooplankton group collected from April 1977~ through March 1978. From May through October rotifera accounted for over 85% of the total zooplankton numbers of the Clinch River stations. This pattern is characteristic of riverine systems (Hynes,1970) and.has been clearly demonstrated in' previous Clinch River studies (PMC, 1975; Exxon, 1976; Union Carbide. 1979). Rotifera generally ( accounted for less than 50% of the total zooplankton numbers during winter. i O Other zooplankton groups periodically abundant during summer-and fall include copepoda and cladocera. Average annual relative abundance of rotifera in Poplar Creek was lower than i the Clinch River sites. Stations PCK 17;7 and PCK 8.8 (PCM l 11.0 and PCM 5.5) averaged 48% while PCK 0.8 (PCM 0.5) averaged j 55%. The zooplankton community of PCK 0.8 (PCM 0.5) exhibited l seasonal shifts intermediate between the upper and lower Clinch - River stations (Loar et al.,1981). Average annual densities of the Clinch River sites do not . significantly differ from each other. Additionally, all ! Poplar Creek sites had lower average densities than the Clinch River sites. The uppermost Poplar Creek site PCK 17.7 (PCM 11.0) exhibited very low densities, attributable to swiftness of current, absence of production backwater areas, and low primary production (Loar et al.,1981). Two. density peaks occurred during the ORGDP survey, one in June to July, the other in September and November. Maximum Clinch River densities occurred at sites CRK 18.5 (CRM 11.5) (105 organisms i per liter) and CRK 16.8 (CRM 10,5) (104.5 organisms per i liter). The maximum Poplar Creek densities occurred at PCys ! Fall 0.8 (PCM 0.5) (92.5 organisms per li;.er). lower at all stations exc
. i O
G D-10
Previous zooplankton studies have shown significantly higher (- densities than the ORGDP survey (PMC,1975; Exxon,1976; Union i' Carbide,1979). Differences between studies may be related to different sampling methodologies, sporadic discharges from Melton Hill Dam, and year to year natural variability in populations. Fluctuations of populations throughout the year were primarily due to changes in the numbers of the Rotifera genera Brachionus, Keratella, and Polyarthra, which have been described as the most abundant genera in the waterways of the United. States (Williams, 1966). Additionally, Asplanchna and Synchaeta were primarily responsible for zooplankton population increases from August to early October at the Clinch River Stations. ; Cladoceran densities generally exceeded copepod densities during the population peaks at the two lower Poplar Creek ;' stations and the two lower Clinch River stations. During December and January cladoceran densities exceeded copepod 1 densities at all Clinch River sites although actual numbers were i much lower during this period. - Spring copepod densities I exceeded cladoceran densities at the Clinch River stations during April and May 1977 and March 1978. The ORGDP survey identified Bosmina longirostris and Leptodora f' kindtii as the dominant cladocerans. Sida crystalline was also abundant during the survey, although not commonly n ( reported in previous studies. Additionally, the cladoceran Diaphanasoma leuchtenbergianum was much more abundant in past surveys (PMC, 1975; Exxon, 1976; Union Carbide, 1979). Benthic Macroinvertebrates. Benthic community structure is l influenced by a variety of factors including current, water chemistry, substrate compo.sition, and ' trophic dynamics (Wilhm and Dorris,1968; Ranson and Dorris,1972; Barber and Kevern, 1973). Reservoir construction and manipulation of water levels and flows have influenced the composition of benthic communities in the Clinch River and Poplar Creek near the ORGDP site (Loar et al.,1981; Lyman,1942; Chutter,1969; Isom,1971). Collections of benthic macroinvertebrates from grab sampling between April 1977 and March 1978 were dominated by the phyla Arthropoda (primarily Diptera), Annelida (primarily . . Oligochaeta), and Mollusca (primarily Pelecypoda). Of the total number of organisms collected, these groups represented 47%, 38% and 15%, respectively. The Clinch River sites were dominated by oligochaetes (45% of the total number) and dipterans (25% of the total number). Poplar Creek sites reversed this pattern with dipterans comprising 50% and oligochaetes 37%. The relative
/ abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates at the six sampling i locations near the site are shown in Table D-1.
