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Summary of 980709 Public Research Briefing in Rockville,Md Re Evaluating Monitoring Strategies for Unsaturated Zone & Lessons Learned at Maricopa Field Site.Weekly Event Summary, Agenda,Attendance List & Viewgraphs Encl
	ML20236W431
Person / Time
Issue date:	08/03/1998
From:	Thomas Nicholson; NRC OFFICE OF NUCLEAR REGULATORY RESEARCH (RES)
To:	; NRC
References
	NUDOCS 9808050270
	Download: ML20236W431 (150)
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AUG 0 31938 MEMORANDUM TO: Nuclear Document System (NUDOCS)

FROM: Thomas J. Nicholson Waste Management Branch g.ggg Division of Regulatory Applications Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research

SUBJECT:

PUBLIC MEETING ON EVALUATING MONITORING STRATEGIES FOR THE UNSATURATED ZONE Attached for your processing are the; (1) weekly event summary, (2) agenda, (3) attendance l list, and (4) viewgraphs for the research briefing entitled " Evaluating Monitoring Strategies for b the Unsaturated Zone: Lessons Learned at the Maricopa Field Site" held at NRC Headquarters l Auditorium en July 9,1998. This research briefing was open to the public, and had been identified in the NRC Homepage list of public meetings, and the NRC Technical Conference Forum site (http://techconf.llnl. gov).

If you have any questions or if I can be of further assistanc9, please call me at 415-6268.

l Attachments: As stated cc: Public Document Room .

DISTRIBUTION Central File WMB R/F Public Document Room Subj File JCN W6151 RES STAFF; SBahadur, WOtt, TNicholson, RCady DOCUMENT NAME: G:\WMB\iJICHOLSO\pdr.wpd To receive a copy of this document, indicate in the box "C" = Copy without enclosures "E"

= Copy with enclosures "N" = No copy OFFICE WMB:DRA S C:WMB:DRA _

NAME TNicholson gPL SBahadurM' DATE 08/3 /98 08/ ~> /98 OFFICIAL RECORD COPY (RES File Code) RES rk i

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MEMORANDUM TO: Nuclear Document System (NUDOCS) l FROM: Thomas J. Nicholson Q,y-z Waste Management Brancfr Division of Regulatory Applications Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research

]

SUBJECT:

PUBLIC MEETING ON EVALUATING MONITORING STRATEGIES FOR THE UNSATURATED ZONE Attached for your processing are the; (1) weekly event summary, (2) agenda, (3) attendance list, and (4) viewgraphs for the research briefing entitled " Evaluating Monitoring Strategies for I the Unsaturated Zone: Lessons Learned at the Maricopa Field Site" held at NRC Headquarters Auditorium on July 9,1998. This research briefing was open to the public, and had been identified in the NRC Homepage list of public meetings, and the NRC Technical Conference Forum site (http://techconf.llnl. gov).

If you have any questions or if I can be of further assistance, please call me at 415-6268.

Attachments: As stated cc: Public Document Room 1

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WEEKLY EVENT OFFICE OF NUCLEAR REGULATORY RESEARCH ITEMS OF INTEREST WEEK ENDING JULY 11,1998 RES PUBLIC MEETING ON EVALUATING MONITORING STRATEGIES FOR THE UNSATURATED ZONE RES staff, in consultation with NMSS staff, organized a one-day public meeting in the NRC Headquarters Auditorium on July 9th to present important research findings to the NRC' staff, Agreement State regulators, other Federal Agencies, DOE national laboratory scientists and the public. The research study, developed in response to an NMSS user need statement, field tested four different monitoring strategies related to subsurface flow and transport above the ;

water table. The research study originally focused on low-level waste facility and site reviews, was later extended to incorporate decommissioning site issues. The research results provide technical bases for review of monitoring programs which may be required at decommissioning I sites involving restrictions to ensure stabilized waste conditions. The research presentation, l

" Evaluating Monitoring Strategies for the Unsaturated Zone: Lessons Leamed at the Maricopa Field Site" was made by Dr. Peter J. Wierenga, Dr. Art Warrick, Dr. Michael Young and Mr. Lon I Hoffman from the University of Arizona's Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences. The research findings focused on: monitoring strategies and components tested; description of the Maricopa field site and water application experiments conducted over a range of saturations; performance measures addressed in the field testing; advantages and disadvantages of the monitoring systems tested including reliability and durability; statistical tools available for analyzing the various monitoring datasets; and costs related to emplacement and servicing of the monitoring systems tested. The public meeting was well attended with over 50 scientists and engineers from the U.S. Geologhal Survey, DOE, EPA, Agricultural Research Service, DOE nationallaboratories, the CNWRA, Agreement States, private consulting firms, and RES, NRR and NMSS staff. Research results iceluding the lessons learned presented at this public meeting will be documented in two NUREG/CR's to be available in the Fall.

