ML20217F314

Problems in Us W/Control of Radioactive Sources, Presented at International Conference to Be Held in Goiania,Brazil on 971027-31

ML20217F314
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Issue date:	09/18/1997
From:	Lubenau J, Yusko J NRC COMMISSION (OCM), PENNSYLVANIA, COMMONWEALTH OF
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{{#Wiki_filter:, L PROBLEMS IN THE 'lNND STATES WITH CONTROL OF RADIOACTIVE SOURCES Joel O. Lubenau l U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission I 11555 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852 2738 INTERNET:JOL@NRC. GOV and James G. Yusko Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection 400 Waterfront Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 152224745 INTERNET:yusko james @a1.dep. state.pa us ABSTRACT In tho U.S. about two million radioactive sources and devices are used which contain radioactive materials rogulated under the Atomic Energy Act, as amended. Each year, about 200 of t"ese are reported lost, stolen or abandoned. As a result, radioactive sources have entered the public domain in an uncontrolled manner and becomo potontialsources of radiation exposure and contamination. The U.S. stoel-inaking industry, for example, has been put at risk as a result of radioactive soutcos becoming mixed with ferrous scrap metalintended for recycling. On 18 occasions, radioactivo sources have been accidentally mellod by U.S. steel mills resulting in radiation exposuros of mill workers and contamination of the mill and millproducts and byproducts. The average resulting cost to a steel mill operator has been US$ 10 million but individualmillcost has been as high as US$ 23 milhon. Each year, of the 200 radioactive sources roparted lost, about eight emerge in scrap metal received by stool mills but 1 to 2 escape detection and are subsequently meltod in fumaces. The annualtisks to date for u U.S. stoelmill have boon about 1 in 16 of discovery of a radioactive source in metal scrap and about 1 in 100 for accidentally molting a source. Key words: contamination, exposure, metal scrap, radioactive sources, radiation, recycling, risk, steel INTRODUCTION in the U.S. much concern has been expressed by the metal recycling industries about unwanted radioactive materials, principally radioactive sources and devices containing radioactive materials, in metal scrap [1] The following is a preliminary analysis of the risk that has been faced by the segment of the recycling industry that has tv)en most adversely affected by this problem, U.S. steel makers for the period 1994 to June 30,1997. The analysis is based mainly upon data derived from a data base on radioactive materials reported found in recycled metal scrap that is maintained by Yusko [1], [2]. This database includes data on the steel-making industry dating from 1983 but the 1994 June,1997 time frame was selected as the most representative of recent experience by the U S. steel-making industry. Information on the U.S steel making capacity was provided by the American Iron and Steel institute (AISI)[3). The analysis relates only to radioactive materials subject to the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended ("AEA materials"), to ferrous metal scrap, and to the U.S. steel-making industry. AEA materials comprise only about ha'f of the radioactive sources and devices found in all metal scrap with radium comprising most of the remainder (2). In the U.S., radium is not subject to licensing by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) although it is licensed or otherwise regulated by most of the States. The 18 reported meltings of radioactive materials by U.S. steel makers have involved AEA materials. Thus, their concems are directed primarily at the US NRC and this risk analysis focusses on AEA materials. 9Yi6600110 970910 PDR ORG EFOIAEA PDR

(. 2 This analysis is preliminary and has not been sub}ect to Independent review. Accordingly, it shoukt be used with appropriate caution. Disclaimer. This paper does not represent agreed upon staff positions of the NRC or the Pennsylventa Department of Environmental Protection, nor have these egencies approved the technicalcontent. RISKS o There are 128 steel-making mills in the U.S. operating steel-making furnaces that use ferrous scrap, i.e., electric arc fumaces (EAFs) and basic oxygen furnaces (BOFs). These steel makers represent the bulk of the U.S. steel-making capacity and consumption of ferrous scrap for steel making, o There are approximately 2 million licensed sources and devices containing AEA materials in the U.S. 1.5 million of these are held under NRC and Agrcement State generallicenses (4). Another 800,000 are estimated to be held under US NRC and Agreement State specific licenses. [5). Given the uncertainties of these estimates, the totalis rounded off to one significant figure, or,2,000,000. o According to the NRC, each year, about 200 AEA sources and devices are reported to the NRC or the Agreement States as lost, stolen or abandoned. [6] This represents a 10 loss rate. 4 This, however, is probably not the true lost rate. Licensees who report losses of licensed material must know a) that they possess licensed material, b) the material has been lost or stolen, c) that there are requirements ta report the loss and d) that they make the report. If any one of these conditions is not met, then the US NRC or the Agreement State does not get a report. Since most generallicensees are not routinely inspected (and they possess three-quarters of the sources), there is no regulatory program backup to identify unreported general licensee losses, o Each year, about 8 AEA sources or devices are reported found in metal scrap or melted by U.S. steel makers (Table 1). This means about 4% of the AEA sources and devices reported lost by licensees are discovered by U.S. steel makers. Additionally, each year about g sources or devices containing radium are found in metal scrap received by U.S. steel mills Other sources containing AEA and other radioactive materials, or unidentifed sources, are also found by metal scrap processors. o There has been about a f in 16 annualtisk that an / EA source or device will be in metal scrap received by a U.S. steel making mill. This is based on an annual rate of 8 AEA sources and devices found by 128 U.S. steel-making mills over 3.5 years, o There has been about a f in 7 annuat risk that an AEA source or device will not be detected and consequently will be melted by a U.S. steel-making mill. The derivation of this risk is as follows: It is believed that most, if not all, of the U.S. steel makers perform radiation monitoring of incoming ferrous scrap. Over the period 1994 June 30,1997,24 AEA sources of material were detected and 4 AEA sources were melted (i.e., were not detected) by U.S. steel mills or a ratio of 1 to 7. - o As a result, there has been about a f in 100 annuat risk that each U.S. steel-making millwill melt an AEA source or device. This risk factor was derived as follows:

