Text

Forwards Weekly Event Summary,Agenda,Attendance List & Viewgraphs for Research Briefing Entitled, Evaluating Monitoring Strategies for Auditorium on 980709
	ML20236Y137
Person / Time
Issue date:	08/03/1998
From:	Thomas Nicholson; NRC OFFICE OF NUCLEAR REGULATORY RESEARCH (RES)
To:	; NRC
References
	NUDOCS 9808110197
	Download: ML20236Y137 (150)
	v • d • e

..

nRec oq g

<L UNITED STATES g

j' NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION i

e WASHINGTON, D.C. 20666 4 001 8

g,..... j August 3,1998 MEMORANDUM TO:

Nuclear Document System (NUDOCS)

FROM:

Thomas J. Nicholson [p Waste Management Brancfr

~ Division of Regulatory Applications Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research

SUBJECT:

PUBLIC MEETING ON EVALUATING MONITORING STRATEGIES FOR THE UNSATURATED ZONE Attached for your processing are the; (1) weekly event summary, (2) agenda, (3) attendance list,-and (4) viewgraphs for the research briefing entitled " Evaluating Monitoring Strategies for

the Unsaturated Zone: Lessons Leamed at the Maricopa Field Site" held at NRC Headquarters Auditorium on July 9,1998. This research briefing was open to the public, and had been identified in the NRC Homepage list of public meetings, and the NRC Technical Conference Forum site (http://techconf.llnl. gov).

If you have any questions or if I can be of further assistance, please call me at 415-6208.

Attachments: As stated cc:

Public Document Room i

f L

.i I

l b

w

,+

Mr G594 pgt

=

1

WEEKLY EVENT OFFICE OF NUCLEAR REGUI.ATORY RESEARCH ITEMS OF INTEREST WEEK ENDING JULY 11,1998 d

RES PUBLIC h4EETING ON EVALUATING MONITORING STRATEGIES FOR THE UNSATURATED ZONE RES staff, in consultation with NMSS staff, organized a one-day public meeting in the NRC Headquarters Auditorium on July 9th to present important research findings to the NRC staff, Agreement State regulators, other Federal Agencies, DOE national laboratory scientists and the public. The research study, developed in response to an NMSS user need statement, field tested four different monitoring strategies related to subsurface flow and transport above the water table. The research study originally focused on low-level waste facility and site reviews, was later extended to incorporate decommist!oning site issues. The research results provide technical bases for review of monitoring programs which may be required at decommissioning sites involving restrictions to ensure stabilized waste conditions. The research presentation,

" Evaluating Monitoring Strategies for the Unsaturated Zone: Lessons Leamed at the Maricopa Field Site" was made by Dr. Peter J. Wierenga, Dr. Art Warrick, Dr. Michael Young and Mr. Lon Hoffman from the University of Arizona's Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences. The research findings focused on: monitoring strategies and components tested; description of the Maricopa field site and water application experiments conducted over a range of saturations; performance measures addressed in the field testing; advantages and disadvantages of the monitoring systems tested including reliability and durability; statistical tools available for analyzing the various monitoring datasets; and costs related to emplacement and servicing of the monitoring systems tested. The public meeting was well attended with over 50 scientists and engineers from the U.S. Geological Survey, DOE, EPA, Agricultural Research Service, DOE national laboratories, the CNWRA, Agreement States, private consulting firms, and RES, NRR and NMSS staff. Research results including the lessons leamed presented at this public meeting will be documented in two NUREG/CR's to be available in the Fall.

Contact:

Tt cmas J. Nicholson, WMB/DRA/RES (301) 415-6268 L

-- _o

ww&B&is%n -aw.

(

GRUBLIC ATTENDEES %lSTt,

NAME' L AFFILIATION L

-LOCATIONi WORK PH # topilones

' ' ~

A% l^Id/ face.

UJGS A%4, Vi4

m. 574 -i z 99 tPh

&PA crvrb1l G1v< 0A 701-ncT 9sgl l

3. -

64 u hd-AC A Eh$

(,evmwdoten Eb[ 353-0372 DMLeudf JUE buhrfV N2ff-W/ 3

4. -

dem Aune eM cJask h O c 20z 5%+ %,of l

5-gfgg'g gi g 77uag grg 337 g7gggg '

6. -

' ~

/WYlL,N ONw %L Wiew (A

40V 9 W Soo';

lda _ h/$1W likLbhR

- ~

9' -

~S<N}dd 16 Gst-TVt-84 Yf

{f en a occoocum trro Ceo sec vr toi-syeGoo

~

huu.J bcar$A [

NystRDA ue=T bae v, +1 H e 9 42 - 4 900

" ' ~

y~ kL d bot C-,, ~ % in w - oog-nn jf < j gpgtM ggg4 ggv,c-(

.g, 9gg g g 4

12. -

'3' -

j,wG,1,L

& 4r Org m 34 -s93(,

~

0cc Nl S:

on/ ldfa Eb s 'l T - 41X 9

~

fort nces w,$o]Nn 0D&

hv<eh t D C, 100 %% D vt r

'6' ~

s%v.s %ww a50s Pa euw tw x ca (esi) sn w2.e,

~

We m S nic.,

V 5 E ?k hoDa {<!b

[202-) 5~G4 - G 771

18. -

A4 'P/sq=, & ds &FA 4%dm, V A 64) M- <m

/ % 'rdW l,u d che/osr/%c G4k nn Sa') 92r-Gr a-

'9' -

/

bo m a) /ull l M Ifco GashMWb5 GIG-b%6' g

gg ug g g. g g3, gg gjj3g ;L,,y977p

21. -

lb d.s w vst A ps Re b; tt. Mrs

~

P SMr mcIscce,a uteu t>A v3 74e got 23 -

1"-

Vh'la,LD7L w khML A?cu J,t.of S~of-Ptr-6032 2

~

L.Do-N tto H Ce

% m-Gsk 5-as. -

cb A lb ' D CE uJ<rk DC M "3 3643

n CeG.e_,ECXD.,..e$N,DEE..,_S?EISE,..

~ ~

.e m.m. -

m

~

,cn ; gg 2NAME

' AFFILIATION.

LOCATION !

WORK PH # topuonen

~

La o ra n < / L 4.

(E P A c._i,/./r.h

/O 2 3ay-522 3 2* ~

N'ev - Ch : (l m Do@

h/cd4 DC.

9e f-9 0 5 -Ill R

/

3. -

haJfl Rdh cumtA - SAr s-Ain. iv 2io-n > -a r, e

~

4. -

Ji~ W LW

s. -

ff,2. w. a s e T h e r ~ % 4 2-5" - ' x - H ' "

l

6. -

g 7 & ;ce M. A M' ~h" Mc sa, Ab S~J 0 - GX~ 'O's 1

7. ~

8. -

9. -

l

10. -

11. -

12. -

l

13. -

l

14. -

15. -

16. -

17. -

18. -

19. -

20. -

I

21. -

22. -

23. -

l

24. -

25. -

l

+

-i 9

NRC ATTENDEES LIST I

l-NAMEi AFFILIATION -

LOCATION :

WORK PH # (opuersi) 1-MAA.f /Mentcd bCE -HG G S M M To u) d 3s/- 9ss-694f 2' - Mut% w,d Dr/m Wo ni-os~ ' 7! t W #"?

N # /

N&

7*I ~ W~ E PE*2-

3. -

4. -

Sff C;a ao own ao sel-sig - s 3 91 Tacic Pacco+ _

amss/pasn, ila 2ci-vi5-<.ron

s. -

hnKM&lV en /Ates 40 m-w;- s/ts 6-

/b/ d&

Akb

4 Jcv $/s-S259 7-

&q f'u n t__

' (& 4 (y9)y;2.sof j

8. -

9. -

Lakf b,t _

N AC.

(3oi) y/f-CC3c7 5l eves %bwm N Ik Sf)

H$

30/- Dr-nd A

i 11 -

wr hvu mus t r-cs3 Mo N - 4 t e-see

12. -

1%lip Meyer p,sy C p,M so - m - q G t-GwoO*DNoa,q (T/KC 14 9 3cv/Wir-4Ecr

13. -

14 -

Iou / Nort 4 a N a c-i+ 9 a ci _ y,y - n,y M])g t> g h r, h)

W c,g 3

)

15. -

ger U d r NRC-/REs Md 30 _ 415 - 622-7

16. -

W N C/N.s ~

Jec//EFS t><>L il' -

M-y' 5 - G 24T 18 ~ dkm B A IJ n. J/ Durn 4o Sol-os.6s4 7

19. -

0 4

20. -

21. -

22. -

23. -

24. -

25. -

26. -

l l

J

l' Y

EVALUATING MONITORING STRATEGIES FOR TIIE UNSATURATED ZONE:

LESSONS LEARNED AT TIIE MARICOPA FIELD SITE Date:

July 9,1998 Location:

NRC IIcadquarters Auditorium 11545 Rockville Pike Rockville, Maryland Speakers:

Dr. Peter J. Wierenga, Dr. Art Warrick, Dr. Michael Young and Lon Iloffman Research Organization:

Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona Time 9:00 - 9:15 a.m.

Briefing Objectives and Introductions - Thomas Nicholson, USNRC/RES 9:15 - 10:15 First Session: Description of Monitoring Strategies & Field Site -

Dr. Peter ll'ierenga, Head. Department ofSoil, ll'ater & Environmental Sciences, UAZ Description of the monitoring strategies tested (i.e., buried trench, monitoring islands, a.

vertical boreholes, and geophysical methods) b.

Discussion of performance measures (e.g., changes in moisture content, tension and concentrations) considered, and role of monitoring in performance confirmation c.

Brief overview of the Maricopa field site d.

Question period 10:15 BREAK 10:30 - 11:30 Second Session: Data Analysis and Management-Dr. Art II'arrick, UAZ Description of system attributes and target populations for the monitoring strategies a.

tested b.

Statistical tools and interpretations c.

Database structure related to performance measures d.

Strengths and weaknesses of each strategy with respect to data analysis e.

Question period 12:00 LUNCII l

1 l

I I

\\

L____

J

l 9

)

EVALUATING MONITORING STRATEGIES FOR TIIE UNSATURATED ZONE:

LESSONS LEARNED AT Tile MARICOPA FIELD SITE (agenda - continued) 1:00 - 2:30 p.m.

Third Session: Advantages / Disadvantages of Monitoring Strategies -

Dr. Michael Yoimg', Georgia Institute of Technolog Strengths and weaknesses ofindividual strategies with respect to monitoring program a.

objectives and performance measures b.

Installation, maintenance and replacement considerations for the system components within the individual monitoring strategies Discussion of specific site conditions and processes as they affect monitoring strategy c.

perfoanance d.

Question period 2:30 BREAK 2:45 - 3:15 Fourth Session: Cost Analysis - Lon Hofmann. UAZ 3:15 - 3:45 Summary and Conclusions-Dr. Wierenga UAZ 3:45 -4:30 Group Discussion - T. Nicholson, USNRC/RES, Moderator 4:30 ADJOURN l

i l

l

' Now at the School of Civil / Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of l

Technology.

2 3

O Outline for Session:

1.

Definitions 2.

Major goals of unsaturated zone monitoring 3.

Advantage and disadvantages of the four monitoring strategies described earlier, with respect to:

Ability of the strategy to achieve goals of the monitoring program Installation of the strategy and individual systems Maintenance of monitoring instruments and systems Replacement of monitoring instruments and systems 4.

Breakdown of subgoals for monitoring programs

)

1 I

J

Some Definitions Definition of monitoring - Code of Federal Regulations, 1990,10 CFR 61, Subpart A:

" Monitoring" means observing and making measurements to provide data to evaluate the performance and characteristics of the disposal site Other definitions:

Monitoring orogram - a set of monitoring strategies, including data collection intervals, analytical methods and data analysis Monitoring strategy - a set of monitoring systems that emphasize a specific concept or philosophy i

Monitoring system - a system that collects the output of sensors (Dictionary of Science and Technology, Academic Press,1992)

{

I Monitoring instrument - an device or sensor that collects information about the site environs l

J

Major Goals of Unsaturated Zone Monitoring To provide early warning of releases of contaminants (e.g., radionuclides) from disposal sites before they reach the facility boundary To design a system that reduces or eliminates active maintenance, and one that I

emphasizes protection of the facility during potential future replacement of instruments To use strategies that focus on redundant observations of performance measures, reducing the dependency of the program on a single monitoring system l

l l

i I

I

..___--._._-___.__.______--a

Monitoring Trench Strategy Advantaaes -

Soil water conditions are monitored along a potentially long horizontal transect - this provides estimates of the spatial variability of hydraulic conditions at a specific depth Spatial variability of wetting front arrival can be determined - indicates level of consistency of site closure Disadvantaa_ es -

l Establishing a hydraulic gradient through deeper soils is difficult - shallowness of trench limits the number of instruments in vertical transect Trench strategy emphasizes near-surface conditions -

changes could be occurring in deeper soils, which would not be monitored with this strategy I

l

I Monitoring Trench Strategy - continued Goals Achieved -

Observing surface and near-surface conditions 'along the length of disposal cell or trench - this indicates whether soil water storage is changing, providing some indication of deeperinfiltration Determining whether the hydraulic conditions at one portion of a disposal or containment cell may be changing significantly versus another portion -iarge variability of conditions could point to potential trouble spots in the cover i

i l

Monitoring Trench Strategy - installation Advantages -

Can install multiple instruments at same locatio'n -

i redundancy of measurements can be enhanced Completion of access ports is visible -less likelihood i

for air gaps or preferential flow pathways Instrument tips are less susceptible to temperature affects - fewerpotentialproblems with changing ambient conditions Single manifold can be used for many solution i

samplers - multiple samples can be coIIected at same time Horizontal neutron probe tubes can be installed when the trench is open - horizontal access tubes provide excellent data on spatial variability of water content Collecting undisturbed core samples and grab samples is easy - improves site characterization database Lateral variability of subsurface material can be easily 1

observed - provides direct information on site conditions l

l Monitoring Trench Strategy - Installation - continued i

l Disadvantages -

l Excavation disrupts the soil surface and trench walls -

excavation can be done only at the time of facility installation Replacing material to natural bulk density and layering is very difficult - higher possibly for focused flow into the trench l