D-11 L
Table D-1. Relative abundance (%) of benthic macroinvertebrates at'the six ORGDP sampling' sit'esa (Source: Loar-etal.,1981) Poplar Creek Mile D Clinch River Mile b 11.0 5.5 0.5 '15.0 11.5 10.5-Diptera Chironomidae 43.4. 54.4. 31.2 32.5; 22.3 16.3 Ceratopogonidae 2.6. 0.4- 2.8 0.5 .2.4-Chaoborus punctipennis 1.2 12.7 0.3: 2.1' 1.0 Others- 0.7- ~0.4 Total 46.6 '56.4 46.7 33.3 26.8 17.3-Oligochaeta Tubificidae 25.4 31.3 34.2 37.3 50.5' 43.6 Others 1.0 1.2 0.6 1.4: 0.8 1.0 Total 26.4 32.5 34.8 38.7: 51.3 .44.6 Pelecypoda Corbicula manilensis 20.1 0.4 0.5 '26.2- 8.8 ( - 28.7 Others 0.5 3.3 3.6 0.3 0.6 1.0 Total 20.6 3.7 4.1 26.5 9.4- 29.7 Ephemeroptera Hexagenia limbata 3.3 13.2 0.3 8.7 '6.4 Others 1.7 .._ 0.3 Total 1.7 3.3 13.2 0.6 8.7 6.4 Coleoptera Dubiraphia 2.2 2.5 0.3 0.5 0.5 Others .0.3 Total 2.2 2.5 0.3 0.8 0.5 Tricoptera 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.3. 1.0' . Amphipoda- 1.5 e Others 2.3 1.2 0.9 0.3 '1.2 0.5
- a. Values were calculated from samples collected on seven dates between April 1977 and March 1978.
- b. Sampling sites are shown in Fig. D-2.
I c. Includes the following orders: Gastropoda, Hydracarina, Isopoda, Megaloptera, Nematoda, Odonata. D-12
Mean annual densities at all sample locations were generally b) (" highest from April through September. Densities of the benthos ranged from 412 organisms /m2 at CRK 16.8 (CRM 10.5) to 856 organisms /m2 at PCK 17.7 (PCM 11.0). Summer peak densities were due in part to increases in chironomid (Diptera) populations. September high densities may be attributable to growth and maturation of tubificids (Oligochaeta) and Corbicula manilensis (Mollusca). I ) is used for comparison The Shannon-Wiener ' diversity index. (H of low to moderately diverse benthic communities {PMC,1975; Loar et al.,1981; Exxon,1976). The values of H were below 2.00 for all sample locations in the ORGDP survey. These values indicate a relatively low diversity compared to benthic aquatic communities in general. Diversity at PCK 0.8 (PCM 0.5) on Poplar Creek and CRK.18.5 (CRM 11.5) on the Clinch-River was relatively high compared to the other sample locations. l A total of 67 taxa were collected during the survey, with 22 being members of Chironomidae (Dipterd). Four of these collectively accounted for 22% of all the organisms collected. They were the genera Procladius, Polypedilum, Cryptochirononues, and Tribelos. In the two downstream Poplar Creek stations, PCK 8.8 (PCM 5.5) and PCK 0.8 (PCM 0.5), Procladius constituted fry 38.7% and 15.2%, respectively. Several chironomid genera are utilized by the bottom-feeding fish of the Clinch River (Exxon, (V' 1 1976). Aquatic earthworms, primarily of the family Tubificidae, were predominant at all sample locations throughout the year. The l majority of the tubificids were Limnodrilus, Branchiura l sowerbyi, and sexually immature individuals. The dominant i species, by weight, found_in the ORGDP study area was Corbicula manilensis (Mollusc'a). This introduced species, the Asiatic clam, is widely distributed. It likely represents the majority of the biomass of the Clinch River benthic organisms and is utilized in the diet of many Clinch River fish species (PMC,
^
1975;SinclairandIsom,1963). Fish. At least 10 surveys over the last.20 years have documented the fish communities of the lower Clinch River (Loar, et al . ,1981). Both Watts Bar and Melton Hill reservoirs have been intensively studied using several sampling - methodologies. A summary and comparison of these past studies is found in Loar et al. (1981). Gill netting and H electroshocking from April 1977 through March 1978 resulted in , 30 fish species from 10 families being collected during the ORGDP study (Loar et al.,1981). The Clinch River stations were j comprised of 58% game fish,14% rough fish, and 28% forage fish. f Poplar Creek stations revealed 32% game fish, 23% rough fish, O O and 45% forage fish. D-13