k* 3 in t,iilstorical time period,1983 to June 30,1997, there were 18 meltings of AEA material by U.S. steel-making mills. [2] For a population of 128 steel-making mills, this works out to a 0.010 or a 1 in 100 risk, but not all steel-making mills were performing radiation monitoring of incoming ferrous scrap during this period, especially in the early years. For the period under review,1994 to June 30,1997, there have been 4 meltings of AEA material which represMts a similar risk of 0.00893 or 1 in 112. DISCUSSION d The 10 annual rate of loss of licensed AEA sources and devices results in an annual risk of 102 for a U.S. steel-making mill of melting an AEA source or device. Although this annualloss rate of AEA radioactive sources and devices appears to be relatively low, the large population of sources and devices results in a relatively large number of sources and devices lost each year, a situa00n that the international Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) warned about. [7] U.S. steel makers who have melted AEA materials have suffered multi-million c'ollar losses resulting from the costs of decontaminating their mills, waste disposal and mill downtirae. The Steel Manufacturing Association has reported average losses for its members who melted AEA material of US$ 10 million and, in one case, a cost to the mill operator of US$ 23 million. U.S. steel makers have also invested in Installation of radiation manufacturing systems to detect radioactivo sources in metal scrap. Technicalimprovements in these systems have enhanced the effectiveness of these systems, nonetheless, metal scrap radiation detection systems, while very sensitive and clearly previding a significant degree of protection, (i e,24 avoided meltings in the 1994 - June 30,1997 time period), cannot provide 100% protection. CONCLUSIONS Each year about 200 AEA sources and devices are reported lost, stolen or abandoned, about 8 will show up at U.S. steel-making mills and 1 to 2 will escape detection and be melted. As a result, in the period 1994 June 30,1997, each of the 128 U.S. Steel-making mills faced the following risks: About a 1 in 16 annual risk of an AEA source or device in metal scrap received for recycling. About a 1 in 7 annual risk that the AEA source or device would not be detected by radiation monitoring of the scrap and consequently will be melted in a steal-making furnace, and About a 1 in 100 annual risk of melting an AEA source or device in a steel-making furnace. The financial impact on the U.S. steel-making industry resulting from lost radioactive sources becoming accidentally melted in steel-making furnaces is significant. Thus far, in the U.S., radiation exposures of workers and the public resulting from such events has been minimal. It must also be bome in mind, however, that there is ahvays a risk of serious radiation exposure when a licensed source enters the public domain in an uncontrolled manner such as becoming mixed with metal scrap destined for recycling. The IAEA observed, in its report on the radiological accident in Goiania, Brazil, that the accident

• bears out a cardinal rule of radiological protection, namely that the security of the source is of paramount importance.'[8] Primary responsibility Mr radiation safety including security of a radiation source lies with the licensee. However, it is also recognized that actions by regulatory authorities can influence the overall performance by licensees with respect to this responsibility. In the U.S., the Steel Manufacturers Association is on record as advocating regulatory changes by the NRC to improve the control and accountability of AEA sources by licensees, a recommendation that was also made by NRC staff in a 1996

4 4 report (4) NRC staff have been directed by the Commission to develop re9ulatory options to accomplish this for Ms consideration. [9] Tablei: AEA Materials Found by U.S. Steel n.akers in Metal Scrap l AEA Materials Found AEA But Not Materials Total Yeat Molted Molted 6E6 94 8 2 10 95- -6 0 6 96 6 0 6 RI' - _4 2 i Totals 24 - 4 28 Notes-

• Through June 30,1997 REFERENCES l

[1] LUBENAU, J.O.; YUSKO, J.G. Radioactive materials in recycled metals. Health Phys. 68:440-451,1995. [2] LUBENAU, J.O.: YUSKO, J.G. Radioactive materials in recycled me:als. Health Phys. In press. Requests for copies of the database should be sent tu J. Yusko. [3] HERNANDEZ, P. Personal communication to J. Lubenau, dsted September 15,1997. [4] U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION. Finalreport of ane NRC-Agreement State Working Group to Evaluate Control and Accountability of Licensed Devices, NUREG-1551. se lY)lil Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161-0002, U.S., - 1996. [5] - U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION. Memorandum to Files from Joel O. Lubenau dated September 4,1997, subject: Risks to U.S, Steel Mills of Radioactive Sources and Devices Being Mixed Wiut Recycled Metal Scrap. Available from the NRC Public Document Room,2120 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20555 001, U.S,1997. [6] U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION. Memorandum from James M. Taylor, Executive Director for Operations to the Commissioners dated April 5,1995, subject: Revised abnormal - NO oocurrence sporting criteria, SECY 95 083. Available from the NRC Public Document Room, M 2120 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20555-001, U.S.,1995. -[7]' INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY. Nature and magnitude of the problem of spent - radiation sources, IAEA TECOOC-620. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.

1991,

[8]- - INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY. The radiologicaIaccidentin Goldnia, STIPUSSf 5. Intemational Atomic Energy Agency, Venna, Austria,1991.