Wire lengths for the electronic monitoring instruments have the potential to be very long - higher wire loss, greater chances oflosing continuity of electrical signals Adding more samplers to the monitoring clusters is difficult after trench is closed - usually requires vertical entry from ground surface, increasing the potential for l

focused flow down the new access port l

{

L l

l Monitoring Trench Strategy - Maintenance Advantages -

' Headspace on tensiometer is easy to access - easy to routinely service these instruments Most instruments in the trench are protected from the elements - less likely to be damaged from environmental changes Disadvantages -

Instruments cannot be easily removed for calibration or maintenance - failure or drift of calibration could render the instrument unusable Electrical connections are below ground - potentially more susceptible to corrosion or electrical shorting i

Water can condense inside conduit and slowly

{

corrode wiring - potential for condensation needs to

{

be reduced as much as possible, especially near electrical connections l

l l

o Monitoring Trench Strategy - Replacement Advantages -

Electrical connections can be made accessible for replacement - though more susceptible to corrosion, they can be visibly checked and replaced if necessary Pressure transducers on the tensiometer can be easily replaced - pressure sensors were replaced during our field experiments Disadvantages -

Intrusive activity needed for instrument replacement -

could lead to disruption of cover material after closure Most backfilled components cannot be replaced (such 4

as the tensiometer cup itself) - requires installation in newlocation Fully decommissioning the trench would be very difficult - major site disruption would be required to

-remove allinstrumentation and wiring Rewiring is problematic when new instruments are added - new conduit was needed before Experiment 2, which had to be left on soli surface; higher potential for environmental or inadvertent damage t

Q Monitoring Islands Strategy 1

Advantages -

Instruments can be installed at many different depths

- higher resolution, verticalprofiles are useful for estimating changes of water content, tension, and concentration with depth Monitoring islands can be installed close to one another without interference - this provides information on small-scale variability of soil water conditions l

i Islands can be secured and used for storing

{

equipment - advantageous for remote sites during post-closure monitoring Disadvantages -

Poor lateral resolution unless multiple islands are used in-the monitoring program - program costs can increase very quickly if multiple islands with full instrumentation are used c

__.-__.___________m______.-__-._____

____w

4 l

Monitoring Islands Strategy - continued Goals Achieved -

Hydraulic gradient can be determined, improving flux calculations - identifying the direction of water movement is useful for evaluating performance

\\

confirmation Improves understanding of water flow throughout the soll profile - data can be used to confirm predictions of water movement and cover performance Soil and/or pore water in the disposal zone can be sampled - this provides direct infonnation about possible releases adjacent to the containment unit l

d r

--._s

Monitoring Islands Strategy - Installation i

Advanta_ges -

L Islands can act as hubs for monitoring systems -

provides centrallocation for managing and maintaining the monitoring systems Multiple depths and new ports can be easily incorporated - very flexible in terms ofinstalling new instruments Allows flexibility with respect to direction of installation of samplers through the island wall - samplers can be installed in any direction or angle, to target specific depths or material Islands can be installed into deep soil material -

drilling rigs can advance large-diameter borings to depths of 20 m 1

1 l

l Monitoring Islands Strategy - Installation - continued i

l Advantages -

i Easy to incorporate redundancy of measurements -

multiple instruments can be added to the strategy any l

time afterinstallation of the island itself Wiring remains inside the island - visibility makes inspection more effective Subsurface material is accessible - improves flexibility for installing new instruments and provides capability for directly collecting soil material at any time Easy to make manifold for multiple solution samplers -

samples can be collected at same time from multiple locations l

~

1 l

l

c North Monitoring Island N

y 33 1

k ?js.

'N,-

$j,%

~f impermeable

:n.

rubber skirt g=

Annular backfill Monitoring devices 2

1 South Monitoring Island Schematic of monitoring islands at Maricopa site

[

l l

I l

Monitoring devices

)

l installed parallel to l

each other l

1:

l Annular backfill i

l Monitoring devices installed normal to island wall

~

't l

Schematic of monitoring islands showing two different

. orientations of device installation

i Monitoring Islands Strategy - Installation - continued i

1 Disadvantages -

Requires intrusive activity with less common rig equipment - fewer companies can dril!large diameter boreholes Backfilling the annular space is difficult - potential l

exists for focused flowpathways Difficult to insulate the top of the island - ambient air space inside the island susceptible to temperature fluctuations, possibly affecting instrument readings Presence of metal close to soil material could affect l

TDR or surface EM readings - several data points I

adjacent to the monitoring islands could not be used during the experiments Instruments need to be installed within a meter of the island wall - unless the island is installed during backfilling, access ports will need to be short, limiting the lateral extent ofinstrument installation I

l

0 0

0 1

1 1

1 7

d1 nt d d u n t

- %1 n n o e a a 4

r m

s s

1 ai l

l r

we I

I h h op t

r u

x lf o

rE.

NS eg t

2 an wi r

u nd o) t h s

r t y

i a

k p d

se 0

f d

)TA('3 1

o e

m t

m cc i

N T

e0 f

E f 0 b~'N.

e 1

e(

Si h s Hf_.s

\\

8 D

d t

t gn na i

ls wi

, ~ '

o

~

g m/w h

n si r 6

h o t

pi an r o s

Gm 0

0 0

6 4

3 2

1 Eo h5e[gEgEe"

Monitoring Islands Strategy - Maintenance Advantages -

Individual instruments can be removed and maintained - greatly enhances flexibility of strategy Routine maintenance is simplified - electrical wires and sampling tubes are accessible Easy to access facility to check instruments -islands can be outfitted with scaffolding and stairs for worker safety Components are protected from sun - improves durability of wiring and tubing Connections less likely to corrode - ambient environment inside the island is dry when compared to soil environment Disadvantages -

Wires are more likely to be pulled unless secured -

couldlead to instrument failure Metal island themselves more susceptible to corrosion

\\

- fiberglass material could also be used to improve facilitylifespan

Monitoring Islands Strategy - Replacement Advantages -

Instruments and samplers can be more easily replaced - they are generally installed much closer to wa/I Wiring is also accessible - easy to replace if necessary Subsurface soil can be sampled without disrupting surface soils - direct measurement of soil conditions provides important ground-truthing for indirect measurement techniques Disadvantages -

The island material itself cannot be easily replaced -

replacement of monitoring island would require complete re-installation of monitoring systems o

1

Borehole Monitoring Strategy i

Advantaaes -

Boreholes can be added easily to the monitoririg design - lateral resolution of data collection is enhanced Boreholes can be installed below disposal sites using angled or horizontal drilling - this provides access to soil material directly beneath waste material, potentially after site closure More data can be collected from the borehole using portable probes (e.g., neutron probe)- resolution of data collection can be determined at the discretion of

\\

site personnel after borehole is installed I

L

e lo he r

e o

lo b

h f

e o

ro y

t b

e r

i o

r f

a s

0 v

e 4

h b g t

u n i

m w

t ir s o st e

ei e

n t

c c

i o

c n

s am a

la ts s

~

i d

op la s

r i

e d

ta l

L ac i

t 0

e 2

h t

\\

o p

y h

f o

n o

i tc e

s s

0 s

0 0

0 o

r 1

2 3

C EI c_Ej i

l

)

Borehole Monitoring Strategy - continued l

l Disadvantages -

Only a limited number of instruments (e.g., solution samplers, tensiometer, etc.) can be installed in each

\\

borehole - this reduces the capability of directly measuring soil conditions unless numerous boreholes are used The loss of a single access tube could result in the loss of numerous potential data points - monitoring programs that rely heavily on borehole monitoring could be vulnerable to vandalism or accidents 1

I 4

Borehole Monitoring Strategy - continued Goals Achieved -

Deep unsaturated zone material cari be monitored using oifferent instruments - could provide early warning of releases before widespread contamination occurs Simultaneous monitoring of saturated and unsaturated material - provides a more integrated

{

monitoring of subsurface conditions for operators and

{

regulators Enhances the ability to make redundant measurements in same borehole - more diverse monitoring is possible l

l l

l lL - -- --- --- --- -- -- ---

Borehole Monitoring Strategy - Installation Advantages -

Subsurface material can be sampled continuously during drilling - provides direct measurements of soil materialand hydrologic conditions Technology for installing monitoring points is readily avaliable - CPT rig, hollow-stem auger, etc. are common Large diameter boreholes can allow sidewall coring and sampling - can increase the flexibility of sampling during installation of monitoring points Borings can be completed below grade - monitoring points can be protected from accidental damage or vandalism Different material is available for access tubes - PVC, ABS, HDPE, aluminum, or steel material can be used depending on the purpose of the access tube and projected instruments l

l

Borehole Monitoring Strategy - Installation - continued Disadvantages -

Instruments cannot always be placed precisely in deep boreholes - drilling bit can veer off vertical without knowledge of drillers or operators, causing a shift in the lateral position ofinstruments Lateral distances between boreholes can be quite l

long - remote data acquisition is more difficult with i

longer wire lengths Incomplete backfilling of boreholes may lead to conduits for water flow and contaminant transport -

l Very difficult to confirm that boreholes were 1

successfully backfilled l

Large diameter boreholes could be susceptible to higher measurement interference - volume-averaged measurements can become biased by the backfill material 1

Installation of boreholes can cause dragdown of l

contaminants from shallow to deeper depths - could lead to false conclusions that deep soils are contaminated l

l l

4 i

ch s in e w r

-5 oo bll 71e,

2 o

-.pTcg!;.,

7 h

.t s

[

eu e

lob n c 9t fe/y.wn!wfm 4y

.?

p

,ai s

h y;

h l

c v Ahs g>

ei u

2 '

Tm r f l

e l

s okido r

b c sg e

a n

obdi v

t r

e oo o

f bt m

t

/

r i

3 yu n f st o e

t s

t 5 aim sl ed 2

h 0iset dh ri i

seow lor elomt so r

c ih

^

u h a rb

~

D$'

e qr cr o

eo u e od lj' t

f Fn

% 9w p:

e,'

RB min sr

_4 G'

P d e

}

1

~

e eg

c. '

.yr p

eu ip na s

l D

leo l

l w

e if ro k e h

0 c e

ct m

4 n loc a

t n?yB ;;

wpd5.mhy

.i

%%s t

h a u b

h 4

t er c

eb no h

r h%

hgWl

bins, i

S2 ot

~

?j h

e s

gflg#

c t

oc eh nd w

ot i c

n gM ol v i

f ae 2

/

l n

a i

3 rdl i

e mf t

sd@igy?

e f

gk r

t 6 anc e

g. -

0 mia r

f bw Z gnf f

0 ob N

i 4%

sio D

t akimL eeot ssnt r

l mlu iuh r

c e

qchi re mg eut ff t

i e ou RMwid mf a r

a em i

l d oe

\\

h ht s c e -

r d

n ol

- b i i

o 4

s

l Borehole Monit ring Strategy - Maintenance i

Advantages -

Portable instruments (i.e., neutron probe) can be removed from the site - less chances of damage from environmental stresses or from vandals 1

Access tubes have no electronics or moving parts -

failure of the tube itselfis less likely, so boreholes can be an integral component oflong-term monitoring strategies with higher chance for usefulness i

j Disadvantages -

t Some instruments, which are permanently left in the L

boreholes (i.e., deep tensiometer), cannot be maintained easily - failures can begin to occur without

\\

showing significant, early-time problems Borehole maintenance can be difficult as the

(

boreholes become deeper - water build-up, corrosion can prohibit entry ofinstruments into the borehole 1

Q A

i Borehole Monitoring Strategy - Replacement l

Advantages -

Portable instruments can be replaced easily - the j

strategy is very flexible with respect to choosing newer types ofinstruments Disadvantages -

Borehole replacement requires redrilling - more site disturbance, possibly through cover material i

Stationary instruments probably cannot be replaced in same borehole - replacement would require installation at different point in space, possibly changing baseline readings in a particular area of the site i

i

e Geophysical Monitoring Strategy Advantages -

EM techniques are both intrusive and non-intrusive -

combination ofinstruments couldprovide a better surveillance program for the site Portable, non-intrusive methods allow for larger-scale monitoring - data an be collected adjacent to and away from containment unit ERT can provide data at multiple depths and locations adjacent to those used for borehole monitoring -

measurements can be taken at different scales (0.5 m l

resolution at MAC site) 1 Multiple ERT boreholes provide 2-and 3-D readings t

of resistivity - potentially very useful during long-term monitoring programs Y

F j

Geophysical Monitoring Strategy - continued Disadvantages -

\\

l Geophysical techniques normally provide volume-averaged property values - more difficult to resolve l

smallscale changes I

Tachniques require ground-truthed data before true values of water content or conductivity can be obtained - not always possible in areas of high spatial variability of material Conversion of EM response to true water content is l

not well understood - research is still being conducted V

on the viability of this approach Changes in instrument response could be caused by several factors, and distinguishing these factors is not easy - false positives or negatives could occur without ground truthing Surface EM sensitive to metal objects - could become a problem at SDMP sites or sites with underground winng orinstrumentation i

