ML20214C044

Applicant Exhibit OL A-15,consisting of Structural Welding Code Sheet Steel

ML20214C044
Person / Time
Site:	Braidwood
Issue date:	06/10/1986
From:	AFFILIATION NOT ASSIGNED
To:
References
OL-A-015, OL-A-15, NUDOCS 8705200518
Download: ML20214C044 (37)

Text

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..-.r Structural Welding Code She.et Steel

1. General Provisions 1.1.2 Groove Welds in Butt Joints. As covered by A

this specification, this type of weld is restricted to the

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1.1 Application welding of sheet steel to sheet steel in all positions of 1.1.1 This specification is applicable to the arc w eld.

w eldmg.

ing of sheet steels or strip steels. or both. including 1 I 3 Are Spot Welds (Puddle Welds). As covered cold-formed members. 0.18 in. (4.6 mm) or less in by this specification, this type of weld is restricted to thickness. Such welding may insolse connections of the welding of sheet steci to thicker supporting members sheet steel or strip steel, or both, to thicker supporting in the Hat position. See Table I.I. Neither the thick-structural members.

ness of a single sheet nor the combined thickness of sheets shall exceed 0.15 inches.

.Votet The follouing applicable general 1.1.4 Arc Seam Welds. As covered by this specifica-2pecilications are cared for intorniatiurt tion. t his type of weld is restricted (see Table t. I t to the

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welding ofjoints involving:

J Anterican Concrete institute Building (l} Sheet to thicker supporting member in the Code Requirenrents for Reinfor<ed Con-g,, po,;g;oo c rete A Cl J/8-77.

(2) Sheet to sheet in the Cat or horizontal posi-Anterican fron andSteelInstitute Speci' tion (see Table I.l)

/ication for the Design of Cold fornred 1.I.5 Flare Groove Welds and Fillet Welds. As l

Steel Structural.{lembers.1963 Editient covered by this specification, these types of welds may wnh Addendunr.\\o. J. February J.10 be used (see Table 1.1) in any position of welding Anterican Institute of Steel Constrm tron involrine:

-Speculication tur the Design. Fatsru arwn.

y,~3, o,y,,,,geeg, go, 9,7,,y,g7,o,,,_

and Erection ol StructuralSteellor Budd-C) Two sheet steels as well as a sheet and a l

ings. February /J.1969 wnh Supplenient' thicker steel member for Gare-bevel-groove welds and

l. J. and 3 dated.\\ocember I.19'O.

fillet welds (see Table 1.1).

Decenther 3.1971, and June IJ.1974.

l.I.6 All references to the need for appros al shall be resper tirely.

interpreted to mean approval by the Building Com-When sheet steel is welded to primary structural missioner, the Engineer, or a duly-designated person members, the provisions of thelatest edition of AWS w ho acts for and on behalf of the ow ners on all matters D I. I. Structural Welding Code, shall also apply ( e.g..

within the scope of this specification. The term Build-(

adequate preheat. Iow hydrogen electrodes. etc.).

ing Commissioner refers to the official or the bureau.

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2 STRL CTt'R AL WELDING COkJE - SHEET STEEL O

Table 1.1 Scope of this specification Type of weld and approved positions of welding

• Flare-Square-Fillet bevel-Flare-V-groove weld in Arc spot Arc seam weld groove groove afaterial butt joint weld weld lap or T weld weld Sheet F

F F

F F

to H

H H

H H

sheet V

V V

V OH OH OH O!!

Sheet to F

F F

F supporting H

H member V

V OH OH

• Positions ohelding r = flat. H = honzontal. V = vertical. OH = overhead 6

by whateser term designated which !* delegated to construction. the weMability of the steel and the enforce the local building laws or the specifications or procedure for welding it shall be established by quali-fication in accordance with the requirements of 6.2 of her regulation >. The Engineer, as termed here. is the and such other requirements as prescribed by the duty-designated person w ho acts for and on behalf of the owner on all matters within the scope of this engineer.