E, l 5 19] U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISS60N. Memorandum kom John Hoyle, Secretary to James M. Taylor, ExecutM Dwector kw Operations dated December 31,1996, sub}ect: Staff regukements. SECY.96 221,., Available from the NRC Public Document Room,2120 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20555@i, U.S.,1996. +

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w w w w No. ci f urnates .w h k 5 S E E M3 5 E g g y s.- a g Rates capacity,t L l U 3 G H CC M b MWW W 3. 3 3 Shell Diameter.ft }m a ~ tr C 18 s to, a u Transformer,MVA g g ts 8 gg g [t E C C C E 5 g' ~~ ~ Av0 Heat Time (hr) = -x l } E I 5 E 5 'I II'8I C'"*P ' IWM i: >q' 5 b I I I i 5 5 k I i 1 5 5 Manufacturer O _( M ~ t i I E I 5 E I [G I g system type I l l 3 No.cf Slations i i i ~ f I I I g I 5 5 1 g I 5 5 Ladle $1ze.i y f I I I ts 1 5 s l E I 5 5 Transformer rating, g MVA h E E Manufacturer hp p. ww w w..

w-No. cl 5tranda g.

l ,i. 8r r s ;;' y yc. a Man Cast Size,la. x in. r = =d ? )r g f C-; GS ~

[=

-( $ i Manufacturer y ,i 5. og, I I .ww ~ w' RouOhing Stands [ l 5 l .i t.

p,

5 l = .w. inta,me,isiasiand, g ew a .g. g Finishing Stands p I l fy. EI [a g g gg gg' g j j g a Annual R i; car'*r.olling g ( g a gg gg a a a n . l. g

_q s i (741i Ofcro nknvam cc e4 s r m . um cw ceNon 5l Eg .g, g[ gg I (*{ E( i A g 2 g '/ 7 c I },l I I I 9[ [I i Yg Q N 5 E I N' jI I ,I j Q No.of tmployees ff i 5 i i i 5 fi i 5 Ri> i' i $ta't *' 8 (

• o

? .t und r d. M 9 9 5 g I j I Raw lteel cap.. ntYr j il e R R R I I I M g 9 I

f. {r

..i E E>s p steel ("5 n a p g a a e a p p Grades

• w g

gh 1 l gs Ma W p g c n 4 Ijor g. E A g 8 " " [i-ll [ f I

I I i

1 1 I' 5' !I M, n,,,,,,,,, T-e, w w = w No. el fernstes i I 5 5 18 5 5 m a e g a s a, g a notes capuity,t g I l 'I s., U 18 2 N U 3 g a s s t' W 5 Shell Dismeier,ll I 8 g g g g C E ts g 5 Transformer. f.iVA ti R

1. 1 tr

{ Avg Heet Time (hr) 3:{ 5 2 5 3 C ~ ) g 5 g 2 [2 5 E E '5 g g tiect. censump., twM t: lk f i I 5 5 5 [5 5 Manufacturer O j[t [ '. 5 i 1 5 1 M .*a i i c 3 I i g g g gc System type f No. of $tsHons { 5 I I 5 I i c f 5 I I 5 g i i s g e a, gg a Ladie stre,i g l g 1 1 18 4 1 1 5 ts I m,. ts g Transformer rating, c MVA g E E i Manufacturer No. 0f Strands a w w -w w I in .e : 3 : n a a e i; sc 'a.... lIIIJ 6 94 0 a a T g k. ~ It . i f II i III III N. b 5 5 m.n.i.cimer N) g* )l ) e' s'. i, ,.u ) 5 a y a... m. w 4 t. p 7 {"7 [? Intermediate stan Qe; n.,sm, w ts -I 5' g wi u-n v u o[r e. t t a ,m = =. 5 inn. inonin, th i 1. I: i n , H n i .i i i-a c '""' '

~.

• BOF ROUNDUP

..b- } } h l# }I I } l } a beene Wekt l 1959 !.013 gl i t seen stas est scrap 4 Preikais fixentais pe.quise Cartenle 9394 saa, e'

• =ame a Ahegheng lanwe Carp.

j ' 8ashwe ise i 19M 90 $fhaun Scsap Arte fed remina'en ud $4e & Drame r sunse Pa wueno nwnein ieny &#mee asieL Aantase Weas I 19fJ $ $44 slut. 100 14 Nbtai 6tggeig strap 4 heducts (lupestalg graussuty ($e & Pe0Wetaqan Annaans ET 4 b/$ trtt Amine ins. teelu*sem Waras I 1969 697$ {20 24mann 6telnotes scrae 4 heeurts 0G es nowhos las caten '~ a hanseiaan on p Detmetiem tieet Demierem Pism ) 19W $ $PS !?$ S t ewinn 't# Ntal lcras As ilesutten (IKkestatt pstigsaw (Artun atov a l>uestem PA Dethlehem liest ( , d baniMa<ts Piers 3 19691Fl $ $al )@ lisehen Hpeel# 9pa0 S he$uttt bnge l & leel wulf*I) Ca'llon Wieg bsmhs= 06 tuspetted comtauthen Deth6ehem tieel !A

1. 5esseet Peru Pws I

1984/64 7&@ 200 e manen He sets strap thuen As helhatu Wet wueto Cation amov lj hwieng pani tsu Deresse Inc. l' Dunaua imp 8t lAe8 ft IE2'N 2670 till !!a.m.n eisse,s was t!.6@ ute toastten man 8hmmse sea.4esii kai Manmaan Dmme $7 esp. 3 f! ill&l) tuutre tyttens & tslied testsal y twmatst