Contact:

Thomas J. Nicholson, WMB/DRA/RES (301) 415-6268 ;

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EVALUATING MONITORING STRATEGIES FOR TIIE UNSATURATED ZONE:

LESSONS LEARNED AT Tile MARICOPA FIELD SITE Date: July 9,1998 Location: NRC lleadquarters Auditorium 11545 Rockville Pike Rockville, Maryland Speakers: Dr. Peter J. Wierenga, Dr. Art Warrick, Dr. Michael Young and Lon iloffman Research Organization: Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona na 9:00 - 9:15 a.m. Briefing Objectives and Introductions - Thomas Nicholson, USNRC/RES l I

9:15 - 10:15 First Session: Description of Monitoring Firategies & Field Site - j Dr. Peter IVierenga, Head, Depanment ofSoil, Water & Environmental Sciences, UAZ l

a. Description of the monitoring strategies tested (i.e., buried trench, monitoring islands, vertical boreholes, and geophysical methods)

b. Discussion of performance measures (e.g., changes in moisture content, tension and concentrations) considered, and role of monitoring in performance confirmation

c. Brief overview of the Maricopa field site

d. Question period 10:15 BREAK 10:30 - 11:30 Second Session: Data Analysis and Management - Dr. Art Warrick, UAZ

s. Description of system attributes and target populations for the monitoring strategies tested

b. Statistical tools and interpretations

c. Database structure related to performance measures

d. Strengths and weaknesses of each strategy with respect to data analysis

e. Question period 12:00 LUNCII l 1 l L - - -------------------------------_J

EVALUATING MONITORING STR ATEGIES FOR Tile UNSATURATED ZONE:

LESSONS LEARNED AT Tile MARICOPA FIELD SITE (agenda - continued) 1:00 - 2:30 p.m. Third Session: Advantages / Disadvantages of Monitoring Strategies -

Dr. Alichael Young', Georgia Institute ofTechnology

a. Strengths and weaknesses ofindividual strategies with respect te monitoring program objectives and performance measures

b. Installation, maintenance and replacement considerations for the system components within the individual monitoring strategies

c. Discussion of specific site conditions and processes as they affect monitoring strategy performance

d. Qaestion period 2:30 BREAK 2:45 - 3:15 Fourth Session: Cost Analysis- Lon Hofmann, UAZ 3:15 - 3:45 Summary and Conclusions- Dr. Wierenga, UAZ 3:45 -4:30 Group Discussion - T. Nicholson, USNRC/RES, Afoderator 4:30 ADJOURN 1

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' Now at the School of Civil / Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of ,

Technology.

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Outline for Session:

1. Definitions

2. Major goals of unsaturated zone monitoring

3. Advantage and disadvantages of the four monitoring strategies described earlier, with respect to:

Ability of the strategy to achieve goals of the monitoring program Installation of the strategy and individual systems Maintenance of monitoring instruments and systems Replacement of monitoring instruments and systems

4. Breakdown of subgoals for monitoring programs l

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( - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

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Some Definitions Definition of monitor ng - Code of Federal Regulations,

-1990,10 CFR 61, Subpart A:

" Monitoring" means observing and making measurements to provide data to evaluate the performance and characteristics of the disposal site Other definitions:

Monitoring program - a set of monitoring strategies, including data collection intervals, analytical methods and data' analysis Monitoring strategy - a set of monitoring systems that emphasize a specific concept or philosophy Monitoring system - a system that collects the output of sensors (Dictionary of Science and Technology, Academic Press,1992)

Monitoring instrument - an device or sensor that collects information about the site environs

. = 1 Major Goals of Unsaturated Zone Monitoring I

To provide early warning of releases of contaminants (e.g., radionuclides) from disposal sites before they reach the facility ;

boundary 4 To design a system that reduces or eliminates active maintenance, and one that i emphasizes protection of the facility during potential future replacement of instruments To use strategies that focus on redundant observations of performance measures, reducing the dependency of the program on a single monitoring system

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[ __ _ _ _ _ _ ._- ._ _--__ _ _----- --- i

Monitoring Trench Strategy Advantages -

Soil water conditions are monitored along a potentially long horizontal transect - this provides estimates of the spatial variability of hydraulic conditions at a specific depth Spatial variability of wetting front arrival can be determined - indicates level of consistency of site closure Disadvantages -

Establishing a hydraulic gradient through deeper soils is difficult - shallowness of trench limits the number of instruenents in vertical transect Trench strategy emphasizes near-surface conditions -

changes could be occurring in deeper soils, which

would not be monitored with this strategy h-__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _

Monitoring Trench Strategy - continued

_ Goals Achieved -

Observing surface and near-surface conditions along the length of disposal cell or trench - this indicates whether soil water storage is changing, providing some indication of deeperinfiltration Determining whether the hydraulic conditions at one portion of a disposal or containment cell may be changing significantly versus another portion - large variability of conditions could point to potential trouble spots in the cover l

l u__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _

Monitoring Trench Strategy - Installation Advantages - '

Can install multiple instruments at same location -

redundancy of measurements can be enhanced Completion of access ports is visible -less likelihood for air gaps or preferential flow pathways Instrument tips are less susceptible to temperature affects - fewerpotentialproblems with changing ambient conditions Single manifold can be used for many solution samplers - multiple samples can be collected at same time 1

Horizontal neutron probe tubes can be installed when {

the trench is open - horizontal access tubes provide j excellent data on spatial variability of water content Collecting undisturbed core samples and grab samples is easy - improves site characterization database Lateral variability of subsurface material can be easily observed - provides direct information on site conditions i

Monitoring Trench Strategy - Installation - continued Disadvantages -

Excavation disrupts the soil surface and trench walls -

excavation can be done only at the time of facility ,

installation I Replacing material to natural bulk density and layering is very difficult - higher possibly for focused flow into the trench Wire lengths for the electronic monitoring instruments have ~the potential to be very long - higher wire loss, greater chances oflosing continuity of electrical signais Adding more samplers to the monitoring clusters is difficult after trench is closed - usually requires vertical entry from ground surface, increasing the potential for focused flow down the new access port i

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Monitoring Trench Strategy - Maintenance Advantages -

Headspace on tensiometer is easy to access - easy to routinely service these instruments Most instruments in the trench are protected from the eiements - less likely to be damaged from environmental changes Disadvantages e -

Instruments cannot be easily removed for calibration or maintenance - failure or drift of calibration could render the instrument unusable Electrical connections are below ground - potentially more susceptible to corrosion or electrical shorting Water can condense inside conduit and slowly l corrode wiring - potential for condensation needs to be reduced as much as possible, especially near electrical connections l

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t l Monitoring Trench Strategy - Replacement {

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Advantages - l Electrical connections can be made accessible for replacement - though more susceptible to corrosion, \

they can be visibly checked and replaced if necessary

- 1 Pressure transducers on the tensiometer can be l easily replaced -pressure sensors were replaced during our field experiments I

Disadvantages - !