1.2.3 The pros isions of this specification are intended specification.

for use with sheet steel having a minimum specified 1.2 Sheet Steel Base.N1etal yield point no greater than 80 000 psi (550 N1Pa).

1.2.1 S heet steel base metals to he w elded under thi, specification shall conform to the requirements of the 1.3 Welding Process latest edition of one of the specifications listed below.

1.3.1 This specification presides for w elding w ith the Any combination of these steels may be welded shielded metal arc tSN1 AW). gas metal arc (GNt AWi.

together. These steel > may aho be welded to any of the Ous cored arc (FCAW). or submerged arc (SAWi appros ed steels listed in the latest edition of the Struc-welding processes. (.Wre: Anv variation of gas metal tural Welding Code. AWS DI.l.

are welding. including shor't-circuiting transfer. is 1.2.1.1 Specification for Sheet Steel.Zine. Coated acceptable.)

(Galvanized) by the Hot-Dip Process. Structural 1.3.2 W hen stud welding through the Gat portion of PhysicalQuality( ASTN1 A446 Grades A. B.C.and EL decking or roofing onto supporting structural members.

1.2.1.2 Specification for H ot-Rolled Steel Sheet the procedure shall conform to Section 4. Part F. of and Strip. Structural Quahty 1 AST\\1 A570L the Structural Welding Code. AWS DI.l.

1.2.1.3 Specification for Steel Sheet and Strip.

1.3.3 Other welding processes may be used when Hot-Rolled and Cold. Rolled. High Strength. Lo" approsed by the Engmeer. In such case.the Engineer Alloy. with improved Corrosion Resistance ( ASTN1 shall specify any additional qualification requirements necessars to assure satisfactorv joints for the intended A606).

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1.2.1.4 Specification for Steel Sheet and Strip.

sersice.

Hot-Rolled or Cold. Rolled. High Strength. Low 1.4 Definitions. The w elding terms used in this specifi-Alloy Columbium or Vanadium, or both ( ASTNt cation shall be interpreted m accordance with defint-A607 Grades 45. 50. 55. 60,65. and 70).

tions given in the latest edition of AWS A3.0, Welding 1.2.1.5 S pecification for Steel. Cold-Rolled S heet.

Terms and Definitions. supplemented by Appendix C Carbon Structural ( ASTNI A611).

of this specification.

I l.2.2 When a steel other t han those cos cred in 1.2.1 1.5 Welding Symbols. The welding symbols used in is approved under the prosisions of the general build-this specification shall be those designated in the latest ing code, and such a steel is proposed for uelded

.,=mmmmuunmuun Permissible Stressesi3 4

'..ddu'a of AWS A2.4. Symbols for Welding and Non-for Ic tructise Testing. Special conditions shall be fully d

240 f

esplamed by notes or details.

a

{-

g P=0.56 t d, F I.6 Nafety Preesutions. The safety precautions shall u

u (3) conf orm to the latest edition of ANSI Z49. l. Safety in welding and Cutting. published by the American Welding Society.

Howeser. the capacity shall not exceed g.7 Mandard t' nits of 31essurement.The values stated p, d, Fxx in U.S. customary umts are to be regarded as the (4) 4 standard. The metric (SI) equivalent of U.S. custom

• w here ar> units given in this specification may be approximate.

P

= allowable load capacity of the are spot ueld (kips)

F

permissible unit tensile stress in sheet g

2. Permissible Stresses steel (0.40 Fult)(ksi) i F

strength level of the weld metal desig-xx

%ote: The provisions ol'this section should be disre-nated in AWS clectrode classification garded when welds, made in accordance with thiopec-(Lsil ilication. are not intended to carr.r < alculatedstreurs.