1. 3 1 % 3'44 taperswt posee sena.

umaus 9ee

1. ?lare 19 P9 8 000 8?$

31auten Het poial scrap 32 0@ ute Itiage sernun scrutter Lakatotaqan ulkaime (l Hamean Ortare $fue + 1 coweriedit budefas meewm(simn I hamma B -0tila slummumtawe hqn 1967 cartun team.tesc ImJh catum atmanum edH hig's evap ipe asus , Oself listes Stees ,J Laogarn at i 1%$ Ifl s l #uben Husew Weg tl 0($ gle (ieckellaht ssc4Nais CJben alho entene tieet 'a tuhans he'te Wakt I 1974 4IN lit ilemaian He som - 9F pereaise taap (see OG sen<tsted home oil Ceten am stay IogCintage et hemp & gaschsise tuuble intend Steel ten a auf 8es t lC I 1914 7 660 2il 34 Nian Hol metal - Of. tcrap Leute Vesisuutos Carton low ailey Isis chsao W LIV tieet y Cow eWeni ) 19st filii {20 ll N=a Ashoourn tecewam pqua= fenonvivenom i Coasts e OH s aliR LIV Steel g (evewe vent i 19f4 220 I$ maien He metal wap lectrettam petspeats (em alist

== Covewei tai LIV Steel W4bria 4tc heres 2 1970 290 J O Niei C#tiert ahr Leute 3 lawClutagn 5e I 4ttlswth Steel f ewan ests 1958!$9 !.lt2 110 2 4 ausion His metal was laide Welstrutaier Caitm HSLA 1 tenasa he (

n. en. siee.

4

• 7, Gews Get ree be 1

IMF & L20 240 3 4 when Halsee was As heouru liscuestam puedale Cstion f fdande Cat L esateenal Steel FlI Goallaest $issi Die I t$PO !!4 2 40 llNhon Hsieeisi strae tantie fisc#estats petgruns Cation. asov liete hil g meu,e sees d #anasneu I 19tre 4 500 ISS llablhun HW se - $F toap -Inne & Qwtae o pshme (octoslag pecgdaes las tatum West AE & a tee== in imiewe p,cnews HSLA theren 9 teel bem 0= { 1913 150 900 000 Hoares was tone ns Wet scrutism Catm anov f aeva P4 Hann W. Steel Seetce u 3 ilri are tal

3. roc 000 He now was As hessa tiscuouam hecsdae fast ano, we aan, Hannan onure sioece sw ta=lre n ei u

I ils0 ses0*ee 250 i t@ 000 Ha seat was As houn tucomum houssaw Caimunev i,w ans, 3 mamme wsa,e s %133METALPA00UCtra 35

l BOF ROUNDUP 3 g3 I 3 I ) fn i!I I ,g*C.ar***r -.i., i W 4*6 f *~~....va. .m R.. w.v, 2 4:. 4 n ,,..ng;o, iv. w, ~s . e... _e... w . o ->ug,i,w. c~ar f a $=""***L.......'.. ._>=.3==.=~...49 6 =g - -.- -t,..u*.... ", ' ', Waa Cw e,W .,_ 8 s Ps t7a i,M te . # menn~* 6.e.s_me.,- Wxas - eve're & ue w k_A(tm 14.) -' Catm anse ente i c =_. =. _k. _,, Instilsted part@te% Alan et lyse K8u'Ar { .. =w-- - i J Wer en wv i IW.1 0 190 3rio 3 7 dhed. D43 Rylgi jg/3p As hgdgrft Wyl enlufs (# hon C 2 0..**"'"'" in tt inn,.o.,, c. uw, i* t g h f 1 t uses OPEN HEARTH ROUNDUP i C 5 5 's ] .as k g 3 1 "o li Ii] doh b !I El 5 E ers z u. o e-2 wu 3B u e- .3 L'*. 1858 O - c g$hikf. [ ehaara. ca_.ame ~ Genews Stee.' t Gweva ul 18 taw 340

1. Elo.000 12.

tas Bq, 4 fiscueuanc Catm eer peceiator I i taas 400 1 900.000 il 45 ' 'N kk1.20$ US$1s.nl '? 8 (noen.aic Calm that leeira Pa t- .e v..t as A si pecam as t Oeawa Stees a meias,'O t O BOP base osrgen process urwis 8 US5 onnounced piens to se ene steesmetrig opeeanuns at Fus sne sometune en it,1 T) I 14 4f T *.) h fet tr'. F qe

w 3 i h 1 1 !. l l" i! h5 li d i 'l i y iwc st.. w_.ew m s..,.w W*** 1:(f,s e m.4.1g. firy, 4: se ve, n0 is a i g h g W ***

• ,.;3 ist 4 ' Tim e it' ](g,, ',.. itz.