Intrusive activity needed for instrument replacement - i could lead to disruption of cover material after closure j Most backfilled components cannot be replaced (such as the tensiometer cup itself) - requires installation in l

new location 1

Fully decommissioning the trench would be very )

difficult - major site disruption would be required to remove allinstrumentation and wiring Rewiring is problematic when new instruments are added - new conduit was needed before Experiment 2, which had to be left on soil surface; higher potential for environmental or inadvetient damage 1

i w~_____~-___ . . _ _ _ .- - _ - - -

Monitoring Islands Strategy Advantages -

Instruments can be installe'd at many different depths

- higher resolution, verticalprofiles are useful for estimating changes of water content, tension, and concentration with depth Monitoring islands can be installed close to one another without interference - this provides information on small-scale variability of soil water conditions Islands can be secured and used.for storing equipment - advantageous for remote sites during post-closure monitoring i

Disadvantages -

1 Poor lateral resolution unless multiple islands are i used in the monitoring program - program costs can {

, increase very quickly if multiple islands with full l instrumentation are used

... e Monitoring Islands Strategy - continued Goals Achieved -

Hydraulic gradient can be determined, improving flux calculations - identifying the direction of water movement is useful for evaluating performance confirmation Improves understanding of water flow throughout the soil profile - data can be used to confirm predictions of water movement and cover performance '

Soil and/or pore water in the disposal zone can be sampled - this provides direct information about possible releases adjacent to the containment unit l

1 l-

Monitoring Islands Strategy - Installation l Advantages -

Islands can act as hubs for monitoring systems -

provides centrallocation for managing and maintaining the monitoring systems Multiple depths and new ports can be easily incorporated - very flexible in terms ofinstalling new instruments Allows flexibility with respect to direction of installation L

of samplers through the island wall - samplers can be installed in any direction or angle, to target specific depths or material Islands can be installed into deep soil material -

drilling rigs can advance large-diameter borings to l depths of 20 m l

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r Monitoring Islands Strategy - Installation - continued Advantages -

Easy to incorporate redundancy of measurements -

multiple instruments can be added to the strategy any

time after installation of the island itself Wiring. remains inside the island - visibility makes inspection more effective Subsurface material is accessible - improves flexibility for installing new instruments and provides capability for directly collecting soil material at any time Easy to make manifold for. multiple s'olution samplers -

samples can be collected at same time from multiple locations

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Le North Monitoring Island

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Schematic of monitoring islands showing two different orientations of device installation

. l N______-_-_-_________-________

l Monitoring Islands Strategy - Installation - continued Disadvanta_ge_s -

Requires intrusive activity with less common rig equipment - fewer companies can drilllarge diameter boreholes Backfilling the annular space is difficult - potential exists for focused flow pathways Difficult to insulate the top of the island - ambient air space inside the island susceptible to temperature fluctuations, possibly affecting instrument readings Presence of metal close to soil material could affect TDR or surface EM readings - several data points adjacent to the monitoring islands could not be used during the experiments Instruments need to be installed within a meter of the island wall - unless the island is installed during backfilling, access ports will need to be short, limiting the lateral extent of instrument installation l

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Monitoring Islands Strategy - Maintenance Advantages -

Individual instruments can be removed and maintained - greatly enhances flexibility of strategy Routine maintenance is sirnplified - electrical wires and' sampling tubes are accessible irasy to access facility to check instruments - islands can be outfitted with scaffolding and stairs for worker safety Components are protected from sun - improves durability of wiring and tubing l

Connections less likely to corrode - ambient environment inside the island is dry when compared {

to soil environment Disadvantages -

Wires are more likely to be pulled unless secured -

could lead to instrument failure Metal island themselves more susceptible to corrosion

- fiberglass material could also be used to improve facilitylifespan l

- - ____-__ __________-__ _ a

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i Monitoring Islands Strategy - Replacement l l

Advantages -

Instruments and samplers can be more easily replaced - they are generally installed much closer to wall Wiring is also accessible - easy to replace if necessary I I

Subsurface soil can be sampled without disrupting surface soils - direct measurement of soil conditions provides important ground-truthing for indirect measurement techniques I

i Disadvantages -

The island material itself cannot be easily replaced -

replacement of monitoring island would require complete re-installation of monitoring systems i

1 i Borehole Monitoring Strategy 1

Advantages -

Boreholes can be added easily to the monitoring design - lateral resolution of data collection is

! enhanced Boreholes can be installed below disposal sites using

! angled or horizorital drilling - this provides access to soil material directly beneath waste material, 1 potentially after site closure l

l More data can be collected from the borehole using

portable probes (e.g., neutron probe)- resolution of data collection can be determined at the discretion of i site personnel after borehole is installed l

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Borehole Monitoring Strategy - continued Disadvantages -

Only a limited number of instruments (e.g., solution samplers, tensiometer, etc.) can be installed in each borehole - this reduces the capability of directly measuring soil conditions unless numerous boreholes are used The loss of a single access tube could result in the loss of numerous potential data coints - monitoring programs that rely heavily on borehole monitoring i

could be vulnerable to vandalism or accidents l

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Borehole Monitoring Strategy - continued Goals Achieved -