C I

Geophysical Monitoring Strategy - continued Goals Achieved -

EM instruments can provide a rapid, non-intrusive assessment of site conditions - they can be used as a preliminary investigative tool to indicate whether a problem exists Downhole instruments (e.g., EM-39 and ERT) can be l

used to detect changes of water content or salinity in j

deep soils - provides early waming of releases, and enhances redundancy of measurements

\\

l

)

l

)

Geophysical Monitoring Strategy - Installation Advantagej -

[ surface, portable] Surface EM instruments are not permanently installed - measurements require no modifications to surface covers or subsurface containment units

[ downhole, portable] EM-39 can be used in same boreholes as monitoring wells and neutron probes -

provides redundant measurements at high vertical resolution

[ downhole, stationary] ERT monitoring points are permanently installed at the site - no ambiguity with instrument placement, regardless of the number of different technicalpersonnel used at the site over time

[ downhole, stationary] ERT data acquisition systems I

can be desigried for portability - each borehole ends in single connector, regardless of the number of sources / detectors l

l

Q Geophysical Monitoring Strategy-Installation -

continued l

Disadvantages -

[ surface, portable] Difficult to duplicate exact instrument placement over time - change of

\\

instrument response with time could be misinterpreted as change in soil conditions

[ downhole, portable] Some techniques may not work properly under all soil conditions - downhole ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was not operable in the conductive MAC soils at the 10 m offsets of our l

access tubes

[ downhole, stationary] ERT requires substantial

{

lengths of wiring when boreholes are far apart - more susceptible to potentialloss of continuity from

^

accident or weathering l

l I

I l

i

.c 3

l l

Geophysical Monitoring Strategy-Maintenance l

1 Advantaaes -

[ surface and subsurface, portable] Instruments can be removed from the field for servicing - electronic maintenance is more efficient in laboratory setting Disadvantaa_es -

[ surface and subsurface, portable] Instruments, which change over time, could lead to different readings -

calibration transform equations could bias the measurements

[ subsurface, stationary] ERT wiring is permanently left In the borehole - corrosion could render sources and 1

detectors less effective for detecting small changes in soil water content or resistivity i

i l

I l

l l

l

o Geophysical Monitoring Strategy-Replacement Advantages -

[ Portable] Instruments can be replaced easily and taken back to the site -intrusive activities are not necessary forlong-term monitoring, even if new designs orinstruments become available Disadvantages -

[ Stationary] ERT sources and detectors cannot be replaced without redrilling - strategyis vulnerable to loss of single boreholes; redrilling boreholes during post-closure could disrupt cover system i

i t

L

,.a Breakdown of Subgoals And Monitoring Strategies That Can Be Used to Fulfill Those Goals Subgoal l MT l MI l BM f GM Establish surface /near-surface l

l l

conditions along the length of a disposal i V i

i l V unit or trench j

j l

l Determine whether one portion of a l

l l

l disposal area is experiencing different iV i

i i V conditions l

l l

l I

I I

I Establish hydraulic gradient in both i

i i

i shallow and deeper soils l

lg lg I

Quantify flux into and/or out of the disposal area j

j Collect sufficient quantities of reliable l

l l

l data to enable comparisons with i V iV iV iV baseline conditions I

-l l

l Collect sufficient data over a long-l l

l l

enough time period to quantify I viV i viV background variability l

l l

l i

i i

i Demonstrate that the data are i

t i

i p

p g

representative of site conditions I

i i

i Monitor deep soil conditions with both i

l l

i g

g direct and indirect instruments I

l j

1 l

l I

Monitor water table for both water level i

i i

i g

and water quality

- 4.. o Breakdown of Subgoals - Continued Subgoal l MT l MI l BM l GM Emphasize non-intrusive activities l

l l

l during latter phases of the monitoring i

i i

iV programs l

l 1

I Emphasize consistency of data l

l l

l i

collection throughout different phases of I viV iV i V monitoring programs l

l l

I I

I Maintain a cost-eNective strategy in i

i i

i g

g g

g terms of personnel and O&M Consider the potential for retrofitting l

l l

i existing ports to accommodate new i

ivivi

)

instruments l

}

l l

Create procedures and methods that l

l i

i i

can be taught to technical personnel iV i V i

V I V with a wide variety of backgrounds l

l l

l Ensure that decommissioned l

l l

i i

monitoring systems do not affect the iV iviV i

I I

integrity of the containment unit l

Establish relationships between l

I i

i i

l direct / indirect parameters to reduce l

i j i

j i g data collection needs in post-1 i

i i

operational phases l

l j

I I

1 l

Vertical Borehole System

)

Installation Cost S36,000

~

I Cost Breakdown 3m boreholes (28)

$4800

)

Sm boreholes (18)

$3000',E 10m boreholes (18)

$2700 l

15m boreholes (13)

$3400 l

Borehole Tensiometer (27)

$2200 l

Borehole Solution Samplers (27) Q400

)

i T

4 l

g.__

g I

l i

l I

i l

I l

l l

L

}

l i

I i

i l.

.l.

I I

I ht i

D E

e p

v a

a r

f t

l mU Lou e

S r

a n

e t

N t

Mst o

u i

Se a s hn f

c Uo a

J r

o eg l

r o

i i

Rn c nU l

n i

o s nM iv We t

J e

l ag y

o y

ie S

p Ls u

r t

s u

l t

,r ap ae a n l

9 y

t o

t t

i a

o Fa uo o

n n

r 1

f 9

dy s

ir r

r A

o r

E Cr en ai 9

8 z

n o

e i

et n

l o

v md d

deg i

b n

r my d

a o

Sa S

i n

s ms t

Zt i

i e

o t

n n

et or a

hnt t

a an e ee l

S d

c g

ie i

n e

ce s

e e

e aE sr iaysD sA n v y

t da edse s s it s t s s oei ee l

tr u

a mg ms aa c

n s

nt t

s G

s e fa i

s vo e

ps er n

t ot t d a

n r

t t a wei e

e r

t a sm r

nie si t

o a

np f-g t

l l

t eg e

t i

he h

O es asm e

nt e b

vf r

a o dan a

je r

r t t t

d de c

om ega m

t s o cim o

v i

o e e n so n

e zt mf i

i n

t moi o

s oo r

t ni r

r o

i i

en sl r n

g soi g

n owg i

f lo nl w

e e dve l

u ei r h

n l

Domee r

e wo s e

N s

c nr o

leie u

p mvt s c o

o l

e e n

me ria a

s S

(

l Si r

nr s

r e

t Ds ag c

_W 4

id hR u

t

,9 Mo ief e

t o

d o

Pn cog R

y

)

ia n

chr u

F l

l og t

na a

P P

i ist c

vq r

so R

e aMe u er S

tia m

on we sy s

na a

sC R

i i

sg sa no E

s t

e e ng m

S e

d m (L s um 9

ni 4

e t

n Lr ss 0

P )Wa a s t

4 t

t i

e uo 0

la ag r

n n

niaet dse

" d u

l 8'

l P

-1 7

T h

o 1

e 1

0 n

i x

1 M

1 a

M 9

r E

i A

e X

N a

g C

IC T

S O

u c

i t

s e

on 0I i

sca l

N e

k m

1 I :

0 0

6 5

4 3

2 1

t eAWlF M1 U

l 0

e c a

a o

n 0

pc i

he e

,t d

v t

e me F

s r

a o

r ir i

s t

l n

s e

l l

n a

u e

etob v

2 s

t i

l i0 y

d l

we a

0 n

a a,

0 o

o S

l f

r i

t t

s a

t A

t e

3 a

c h

r e

,r 7

n r

i e

f d

e o

z A

f o

t. y r

le e

T n

tt o

s u

a c

l r

tr a

e c

f i

a s

a b

ic mr o

r u

t c

n m_

i t

y s

h e

o if s

a a

l n

r d

m lll

1 3

4 5

0 0

0 e

e 0

i e

s a

1 0

i O

g g

E D

Og a

O*

s t

2 U

o 0

,g*

i g

n

p

=

g 3

m 0

i 4

i g

g.

0 B

g g

e 5

0 P B D

D M

u H p D p S E

(

t 3

o e

,3 r

r i r e

o b o o e oh x

,5 e 5e n

ei b e b a t

r e

t l

e h

p p

i s z ep el t

1 t

1 s o

o o

n ol 0e 0ol n

a bu b n f

n t

t u e u w t

i n

r e

n o

j t

msi

)

i i

a s o s u mu g

i et e e t

o N

t i

r

)

o r

o s

r m

m n

l c

n t

i e

a c

r o

g s

n e

o g

r e

a d

s n

a t

t a

m s

s e

r p

s d

h p

y el p

l rs o

t

T 4

l Le t

\\

9. -

)

A i

e a

f'. f P f

I 1

^

I.

~

h c^

)

4 I,F

$fU'.s,

. ih 1 z'..

t

' 3 if k,

)F

=

e

5. ' Y

t, 4ll i'.

.m.

tV

.i

[

I*

.s;..

!.. d.

?

g.3..,;

l s

,,,?

I.

?f f 7

- f

I 3 d,.. ',

n

":l.Y1: '

., i bOfS,::t

< >g 1

t\\

f,

',.3

':c.sc

'f J2,.

t

' YM 1!

n%z {f.'{; '

ib

.A' f.w-

\\

1,1 i

if-4 7, ;

s

'Ij..

r,('

f ry;

_n 5,

(

q H,

3 s

\\ h}I i

h.'

l

h a

g y.

.\\

\\

i

.T'k!$.

t

.e ar rn.-

f.-

M,3

.. ' ~,

\\

fW

" k>.?,:q:L.u[h,,N' l

a

'u.

.,n

~,

[*

-J';[*-

e

. W.-

jfg, p 34

"~

UJ.,,

~

m g-.

.y.

-r

-.. : a -.. ~..

q a.

N gg7:

4 g= e - E g

,I T

t*g

' ' 'm E

l

.-.w-

[6sc~

'O': f.

,. 2 h.-

s 2.K s en... ?:M ^ :.e :z

. K.. w w

s ^

_.w*z:.

y

- - 5 *.~.,". '. :,e - ": ~~' :.%, a 22

. 4'y,b~" ";.

m j.=='.-&* s._"f.

W ~.,! 1 -**.- * * * * *

[

r e-

..v-

~--

l

~ # =s_.-p r =-

,q3r;w 1

l

~~ ~ si ~2^ -T- --- - :~~. i 5

. ~ z Q 3;ic y c *; M T = q.~'~'

~ * =m.- 2 L.;

m

~~

y._.; ;.. 5;W -

m m ~=- -

?

--gr

.. - - -- m u%m"5 5 3

~^*

n;

.g es h

i- -- Z r l Q,Q [--

~

h

-y:-

'N

- -w, m g..-

M,- -

y e

l M

E D $.. '.

6 g-

' y.Mf M..,.....

.=*=d

<w w,

Mw

.'a=

W*

b

^;:7;;-Q'; i.* r -

. i 4.

-*t*"v gimmi:sp m.m qr ausser.

.-~

.,,v_

~ '"

~

,c, Q.

-i4=r

% aneg:.3

.... ~

" N-

. q;*

y'....;j !

/

s.

f.

. 'N,d s

)

t

}..

?

F O

i Tracer mixing tanks (25,000 L capacity) 0 A

Water supply to field gate valve 2

L 3= T 1

%z

~

]

i c4 1

l i

b

^

h5 9's h

j'

{i o

^

t e

i e

i hs-- -Q:h{h West flow meter i i

e o

- +

\\

y East flow meter 9- 0 m-

+

e n

c n

n

=,

ff-pki b

+

l t

e h I.

E a

\\

Outline of

}

50x50m plot i

9

B A

r p

D C

o D p e

o p

n me W

l ic p

t c

i h

S a

S d

t e

D E

a D

E t

t h

A n

t A

u n

a e

io a

t r

/

A u

n e

t r

p r v r

d S

n r

d t

t r

p a

p a e a

D D

a p

R D

D l

t t

r t

i i

i l

a a

i e

oa o

t i

a a

a l

o t

t t

d ng n

e e

e n

e e

s e

t t

e d

E 3

x 1

2 1

5 4

4 8

p 2

5 4

e 2

p 4

/

5 6

1 2

4 4

/

d 1

8 4

c 2

2 r

p i

d 1

8 c

m a

/

m m

a

/

m y

9 9

c

/y 9

9 e

B s

7 7

m d

s 7

7 n

r a

t y

1 E

2 x

2 6

0 3

1 p

1 1

7 0

1 e

1 2

2 2

8 4

2 4

/

r d

/

c c

a 9

3 0

d 5

/

d i

3 m

a 9

/

m S

/

y 9

9 c

m 9

/

s

/y 8

e m

7 7

m d

s 7

n a

t y

2 E

x p

e 1

r 5

i 1

2 m

8 4

d e

a n

c y

t m

s T

o t

a l

s

No te 4

3 2

1 M

O n

GBMM o

r e

e q

o e ooo n

ur or n

n e

i im p

t ii r

h t

t e

f e y

o oo o

o h

dr r

r r

l i

i o

s e

n n

n i

o r

i f

at c mg g

h a

g p

oit e

l s

r a

e S

s mnia n

t r

l t e i

t cs o

o n

c r

ut n

r d

h a

r l

aa s

e t

i i

r t

t n

e g

s e

sg o

i t

r g

i ee i

s n

i m

g e

a s

y be

M - j,;I.