w. sm0 u A {) Pie's I 1ISt Anettaa bsige 32 3 13 6 nirsms 11 000 ti 125 L A 1. f p t 1912 tectenus N ' ' (3.uJ d12 Vm 11 500 il 89P Ct Antonene teses An me.est an 1 1975 whace 30 tt tt3 vm 11500 14 eee et gi pren liesstne t 120 whaq 60 le 16 12 33 000 il 8W est i v em tweise 13 & si t%I $.no6 bewer 165 4 D vn $4000 74 449 CA8 A.m.. amwita *sts ha n atti toeveaes 160 3 D 400 62 20 to e# C seuite,, w Armre sas. amm fn,v oett No l 1977 Locaones 12 3 22 600 62 100 24 en C tem W 88W#*# #etelt flKWt ieur$9 1 Retel IIII Whis*NQ $6 10 14e 122 to aos 4 b i g ns h 'n asnantincwic fene, t heatng ilft v"Wat il 18 9 le 7100 to 460 A l ou .ar as 1 1990 Demag til 1JS 22 t200 450u0 (S Ct s' 1 19?? w: meg Mis fl ti 5 50 000 K C L A 1.1 hT 1 1975 leckones 70 1.18-14 lett 38,700 it ' 395 thanece C.L tmannie evri a 3 tut newei 17 1 25 il 367 2 000 22 4FS C verwatse 1 1918 1ssimisDesiser 30 ll il vos 10 000 10 700 C. Al

• g*'"'

i 1,40 t e. .'.4 . ; i. v. in cu g,.**"' i i,sr too,e, .0 u - - - i. v. a a ca techmswm steel Juhm i 1981 testemos tFS 24 Ya 1M 000 M LA teswwm Seed gp 3 1914# F0 tecswisa 180 31 22 in M.000 at aa0 C,4 I enswwwnat diers t 1989 Danes to 1 17 14 1 000 60 000 22 400 C tM1[0 51re 1 It 'l Whsing 50 18 14 10(2 14 0m) 16 450 C T.carten steet. L etow anov stew. A ano, siew 5 -staweis steel, T =tocs sted M.

99) 33 METAL FTOOLCtJG 39 T\\

l A. ELICTRIC FURNACE ROUNDUP f, .Y }} } I i !l! H N Nh i I er 1 1W tatemet 36 I til 400 12 % 0 16 4$0 C Rani era eh I 1974 tainemst 3) i 12 6 400 il000 16 42 C eme o b.spe[e at b 1 1996 tettranse lf 13 16 72 30 000 14 42$ c ten II t 1961 levene ti it il vn 70 000 le 42 CA Nt 1 1E4 Lat'eaus' 26 18 12 tes 15 000 14 42 C& e.e...~. ee. 322 12 A meus 10 4 11 . h De e LLs er l inn bee ta c e.g.,,et. ee. Osavo wl t f IW Lutomse 30 f3 til t WS 17 000 16 500 C4 ND A tiro teninsebetw tl it 14 Al wem Pa N.$"r'N" 4 19 % tenus betw 15 14 Al t1 weg Pa NIq*IN" C 19 % tentesDesus 16 it 14 Al siteune Pa E 0 19 % 5.inase teessim 16 it 14 Al hemmui P& b wg l 1956 $ceNielbellip t$ 11 14 k$ Nn s ta NN"/ " A$ ISA10 16 13 ) i 1982 Luktput 30 %dag Pa IN i 1981 Latenut at 1 62 18 425 18 800 16 400 C i. ii. r..(= e4 9e "c 1 fa'" 's"' **"' ""' bii.e.l%1 e. si i ini .a.* wM. ,,s u L t ilP3 lectames 150 tl D 644 67 700 24 501 C& LY l 1976 Lettemet itD 15 les 10 200 f4 101 CA j ' ', [ N # g 3 3 3 tes t.300 4 4. C. A l.1 M. $T" i 1968 $*ta " t 1975 (neca4acia tu I tl 400 67 000 P4 3A0 C N E* t 1981 (more 15s n vos 100 000 14 1A0 C .., J y,,. Q".]..t yg y .'gg , g*y'8WW# h'e*'O -g 4 - g 42 t$ 000 ' Y il ' " WO ' C.L 4 hN[ t i9a8 Senmse tTl 3 ?? Itoo 56 000 14 4M CL 8 ti?! ', ; 5 br f44 lti i 14 '

• 1.tJ0 '

20 000 14 ' 42$ CLA avgram at ,t._ L E. c.7 h.Ix ', ta,l-y Cha(tieet oroup g g .'. Anmelwem.. 's I t INI Lacromst il 3 FS tt 104 2 000 lit I QQ(traopHrgus t ~3 leg. I 19?! .,' Aftentanhtoge },81) '3 , it,; 35 000 10 W LL& p) em oi . a., m.. 1 SWmmgham Slees e grixeeeng with a pian to ctose the Saunan Bay Steel snest shop and we nietge rie overaten weth teame Siesiine tachtes e e aceimrmg 'C Ca< ten sim 4 ion enor sint A = enor etese, S = siamsess steet. T = toce stesi 40 Mi AF I AL M(XOCR G $91

7 .t {A ELECTRICFURNACEROUNDUP JJJ s 5 .il 1 11 i i i H hI !! d i ii, s. .i = m ,,.m .i in

w..

us in a nu a m c.

w.,,

s i, ,e m i w.een OH w i iW4 ists,ip.4 M la si lawe 1!02 i. 19 Ai Q.a.m.e se.,n,

• "*J*s,:".'*0 *C L,

i m, w. n n in im 4 in a I i g ["g7 o a ti n ion i. = cu h* -,.T c Anese. N I il iin i. in cAi i O l EC. ped.L."! w. n a am ii = eat

• e P

W; fCi.!*eh l im .. wo., m i a in na n ci s. w f"at'.L h =i in, t. m n a la a me. o = cs 4 d.!.". *.'.l'Ao*T" '** i i m, wo. m is i