Significant changes in the relative abundance of species p/ t appear to have occurred after the completion of Melton Hill 1 Dam (Fitz, 1968). Prior to completion of the dam, gizzard i shad and rough fishes were probably dominant; since then a . decrease in the ratio of rough to game fish has occurred. Fish. communities between Melton Hill Dam are also subjected to the influence of Watts Bar Reservoir. l Two members of the family Clupeidae, the gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) and threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense), have , generally constituted the major portion of the total fish density and biomass in the lower Clinch River. Classified as ; forage fish, they have consistently been the most numerous i species collected form the Clinch River in the vicinity of the Oak Ridge Reservation. i Shad represented from 38% to 74% of the total numbers of fish collected in recent surveys (PMC, 1975; Loar et al., 1981;- Exxon,1976). In a 1975-1976 survey, threadfin shad were extremely abundant in fall and winter but much less common in springandsummercollections(Exxon,1976). Threadfin shad are very sensitive to low temperatures and, as such, subject to high winter mortality rates (Strawn,1965; Griffith,1978). The low numbers of this species collected in the 1977-1978 surveys near ORGDP may be the result of a relatively severe winter in 1977. Only a small fraction of the total fish biomass has historically
/N)
(~~' consisted of threadfin shad (PMC,1975; Exxon,1976; TVA,1976a, 1976b,1976c). l Gizzard shad tend to have a more northerly range than threadfin (Carlander, 1969). They were the most common species collected during the ORGDP survey, comprising 24% of the total number collected from the Clinch River and 44% l of the total from Poplar Creek. Additionally, Gizzard shad attributed 31% of the total biomass. Average weights of gizzard shad collected from Poplar Creek were greater than those from the Clinch River, primarily due to older individuals present in the creek during the spawning season. Distribution of white bass (Morone chrysops) in the ORGDP survey indicates this species migrates up Poplar Creek to spawn in the l l spring. Similar to the gizzard shad, some individual white bass I remain in the creek for extended periods; however, the majority s return to the reservoir after spawning (Loar et al.,1981). - 1 Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) have been introduced into the 1 area near ORGDP; however, natural reproduction has not been , documented. Yellow bass (Morone mississippiensis), also collected in the ORGDP survey, may indicate this species is extending its range in the upper sections of Watts Bar Reservoir (TVA,1976c). Percichthydae and Clupeidae together accounted ,
% for 50% of the total fish biomass of the study. Table D-2 gives 1 ! the numerical and biomass relative abundances of each family for j C) the six sample sites. i D-14
s s a 9 2 5 6 7 6 6 9 q] 5 0 1 i B m o 5 2 1 4 1 6 1 2 2 7 1 s M r R e 0 4 8 3 5 7 1 1 C b : . . m 5 3 5 1 2 5 3 3 u 4 3 N s s a 4 5 7 6 6 3 7 6 6 m 5 o 1 6 0 6 1 0 7 4 0 i 1 3 3 1 B 1 s a M r s R e 9 3 4 0 0 0 6 9 0 e C b
, t m 2 6 0 1 1 1 3 2 1 s i u 5 2 1
_ s s N a m y s o e s i v ~ a 7 5 4 1 9 3 byr m . . bu 0 o 2 2 5 8 7 3 d s i 1 4 1 1 nd 5 B aeP 1 tD s rcG) M r eeR1 R e 1 9 8 2 2 8 bl O8 C b ml 9 m 3 1 3 6 7 7 uox1 u 2 4 1 nci N s , y) . s bstl s eaa a 3 4 6 2 4 8 2 5 7 _ ,i m el gt o 6 7 6 4 0 0 4 8 1
/ cine 5 i 1 3 1 1 nmi B L aak r df ca n oo 0
M s r u yh L C e 0 8 2 5 4 0 9 0 1 bb s P b . a( or: m 5 1 5 2 0 5 2 0 7 u 2 4 1 tht e N nscc eier s cfl u s r eo a 5 9 0 0 1 6 0 4 4 et S m . Pl d( o 6 4 5 3 4 5 8 1 1 . un 5 i 1 3 1 I 1 2 a B -