M Eo r

c a 5

pjo

,r n

o or i

s E(71.:

'd P s

uk m

B o

r ne b

s.

t r f

e s

E

,>[,.

e c

D (6 o a cL h

i i

s0us W

p.tli-.G t

t.

l a5nt 7

i r

i M.io t

o n

s t

u M

gsk. n cm o

n i

ef d

l a

r 0

6

.wg 0o l

)

m 3

v e

m b

y*

i M

X. g;;p, w

D%

N.

p!

e q

j/

o ir gf e

i1 f

c 1d c

R ote on M

upf i

h l

i i.'

MP l

o c n

=

m a a ei g

v r r r

=

t ka io=

n;j ef i

of g

f

=

z nd n

sni r

t 9

o am y. i4.y

. jN p

j se,, pmg;.l t

n a

i t

n a

s l

u a

3 c

0 c

m h

g. m t

p q-e e

s i

gg ngc F

s r

cs u

g ;n n,j f

g w g.a.g; t

t o

u s u

n o

.y y

t l

=

gpgj.

i be

/ g

%gn,j!

g p

p

. m i

a cM g.;u ;n l

T

g.

e o

g pgg; t

a y

u y

h r

o nk 0

e d ;l p; y [,,

e t

r 5

u r

E t

m t

n s

d m

n n

,f"...;.y*..:er.

yf

y

{

y v-3

.J.L.9%g.sV;.:[ lf f.

,..s.

\\',

y

n.~

3 n i %q :

\\ !

' t. b I' _.

&:4.

^

g'.,lh..,,,,. "_

y

,, g y,.

' A",,

gJ..

? h u.,

y.

4 I, p l *_,.~. y

Pf :

1 4

I JTt. e.:.1,4

4 s: '

.f. 7 p

, g. Q s &a,cx yp

<a n-

%:sgy a

v 9...,

~

..Ei,.

' g ".

y

<~

'",a, J.,

f

~yg

}

. y' ;.

Y-

, y-

9 y g;

-4

,S

^

F

.. R 11

~

.h n:

~

o b

'f,

=

lf.& $

5,

,- R

'.G

~

{ ',..-

e

~

u.

4

-O !.;', '

s

~'

.O w

~y

. [

L~s y

w..'.. _ j;

\\

,-),

[

3

~/

d.MD,5'$.

..~4(,.)~h

_h' 5~

/

y ylbf.C :1 j

-l-

,.y'y;Ida :)

a u 6

.g-c; t..

_, 3[,

l

^

7 l

t p./'

T.

^p p

-)

tgMA l

1 3'

M.

j g;,w

.n

3.,.

G;.

jii

~-~

4

~p e',,

..f.,. A

.a

',~.

~'.y g

9

~,_.'"

l)

. o'

.f-fb;$ '

~ u.-y,~

^

)

a..

' ^ ^

i ~.. ' '. ;. '

- S:s ;_.

e, J

[

-f

_y*f. 5.f

.w.

.Qu

7

\\,y l,

?

jfl$

I e

%,w 3

c a;.,

z ae

..,s r-p.,

3

~

j{, 'l

,1 g

p.

.x s

i i

.. a

(

f

'g

/ :*f' 2

I t5'

,k:hy, g,

. > ;;.. '*r

~.,,. - : : }$.

~

-] -.-

l c.

w.

p~g

.,....4 I 9]

l ;

D t

N

$l e

k

~

r g.:

egn 4

- n };;f 11

>>g

,a

.u,

' h

. j

[, h %,k D -i [

i j

i :. ?

.m

.vo.a I

. n.

~

-,j;

, f,Q ?.;Q

]

[-

ll

'T r

. ;' ? Nk*

se;r :;

r o

se.

. +.o m

l STST HTTH o

e oh e

e i

o iml e

a n mr l

u r

t s

e z

i Sp t

md i

i o

Do a

e o

r o

n i

ma n

s mot c

t s

p o

ie ma l

T uy t

l l

r s

up e

a i

in r

n e

ip a

r tis n

e e

g s me l

e e

o Ru n

t t

p n

e r

n e

s f

o c

s s

l r

y os e

e n

h c

r n

c l

s h

t o

I s

og n

r o

o mg s

r ms e

n t

i e

t t

r g

r e

y u

r m

s wt s

s s

s ww e

e o

o o

o a

a n

a ml i

i i

t l

l l

t t

u e

p e

e t

e e wwwr t

r s

r a

a a

c c

n a

c t

t t

t o

e e

e o

o d

u n

r r

r n

n t

t s

r t

t t

e c

e e

e o

e n

n n

l n

t t

u s

s s

t t

r i

i i

e a

o o

o s

t n

n n

ion 1ll

0 0

0 1

1 2

2 3

3 4

0 5

m

[a rk N

e 5i r

S

' ii.

! i,

E x

H p

o e

r r

i iz 1

m o

i 5

e n

n t

t a

l S

,2 N N

2 i N

5 e

I D

n s

u is t

t t

a r

a o

l n

I i

a n

l c

g t

e j

o P

i 3 i

(

5 m

DD n

r a

a t

o

)

y y r

e b

7 4 n

e z

c 4

h R

i

=

5 6

e 1

s 5

wp miode n

5 -

s l

ii

!: l!

! i 5

e 6

5

0 0

0 1

2 4

0 0

5l l

N rke 5i E

r

':ill.

i.

-W Ex pe H

r o

i 5.

mr 1

i e

z n

o t

n t

W

,2 a

l E

2 i

5 n

N D

s e

i t

s t

a u

a l

t l

n a

r c

DDD o

t e

3 a a a o

n i

(

5 i y y y Y

n m

7 40 P

t

)

r z

e ro n

=

c b

4 1

h e

5 i 5

6 R

m wes id p

e 5

o 5 l:

n i;

.!i!.

se f

6 5

l

CABLE TESTER

/9 P

l COAXLAL CABLE

=,! rt-s\\

0 000 oo TDR PROBE

\\

i i

I A

i i

8

\\.

,s

'I

\\\\

f i

i l

\\

Lu i

s f

\\

.n' 1

p y

Y a

_3-O>

i L=e l

i i

l

W.t: '%

~~-

!==mm J

..j

..l _

I

- t; j

f0h h

~

NME

n gpj l h!

Y wa ~ 3 e er :

n 99'e t i e e

.n me e..-

Septurn l"

Stoppg, Acrylic tubing!

?

I

?

I Il 36PC16Gw transducer T connector bl q

i I

I h

ed sch 40 2-crn OD pVCl, pipe 1

l l

ce cu l

I elbow l

ned Trench '

ring Islands l 50.3 crn -

g 1

I I

Trench face or highway culvert 6

_-~_

TDR Response Experiment #2 South Monitoring Island 0.35

^

1.0m

(

g 0.30-g

,V W

0.5m E

J E

E 0.25-J 1.5m a

p g

3.0m G

g 0.20-

_f vg_/.0m 2

5*

2.5m 0.15-0.10 i

i i

0 2

4 6

8 10 12 Days l

l 9

Y k

i

Line heat source Porous ceramic plug and thermocouple N=.

..aI Yo 1.5' cm Thermocouple & heat source wire leads 3.0 cm Diagram of a heat dissipation sensor l

l l

e

g.

c0 x

2 3

4 5

0 0

DD 0

0 0

ai

~

s y

t 5

sance

(

m

)

1 1 1 W

0 y

7 e

0i

=4 71 t t

5 E

5 i

8 na x

92 p

0 F e

r r

8 o

=

i 92 n m

34 i C_@@

2 e

5 tA D

n a

5i t

73 r r

y 0

i s

3 v

1 a

93 l

z 5 T 3

1 i

m 1

5 04 e 0 s 2

m 1

5 0

5 u

y 65 k

=

0 0

2 1

A 5

8 0

v 3e m

r da 1

ac 5

y e s

Figure 3.

Diagram of field thermocouple psychrometer (Rawlins and Campbell,1986).

NON-EVAPORATING SURFACE THERWOCCUP.E JUNCTION TERCN

/o 1s2 s

l'_

^

.+.

M/'MM///8/

9, nwe@q m

awme, l

w//w//sa t.-

LEAD WIRES POROUS CERAWIC Figure 4.

Calibration curve for laboratory psychrometer.

50

_\\

40 30 1.

20 10 l

-100 b0 bo d0 do O

Soil Water ?otentia (Dars)

L_.___._______._._--

ns ds

- z U-

~N ~"',

~X'_X,_

S.2 t

e5 2

0 e c lTm 3

m y,,..

uO c

b eD S

t a

i n

l

~

e

~

s s

1

.w 2

5 c

~

pm

\\

"y

~~

p sss aeal l

t t o

t i

eind el l

/

ee ns 5

ds 0

c 5

m

'5 c

m

, '/\\-

/

r

/ 3S

\\

mS m.T Oub Din 1

g

2 4

6 0

0 0

-k aB aW dr d

do da em t

ee r'

di

G d

dr

'2-e t'

ii','l

' i i, ' '

l is 4

=

>f 2 ;

=

4 0

'nii1 i i l

I

, i 9

~

4 ; ~

0 T

r D

=H e

y

=D n

a c

=S h

s

=

1

=

4 6

0

=

B 7

r

=

o

=

m i

=

d

=

e

^

=

8,

=

0

=

1

.5

~

m 1

0 0

0 2

4 6

8 0

0 0

0 FaE5E5OIQ-3 2

TS T

H T

T M

e o

h e

e i

ml e

a n

m u

r t

s e

o p

t imd i

o o

D n

e r

o i

a n

s mo i

c t

s e

m t

o up e

a o

l uy t

i r

s r

e ip a

r in i

tis s

ml e

n o

R e

e g

t p

n e

s f

s s

l I

r y

e s

o s

e c

r n

c l

s h

t s

o a

r o

o m

n r

ms e

d e

t s

t r

e y

r s

1

lI lr M

AR 3

2 0

S I

I 5

5 o

0 0

C s

i i

l u

n m

n S

O u

P r

A x

x x

x li i

C ce x

x r

S os I

s TE M

-s o

ec n

t i

i t

o o

n r

v in ie g

x x

w x

x x

x Is

/

land LD o e c v w

a i.c t

io e i

t n

h s

P ro po A

sed S

TT N

t I

a c De u

ia n

I Rs m

n n

t s

el DPoi b

J s

ir n

e I

t s s o r

i I

r s

e c

b S i e e o

a t

u p

3 t

t e a r

f

" S D T

M m

e t

d I

t iTe i

" a l

o e

i s s e

S n v

l pi Dn i

n s

a o

R i p

n

" e a o

i P

c s

l t

u r 8 s i P m

t o

e r

S V

t o o e a

o b s

i P

et n b t

i e e t

n e i

e n

e S s sr i

e o

S n

w a

e n

i a

o s

n c

rs pl h

e i

r s

land 1

1 1

1 8 8 8 8 b

l

{

i w'

Y,:9

-N5 '

(

A;

.2; :<, ;

31-IINNi

~

I.jyb Y ^ 'h

_s... ~

j'

,.QQ..-

u.

Yt yg1

.sx.,

.': ~R... Y.J,

.N A; o.j

,..r~.

e #

u,.i

?t. $$ ^ *

..r, ~-.... I'.e'"-[] '

Y

' :~

Ih?._. if;.'{i ;~l, '

Y"' f*

Q. '*l _5,

1

\\

. i. <

~

i

. c, 9_

'w -

9 sm

= *

k

~

f p

nor=*

s

.rE s

e

)

8 9 88 8 419

~

n

z...

-y = w n e

e y,

.n-L.

..j!?.&b..

.e

'*Q

./

g,

"-d

-c

e mit *

e

,,.-'c.,,,

E D

g,g n-

...,.'y* Y _ ---

gi LF

-, mm f.*. 's *.s.,

1

- eie

6.,

st** **

N t..

&. g.ff.

S T* *G * ' '_~

-m 2,

+

vee ***e* 4 -

O

.)+.

ya

_. -o s

h m.

h

O q

g 5

~

ggy.

v

' k.Q i

T g

I 4

~

,(.

6) 3 g.

a

.g..

c 3

. I v c.,

'...(.-

.f

.,3,.c

'4

- J' ', -

~

o,

L,

53

. ; S;> !!d3 e.

d.

3 34

(

j:

?

fj

/ n 4

p3_

..g

' (_. j 3.

g s

g

.i y i

...l 1

'l

>\\.h s

?

[

![..

?

5 y ;f,

s

. fig

,. -ff;,

J-3

~

_,. h.g fs-

}

i,

~,,

'k j.-

f.

c.

s-i

.\\

~

a f

s 7.

jj 4

~

Tensiometer Response Experiment #1 South Monitoring Island

~

1.0m 600-E 500-o O 400-20m

__ _,j

= _ _,

1 3.0m g 300-

- v_ _,

=

l-

% 200-2 I

100-L l

1 l

0 5

10 15 20 Days i

l j

o 4

L__________________

l l

Heat Dissipation Sensor Response l

Experiment #1 South Monitoring Island i

100000 w 0.5m k

10000-I w

w.0m j

1 E

Os c

1000-2.0m 1

.g w

sm.

mm-m w,

,y-fyv~~

3.0m H

"5 100-mw D

n,, -

l 10 i

i i

0 5

10 15 20 Days I

I

2 4

6 0

0 0

d rB aW d

do da em ee t

di d dr i

l l

i",\\i' iil i

'I e a 2

j 0

g

'l i,

u

,,, i i ii'l

[

i i

i B

M ro o

m n

4 d

t j

0 e

o r

in D

g a

i i

y

?

s s

lan 6 j d

0 T

2 1

e 2

ns (S

i ion E

)

8 j 0

1 0

m i

1 0

0 0

2 4

6 8

0 0

Fgu oC ~b o.