== = = i g'g'.T*" "' i ini s u o no a i % L*C;T*** i in in n is uw i. et , a" LT!? *** i 4 w,- n o in ir a ii tasi d L'"J'.T*"*"'** i >= wi i is ni an i. etaii M 810?'** i iu in. n i o,. is.o,, ia i. = cAi 01 ? *-' im m,- ii ii. i. i. ...i ggg i im eie. v i o in x= n = c ci g,, m= i in ww, a n e in are n = c Piense sww g) ;gg,, i iw t= u n u um i. m e ri:::g i in t n n in is. is e c jp $" i mi >= m i o um m= n a c i

) I$'1*

i imi t=. m I a ia ea a e - ~ - - - i Ge.;ste.n SC iit iN Demae ?. i3 ili 600 .0 000 ,j Fif 196.!1M. D. mag'CLC Danae - _t 1000D 'C

• Ce, tun siesta
• ton eks sies.. A
• eaay swei. E a sieme.st sieel, f *iuot etees 4

$$ 9 i e gr'? g, fitT*VN r"% t(', & ()1 Y

I h 11 i i !!!i!h$ li d i A ? i 1120 Wes N il 11 .a fletvt100 14 W C ' 9N No, 1 i tHI tavemse 1Il 9 Ya U10 16 600 A l asamme a asnum eo i 1E3 lemassbanw 15 4 tt Ya f.N0 14 10P A I manene es i

1. anse

inn, igb uses,gian I

19e6/1979 Leekenes a 14 = 17,0 8 tl essessant = 't88 Im

1. was i

1979 tattemet IM 40 8 00 000 to 100 Cl WCheasa m f y,*'"C:l'C' g i u i,mi =e b n n cu !)" ein i tH2 - tweense til di 11 Laess $12 to 129 A S. ! we gmn eA no teees Asur1emeik I 1Et Amew butor til el 18 innes 7 000 14 lif Alf Wathogism PA Jestep $ leet Astuwe lmheet tig i 194) iMWemes fli el 11 tenseg 1 000 14 SN 4.11 Wannsnvien PA g At speense , g gp,tesesevenuste Anew bings 4 ves tion 0 N C. A l anere i tWI tapenas 13 34 se 3.tep 34 3 IO N I ilet tavamd FM 4' H tes 74 0o0 14 900 C. A we ee _ a i, e es 1 1969 Whang 111 60 in N te flage to ede C. A g lism & Wee k ,e eez. w es t5 II Im fleup i4 448 CA gw4 evem t 1870

• • ems if3M t

e. e. ![ Ane t 3 IMS tunamar FJO 4 24 vet F4 000 to nor C. A t.e oneene seem e insp i 144 14me le 18 4le 18 C Al L.aan oneene sese ellise lse 1 6900 1 1 $ mets 15 C til0D to ft1* whsw Me b LDA A 1%4 Amrw kates 23 3 18 tennes 10 000 14 AI L..e e., Lawans FA 1944 levest-theater 5 4 13 8 tunnes 10 000 to AI + (one see, seees ghneses 3 1974 up*ng 18 18 te M 600 il de CA tiv sessa Cwmans wens 3 itst Amem begs tel 36 ft 23 3000pems 24 C Orwed OH Lehene Steel lf l' thi Anetw bege 165 Vet 2 000 N 422 CA m e.o., I IMS Amme begs til Yet 47 000 24 400 CA eseetee t Jacasan te I 1974 tuvemd 46 11 14 70 000 il 49 CA8 .e. ee, }} $ it Saum An f I#4 tavanen 55 i 15 vei n 900 il 445 tA8 'C + Carten swei 6.. ton enor smal A.eaoy smed. b. stamiess ames, t.mai ssees e N! k 3 ,m -y -~y-_,.- ,-...c.--,.. g ,,_em..-,..m __.,.,_,-__.my-%,_

i n ELECTRIC FURNACE ROUNDUP F11r h A B 1 1 i! h5 li d i 6e&dk Me8Wahs i 1990 Osmat blien 1 17 16 43 30@ 20 42 LL .i law 65 ten chags Menothem t e tsumeee t Filnare b D 1973 Lectemet ' ft 8 25 13 trew t 14 ne LLt Aserethen Letownees trapee k l 1973 LetWemse !? 3 25 13 10 000 14 500 LLI toewe is y Matten Steel hem OH 19h8 Somast4hetta 48 f 1J6 Yn 29 0 @ 16 400 C Metten $ teel hem (JH 1976 letkemelt 40 l f)$ von 18 750 16 W C McLeuth Steel Westucts t ween West a 1954 Anuricalmips 110 36 24 6 ten a 0@ 14 115 C.L i tween a hetiened Poege 4 6we f any b i 19Q Amessa bulge 41 42) 16 von 12 )(C 16 12$ C. A $. f ev., to