Deep unsaturated zone material can be monitored using different instruments - could provide early warning of releases before widespread contamination occurs Simultaneous monitoring of saturated and unsaturated material - provides a more integrated monitoring of subsurface conditions for operators and regulators Enhances the ability to make redundant measurements in same borehole .more diverse monitoring is possible

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Borehole Monitoring Strategy - Installation Advantages -

Subsurface material can be sampled continuously during drilling - provides direct measurements of soil material and hydrologic conditions Technology for installing monitoring points is readily availab\e - CPT rig, hollow-stem auger, etc. are common Large diameter boreholes can allow sidewall coring and sampling - can increase the flexibility of sampling during installation of monitoring points Borings can be completed below grade - monitoring points can be protected from accidental damage or vandalism Different material is available for access tubes - PVC, ABS, HDPE, aluminum, or steel material can be used depending on the purpose of the access tube and projected instruments I

Borehole Monitoring Strategy - Installation - continued Disadvantages - -

Instruments cannot always be placed precisely in deep boreholes - drilling bit can veer off vertical without knowledge of drillers or operators, causing a shift in the lateralposition ofinstruments 1

Lateral distances between boreholes can be quite long - remote data acquisition is more difficult with longer wire lengths Incomplete backfilling of boreholes may lead to conduits for water flow and contaminant transport -

very difficult to confirm that boreholes were successfully backfilled Large diameter boreholes could be susceptible to higher measurement interference - volume-averaged '

measurements can become biased by the backfill material l Installation of boreholes can cause dragdown of l

l contaminants from shallow 'o deeper depths - could l lead to false conclusions that deep soils are contaminated l

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Borehele Monitoring Strategy - Maintenance l

l Advantag_e_s -

Portable instruments (i.e., neutron probe) can be removed from the site -less chances of damage from environmental stresses or from vandals Access tubes have no electronics or moving parts -

failure of the tube itselfis less likely, so boreholes can be an integral cornponent oflong-term monitoring strategies with higher chance for usefulness l Disadvantages -

Some instruments, which are permanently left in the boreholes (i.e., deep tensiometer), cannot be maintained easily - failures can begin to occur without showing significant, early-time problems Borehole maintenance can be difficult as the boreholes become deeper - water build-up, corrosion can prohibit entry ofinstruments into the borehole a--___--_ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - _ _ _ . _ _ _ - - - - - - _ _ - . --

. e Borehole Monitoring Strategy - Replacement Advantag.e3 -

Portable instruments can be replaced easily - the strategyis very flexible with respect to choosing newer types ofinstruments Disadvantages -

Borehole replacement requires redrilling - more site disturbance, possibly through cover material Stationary instruments probably cannot be replaced in same borehole - replacement would require installation at different point in space, possibly changing baseline readings in a pat 1icular area of the site i

I l

Geophysical Monitoring Strategy Advantages -

EM techniques are both intrusive and non-intrusive -

combination ofinstruments could provide a better surveillance program for the site Portable, non-intrusive methods allow for larger scale monitoring - data an be collected adjacent to and away from containment unit ERT can provide data at multiple depths and locations adjacent to those used for borehole monitoring -

measurements can be taken at different scales (0.5 m resolution at MAC site)

Multiple ERT boreholes provide 2- and 3-D readings of resistivity - potentially very useful during long-term monitoring programs l

i

/

l l

Geophysical Monitoring Strategy - continued .

1 Disadvantages -

Geophysical techniques normally provide volume-averaged property. values - more difficult to resolve small scale changes Techniques require ground-truthed data before true values of water content or conductivity can be obtained - not always possible in areas of high spatial variability of material Conversion of EM response to true water content is not weil understood - research is still being conducted on the viability of this approach Changes in instrument response could be caused by several factors, and distinguishing these factors is not easy - false positives or negatives could occur without ground truthing Surface EM sensitive to meta! objects - could become a problem at SDMP sites or sites with underground wiring orinstrumentation I

l l

l

Geophysical Monitoring Strategy - continued Goals Achieved -

EM instruments can provide a rapid, non-intrusive assessment of site conditions - they can be used as a preliminary investigative tool to indicate whether a problem exists Downhole instruments (e.g., EM-39 and ERT) can be used to detect changes of water content or salinity in deep soils - provides early warning of releases, and enhances redundancy of measurements l

l

ru-l Geophysical Monitoring Strategy - Installation Advantage _s -

l'

[ surface, portable] Surface EM instruments are not permanently installed - measurements require no ;

modifications to surface covers or subsurface {

l containment units l l l -

[ downhole, portable] EM-39 can be used in same boreholes as monitoring wells and neutron probes - '

provides redundant measurements at high vertical 1 resolution

[ downhole, stationary] ERT monitoring points are permanently installed at the site - no ambiguity with instrument piacement, regardless of the number of different technical personnel used at the site over time

[ downhole, stationary] ERT data acquisition systems can be designed for portability - each borehole ends in single connector, regardless of the number of sources / detectors l

G V

Geophysical Monitoring Strategy- Installation -

l continued l

l Disadvantages -

[ surface, portable] Difficult to duplicate exact instrument placement over time - change of instrument response with time could be misinterpreted as change in soil conditions

[ downhole, portable] Some techniques may not work properly under all soil conditions - downhole ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was not operable in the conductive MAC soils at the 10 m offsets of our access tubes