O^

m

)

~

a

WGSDV B

r u

e e

a o

o c

e r

t t

e u

t p

r i

i c

e r

n ot a

d n

e h

le l

v wl n

n o

e ay sie l

t s

e iou e

l mr mmt M

r e

s e

e o

a a

t t

n o

s mre e

r n

l u

s s

o i

r p

g t

e l

g o

i mn i

r g

n i

e g

n n

g ts l

l Il lll,lll M

An ic o

l m

i6 l !

.5

. ye,

l pl S

i T

r L

o c

a t

i o

n s

o f

a N

eu e

t r

on n

P r

o b

e Ac

'4,l l

'. b, 4I i l

h!

ces e

m s

Tu b

h m. r N e

a e

n o i

t s

n Sg e e:

s o

O O

ta mniM l

e e

do l

s da e t

cp a

I c

t S

o e hc c

is s c 1

al k

5 t

r s s

e 0

e r

s 0

o

m. ubmt 0

u es 2 b e

wt s iot 2

2 l

5o 0

0 l

1

)

( -

\\

i.

i T'-

I!ttIt'I:

c=s c=> t=n

~e7 e

{

l I

g j

n 1

O 5

0 0

Ex pe r

i me 3

I n

t 0

a 2

m 0

/ /.

l t

1 i

m d

0 e

e p

m th d

d a

e y

p t

s h

2 N

p 0

m de p

th 40 I

)

l Outer Ei:

1 2" schedute 20 P\\'C j

\\

A

s, Inner Wall:

!" schedule 20 P\\'C.

i or equis alent. N i

6 water intake line x

~ %

9 1

1 i

l II J

s

, mm.

pressure transducer 3J f

5.Mw ' */.p, sis,!

porous cup

.::?" y

~ w^w,.y A;aj m.-

~

l

..L..'...-

Expanded View of Deep Tensiometer System

~

9 i

/

=::::

EEE

\\

'q, g et~'

Deep Tensiometer Response Experiment #1 600--

North Center 500 ='m__ _ _ 3 m

_O cN I 400-E i

V 2> 300 -

c

.u C

5m 4 200_

B 10 m en

+::

_ _ =:: ~

100-L t

0-i i

i i

0 5

10 15 20 25 30 35 Days i

37 I

Deep Tensiometer Response Experiment #1 600 z=3m 500-e O

1 m

I 400- __

E3

. --Q-l c 300-O

~

c l

Nort East l

$ 200

--\\

=o

/T W

Center East s

100-

' s

_ p = = Q, ? k j

0 ---

i i

i l

0 5

10 15 20 25 30 35 l

Days I

O l.___________-________-____

Deep Tensiometer Response Experiment #1 180-z = 10m 160-140-1 120-center s

8 West

'i3 100-5 F-3 80-i

{

=

O I

l l

\\

w

\\

60-i North Center 40 i

i i

0 5

10 15 20 25 30 35 Days l

e e

4 Q^

s._

~. - :.t;'y

& e

.e-

.-,,e. ~ -

e:, _-::.,.;:.

% t

. u

. m lf.Y'f

,6 4

':h&iQ u=q:g idhh!%-

. f.ps.3M f

. w;p.

e.

i.6 s~

S

~7.'d ;.

- 4,

,~$

x.pg s

['

Nj

' $&f-}

'+

s y

. I. 'n%Nd

.d d

A Y

~

l 4

l

?

A

'. - t; :.

w.6 1*5*L.

l'$.E' i

6

,.y gt A.

- Ey'h.qa1 Tc2 l

l I

y!

3 I ~.qdff}

m..

(

l

'i M.*

i

. M[r.

~ ~3D

, ~4p;

+ en

.[

s

~

.}p a_

.f

' I,

,i '

g

.a..

l r.

s l

,11 4 ;..h' i5 7[

4.,

,,i

.W. "a j

. -o g]

q

]

a.

e

^ * ~. g.3.jj ef.

= '*

~,. ~ ' **,'#{e.

.?

g

.C

-m' :[,

.,.T * '

f **q_.'

_ s 1' '

y 0

....r.1..

i i*'

=4

+ea

- * +

l;ll llllf CD2E $ 3.oE^

2 4

6 O

0 0

w aB aW dr d

do da em ee t

di i

d dr

',jl

,,il i ',

'e>

1 i,

i 20;

'm

'l

,il i '

l I

i ii V

i a

dos 4

e 0;

zo D

n a

,e y

T B

i r

l s

e o

y n

m s

s i

i 6

d m

i 0;

o e

e n

te r

3 i

4 3

8 0;

3 0

m i

1 0

0 0

2 4

6 8

0 0

l oE9c [ o+I$ ^

2 4

6 O

0 0

l

, i i,iiiiii'il 1

,, ii 4

i of aW c

ia d

t 2

ae dr 0

G r

o u

i

(

n I

i i

,iiii i I

, i I

I

, ii d

w a

4 t

0 l

e s+

,r D

+

m a

o y

i n

i s

o t

r i

6 l

gn 0

+

I w

i e

l l

i o

l i

4

, i 4

i N

A 3

d e

b 8

o I

0

.s u

t 1

2 m

i

+

1 0

0

2 4

6 o

0 0

i,I n

" i i I 9iB d,f<g*'

iiiiiii,1 r

i W.

p p

(>

o a

te 6,

r 0

o l.

(

+

3 1

2, 0

D1 a8 y 0 s

ki: i,

l I

i i i I

i i f,WI l

2 a

4 t

0 el,: i,

1 I

i i i I

i i i

,r i e

(

s o

3 0,

i l

0

<g

,w te i

3 6,

0

TE aE ol nl G

e mc dec e

ot Et o

r r

goMo p

r r

3 m-h ae 8

p s

a y

hi s g

s y

t n

i iv e

c (Ei t

a t

i Ry c

l B B M

i To nd

- o

)

re u

n h

c i

t t

o io o

le n

r i

n E

g M

3 1

kt

.A

.. 9' a

y.

y i6

'.5 75_

~'

l, -

's

+[ bl

,, y

+l );

i, i

. w.

a c

i.. L,

'i*-'.

i k

~,

F

i j

yJ'Bfy.;,f i

j

.7,,g s

y '.

l 4

s l

1; M;

el/w

_,.j r.

3

,]

a

~}

p

(. ',

i y

\\hd

- p 1; 3

,,y ) 4

$4. ij,l Q; j

l l,l:.)

x i f

[Ij f A-t.p/;.[('{.1';dgq g

o u,

/td.,i,<[h1 it L4 0,Sq.c j

3

3 t

7 i

4 f

2

5M.iG l

l l

l

-c a

g misw.

.....= _

e. g ~.-

lg

... e =

m.v..

? -

x I

r

,,A u#

g g

.l.

, WT*

};T

~

a

~

. L '

,',T:: f ww.

p.s.

.... ^

* [,T*

,,2.,

3rj

-.n..-

f. w.

.,f -*

.z T,,.

~

b*

l

j. -

.x

}&f a

p s-

. A l*

fpW x.

cc.,.~x

,7 @ '

~

P' Tit l

_ven,,,y. s:-%4

, :~..

~W L

\\

j

Northing - m

^

M W

A U1 Ch N

O O

O iM C

e o

o o

I-a O

e e

e o

e O

e ea o

e o

e e

I I

'o O

S e

e PT1 W

i m

M

=k.

O

~o o

o o

o O

o

's o

1 3

i QQ g

.l 5

.k.

_e e

.I e

e e

o e

'e e

O j

e G

O I 9

9 8

4 9

y o

o o

o e

o o

O O

o o

o e

o o

e i

i N

l O

I 6

l i

Km O $

?.

m x

l

~

2.

GQ (D

m 3

l O.

rt t

c_

O a.

3 N

N O

u p

7 O

O.

Z l

E x

2 N

p 0 '. '.

e e

i a

r r

m D

b e

a o

y 4 n

t o0 '

.!i r

f e

1 e

h p

x o

e

=_

le r

i E

m6 '.:

x n

+-r. ;.+_;

4 0

4 e

2 t

p

~

e

~

r i

m 8

e 0

'.: ~

n t

2 0

1 0

o8@t 5y vEmE-1 23 f5g7 0 000g0o0 0

E x

2 N

p 0..i..

t.

e e

i a

r r

m D

b e

a o

y 4 n

-j.4:w.r

+.

t o0.

e f

1 e

h o

x p

l e

e r

i E

m6. : ir"' : t i.+. ;

04 0

e x

n 6

p t

e r

i m

8

,5i:1:

'.t ;

e 0

. r h, ~.,< h..>& =._ i n

i-.

t

~

2 1

i 00

v.

- k %

0: 0 0

2 0

0 0

0 3

0:

3 00 0

h, I

0 f

n0 0

4 1

0

[ ;.

c : g

'F x0 4

c l

.L r

0 0

'.. y' Q g;.N h,.

l' 0

0 0

!k 0

5

)

i[

e J

5 0

,l [

qS$

0' 0

0 a

0

~

0 p

' /

s :(

N' 6

f 0

e 0

6 0

0 00 in 1

2 4

5 1

2 3

4 5

0 0

0 E

O 0

0 0

0g"l I

0 0

0 a0 0

0 0

M0 I

C;0 f

1 1

0' 0

0 3

0 0

N. '

0 8

o i"$

I 1

2

I' 6

- 5 2

0 0

0 f

0 0

0 D,

r 0

e 3

3 0

F q.

0' 0

a 0

0 0

d4 0g 0

4 i

0 0'

0 n0 O

[

g 5

5 0

0 0'

s 0

00 Ig s_

e t

i d0 60

(

0' 0

0 u

c

~

f 0

e 1

2 3

4 5

t 0

0 0

0 1

2 4

5 0

0 0

o 0

0 0

3 hj

[

00 i

h 1

0

h 2

r 0'

A 0

1 r

0 f) 0 g

o

,# ?'

i

?!

0 2

.)

0 j

2

' Lj

0

'S 0

0

{

a i

G 0

t 3

- 7.

g m.

0

'f 3

0 g _,.

7 i

0' v0 30 p

o 0

6 0

4 n0 0: e d.~i 7

a 4

0 0'

0 0

5

g

'I 0

5 0

0 0

0 6

0

[

h l'

0

\\)

6 0

\\s 0

0

/

(

0 0

fE dE E

c E

G r

o i

onMs MMnM tr d

e t

iiic r

s s

bs a

ue o

p c

s o

u u

n t

t ip o

e b

vo h

f is l

n y

nf e

i i

t m

u uy d

s io s

i l

s c

t ff e

t c

e o

s d

ho d

r o

a a

f nw l

u imo l

g a

s M

r mo e

t e

n l

s e

o r

f o

i o

o i

t n

c r

s o

t r

g o

n t

u i

a r

n t

n i

r e

t t

c eg r

e o

m n

r k

l t

i a

i n

t g

e m

a n

r n

a o

d g

w n

l e

i t

tt o

E n

i r

i M

g n

g

3 4

0 0

1 0

7v Su rm E 0

r fa E

"c 6v 1

2 R

e B

1 T

0 gMEWEWMeM=MMM B

A 5

v1 1

or E 2 e

1 0

0 a

h s

m 4

v o

1 t

0 i

l n

e g

3 0

O r

uEErEOEr

=MMM m

3v 19 i

e n

4 a

t 0

t 2v

, 8 i

on 5

0 1 v 6

I 0

l a

l

. q v f

6 l.

F D

i..

. r w.

t

_-Q} ~'

E R

T 6

.,:.,03

_1

. 0 g

_}

1

^

e R

1 0,

E s

. 2

~

i0m

--['

R s

T Bc t

. ef.. 0 fg 5

3

^

ek i

v

. ?' {

or m

. ~

i t

r y

e a

W

(

u

. g.-

in o

s f y.

r r

h i

m

. 6 R

g E

a s

T t e

/

1,1

. 3 4

i 0

oa m

/

n

~

)

. 0

~

1

. 3 1

. 0 9

k

~"

E R

.s T

w 3

[

~

I,

E R

T T.

s g

2 a.W g a

r

.a a

n a

b.e e

.t dd v

l e

r l

o, 0

s 1

1 E

m m

R

.dn ~ Nu.g$:

u u o

T el i

.e 7

i d. i $. g.

,M '

.. 1 rh3 j

inl D

E dn. #M{ f.

N

$;dh u

i l

'g {d i

N;mg_.a.

A3' rei tl o

Mo E

E jk 0

R fgh%g~mj _

Nx N

T u

6 s

..LKigR, 3

j 0

A o

f

", ;i t

e 1

0 3_

E 0

r C

x

. h5$44g?,-

A f

5 7

E g

1 C..

VgA.

5 1

r o 0

R p

o w

n

!y

?"

j f

we md 5

ci 0

. N;.J 3

r u

e 0

ei Bc mx ~.g.

3 em 1

9 a

t t

v ke ki n

ot y

0

.g 0

f r

oC

. N l.

1 i

un 0

7 E

n 3

h R

f E

~

a d

~

m

~

T i

R n

I ;.

4 t

l 5

r B

g 0

e 3g(, D g. 9 7

a T

t i

o p

5

. A H

n 0

by# '

3 0

E Mc7 *,.,7 T

R

~

w

-3 4

N 5

h e

. M;y N

3 0

E R

I T

w 2

-a t

" e r

l l

lllL!llll 1

5 5

l I

n i

m n

R i

- 7 "

4 4

c. (. '

o' I

4 h

7 4

b.

Llld s'3g3,.,.

O+.-

,i s.,

s,

-g

.qpd.(.

u

,.t

,(-

4j Q;%,..

e[

u?

l40

.g%.d, jk p

3 C

4-0 4g gCh@ p a

E n,

NQ 5

R MY,g..

, p

.N, I

u o

o 4

6 j M f;;.