1. New Jeresy Steel J fepete hJ l

1981 Drmag 13 19 $50 66 (1 0 $4 460 C 3 Noveh Stee liees P s 3 19506 $ewtira Dette 22 2 12 vel f SOD 14 500 C hefth Ste# Steel he:wtwe i 1960 vmeng Osmac 120 t 19 in t0 000 to eft cal uso O seaswan leerth Ste# Sleet Si Pa a be I 1967.1970 winingqmsre 76 Il 16 in 30 000 to 600 CAL $16J hos herfsi Stet Steel leaat bv i 1976 fue. 125 l 22 vos 66 000 24 til C hreswu II Ma#wowhann (medil North 6 tot $ leet Wass Pwe 1 1974 10 2 ill ves 3$ 000 18 of5 C. A L Wem :s North Ster Steed 'mamwem D= 1 Itte biscqmsce 80 f 18 in e$ 000 22 550 LA towmuuan OH ~ essethemeleen Stees & Wee $*Wg Wets 1 19b8 Lectemet ' 400. 3 25 3 20 174 000 28 4e LL lews t Northwestem Steel e Wire . 174 000 28 .400. LL $wwq svets i 1971 (scpenist, _^, 400, 3 25 32 3A0 Wens a leerthwestem Steel & Wnre $**g tvant i 1976 .Lectremse 4L10 1 25 3 20 174 510 20,. 400 LL $*wg 4 hl Dreup. las. k*1kstelettt $1st (pp I 1981 44citemet $0 3 2$ 11 114 32 0 @ 18 St0 LA 8 Avaano si hs Group, one. {g Cap I 1959 5emost betWe 106 29 25.000 N CA NS Q<eup. Inc. tamp heExp i 1961 levese bess

• 106 CA 20 th 000 20 tasses ta NS Group. Ine-anse Wctop i

1966 leedesbuta 100 20 14 000 18 C. A kaw ta hl Group. Inc. kane< $*m Cap i 1967 $wendssbessaar il !$ 000 20 LA tl law Pa N 4 0eoup. Inc. De. sun We tcs 1 1914 Samass besse 12 16 35 000 20 CA tame ma NS Gesup lac. t.wim he Ci e i 1984 Ese 64 15 19 60 000 72 400 LA tasm Pa i N:seemyah C

• Ce< ton steet t -low anov stoot A
• aany steet $ = stavuess sneet. T = toos steel e

44 144 f 4 MOOtCO ff91 i

7 "~ i B i i i ! ! i n hA li n i NS Oteep,6ms. I tue Wp 1 1949 Lettw'es il il 19 94 isivo M lit C. L ee. Q,0 e.. 1 1 1 1649 Lacwomes 76 43 it 94 24 000 70 $22 CL ) p(sp Yw Np i 1649 Lockemet FS le 19 64 42 000 20 $$9 CL _.., ei l te ewer W 1989 A8&disfie 125 16 22 Tes 65 000

1. 4 C

eeuser Corp. I lEl wenig N til 12 000 14 4 CL - C p. pewgesp W t 1970 wwing til t!0C0 14 CL uwugun K 6evoor cagr i 19f3 meig N 12 5 CL 12 000 14 E4fnN 1 1978

• • 4 32 14

1. F 000 18 CL Drugen K teurer Ceep.

gnagian hhe I 1918 Malme 37 14 CL !? 000 18 mgen SC l 1 tlF1 Merm bege 90 13 6 24 000 14 CL W t Ilft Amsu bulge M 13' 14 000 14 C. L Juusti 15 men W 1 l900 Miert.sa bsp W 13 6 CL 14100 16 = Jreert ta 1 1980 Ammmber 9 13 8 C.L 74 000 16 Josee fu i sevent Corp. Jemen W 1 1980 Ammu bWp 2 13 6 24 000 16 CL Josen f A 1 1973 Amew buhp_ 13 6 lt CL 24 000 16 i ".".*:'1"* si i iir A,,i.w b s u un 24 = is o sortia sd I 1979 Merkan bege $2 13 8 34 000 14 CL seucer Corp. W 9 1979 Amercan bulge il 13 5 24 000 14 C.L b 8em 24 000 18 i 1981 Amsw biap 45 12 6 CL -o E I lut Amsu bWge C.L in 2 000 18 Ptemmin uf M*O* i ini Ms.w b.Ge a na is -Ct Pe moum ut r eewcw weie swWCo. akaa Yanwinnest I 1988 Mannesmae 130 F0 24 65 000 24 435 C GMeeves AR Demse 1964 5 ve40 esam 45 13se 121W4 18 CL o ..ee.. s. ie 9)ij g W: 1 1945 testate Osma0 tmett-OSM B5 95 18 425 61 000 22 370iefwpian C.L. A 'C.Cartum sieel L

• kre aany stees A
• saor smW b = sianueas sive6. T = tood stead e
• ?

se i n t e 5.i row c. v-e. m y

M b 11 i i i n h$lidi A om.s esseens pesed Co. Canna t 19t2 mesist 1000 tl 10 C

== = Oues esseets teses ca. s 1 1964 Itsed e 11 10 000 12 C oman aesseis eines ca W $ms> (mana i 1980 leepsmet 12 11 000 tl C Consen SC Pom anes, 1 tlft Unutsg 1E il N 000 $3000 to 4M CA I h $se. 3 1980 $sses8esenew 23 4 N 44 11.000 24 490 CL A.1 Caaen et a f jtytidessweg Asuntanbisse 90 4i N igg 20 000 N 000 C.L A LI a 1 ISPS Whsse 1 to 400 21 000 't CL 2.' * *" i im w .i in 1 2 000 2 et J n o.e ne 1976 tutense ll 24 Ves 00 000 24 .L'O CL 4Ya!'" It'd tactrense 11$ Il 20 000 3$ 000 N 440 CL t 1t% Anurw bulge 125 19 20 300 31000-M 700 20 $00 C.L A i 1%2 Amortam bese 12$ N 300 35004M 700 N 600 C.L A

e..,

$se spines on i 1957 Lectramst ill i te tes 52 $00 22 485 C inos i 19?0 tutomes 78 8 1 il tot 12 $00 22 485 C e ~. ~. names