.d a g 5 D 2 s f n M r e Doi C e 3 4 1 4 9 0 5 0 4 r t P b u e t m 6 7 3 3 1 1 3 1 2 g l e u 1 5 1 i b n N F a
T l s n l s i i g a 1 7 3 7 2 m . n 0 o 1 3 1 2 1 w _ i 4 2 3 o 1 B h _ - 1 s s M r e . C e 3 1 4 2 0 0 r P b . a m 6 9 7 3 1 3 'x u 2 3 2 s N e t e i e e a s e a a d . a d e e d i g _ d i e a a i y e n - i h e a d d e h a i _ m c a d i i t t e d l o r d i t r s h a i p A t a i n n u o c d n s r e i o l s i i e a m .
% o t p r d a i c c a S t n u p o t p r r i -
a e C C C C H l y i c e e e c . I L P P S a - o'.
In recent lower Clinch River surveys, Centrarchidae have accounted for the greatest number of species. In the ORGDP survey centrarchids were second only to clupeids in the numerical abundance of individuals (Loar et al.,1981). Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), and white crappie (Pomoxis annularis) constituted tne majority of the centrarchids numbers and biomass. Along with percichthyids and sauger (Stizostedion canadense), they are the most common game fish in the ORGDP area. Catostomidae members constitute the majority of rough fish in the area and are primarily represented by the smallmouth buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus) and silver redhorse (Moxostoma anisurum). Catostomids represented 41% and 26% of the total biomass at sites PCK 17.7 (PCM 11.0) and CRK 16.8 (CRM 10.5), respectively. Low proportions of rough fish biomass at the two lowermost Clinch River sites resulted in high game fish representations of 481, at CRK 18.5 (CRM 11.5) and 44% at CRK 16.8 (CRM 10,5) (Loar et al., 1981). Ichthyoplanktons (fish eggs and larvae) were collected weekly from March through September 1978 in the ORGDP survey (Loar et al.,1981). The primary purpose of the collections was to determine the seasonal occurrence of ichthyoplankton, the spawning success of various adult taxa, and the relative contribution of Poplar Creek to the Clinch River populations. The possibility that a tributary scream, such as Poplar Creek, may function as a major spawning area for several species was considered. There were two larval fish peaks during the ORGDP study. One occurred in mid-April, the second, larger peak extended from late May through June. Except for the late April-early May period, when densities of both streams were similar, Poplar Creek exhibited substantially higher densities than did the Clinch River. Densities at all Poplar Creek' sampling stations were relatively similar throughout the study period. Late May produced the highest densities on Poplar Creek with all sample stations exceeding 50 larval fish /m3 The Clinch River stations revealed peak fish larval densities in early May. These densities were at or below 1 larval fish /m3 Lowest density samples from the Clinch River tended to come from station CRK 24.1 (CRM 15.0). . The peak egg densities (10 eggs /m3) were found at station PCK 17.7(PCM11.0). They occurred in early May, preceding the second larval peak. Egg densities were much smaller at all of the other sample locations. Sampling methodology may be partially responsible for these differences since the entire / water column at the shallow PCK 17.7 (PCM 11.0) was sampled while only the upper meter was sampled elsewhere. D-16
^