+

m.

Wk,,.gy' 0,Aj,,.g#%3 \\'

A i

5 1,

0 h

&)$g1 f

0 0

t 4h

=

a w %[(0m O

e

. d s

r E

. eh 4y h

7 C

i Oc f

5 r o 0

. 4 s',gQ,#s7, E

3 x R

o s" ufm u o T

p 5

n u

.M,

-y"O We md 5

3 0

e r

i Bc e

m a

t 1

1 i

0 c v

. 4 s

0 d

e ki g

?

g 1

3 n

t y

0

^0 Q

ot r

5 oC ec,..

T 0

f 1 u

3 h

F I

n 0

R n

E a

d n

f R 4

i 5

g t

B 0

e r

T 5

a

..e]'

0 t

1h a

i 0i3 3

o w0

^

R n

E n

T 3

. a "j

,4 g

- e;o 5p 0y dJ E

RT

-2 Tw a

b,,

le,,

!1IIl i1l

ll

CC i

o r

n o

nM e

s so s

un pe h

f i

f t

n o

i e

e c o l

r t

iei r

r n

o a

md ng t

a l

e r

y T

te e

Ec r

m vh o

a n l

n i

uq i

to a u r

tee in g

ds

9 e4

&,?L..

N *

' * *iME'.i*.e.W'*.

'_E g

,h

'm,sJ.*

n ;:-s h

bs$'I '

[1

.M"

~

[.

~

0

,.'f 'ugISTO-3hg A

g~...-e..,c, n..

l:

.u:,.> -

(.

..-,c.gw

. w :s x. g :..-

->s-

e..

i..

Q*

e 405] *

4 ;. - + '

. 1

(

l s;Jkv y..

...j, m;;c.gn{4. Q-'

w f

-w a

L' ff.

"L.,~.).;'$c3..

.h'.,, _

y Vmn e

~c

.anyv*

,' - i...*

g".j;.M.w;.. f-p,*+

y.

,, [

.. % [%, ;

.5

\\,. ?? '

4-

VhfS_'Jf?;&.<y:.,_

&,.c. _,,.

1

.w f

x y%

ha '-

. ~U

g.

a;;,1 w.-

,.g

.,,., %.m '. - yy. Iy R ;@*L,, -[- A*.

. ' IF F

. ?hb $

) ~".

~

= g 4 4 :;. : -

,D ; 'e.: -

r

-- ~

i > s.,)1

~

e n.. _.

.y Ma f :'

.;~. -

..w.g.g e

.e

- 'k g:4. :,.

'_jE.,QWl. -

?

9

'J

<P,

'Y

f

0 Y

y s' ;, ~~..

^

O

..,g.,

n-

....a, ~.

.y;;~w, <..

u q

g-

.fl. ~-

p.

e

. I t

e....

y.

-.. ~ '

. ~ -

k b

4.

< f O

3.. '. ~ - m k.a i

ic -

5 e

e-

.ey y,- -

Q

""l^"

t

..3 4 s-

. k..

l x

\\

i

+i, 3

i

.e.-l.

\\

')

p>

sr

.,.=rr*tP y- : -

%.q

$ ;:,.c.

- ; [

4.

g.

. ~ '* '.

,y e

9 3

3 i J

i e

++.

OF HS le oe M

th x

r v

e i

iz e

o r

b o

a n

r l

g e

n l

i e

t nt oia w

l o o p

n a

l h

e d

t t

r i

e En r

r y

s r

i c

vg s

l l

i(

i i

c n

o aT a

eg n

lue l

t t

S e

ac e

e n

c t

t h

a e n hn m

d e

di q

s v

q ii i

u

)t c

u e

e e

s s

s

mP aD zA r

n op oe c

e n

s s

np c

er e

r i

n ei o

t r

ot p

a mx r

e ae oi i

n m

n x

r f

i g

a a

ia c

t t

c m

ot oe s

y r

s p

s o

i i t

r n

n t

s e

e s

g s

S ms t

i n

s a

S s

o y

l f

s a

C_

lu t

M e

ei t

o.

E n

mo m

s n

c s

t M

i a

S n

g n

A r

c n

e o

p p

c a

a l

a e

p

_ y 2_

i r

_ s r

a i

t i

c t

a o

o

_ s i

s n

c S.

t s

a o

S s

l t

o s

m r

o t

a f

1 i

e n

v t

a c

e d

n o

i f

m f

a s

e n

e re c

n

,e t

N n

I o

c

/

t lu in d

c e

s lu d

in g

In s

t TL PDN a

r a

u a

e ab l

mt u l

n o a

a t

s p

r l

r t

p o o i

o ag n

o ng rta dep n

t r

r ms o C

i o

n a

a b

n n

e a

ic p

f a

i op n

t de d

a l

r l

s a

ip c

C hc e

e o

r s

s a

s t

o ls s

r ie s

h

Monitoring Trench System 1

Installation Cost l

S41,000 Cost Breakdown Neutron Horizontal Access (1) $1000 Neutron Vertical Access (13)

$3100 Tensiometer (13)

$2100 Heat Dissipation Sensors (13) $2700 Solution Samplers (13)

$2400 TDR (13)

$14,200

_;g______,

& f I

l

~

l s $

I f

I I

p l

l 3

I I

e g l

)

l e

i

~

l I

V L______.

g_ _ _ _ _ _l

.:a

[

Monitoring Island System l

l Installation Cost for First Island i

S27,000 1

Cost Breakdown i

Tensiometer (12)

$1700 Heat Dissipation Sensors (12) $2100 I

Solution Samplers (12)

$2500 l

TDR (12)

$15,000 Cost for Additional Island

$11,000 I

I I

I l

l l

l 1

I I

I l

e i

i I

I I

l

l Surface Geophysical System EM 31 and Em 38 Purchasing Cost S29,100 18 Month Rental Costs I

(1 week / month including shipping)

S30,500 l

l 5

m a

a a

u m

a q"p 4

m a

e, a

I 9m mlE lm a

a a

a m

I I

a E

a a

ul u

g I

l a

l m a

a a

a ai e

i I

E IE E

a m

u aI e

I a

ia a

a a

a m

s l

L.

l m

a a

a i

l l

i Combined Trench, Monitoring Islanc,

Borehole, Geophysical Systems Trench S45,000 Islands S38,000 Borhole S36,000 I

Geophysical S29,000 i

Total:

S148,000

)

l

, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _,;j;g_______3 i

o o

o e:::$e o

l D00 DDDyl 000

i!!E i

l I

l :::

i

.!jjg

'4 !E i

i b

p o

e e!![%e e

000 DDDijj j 000 l

k!!k l

l

+

1 43 e

l e

o e!!!!!

e o

l

$h 1

I 000 DD 000

1. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.jjjj_______+

-lll$

h B

P r

r e

o a

j e

d c

o t

T w

n i

m L

b e

a a

s P

b e

e d

o r

r io o

d n

C M

o 1

s 2

a t

/

r s

9 ic 5

o t

p o

a 5

S

/

t 9

u 7

d y

/

6 g

@l k

I f

ns tru m

In s

e t

n r

t u

m D

I 3

e 2

e n

s s

n t

0 0

g a

i t

F F

,n i

l n

T T

l s

E t

E C

a t

a o

(

i l

6 1

2 a

n o

l s

n m

t t

i r

m o

o u

L o

n n

c a

/

t t

n T

i t

1 o

b h

e s

,n o

s

)

s t

)

r in C

g a

l i

b

~h~M ra t

i on 8

4f1 J

ET F

5 7

E r

T 0

F o

b 5

5 2

a L

0 0

e s

s t

a n

s e

t h

n P

m e

e l

e o

m r

g u

eh e8 n

s o

e r

r 3

i a

u h

o sM r

e o

mreB a

E t

ol e

eB a

md in b

n tn o

ola oh a

a l

r c

pi zc c1 M

i r

n s3 i

tr n eoe yM o

r VHT hpE r

tu o

e e

N G

E T

F 5

E 7

T r

F 0

o 5

b 2

5 a

0 0

L e

sa h

P ge d

e d

g n

n n

o a

n i

cl l

l l

i r e

ge s

s i

vr n

r I

I o

o g

r i

t e

l S B n

pB n

i i

i ml n

r r

r l

o e

a, o

ah o

t a

t t

c ci c

ci Si ei M

t n

n t

n n

mr eo n

e o r

e e

r r

iVTM o

o VTM i

t s

u n

l e

o T

S

What Adds Significantly to Capital Costs?

1.

Drilling and Excavation Mobilization 2.

Costs of Additional Loggers

- Neutron probe (S5,550)

- Dataloggers (S4000 - S6000)

-TDR

a. Cable tester (S13,000)

I

b. Datalogger or PC ($3000) 3.

Degree of Site Characterization

- Hydrological

- Solution Constituents (type of analysis) 1

r l

What Other Factors May J

Significantly Affect Costs?

I L

1.

Labor

- Routine monitoring vs. Intensive sampling 2.

Remoteness of Site

- Transportation l

- Lodging l

g 0

n 0

0 i g 0

5 7

d 0,

S 0

o 1

L S

)g d

n i

n ne

)

a e

v l

e i

n m

/0 o

/0 0

i t

3 0

a 0

5 t

S S

ro

(

ps e

g g

n n

a i g a

l d

i r

M o

T L

E

s t

r s

o r

y c

d 7

n u

9 t

/

o S

5 t

i a

a o

tr p

t o

o 5

p c

9 s

i r

/

n s

a 2

a t

r s

M 1

t o

d n

C o

o a

i r r

r d

e o

i e

P b

a s

a p

a e

l b

e m

e R

n d

i w

T u

l t

c o

c n

d e

i j

t a

o o

e r

n r

P s

B eoD

e Monitoring Trench System Instrument Replacement Cost Tensiometer (4)

$360 l

Heat Dissipation Sensors (1) $140

]

Solution Samplers (1)

$140 Total Replacement Cost S2300

t..jg_______

c_______,

I l

0 I

i IM l

l

i l0 l

l

!N I

l l

i l

l l

m I

)

- l0 i

l l

M i

lb l

l i

l

.:;g______.

I e' l6 i

j

Vertical Borehole System

~

Instrument Replacement Cost Borehole Tensiometer (3)

$350 Borehole Solution Samplers (1) $350 15 m Borehole (1)

$90 l

Total Replacement Cost S4400 g_________

A l

i t

I I

.I I

l 1

L 7

I tit y'ag'(

ist I

l.

I I

. _ _k_ _ _ _$ $ $

k$$

l e

1 1

1 j

l a i

tn s

a l

t d

l e

s a

e r

n bb e

a b

ou v

r s

n d

o l

pa o

u o

i t

o n

r t

a ofo t

h n

y r

s g

r l

t t

t o

si u

n n

p s

me e

u a

s n

o c

n ed S

c f

a i

ts y

r i

s c

N a

a sl n

t yt i

(

g t

i O

1 sr s

n gc i

c e

e n

a s

f I

i ut S

s s

e d

r l

t n

oa s

et s u

e s

U t

t t

o b

p n o i

n e

c L

el r

e op i

b n

d t

s C

ma n

mi o

N pci o

e

,d t

t c

s e

i i

ud a

s t

r sh O

l nl qa a

o y

ot b

c o C

e l

t h

t

,s a

s n

g en gr l

zi i

i n

ef n

h i

r go o

md i

e ).

e og i

r i

t t

n t

o a

a g

n a

o n

i r

i l

nlai at mg s

si l

t t

g e

ot r

t s

s Md p

n o od ot ao s

n c

Clo Ti I

[

E.

i Data Ana ysis anc Management

)

System attributes and target populations Statistical tools anc I

inter 3retations Da": abase structure Strengths and weaknesses of each strategy l

i Questions to be answered by monitoring:

Is the site performing?

i How does t7e monitoring program confirm site is aerforming correctly?

(Assume alreacy characterized for geology, soil 3roperties, etc.)

4 e---.-_____-.

What to measure?

Soil water content Soil matric 30tential Solution concentrations W1ere, w1en to l

1 measure?

Over 3-D saace domain (Scales of m to 10's of meters) l Over "short" and "long" time spans (Sca!es of hours.to years)

Target population Defined by N population units for which inferences will be made (N can be very large, target is water tension, concentration)

Samoling Have to choose locations to measure 4

l l

l

/

l l

l:l ()/

ii iii 1 (l S

U, t.

U._y i

- v 4

l ::

l :i 4

i i

4' s s rn At INO l

'v

/

HORIZONTAL POSITION z /I i

/

1 1, i i l:

ii ls

[,,,

S

..<v

,y i

c' l :t l

i i::

m, s

mama

/.//,

j/

NORTH-SC UTH 9

4 Sam aIinc in ':Ime and saace m

{Gi aert,1987) i i

1

y l

Unsaturated Zone vs.

l Ground Water Monitoring?

l l

Unsaturated zone j

Water, solutes tenc to move vertically with some spreacing (Use 3-D analysis if have heterogeneity or localizec source) l Have variably sa':uratec water ->

various degrees of wetting Solution samoles -> have to extract under tension t

Unsaturated Zone vs.

Ground Water Monitoring?

Saturatec zone

)

l Emphasis on lateral movement, l

often use 2-D analysis l

Solutes move with grounc water gradients Usually samp inc from a contaminant plume Solution samplers -> extract free water from wells 1

e e

A O

'd.:..

0

...s.,;,. 6

<.s O 's.: Oli I

~

.s

, ofEd

..,;A:f^'7.e;,- 'o A

,.. 0$$[,~., fA o

;. m r

o %

g-LT o

o

~

600 m X

O O

s O}30 m 0

~

50 m o

FCSSible Well

!ccatiens 4

_Y 500 m Locating We s (Meyer anc Bri

, ' 988}

I l

i l

I I

e a

W1at aart o' target oopu ation coes each strategy sample?