[ downhole, stationary] ERT requires substantial lengths of wiring when boreholes are far apart - more susceptible to potentialloss of continuity from accident or weathering L

{ l

Geophysical Monitoring Strategy- Maintenance 1

Advantages e -

[ surface and subsurface, portable] Instruments can be removed from the field for servicing - electronic maintenance is more efficient in laboratory setting Disadvantages -

[ surface and subsurface, portable] Instruments, which change over time, could lead to different readings -

calibration transform equations could bias the measurements

.[ subsurface, stationary] ERT wiring is permanently left in the borehole - corrosion could render sources and detectors less effective for detecting small changes in soil water content or resistivity I

l I

)

i

____________=____ - ___.__________ ________ _-_.

,_ m - --- - - . _ - - _ _

I i

Geophysical Monitoring Strategy- Replacement Advantag.es -

[ Portable] Instruments can be replaced easily and l taken back to the site - intrusive activities are not V necessary forlong-term monitoring, even if new i

designs orinstruments become available (

Disadvantages -

[ Stationary] ERT sources and detectors cannot be l L replaced without redrilling - strategy is vulnerable to loss of single boreholes; redrilling boreholes during post-closure could disrupt cover system I

l lL

Breakdown of Subgoals {

And Monitoring Strategies That Can Be Used to Fulfill Those Goals f

{

Subgoal l MT l MI l BM l GM Establish surface /near-surface l l l i conditions along the length of a disposal i V i i i V unit or trench l l l l Determine whether one portion of a l l l l disposal area is experiencing different iV i i iV conditions l l l l i i i i Establish hydraulic gradient in both I i i i shallow and deeper soils l lV lV l Quantify flux into and/or out of the disposal area i

g lg l Collect sufficient quantities of reliable l l l l data to enable comparisons with i V i V i V iV baseline conditions l l l l Collect sufficient data over a long- l l l l enough time period to quantify iV iV iV iV background variability l l l l l 1 1 I Demonstrate that the data are i i i i representative of site conditions lg lg lg l l l l

1 Monitor deep soil conditions with both i 1 I i l

direct and indirect instruments l l

l I

lp I

Monitor water table for both water level i i i g i and water quality , , , ,

l i

Breakdown of Subgoals - Continued l

Subgoal ) MT I MI l BM l GM

! Emphasize non-intrusive activities l l l l l during latter phases of the monitoring i i 1 iV programs l l l l Emphasize consistency of data l l l l collection throughout different phases of I vI viV iV monitoring programs l l l l l 1 I I Maintain a cost-effective strategy in i i t i p g g g terms of personnel and O&M , , , ,

Consider the potential for retrofitting l l l l existing ports to accommodate new I I vI vi instruments l l l l 1 Create procedures and methods that l l l l can be taught to technical personnel iV iV l V iV with a wide variety of backgrounds l l l l Ensure that decommissioned l l l l monitoring systems do not affect the i V iV i V i integrity of the containment unit l l l l Establish talationships between l l l I direct / indirect parameters to reduce lp lg lg l ;

data collection needs in post- i i i i !

operational phases j j l l l

I i

Vertical Borehole System Installation Cost

~

i S36,000 j l l I ~

Cost Breakdown l 3m boreholes (28) $4800 l Sm boreholes (18) $3000g l 10m boreholes (18) $2700

15m boreholes (13) $3400 l l Borehole Tensiometer (27) $2200 l Borehole Solution Samplers (27) Q400 g___ _ ____ g I