Ichthyoplankton sampling at sites PCK 0.8 (PCM 0.5) and CRK 18.5 (CRM 11.5) was also conducted at night from May through O' early July. The night sampling was conducted to determine differences in larval size, abundance, or species composition I which might be attributable to gear avoidance or natural temporal fluctuations (Loar et al.,1981). Plants. Table D-3 lists the rare, threatened, and endangered plant species native to Roane and/or Anderson counties. One endangered species and five threatened species have been identified on the ORR. Within the 3000 m (9842 ft) radius of the site, the threatened black snakeroot (Cimicifuaa aubitolia) occurs. It has been identified from the base of a nortnwest facing slope near a small floodplain of Grassy Creek. Black snakeroot requires calcareous soils of mesic sites where minimal disturbance has occurred. Animals. Rare, threatened, and endangered animal species observed or witn the potential to exist on th: ORR are listed in Table D-4. Of the eighteen species listed one mammal, the eastern mountain lion (Felis concolor) and seventeen (17) avian species are noted. No fecerally threatened or endangered site; however,avian species the federally have beenbald endangered observed nesting (on the eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus) has been observed along the Clinch River. The r sixteen (16) other avian species have been placed on the National Audubon Society Blue List due to continued population O, declines. There is considerable likelihood that some of these species may utilize parts of the site area due to their mobility.
- Over the past decade as many as twenty-two (22) unverified sightings of the federally endangered eastern mountain lion have been reported (Union _ Carbide, 1979). Three of these sightings were recorded within 2 km (1.2 miles) of the ORGDP site. A program to provide verified evidence of this predator's presence is currently underway (Union Carbide, 1979).
Aouatic Species. The Clinch River and its tributaries contained several endemic species prior to impoundment. These species are now primarily confined to the unaltered regions above Norris Reservoir. Approximately thirty (30) endemic mullusk species have been identified above the reservoir while . none have been recently recorded below it (Stansberry,1973). While several endangered or threatened species have been listed by the Federal government and the State of Tennessee as occurring in the Clinch River system (U.S. Supt. Documents, 1976; U.S. Supt. Documents 1977a; TWRA, 1975; TWRA, 1977), none has recently been collected from the lower impounded f section of the river (Stansberry,1973). The ORGDP study (Loar et al.,1981) revealed no threatened or endangered aquatic species. One specimen of the endangered pink mucket pearly mussel (Lamosilis orbiculata) was found in the Clinch River near the site in 1982 (DOE, 1985). No other record of its occurrence has been documented in the area. D-17
- Table D-3. Native-plant species of Roane and/or Anderson counties, Tennessee, that are rare, threatened, endangered, or of special concern v (Sources: Smithsonian Institution,1975; Sharp,1974; Parr and Taylor,1978)
Species Status a Proximity to ORGDP Medicus (Apios priceana) E Oak Ridge Reservation Bradley's spleenwort (Asplenium bradleyi) R Roane and Anderson counties False foxglove (Aureolaria patula) Th Dak Ridge Reservation Black snakeroot (Cimicifuga rubifolia) Th Within 3000-m radius of site Talllarkspur(Delphiniumexaltatus) Sc Oak Ridge Reservation Nodding mandarin (Disporium maculatum) R Anderson County Purple cone-flower (Echinaceae purpurea) R Roane County Large fothergilla (Fothergilla major) R, Sc Oak Ridge Reservation Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) R Oak Ridge Reservation Canada lily (Lilium canadense) Sc Oak Ridge Reservation Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) R, Th Oak Ridge Reservation f" Sharp's mock-orange (Philadelphus sharpianus) R Roane and Anderson counties Gaywings (Polygala paucifolia) R Roane County Carey's saxifrage (Saxifraga careyana) Th Oak Ridge Reservation Carolina saxifrage (Saxifraga carolinana) Th Oak Ridge Reservation Lesser ladies' tresses (Spiranthes ovalis) Sc Oak Ridge Reservation
- a. E = endangered; R = rare, Th = threatened; Sc = special concern.