Monitoring trenches?

l Monitoring is ancs?

Bore 1 ole monitoring?

Geo31ysical monitoring?

i e

Monitoring Trenches Horizontal neutron probe Time Domain Re"lectometry Tensiorneters

{

Heat-dissipation sensors Thermocouple asychrometers Solution lysimeters 1

O O

1

\\

I t

L I

I t

dramage channels m

Covered area b

Buned Transcca

{

,.......................... g...........................

e i

l Plot boundaries e

l_

1y s

a g

I.5 m l

N p

=

o g

10 m

(

l s

llorizontal l

h 8

l I

e a

g 4_ Access Tubes l

j.

I

,......s8 I

O O

-j S e

o 3:

l8 l

1 U

I i

it g s

0 ll 1

s c

'

t is g

l 3*

l l

s l

l l;

p I

a

.: =

9 i

r-i l

Vertz:al i

I 8

4 e

I L....j l

[

j D Access Tubes I

O

/

\\.

e.

l i.

l s

. Montorsg j

l 1

I hlands J

}

g l

l

a e,

j; 8

l s

A i

g b

o e

' B e

a y

[

8

+

8 l

s L

I, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _l 8

Water and Powa Instrument

.,2 e

Utilnes ;

Shcher ~** :

j e

3 E..........................8 i

i

~

Sump Area Irrigation Canals r

access roads l

l l

l

(

6

Trench Monitoring Irrigated Area (50 m)

=

Ground surface Tensiometer only thermocouple *>waar

++ locations %0.5 m--

h OOp e

et.5=--O C 5" o o

o

. 2.o. u Bottom of trench Monitoring locations containing each device listed in box.

(

l f

Monitoring Islands Map View Tensiometer L--

l

\\p C

TDR Probes Heat Dissipation sensors Cross-section view q

stainless steel p

solution sampen 1.82 m Soil Surface

- W 0.5 m xx I

1.0 m x

x\\

/ ocations of desices L

1.5 m x1 x

2.0 m x

I 2.5 m I i x

3.0.m

_1,

, 1..

,,.:;9', 4;,ef % ~. i ',,'5(:, - ' ' :~

.'I.,

~,L!?b$$*'.

a a 'ha

,,,, ' sa sa s

l Q

Borehole Monitoring l

1 L 50 f

~

iD E

g g

y xtent ofirrigated plot l

40 snaiiow neutron E

e P' b*'"b'S 30 i

CD

'D G Deep neutron

,C M

g g

probe tubes l

.C 20 t

4>

Deep solution samplers (3. 5.1o m>

10 9 Deep tensiometer f

e, O

W (3,5,10 m) 0 l

0 10 20 30 40 50 Easting - m 1

I l

l

Geophysical monitoring l

A l

60

]{

E 7 xtent of 7

irrigated plot E

40 h

.5

EM - 31, 38

{

20 Monitoring i

o Points Z

0 l

a 0

20 40 60 Easting - m O

e

I l

1 I

ERBT Borehole Orientation j

u 12 11 10 9

8 2[

40 v

l y

-y y

C

/

t w

1 C

30

-v v

v v

v E

7 6

5 4

3 2

1 l

o i

Z l

l I

I I

-10 0

10 20 30 40 50 60 Easting - m Surface n

10 m M

M M

M E

M M

m M

M e--

M M

.V..

=

l Summary o samp ing coverage o' time and space l

l Temporal l

l Automatic collections have near continuous recorcs 1

1 I

l i

9 e

l Spatial Trench: Concentrated on 1.5 m cepth, one transect only Islands: Multiale deaths to 3 m, al in aroximity to two caissons Borehole monitoring: Neutron o

logging has flexible depths to 3 m (shallow) or to water table. Deep tensiometer / suction lysimeters to 3 fixed depth.s Geophysical monitoring:

EM31-81 sites,2 integratec l

cepths (3,6 m), EM38-81 sites,2 integratec depths (0.75,1.5 m),

ERBT (1 m approx.)

1-

Statistica Measures and Tests Means, " error" of measurements Trends in saace Trends in time - are values changing in time? ("before" vs.

"after")

l l

Errors Instrument True value vs. precision Sampling error Func: ion of measurement positions Proliferation in calculations e

EXPECTED RELIABILITY OF ESTIMATES OF MEANS

~

M ax.

(x -

)/,"

100 %

50% of 95% of l

Property n

CV*

Time Time Bulk Density 70 15 1.2 3.6 Clay 213 20 0.9 2.7 Silt 213 22 1.0 3.0 Sand 213 31 1.4 4.2 1

1 bar ret.

213 17 0.8 2.3 15 bar ret.

213 18 0.8 2.4 Ksat 70 112 9.1 26.7

{

EC. 213 46 2.1 6.2 Cations 8

62 15.5 50.6 Anions 8

71 17.7 57.9 Unsat K 70 280 22.7 66.8 l

l

HDS vs. Tensiometer (150 cm depth, trench)

HDS Tens Day 304-max 96.0*

145*

min 42.0 78.3 xbar 65.5 110 cm CV 0.244 0.215 n

12 10 Day 306 max 96.8*

138*

min 42.2 71.4 xbar 65.7 107 cm CV 0.242 0.225 n

12 10 Day 310 max 97.5*

137*

min 43.3 84.0 xbar 66.6 112 cm CV 0.233 0.175 n

12 9

Same site l

1 Descriptive Statistics for l

Wetting Front Velocity l

Depths -+

0 - 1.0 0 - 1.5 0 - 2.0 0 - 2.5 0 - 3.0 Depth-averaging Method range - cm d 14-50 13-38 14-40 16-28 18-27 mean - cm d-'

24.7 21.6 22.4 21.9 23.4

of samples 26 25 26 26 25 CV - %

32.1 24.0 24.9 11.9 10.4 l

)

Trenc s a

w l

{a;' Random

. b;' Trend + Cycle +

Random s

4 q'c;' Step change q'd;' Random followed

+ Random by Trend m

Ana ysis Plot Regression Sign test (e.g., non aarametric [dist'n free:,

Mann-Kendall test for trenc) l 9

r xample t

Dee3 Tensiometer Response 600 North Center 500 -

3m

^o l

N I 400 -

E l

O i

b g 300 -

m C

$ 200-

_[

10 m

--~,,,, _ _ _

100 -

l

-[

L

/

7 l

I I

l l

l 0

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 l

Days

Mann-Kendall Test (Gilbert,1987, p. 208) l

1. Compare each point with each point to the right I

sgn(xi-x;) = 1 xi > x; 1

=0 xi = x;

= -1 xi < x;

2. S = Sum of all "sgn" values (Mann-Kendall statistics)

. 3. Relate S to "Z" test statistic i

4. Can test for no, upward or downward trend.

l l

L i

t m

m____

J

Trend Test - Deep Tensiometer Depth S

Z (m) 1 3

-6135 7.65 5

-4852 6.05 10

-8617 10.74 Interpretation 4 Probability of drawing these samples without downward trend is < 10-5 Additional calculations 4 Can show 0-25 cm,10 m depth decreasing trend (Not obvious from looking at graph) o

Exam ole:

Trend + Diurna Cycle i

i i

0

~

ES E

-200 -

c e

7 S

8g

-400 -

5 O

B

~/WV\\/\\v/\\/\\f A

-600 3

j 0

5 10 15 20 25 Time (days)

1 Comparing oopu ations 1

1 Before vs. after with "pairec data" (same locations but two times)

Normal 30 aulations - paired t tests

" Sign" and various non-aarametric tests (Gilbert,1987; SPSS)

O 4

_ _ _ _. _. _ _ _ _ _. _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _. - - _ _ _ _ ~

Exam o e N-S Horizontal Neutron Probe Response Experiment #2, Installation trench 6" wide 0.40 z = 1.5m E 0.35-marker!

3 E

l t

2 3

i i

0.30-i E

l h

l 5 0.25-t.

3 0.20-l E

j Day 0 i

3 0.15-l Day 4 l

W i

Day 7 i

3 0.10

.i.

.i.i 0

10 20 30 40 50 60 S-N Distance (m) i e

l l

t ~~est Pairec Com aarison Horizontal Neutron Data (n = 199) l t = (Mean - 0) l Data Mean S.D.

S.D. n 5

l 0 and 4 days

-0.041 0.025

-23.0 4 and 7 days

-0.017 0.024

-9.62 0 and 7 days

-0.057 0.017

-46.7 I

RESULT l-1

Values are different Probability drawing from populations with no difference < 10~5 e

l i

C'tler Paired Tests (Gi aert,1987 and in "SPSS")

Sign test l

Friedman two-way ANOVA

)

Wilcoxon signed rank test Wilcoxon rank sum test All re.ect lypo':hesis taa': means are the same a': lig h sig nificance level.

i Additional methods Time invariance l

" Hot s aot c etection" l

Geostatistics j

i l

l I

l

Time Invariance (Vachaud et al.,1985)

. Suppose have measurements x with i = 1,I sites y

j = 1,J times

. Look for rank invariance. Are some sites always the wettest and others always the driest?

l e Identify sites which mimic mean (or mimic spread) for all of the times.

j i

e Advantage gained if can measure 1 or 2 sites to always give mean rather than measure all the i

sites. Also can look for sites to give 25, 75 percentile, etc.

. Example:

Horizontal access tube 223 sites 8 times over 100+ days 1

l l

. __xxamp e 2.5 m

C

.o 2.0 -

Rank 105 m

Site 121 A

E cmO e

1.5 -

A o

Rank 114 5

Site 66 cmcm 1.0 -

+

E 1:1 line 0.5 i

i i

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Mean at eight times 1

)

l Locating Hot Spots l

l What grid saacing is needed to hit a hot spot with a specifiec confidence?

For a given gric spacing, what is l

the probability of hitting a hot l

s30t of specified size?

What is the probability that a hot s30t exists when none were founc by sampling on a grid?

l l

(Gilbert; 1987; Davidson,1995; Warrick et al.,1998)

(

1 l

I y

I P

P Po V'

o 1

n x

x

.s j,Jl; ? * '

-49

< ;],4{ -

h

. ~..

4.-

g.;

0.0,0'0 o

y?li.

r;h g;_. ::q.y x

y..-.

. ~,,

b[b

. b.I. h.

7;,.i+.-

.sya9...g:;y ~;.4.;

9 G-b G~O

.a o

E a s:

M E 0 5.

f o o o o o o 3mB i

o a'm b h 6 28 c

{

m B

B Probability of a hit o

.o a

o 01 o

P I

I I

4 l

I I

oo-I e

Zo-9-o em_

mc s

m 50 o

U) oW

}&

Q O

l M

B m3 I

\\

ap_

1 1

l

_.m_

C a-i U2 l

{

i o-L

~

m l

v 4

I e

1 j

Geostatistical Analyses Do saatial correlations exist?

What are the correlation lengths?

How accurate can we estimate a l

value at an unmeasured site?

What is best layout for a sam a ing scheme?

Can we use co-kriging or l

indicator kriging advantageously?

)

I i

o,_n

_i, 000bi i

000EI 00001 o

0008 3

i o

000B O

l 000b

.!c ma

=

000E 0

Of cl 01 E

O (alelem) [ri] constaiG gsJ insinoo letsw - malgoilsV (edut asecos noltuen istnosilori).

l l

4

l Database information Microsoft Access

ver. 7 for Windows 95 1.

Versatile data management with a relatively easy-to-use framework for swift data searches.

2.

Primary consideration in data organization was make it easier for casual users to find and export needed data.

3.

Data tables are simple, clearly labeled, and all data is stored within the database itself (i.e. no linking to outside files). Some data, such as site location and coordinates, is repeated in multiple tables, resulting in somewhat inefficient storage, but simplifying usage.

4.