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Data Ana ysis and Management I
System attribu':es and target populations Statistical tools and interpretations Da": abase structure Strengths anc weaknesses of each strategy 1
4
i f
Questions to De answerec l 1
oy monitoring:
Is the site 3erforming?
How does the monitoring 3rogram confirm site is aerforming correct y?
(Assume alreacy characterized for geology, soil pro 3erties, etc.)
l l
- _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
W1at to measure?
Soil water content Soil matric potential Solution concentrations W1ere, when to measure?
Over 3-D saace domain (Scales of m to ' 0's of meters) )
Over "short" anc "long" time spans l
(Scales of hours to years) 6
l Target 30ou ation l
Defined ay N population units for w1ic7 inferences will D' e made
<<N can be very large, target is
, water tension, concentration)
Sam o ing Have to choose locations to measure 1 l
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HORIZONTAL POSITION
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SamP li nc in :ime and soace
'Gi aert ' 987} ,
i'
Unsaturated Zone vs.
Ground Water Monitoring?
Unsaturated zone Water, so utes tenc to move ver:ically with some s3 reading (Use 3-D ana ysis if have heterogeneity or localized source)
Have variably saturatec water ->
various cegrees of wetting So.ution samales -> have to extract under tension
Unsaturated Zone vs.
Ground Water Monitoring?
saturatec zone Emphasis on lateral movement, often use 2-D analysis Solutes move with grounc water gradients Usually sampling from a contaminant plume Solution samplers -> extract free water from wells
4 0 o
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W1at aart o target oopulation coes eac, strategy sam o e?
Monitoring trenches?
Vlonitoring islancs?
Borehole monitoring?
Geophysical monitoring?
l l
y
Monitoring Trenches Horizontal neutron probe Time Domain Re lectometry Tensiometer Heat-cissiaation sensors )
Thermocouple psychrometer l Solution lysimeters i
9 l
i l
dramage charmels l Covaed area Buned Transcct
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a' s
Plot boundaries s ,
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Utilites j l Shelter ~** ? i* .
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access roads i
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9
Trench Monitoring Irrigated Area (50 m)
Ground surface Tensiometer only
'
thermocouple %0 anni
.+ 10 Cations %0.5 m--
. e .iom--e e e e oop e eism--O C 5" o o o h
' . . 2.om U i Bottom of trench Monitoring locations containing each device listed in box.
I l
l l
9
1 I
t l Monitoring Islands l
l l
Map View Tensiometer
= I \
IDR Probes :s=
Heat Dissipation Sensors %
v -
~*
pr Cross-section view q Stainless Steel Solution Sampers j
l.82 m Soil Surface
^b
+ , ..p, I
0.5 m xx x l.0 m x x
\ L
/ ocations of desices 1.5 m x2 x 2.0 m ' x x 2.5 m x: x 3.0.m ,. .. . x. . ,x.
iii.'2 N Y ,I s : 'j'id, :: t' J:c ;, }L:, !y[;
4
+ :8se . th- a . :< . . ;' s.n 14 j,,
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Borehole Monitoring J L N
50 -
di g g e g <> Extent of irrigated plot 40 -
e '
-e e e e o e e, E
Shallow neutron probe tubes i 30 -
=
El g g
g <D G Deep neutron
'E P' b*'"b**
20 -
t ~=
O * * * *
4> Deep solution samplers
10 -
= (3, s.10 m) 9 Deep tensiometer D e b (3,5,10 m) 0 - -
=
e e
0 10 20 30 40 50 Easting - m t
i 9
Geo37ysical monitorinc l
A 60 --
))
E y xtent of 40 * * ***** irrigated plot E
7 a _
.5 . . ..... ..
EM - 31, 38 g
t 20 Mon.toring i
j o -
. . ..... .. Points z -
0 -
l l
0 20 40 60 I Easting - m 9
9
ERBT Borehole Orientation A
12 11 10 9 8 c
40 - v v v vs y N b
C 30 .- y v v v v r y E 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 o
Z ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' i ' I
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Easting - m Surface 10 m M M M M M 3 E M M m M M e- M M i M M M M '
M W M M M M M M M ll l I
. I I
l 1
I
Summary o" sam o ing coverage o" time and saace Tem poral Automatic collections have near continuous records I
1
(
O
Spatia 1
Trench: Concentrated on 1.5 m deptl, one transect only Islands: Multip e deaths to 3 m, all in proximity to two caissons Borehole monitoring: Neutron logging has flexible depths to 3 m (shallow) or to water table. Dee 3 tensiometer / suction lysimeters to 3 fixec depths Geophysical monitoring:
EM31-81 sites,2 integrated depths (3,6 m), EM38-81 sites,2 integrated depths (0.75,1.5 m),
ERBT (1 m approx.)
9
Statistica 1 Measures and Tests j Means, " error" of measurements Trencs in space Trenc s in time - are values changing in time? ("before" vs.
"after")
1
l 1
i Errors i
Instrumerr:
True va ue vs. precision l
Samp.ing error Function of measurement positions
)
Proliferation in calculations f
1 l
EXPECTED RELIABILITY OF ESTIMATES OF MEANS l M ax. (x - )/ 100 %
50% of 95% of Property n CV* Time Time Bulk Density 70 15 1.2 3.6 Clay 213 20 0.9 2.7 Silt 213 22 1.0 3.0 Sand 213 31 1.4 4.2 1 bar ret. 213 17 0.8 2.3 15 bar ret. 213 18 0.8 2.4 Ksat 70 112 9.1 26.7 EC. 213 46 2.1 6.2 Cations 8 62 15.5 50.6 Anions 8 71 17.7 57.9 Unsat K 70 280 22.7 66.8
HDS vs. Tensiometer (150 cm depth, trench)
HDS Tens Day 304 max 96.0* 145*