b D-18
# Table D-4. Rare, threatened, and endangered
( wildlife species observed on the ORR
\ (Sources: National Audubon Society, 1977; USDOI, 1974)-
Species Status a Local Habitats Canvasback (Aythya valisineria) BL Lakes, ponds, river, marshes Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii) BL Open woodlands and edges, groves Sharp-shinned hawk (Accipter striatus) BL Open woodlands and edges, forest thickets Marshhawk(Circuscyaneus) BL Marshes and grasslands Red-shoulderedhawk(Buteolineatus) BL Moist woodlands, open woodlands, edges Baldeagle(Haliaeetusleucocephalus) E Lakes, rivers Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) BL Lakes, rivers Sparrowhawk(Falcosparveriuspaulus) BL Open country, farmlands, roadsides wooded. streams, cities Barn owl (Tyto alba) BL Woodlands,. edges, groves,
~
fields, farms, towns Purple martin (Progne subis) BL Open forests,~ towns, farms
/ Bewick's wren (Thryomanes bewickii) BL Thickets, underbrush, farms, V woodlands, fence rows Eastern bluebird (Sialia sialis) BL Open country, roadsides, open woodlands Loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianut.) BL Open county.with lookout posts,.
~
farmland with scattered trees Yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia) BL Stream-side woods of willow and-poplars, town, shade trees, swamps, orchards Grasshopper sparrow BL Hay fields, weedy fallow fields, ( Ammodramus savarannarum) grasslands Henslow's sparrow BL Weedy fields , (Passherbulus henslowii) Bachman's sparrow (Aimophila aestivalis) BL Open pine 'or oak woods, brushy pastures, abandoned brushy-fields, old orchards Eastern mountain lion (Felis concolor) E Closed forests
- a. BL = Blue List; E = endangered.
D-19
i f
,I- Eight endangered mollusk species occupying the upper river l 4
\') system generally require unmodified habitats for survival (Stansberry, 1973) . Similar habitat restrictions apply to the l
three threatened fish species recorded in the Clinch River system. These fish species include the slender chub (Hybopsis cahni) found in the upper Clinch, the yellowfin madtom i (Noturus flavipennis) from the tributaries of the upper. Clinch, ano the spotfin chub (Hybposis monacha) found in the Emory River. Portions of the steams in which these species occur have been designated as critical habitat (U.S. Supt. Documents,1977b). One mullusk (Leptodea leptodon) reported as rare in 1971 from
~
the lower Clinch has not been recorded in the area for several decades (Stansberry, 1973; Stansberry, 1971). The major reason for the decline of listed endangered and threatened species has apparently been the impoundment of the river system (Isom,1971). (~
/N
( __ 4 1 4 0
\ I
~
_s l D-20
.r o I APPENDIX E REGULATORY AGENCY RESPONSES b l l 4 6 0 0
RECEiEl DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY NASHVILLE DISTRICT CORPS OF ENGINEERS s e P. O. BOX 1070 JUN.11 W
/ N ASHVILLE. TENN ESS CE 37202 1070 June 10, 1987 -
.,i . L .j.
O\
.. ..n , ..... ,,
Regulatory Branch
SUBJECT:
A11 Chemical Isotope Enrichment', Inc. (A1ChemIE)LGas Centrifuge Stable Isotope Enrichment Facility
' Mr.. Dwight C. Flynn-MCI Consulting Engineers, Inc.
P.O. . Box 23010 Knoxville,. Tennessee 37933-1010
Dear Mr. Flynn:
Thank you for your May 26, 1987 letter requesting our' input - with respect to permitting' requirements of the Department of the Army for the subject. proposal.. We have reviewed the location of the proposed facility and
' determined that this proposal would ' not impact ' wate rs : of the
, United States over which the Corps of Engineers has regulatory-l jurisdiction. Therefore, no Department . of the Army Permit will l f be required. - l We appreciate the opportunity to comment on the subject activity. If you have further questions regarding. o ur permit. program, please let us know. 2
,di cerely, ,
% EL ,
! John I. Case, J .