• 0mes:

I 1988 Lubense W 16 El 2 000 Sadhe Connec.s4e ens. ns ases: I same 12 10 000 Ct o$ss 1 Lawensa too 20 55 000 Cl geare.e.e..,Ans,De ian i 1942 tweenes M 3 11 les 4 030 14 A$ aw., seeeen est estDe 1 1962 teckomst N t Fl 13 Yet 7 200 14 G AlI A p @*" i in: t,s - 40 ie tut 0. i. teendose to.es Pg' 1 IMS Amart4* besse N tl 14 $00 if C. A L $ ~ iin m, u. N i,

== i. Lui .enham P4 ta.ene Piase i 1971 Lutonet 36 8 15 000 14 C. Al 13 La.eas. P4 l$b Y t 1952 tactemet 45 li 15 21000/M 000 14 135 CT I 1961.19?1 tukemse t$ 1$ 2$ 00&M 000 14 1B C.t 3 u r r,e0,. 0 ,.i .as ,. o. 'C = Camon si t t = tow.no, sw. A.. soy stead. S = stanne.ss ste.t, T = tact st.al \\ N e

ELECTRIC FURNACE ROUNDUP y JE j .id 1-B i i i !!!H1111di / 3 ~h 1974

pu,' '. 8%.'. '. F6.. m

'19 14 200 6.tWFM.000 16 150 LL I i e e.n e es,, .~3. w re y c i 1. x... I testee teses a. assassie mens ,y.a.t 3a - 1979 Osmag . 100 to ast il 500 00 000 24 000 LLA I m I. - I (s.weemns 4 stet m 5 .,w. es i 1990 fate 130 90 sun !!6 500 F1000 24 440 CL 1 ,e tweenss 9 1 1977 tervenut fil i 20 1.000 68 000/63 000 20 430 C re.e...se. I J 4au.m.Pe.g ge 1 1967 tecueses 20 28 le hee 4!$0 12 82 C. A l is P Them.se teeet ' d teene wets f 19 1 1988 tatwasus/APf 42 1 41 12Y tes 2 000 10 480 Lt c Lamse L i a 1 19W tattromeA 42 3 12Y C 2.500 18 l t-

• Twen c:.. Steel tunwess e# 6tanense Piam t

i%d SeuIkestam - 22 Vet X 000 is C. A 5 t .I Csden OH Timken C % Steel busweets N vos 30 000 20 CA$ Hamien en 1 'M 5swee besim - Camm et enNP l lift $wnore 0retnier CA1 22 Ves 40 R10 24 h = = tsum 04 NIN t iets $mnast bessle - 22 fes 40 000 24 CAS tswan on Twnhen ce. . ) b f unew hee C. A 24 vos 96 000 25 1 1985 sewe Canan OH g . union ensevis twei 12.500 14 LA1 na,,ran tn.ee rsus ,1 1966 tavamse 14 6 m ea g*e.r"" c-* 2 ,9,, .... = 3, 24 n n. 24 us Lu i A @Nai# "'" "' t iets Amerce be ts) as to its 40 000 to ses cal i C,an s ..[ re.d.,.eYm. 3 196 1 1989 L** asst.tsscsj 45/10 12.500/N 500 ti.18 471.471 8 i

14. to

_H ,c ,.,.',1,i ea"f** *** r t @ e", an is an i i. i itu (*1'y""'** ygg. ~inco;;gyai.4g: is.

== is m i im {% ".'.a i in tec 3,. we ii ..>,.i no ie-e C . o.. li c. co. eeu....w.i..... ew.ie.a.. ~es. sieso. - s, i i i i I t i e 3 e 4 4

useo ) ']#% LE 4. ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRY BY TYPE OF METAL POURED MWMit ?ga MMNI ThP'd.M% h y ['hhhk m 'ify/ nrn ee

1. 4 r

Iron only 351 746 ~ tron & Steel 93 2?2 Steel only 200 542 Not reported 31 63 TOTALS 675 1,623 1 TABLE 5. TYPE OF METAL POURED BY THE TYPE OF MELTING FURNACE

m M(p;i.q

,;'1 1

• =re f.=.fWMf?f,

Mtr M. . ( :g..:q.pg..a.i.i... erro furnaces. e:i s.

Total,

,{ll!.,.. Furnace!Jyp: e

'i me

en-m;g

-l,,,. Number > .fj,gg p g.- :g g g gg;,, $gr. Ndtfeported

• Furnaces;s

-of ^ 6 '. j'.vN h$1I((Ind[ 3(IStfel)$ (opyd$d Cupola 181 1 1 0 183 EAF 23 31 119 3 176 Induction B35 234 398 35 1,202 Other 6 3 4 26 39 Not reported 1 3 2 17 23 TOTALS 746 272 524 81 1,623 kkV 12t.u '. /w ,3 ,e-( ""gzf.,q r( ' L.. W ' (. kW: ,U SEP/1 5^onveY c p-rec.n n sin c.. S uut>(zIes,f993 fro 6Aet-Y THe Y)tcsr,4-ccoN TE' C (T r&G - E9/g//c/;L l@> / Post 4t* Faz Note 7671 W e((emond*T '**G ARY MOSNdC... cow 4fg, ca. A.p_g "* P6DS$7925Y Fa=* p a gy g.y r=. .}}