min 42.0 78.3 xbar 65.5 110 cm CV 0.244 0.215 n 12 10 Day 306 max 96.8* 138*
min 42.2 71.4 xbar 65.7 107 cm CV 0.242 0.225 n 12 10 Day 310 max 97.5* 137*
min 43.3 84.0 xbar 66.6 112 cm CV 0.233 0.175 n 12 9
Same site i
i e
d 1
l l
l Descriptive Statistics for Wetting Front Velocity Depths
O - 1.0 0 - 1.5 0 - 2.0 0 - 2.5 0 - 3.0 Depth-averaging Method range - cm d- 14-50 13-38 14-40 16-28 18-27 mean - cin d 4 24.7 21.6 22.4 21.9 23.4
of samples 26 25 26 26 25 CV - % 32.1 24.0 24.9 11.9 10.4 l
e O
Trenc s e
8 4:a? Random l b} Trend + Cycle +
Random I V Nk
~
j'
< c} Step change l d} Random followed
+ Random by Trend 4
l Ana ysis i l
Plot Regression Sign test I (e.g., nonparametric :dist'n free:, )
Mann-Kendall test for trend) l l
1 ,
0 1
l Exam o e Dee3 Tensiometer Response 600 500 - North Center 3m
^
om I 400 -
E o
O g 300 -
m C
N 200 - _
5m l w 10 m
___-- -= = __,,,, __
I 100 -
L .
l 0 I I I I i l j 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Days 1
i l
l O
Mann-Kendall Test (Gilbert,1987, p. 208)
1. Compare each point with each point to the right sgn(xi- x;) = 1 xi > x;
=0 xi = x;
= -1 x, < x;
2. S = Sum of all"sgn" values (Mann-Kendall statistics)
3. Relate S to "Z" test statistic
4. Can test for no, upward or downward trend.
c l
l
Trend Test - Deep Tensiometer Depth S Z (m) 3 -6135 7.65 5 -4852 6.05 10 -8617 10.74 Interpretation 4 Probability of drawing these samples without downward trend is < 10-5 Additional calculations 4 Can show 0-25 cm,10 m depth decreasing trend (Not obvious from looking at graph)
(
e 9
Exam a e:
Trenc + Diurna Cycle 0
~
E S -
a)
-200 - "
T '
j 1
c -
2 -
5 _
g -400 -
3 -
O _
B A
h$
~
-600 i i i i l
0 5 10 15 20 25 Time (days) i O
Comparing 30ou ations Before vs. af:er with "3 aired cata" (same locations au': two times)
Normal popula: ions - pairec t tests
" Sign" anc various non-3arametric tests (Gil3ert,1987; SPSS)
I
~
l 1-
Exam ole I
N-S Horizontal Neutron Probe Response Experiment #2, Installation trench 6" wide 0.40
'* i R 0.35- marker !. i E
e i i
i E 0.30- l S f) Il h!
_ 0.25 -
f, C
j O.20-Day 0 i S 0.15- l Day 4 ;
j W Day 7 l 0.10 ,
i i . , , '
O 10 20 30 IO 50 SO S-N Distance (m) i
\
9
t-Tes': 3airec Comaarison Horizontal Neutron Data (n = 199) l Data Mean S.D. t = -( ean - 0)
S.D. n 5
(
I I
O and 4 days -0.041 0.025 -23.0 l 4 and 7 days -0.017 0.024 -9.62 0 and 7 days -0.057 0.017 -46.7 ,
RESULT e Values are different l
. 1 e Probability drawing from populations with no difference < 10~5 l
l l l
l l
9
Otler Paired Tests (Gilbert, ' 987 and in "SPSS")
Sign test Friedman two-way ANOVA Wilcoxon signed rank test Wilcoxon rank sum test A relec': hy ootlesis tha': means are t7e same a': high sic ni"icance I leve .
1 l
}
I l
4 Additiona methods )
Time invariance
" Hot spot detection" Geostatistics l
N i
l Time Invariance (Vachaud et al.,1985)
. Suppose have measurements xi; with i = 1,1 sites j = 1,J times e Look for rank invariance. Are some sites always the wettest and others always the driest? !
. Identify sites which mimic mean (or mimic spread) for all of the times.
. Advantage gained if can measure 1 or 2 sites to always give mean rather than measure all the sites. Also can look for sites to give 25,75 percentile, etc.
. Example:
Horizontal access tube 223 sites 8 times over 100+ days t - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ll FeitiNR cXamp.e i
2.5 M
C
.o 2.0 - Rank 105 E Site 121 A E
c m
e e 1.5 - A o Rank 114 5
Site 66 c
m \
c m 1.0 - +
. E 1:1 line 0.5 i i i 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Mean at eight times ;
l ;
t
Locating Hot Soots What grid saacing is needed to hit a hot spot with a specified confidence?
For a given grid saacing, what is the probability of hitting a hot s30t of saecified size?
What is the 3robaaility that a hot s30t exists when none were founc by sampling on a grid?
(Gilbert; 1987; Davidson,1995; Warrick et al.,1998)
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Geosta':istica Ana yses Do saatial correlations exist?
What are the correlation lengths? 4 How accurate can we estimate a value at an unmeasured site? )
What is best layout for a samp ing scheme?
Can we use co-kriging or indicator kriging advantageously?
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Database information
Microsoft Access
ver. 7 for Windows 95
1. Versatile data management with a relatively easy-to-use framework for swift data searches.
2. Primary consideration in data organization was make it easier for casual users to find and export needed data.
3. Data tables are simple, clearly labeled, and all data is stored within the database itself (i.e. no linking to outside files). Some data, such as site location and coordinates, is repeated in multiple tables, resulting in somewhat inefficient storage, but simplifying usage.
4. Possible export formats include ASCll (tab, space and comma delimited), Excel, Lotus, Paradox, dBase, FoxPro, and ODBC databases.
l s
0
l Scope of Data Experiment 1 Vertical NP ~20,000 Horizontal NP ~16,000 Borehole tension ~17,000 -
Bromide solution samples ~ 1,700 :
Experiment 2 4
Similar numbers (Currently about 3.5 Megabytes in " Access")
I 1
i