Possible export formats include ASCll (tab, space and comma delimited), Excel, Lotus, Paradox, dBase, FoxPro, and ODBC databases.

l l

l t

I

Scope of Data l

Experiment 1 Vertical NP

~20,000 Horizontal NP

~16,000 l

l Borehole tension

~ 17,000 Bromide solution samples - 1,700 Experiment 2 l

l t

l Similar numbers (Currently about 3.5 Megabytes in " Access")

l

(

l e

l 108,1997,114,1800 110,13.83 l

115,29.98,32.74,32.14,31.08,29.41,26.32,32.23,32.46,29,28.27,23.78 122,23.38,-2.6199,2.199,1.8176,1.9266,1.9761,1.9761,2.0504,2.0752,2.0603,2.1049,2.0999 124,23.687,-1.1292,2.6695.2.2733,2.1445,2.1197,2.095,1.9959,2.0009,1.986,1.9662,1.9811 126,23.724,-1.5205,.97565,1,1342,1.2084,1.2728,1.2926,1.3917,1.3966,1.3917,1.3966,1.4214 128,24.214,.40117,.72312,.04457,.01982,.07925,.08915,.0941,.09905,.08419,.09411,12381 130,24.483,.77261,1.8622,1.7829,1.7532,1.7631,1.7433,1.7433,1.7235,1.7037,1.6888,1.6889 135,24.058,.837,2.6943,.38136,.33183,.24763,.23774 2328 21297,.20308 18822,.1684 137,24.914,-99999,-99999,-99999,-99999,-99999, 99999,-99999, 99999,-99999, 99999,-99999 139,23.482,. 0 4 38,2.5556,.22287,.09905,.08915,.06934,.06934,.07429,.02972,.04953,.05448 141,24.351,-1.1837,.84195,.30212,.30706. 27239,.29223,.29719,.28232,.26252,.24766,.25259 143,24.205,.54479,1.3224,.83205,.70823.61908. 57946,.54479,.52994,.52003,.45565,.49527 148,24.419, 1.8225,1.5105, 9657,1.0499,1,1044,1.1093,1,1192,1,1638,1.1935,1.1787,1.2183 150,24.395,.% 572,3.125,1.1292,.89639,.7379,.66361,.61409,.57941,.52,.54476,.48037 152,24.15,-1.253,1.4511,1.2975,1.2876,1.2777,1.2579,1.253,1.253,1.2777,1.2431,1.2678 156,3.266,4.9705,1.7023 315,3.6728,1.2051,5.8096,1.1285,5.7774,2.093,5.2898,3.7583,2.4712,5.5756,2.7792,6.0695,4.3403,2.7744,6.092,6.2358 326,29.944,26.086,19.694,20.456,22.313 326,29.944,26.086,20.137,21.473,23.069 326,29.944,26.086.20.147,21.085,22.435 326,29.944,26.086,20.629,21.664,23.19 326,29.944,26.086,20.98,21.889,23.253 326,29.944,26.086,20.585,21.936,23.391 326,29.94426.086,20.926,21.764,23.006 326,29,944,26.086,19.747,20.537,21.843 326,29.944,26.086,20.888,21.836,23.147 326,29.944.26.086,20.5M,21.927,23.187 326,29.944,26.086,21.125,22.249,23.629 326,29.944,26.086,20.928,21.749,22.79 326,29.944,26.086,20.807,22.147,23.393 351,28.267,25.679,25.906,27.119,29.699 351,28.267,25.679,23.767,24.921,27.049 351,28.267,25.679,22.081,22.958,24.766 351,28.267,25.679,21.108,22.197,23.481 351,28.267,25.679,20.32,21.302,22.536 351,28.267,25.679,19.834,20.604,21.897 351,28.267,25.679,26.495,27.604,30.083 351,28.267,25.679,24.248,25.488,26.934 351,28.267,25.679,22.389,23.017,24.253 351,28.267,25.679,21.38,22.632,24.088 351,28.267.25.679,20.503,21.3 22.568 351,28.267,25.679,19.907,20.901,22.199 351,28.267,25.679,24.201,25.536,28.109 351,28.267,25.679,22.302,23.506,25.979 351,28.267,25.679,21.039,22.036,24.682 390,4.654,3.754,2.2906,2.9053,1.3764,2.097,3.6649,4.3148,3.5&45,1.0454,2.1772,2.6051,3.3568,3.5425,3.0275 403,28.136,24.413,22.352,22.845,24.836 403,28.136,24.413,20.121,21.128 22.539 403,28.136,24.413,18.8M,19.955,22.032 403,28.136,24.413,24.822,25.853,28.031 40328.136,24.413,22.286,23.067,24.261 403,28.136,24.413,20.355,21.046,22.371-403,28.136,24.413,19.363,20.444,21.667 403,28.136,24.413,18.701,19.422,20.584 403,28.136,24.413,18.236,19.461,20.62 403,28.136,24.413,24,646,25.931,28.36 403,28.136,24.413,22.441,23.454,24.802 403,28.136,24.413,20.71,21.841,23.105 403,28.136,24.413,19.626,20.392,21.658 403,28.136,24.413,18.831,19.509,20.573 403,28.136,24.413,18.355,19.891,21.1 442,3.6147,2.1 168,3.3015,6.1298,3.4206,4.0264,.978M,1.5228,1.2278,6.4167,3. 9745,2.7365,3.2482,1.6733,1.664 452,1.0287,2.1231,.6595,3.0978,.77085,3.3154,2.6171,1.711,.80766,2.9321,2.9415,1.6971,3.3353,.78979

'457,.66613.2.2028,2.5264.1.586,.71684,.67308,1.6893,4.1463,2.595,2.0121,2.7118,2.714,2.0715 One hours data for tensiometer, HDS, psychrometer, temperature (28 sites,9 depths,4 types of sensors)

Data Stream Inputs l

l l

Tensiometer, HDS, thermocouple psychrometer, temperature (28 sites,9 depths,4 types of sensors) j TDR (19 sites,6 depths)

)

'j)

Vertical neutron probe (40 sites)

Horizontal neutron probe (3 " sites" )

Solution samplers Monitoring wells EM data Weather data (from the Arizona Meteorological Network)

Lab data Soil analysis: texture, EC, cations, anions Moisture release curves Bromide analysis of solution samples EC analysis of solution samples Etc.

I l

l l

l s

Q B

m E 2-dl l

Dt 1

1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1

1 4

i i

Ei l

e d

i i

r i

U i

j i

i o

[

C l

G3 4 9 5; 3, 3,

' 5 5' 6.

4 4

) 7 5 8 4 9 4 2 5 0 1

1 4 7 4 m6 6 0 7 5 7

6 8,

(

3 8

965 1 9 1 5 E

c0 7

87. 7 7

' 5

. 9 5 65 9 5 n

(~

n 1

1 4

. n 6 9 0 5 7 6

. 51. 3

(

4 7 I

D S8 8 9 2 0 6 4 0 G 5 1

8 7 2 c W

D G 4 7 5 7 4 3 4 4 3 6 8 4 E

l l

H l

3 2 2 33 5 57 4 1

8 1

2 9

[

e i

i 4 4 6 8 4 4

1 c9 6 7 7 8 4 7 6 4 9 4 2 4 1

1 3 6 4 6,

(

1 0

6 9 G G 4 5 9 1

5 3 5 3 9 6 1

3 1

3 n 1

~

T7 7 7 9 3 4 8 4 3 7 6 G. 3 c

0 3 9 4 1

5 n

l 1

1 P6 3 G 6 2 3 5 0 3 5 2 2

. 5 6 4 6 1

r 6 5 4 3 2 2 9

4 9 8 4 01 3 0 3 2

1 7 6,

1 1

2 4 5 2 1

~

r 1

2 9 1

2 81 3 5 4,

1 1

o in U

l 5 4 86 2 3 6 6 9 5 6 1

)

9 6 0 2 6 G 1

0 9 8 6 3 m7 0 94 5 6 3 4 0 4 8 G.

c0 7 8 8 8 6 2

7 6 93 2

(

3 4 4 2 7 2 5 5 x

64 4 1

P2 5 4 8 2 0 8 0 9 5 3 1

i C3 3

1 3 3 5 4 2 2 3 1

1 l +

T l

5555 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

e 1

1 1

1 l

)

1 a

m1 1

1 1

0 4

(

z l

v l

05 50 5 0 0 5 0 5 05 5 5 55 5 5 7 7 y

)

2 3 3 4 4 5 5 m

2 2 3 4 5 1

1 1

8 8 n 3

(

1 1

4 y

9 l

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 999 9 0 0 n lp

)

e m2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 n H

7

(

8 U

x 5

w 2

o l

7 d

e00 0 0 0 0 0 0000 0 000 00 0 0 0n iM m4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4,

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 nf n

o W

i1 1

1 1

41 T

+

o l

6 G 66 6 6 6 G G 6 G 6G 66 6 6 6 6 6 cl s

lo l

D 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7, l o

/<

T E

l s

l r e

~ Y2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2,

d l

,1 o

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 c

0 eB b D

t l

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7,

ra9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 99 9 99 9 9 9 n t

x e

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 99 99 1

1 1

4 l a

r

a. b 9 9 99 9 9 9 9 9 n m

e1 l

1 1

Y o

. a l

F 7

e T l

4 s

r a : D l

t Ab n

I 4

s e s

s d o d I

e n

[

t i

l i

a s

e n

2 3 4 5 6 8 9 01 2 3 3 57 91 3 c

2, d e

1 aD 4'

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 3 3 0 0 nr d

i c

e F o

o A w i

T 1

1 1

1 2 2, c c

e e

p wh g i _ _ _ _ _ - - - -

_ _ _ _ - _ _ ~

M t

b R

n t

io es ta s

, i c

s t,

r d k

ta t

ta i g g B U M N H i

14

[

a a

g lo e E ro 8888gg8EO88 l

w

@p d

w le ie

%E F

a s

j'

E E 1' i d

ME -

A lp E

lo o e n o t

Z

)

l c

u

}

u i

n r

(

l w( u A

ie a

s o

o o

t n

V t

h o o

n l

ig t

u e nl C o

r r k p o i V

t f

d o

f o

n o b a ol r

a n e

9' A

a r

s r

a e

g e in u

sh is n ih i r

d 0

wt f

s n n a

0 a

t T k r

6 o

e o n 2

n o

6 c

. o c a m1 h e s

(

r.

W lnWl ic r

t g

e a

n a h T n

?

e it o

Ni oNi f

0 wdi Y

b d

m a d t

in it 0

(

t a

a e e a t

1 e g u

n i

F n

lo e

l b o e ipY lui e

r s e e s

a l

c O i

h b h w e

av s a

e t

r D

l e

o i

e p

a lt o

r f

r e

ut l

e r

pl rob B

. s it e

n r

n s s

tub of ig r m

o e

. s b n e

s t

i d

d n e b

s r

o r

t o

t t

e r

, e s n.

a o

t a

t te r

u b

t e

o s

p te t

n e u6 u n

e o a

t e

o2 d n

r nl e

ei mr

. n n i i d y c s

a g

h ma n o rw nd i s n c 1

ei n

l mt mg o

s a

e t

r s

t ie mi i e r

h c is mr o a ta t

ei n f

v a d r

n r

o u

h o o n e

f t

2 d ud e g e.

s1 e e

n n s r

a n

. e lul Cit e g r

x o e i e in t

f k

t a o e

d f

n a n

f p

n a a a

t d a c lod i v m n

t t

e e yi e s i

ml r

h lgt n e c r

d i g n u s h

u f

o a n n e s s n a t

o o o

n t

d h f

a n n h iv o s ai u

W r

n d

n.

od d o n r

tc a

e d

s e g n.

m r

t t

e r

r s

ni s e t

y nlt r d in n e r

z s e t

t a

t a o o ts 7

n n t

mu b

s ig n

u u h

R n

l o uh n n f

s r

n r

n it s

t a u a i o o e M

pC e a c

o o e e ed c c t

c n e r

c c loH o

o r

u a

v t d i wwr r

e n r e me s o ig reb l

e e e e od d h d n s a a

e n

, n l

r t

k r

e, ei r

a a r

o a r

oi e

r r

l o

d d oL d ei r

t a

le ic ig o f

r t

r o o s i

wp i c r

f nt n nb nf s f f mn e

k a a a d n t

e p o two lp k

s d

D t

t o

a a o nl a a s

t in n tsd o

t e a lo m

r n n n,

s a

t d d l

u f

m e

g t

f e e r

h a u

r e s u u Y>

a,

,h e e n fob oh r

p re r

r e

p e s le r

e r

a nl o

g g t ta t b b isk o iah s o h

. me e l e o o i

in i d d i p p c y p p r

l b g lp al lp le n n a a s r

r a c r

l e

t k k U

x a

u a a D

c ie g gI n n t Wo p

p o

p o ms mmmc 2 w

n e 1

o t

t n

b i e n n n o o s s b r

r e

r n

d n

nii e

t t

mn t

u pt r

k r

e e e a a a f

fo a

i iS ig ig s s o f

c d st n

u u u

e s s s u t

l ig el a

W BDMMPNNCHNBDEANNWBBBI l

e eii e e e a e el l

o o s

r r

n

c l

ls s

l o

i t

d o

i mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmml i

T t

n a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a s

I s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s r e l

333 3 600, 0 01 1

7 7 0 d

1 oc

_Y1 0 3 3 3 33 3 4 4 0 1

1 1

e R lm 01 2 2 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1

E D

a le t

X b

l 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 m

a r

9 99 9 9 99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 r

a9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ll F

l T

o e1 1

1 1

1 P

Y 4

tn l

t el323 4 56 7 8 9 01 2 3 4 5 67 09 01 i r

A m '

1 1

s e s

s 2 2 t

e n

[

mD I

c o

I d

8 c

r E

o t

A w 4

c e

e M l2 1

1_____~[

_ _ ~ _ _ -

_R h

tt 1B es 1

l ta ta l

gB

" N H N D

y d a

a t

si t

i c E g

m F

OEO6gGgOO9E lb i M I

a le

%E '

T l

I Strengt1s/ Weaknesses (Data / Statistical' Data entry /arocessing i

1 S 3atial resolution j

Time resolution Spatial rec undancy

- Same c evice

- Alternative cevices i

i I

a e

i Data Entry / Processing Trenches, Monitoring Islands

- TDR requires saecial analysis, other water devices straight forwarc Bore 1 ole

- Al straight forwarc Geophysical

- E-31, 38 straight forward

)

- ERBT c ata intensive, inversion complex

)

Spatial Resolution 1

l I

Monitoring Trenches

- Resolution good on one depth, 1 transect only Monitoring Islancs

- Reso ution good to 3 m but only on :wo localized s30ts on fielc l

l

Soatia Resolution (Cont.}

Borehole

- Reso ution good to water table

- Overall coverage of spatial area is sparse Geo ahysical monitoring

- Gooc coverage to 1.5 m over area (EM-31)

- Difficult to se aarate water / solute

- ERBT-Good coverage to 1C m, limited areal coverage i

/

Time Resolution All of strategies give data with fine resolution (some labor limited) l Spatial rec undancy

- Overlapping of same sensor measures 1

- Over apaing of alternative sensors

,

ML20236Y137

Contents

Text

SUBJECT:

Contact:

n

Navigation menu

ML20236Y137

Text

SUBJECT:

Contact:

n

Navigation menu

Search