" Chief, Eastern Regulatory Section Operations &. Readiness Division 1
1 O l l E .
jg 'itL ~.! . LO I m- rm I D37 5%f7 TENNESSEE DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
- O --
NASHvtLI. TEMESSEE 372194237
'i i AUGUST 27, 1987 MONTE C. MCDONALD MCI CONSULTING ENGINEERS. INC. i
. 10628. UUTCHTOWN t(D. , P. O. B0x 23010 i KNUXVILLE, TN 3/933-1010 RE: ALL'CHMICAL ISOTOPE: ENR!CHMENT, INC. 6AS CENTRIFUGE STABLE ISOTOPE ENRICHMENT FACILITY i 1 DEAR MR. MCDONALD:
'lN RESPONSE TO YOUR LETTER CONCERNING THE ABovE, PLEASE.
BE ADVISED THAT THE DIV!SION OF ECot0GICAL SERV!CES DATA _. BASE PRESENTLY INDICATES NO RECORDED OCCURRENCES OF-ANY THNEATENED, ENDANGERED, OR OTHERWISE RARE SPEC!ES OF PLANTS' OR ANIMAt.S IN THE IMMEDIATE VICINITY OF THE AREA IN ( OUEST10N. 1 HOPE TH!S INFORMATION WILL.PkovE HELPFUL. IF.YOU NEED ADDITIONAL INFORMATION. PLEASE FEEL FREE 70 CONTACT ME Al b15//42-6552. 81RCERELY, . OBERTA . HYLTON ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW COORDINATOR . DIVISION OF ECOLOGICAL SERVICES l REH: PT i v E-2 ;
i United States Departrnent of the Interior I e {a g^ g 6 ,..
~r FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE-Post Office Box 845
- -'-.3.g Cookeville, TN 38501
%, ..a
^
June 11, 1987 Mr. Dwight C. Flynn Senior Project. Manger MCI Consulting Engineers, Inc. 10623 Outchtown Road P. O.' Box 23010 u Knoxville, TN 37933-1010 Re: All Chemical Isotope-En'richmen't, Inc. (AlChemIE) Gas Centrifuge
. Stable Isotope. Enrichment Facility Anderson Co., TN.
Dear Sir:
The U. S.. Fish and Wildlife Service has reviewed the material provided dated May 26, 1987, concerning the above facility. Adverse impacts to fish and wildlife. resources could result from implementation of this proposal; however, due.to manpower and funding limitations'we cannot at this time provide significar.t , comments. Thank you for the opportunity for review and comment. Sincer ly, ____I kNe-David R. Parsons Acting Field Supervisor DRP/bb o E-3
s-I N O E. TENNESSEE HISTORICAL COMMISSION DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION 701 BROADWAY NASHVILLE. TENNESSEE 37219-1237 615/742 6716 WJ.44 5. 1987 Monte C. Mcdonald MCI Consulting Engineers , P. O. Box 23010 l Knoxville. Tennessee 37933-1010 , l Re: ALChen!E Gas Centrifuge Stablo Isotope Enrichment ' Facility. Oak Ridge. Anderson County
Dear Mr. Mcdonald:
1 The above-referenced undertaking has been reviewed with re- ) gard to National Historic Prosorvation Act. compliance by the i participating fodoral agency or its designated representa-
/5 x tive. Procedures for taplomonting Section 106 of the Act
( ,) are codiflod at 30 CPR 800 (51 FR 31115 Septenbor 2. 1988). i Based on available information. it is our opinion that, due to the location and size of the area of potential effects { and the scope and nature of the undertaking, the proposed j project will have no effect on National Register or eligible ! properties. Therefore, unless project plans are changed or : National Register-eligible propefties are discovered during project laplementation. no additional action is necessary to comply with the Act. . l The applicant or federal agency should keep this letter as evidence of compliance with Section 106. Questions or com-ments should be directed to Joe Garrison (615)742-6720. Your cooperation is appreciated. ! Sincerely. i Herbert L. Harper Executive Director and Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer {--). (/ N. HLH:ab E-4}}