108,1997,114,1800 110,13.83 115,29.98,32.74,32.14,31.08,29.41,2632,32.23,32.46,29.28.27,25.78 122,2338,-2.6199,2.199,1.8176,1.9266,1.9761,1.9761,2.0504,2.0752,2.0603,2.1049,2.0999 124,23.687,-1.1292,2.6695,2.2733,2.1445,2.1197,2.095,1.9959,2.0009,1.986,1.9662,1.9811 126,23.724,-1.5205. 97565,1.1342,1.2084,1.2728,1.2926,1.3917,13 966,13 917,1.3966,1.4214 128,24.214,.40117,.72312,.04457,.01982,.07925,.08915,.0941,.09905,.08419,.09411,.12381 130,24.483,.77261,1.8622,1.7829,1.7532,1.7631,1.7433,1.7433,1.7235,1.7037,1.6888,1.6889 135,24.058..837,2.6943,.38136,.33183,.24763,.23774,.2328,.21297,.20308,.18822,.1684 137.24.914,-99999, 99999,-99999,-99999,-99999,-99999,-99999,-99999,-99999,-99999,-99999 139,23.482, .0M38,2.5556,.22287,.09905,.08915,.06934,.06934,.07429,.02972,.N953,.05448 141,24 351, 1.1837,.84195,.30212,3 0706,.27239,.29223,.29719,.28232,.26252,.24766 25259 143,24.205,.54479,1 3224,.83205,.70823.61908,.57946,.54479,.52994,.52003 45565,.49527 148,24.419, 1.8225,1.5105,.9657,1.0499,1.1044,1,1093,1.1192,1,1638,1.1935,1,1787,1.2183 150,24 395,.96572,3.125,1.1292,.89639,.7379,.66361. 51409,.57941,.52,.54476,.48037 152,24.15,-1.253,1.4511.1.2975,1.2876,1.2777,1.2579, 253,1.253,1.2777,1.2431,1.2678 156,3 2 66,4.9705,1.7023 315,3.6728,1.2051,5.8096,1.1285,5.7774,2.093,5.2898,3.7583,2.4712,5.5756,2.7792,6.0695,4 3403,2.7744,6.092,6.2358 326,29.944,26.086,19.694,20.456,22313 326,29.944,26.086,20.137,21.473,23.069 326,29.944,26.086,20.147,21.085,22.435 326,29.944,26.086,20.629,21.664,23.19 326,29.944,26.086,20.98,21.889,23.253 326,29.944,26.086,20.585,21.936,23.391 326,29.944,26.086,20.926,21.764,23.006 326,29.944,26.086,19.747,20.537,21.843 326,29.944,26.086,20.888,21.836,23.147 326,29.944,26.086,20.5 4 ,21.927,23,187 326,29.944,26.086,21.125,22.249,23.629 326,29.944,26.08630.928,21.749.22.79 326,29.944,26.086,20.807,22.147,23.393 351,28.267,25.679,25.906,27.119,29.699 351,28.267,25.679,23.767,24.921,27.049 351,28.267,25.679,22.081,22.958,24.766 351,28.267,25.679,21.108 32.197.23.481 351,28.267.25.679,20.32,21302,22.536 351,28.267,25.679,19.834,20.604,21.897 351,28.267,25.679,26.495,27.604,30.083 351,28.267,25.679,24.248,25.488,26.934 351,2 F .267,25. 679,22389,23.017,24.253 351,28.26725.679,21.38,22.632,24.088
351,28.26725.679,20.503,21.3.22.568 351,28.267,25.679,19.907,20.901,22.199 351,28.267,25.679,24.201.25.536,28.109 351,28.267,25.679,22 302,23.506,25.979 351,28.267,25.679,21.039,22.036,24.682 I
l 390,4.654,3.754,2.2906 2.9053,1 3 764,2.097,3.6649,4.3148,3.5845,1.0454,2.1772,2.6051,3 3568,3.5425,3.0275 403,28.136,24.413,22.352,22.845,24.836 403,28.136,24.413,20.121,21.128,22.539 403,28.136,24.413,18.864,19.955,22.032 403,28.136,24.413,24.822,25.853,28.031 403,28.136,24.413,22.286,23.067,24.261 403,28.136,24.41320.355,21.N 6,22371 403,28.136,24.413,19.363,20.444,21.667 403,28.136,24.413,18.701.19.422,20.584 403,28.136,24.413,18.236,19.461,20.62 403.28.136,24.413,24.646,25.931,28 36 403,28.136.24.413,22.441,23.454,24.802 403,28.136,24.413,20.71,21.841,23.105 403,28.136.24.413,19.626,20.392,21.658 403,28.136,24.413,18.831,19.509.20.573 403,28.136,24.413,18355,19.891,21.1 442,3.6147,2.1 168,33015,6.1298.3.4206,4.0264,. 97864,1.5228,1.2278,6. 4167,3. 9745,2.7365,3.2482,1.6733,1.6M 452,1.0287,2.1231,.6595,3.0978,.77085,3.3154,2.6171,1.711,.80766,2.9321,2.9415,1.6971,3 3 353. 78979 457,.66613,2.2028,2.5264,1.586,.71684,.67308,1.6893,4.1463,2.595,2.0121,2.7118,2.714,2.0715
- One hours data for tensiometer, HDS, psychrometer, temperature (28 sites,9 depths,4 types of sensors) 6 l j
l Data Stream Inputs l
- Tensiometer, HDS, thermocouple psychrometer, J
temperature (28 sites,9 depths,4 types of sensors)
TDR (19 sites,6 depths)
- Vertical neutron probe (40 sites) '
- Horizontal neutron probe (3 " sites" )
Solution samplers Monitoring wells EM data i
- Weather data (from the Arizona Meteorological Network)
Lab data Soil analysis: texture, EC, cations, anions l
Moisture release curves Bromide analysis of solution samples j EC analysis of solution samples Etc.
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- Same c evice
- Alternative cevices t - - - - _ _ - . _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ - . - - . _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Data Entry / Processing Trenches, Monitoring Islands
- TDR requires s aecial analysis, other water devices straight forward Borehole
- Al straight forward Geophysical
- E-3' , 38 straight forwarc l - ERBT c ata intensive, inversion complex d
Spatial Resolution Monitoring Trenches
- Resolution gooc on one deptl, 1 transect only Monitoring Islanc s l
- Resolution gooc to 3 m but only on two localized spots on fie d l
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Borehole
- Resolution good to water taale
- Overall coverage of spatial area is sparse Geophysical monitoring
- Gooc coverage to 1.5 m over I area (EM-3' )
- Difficult to separate water / solute
- ERBT-Gooc coverage to 10 m, limited areal coverage 9
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Time Resolution All of strategies give data with fine resolution (some labor imitec)
Spatial rec uncancy
- Overlapping of same sensor measures
-Overlapping of alternative
sensors s
- - --_ _ ______ - _ .__ _ __. __ _ _ .

ML20236W431

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ML20236W431

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