F

= srecifled minimum ultimate tensile u

2.I Base afetal Stresses. The allowable base metal strength of sheet steel (ksi) stresses shall be those specified in the latest edition of t

thi:kness of sheet base steel exclusive of 4

the "Snecification for the Design of Cold-Formed coatings for single sheet or combined SteelStructural Members"of the American Iron and thickness of sheet steel for double sheet.

Steel Institute or as otherwise specified in the applica.

in. (see Fig. 3.3A) ble building code.

d

diameter of the outer surface of are spot o

2.2 Allowable loads on Welds weld or width of are seam weld. in. (see l

2.2.1 Crcove Welds in Butt Joints. The allowable Fig. 3.3 A) unit stress for matching electrode and base metal com-d

average diameter of are spot weld or binations (see Table 5.1) for a groose weld in a butt a

joint. welded from one side or both sides, shall be that aserage width of arc seam weld, in. (see Fig. 3.3 A) of the lower Strength base metal in the connection.

prosided that an effecttve throat equal to the thickness d

d-t (for a single sheet) a of the materialis consistently obtained.

d

d -2t (for a double sheett 3

2.2.2 Are Spot Welds (Puddle Welds) d

effectise diameter of arc spot weld or 2.2.2.1 Arc spot welds shall be specified by the minimum diameter of fused weld area (d ). The min-effectise width of are seam ueld at fused imum allowable diameter is 1 2 in. (12.7 mm). Allow-surfaces. in. Isee Fig. 3.3Al e

able loads on each arc spot weld between sheet or d

= 0.7d - 1.5t e

sheets and supporting member shall not exceed:

.Yote: llit can be shown by sectioning and measuring that a given u elding pren edure wdl consistentle give a far diameter (d ) at the fusion 'eer ellec tine surface. thn d

240 e

value mar he usedproviding thn partu ufar f4 P=0.88 t d, Fu U) n e/J ne pr<n edure u used.

2.2.2.2 Wcid washers. at least 0.060 in. (!.5 mm) for thick and made of one of the sheet steels listed in 1.2.1.

140 d,

240 are to be used in containing the are spot w elds in sheet F

T <%

steel thinner than 0.0'28 in. (0.7 mm). See Fig. 2.2.2.2.

2.2.3 Are Seam Welds. The allowable load capacity u

O of an are seam weld used in a lap joint between the Q

P=0.! ! 2 1 +

960t sheet and supporting member (see Fig. 2.2.3A) made t d, F (2) d VF in the flat position or betwe'en sheet and sheet (see Fig.

u 2.2.38) made in the horizontal or flat position with a

u

a I.

r 4 STRt*CTl'R AL WELDING COD,E - SHEET STEEL weid washer' O

P = t F (0.25L + 0.96 d,)

-(6) u w here L

= length of seam weld not including the circu-far ends, in. (see Fig. 2.2.3 A)

Fig. 2.2.2.2 - Typical weld washer d,

= width of are seam weld,in.

For allowable capacity calculation purposes L < 3 d, matching filler metals (see Table 5.1) shall not exceed and either-Fxx strength level of the weld metal designated 3

in AWS electrode classification (ksi)

I'

+

xx The other symbols are defined in 2.2.2.1.

't May be enmped to I

I prevent melt-thru

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v i

t w

V h

O l

L i

t i

A m

Q

's V

I d

~ Width l

KNNN W

.e' Arc seam weid Arc seam weld along standing

($eet to supporting member) rib (sheet to sheet) flat position horizontal position (A)

(8) 3 E

E E

l Fig. 2.2.3 - Arc seam welds 1

w

Permissible Stresses 5 equal to the thickness of the sheet materialis consist.

0

~'".4 inlet u elds 4 3 t he allowable load capacity of a fillet ently obtained. This capacity shall be determmed by

~7ah,a nd I.ioints. made in any u elding position one of the applicable formulae that follow; i a : 41 for matching filler-metal base-metal (1) Loads applied transversely to axis of weld

..,,,,,nsisce i able 5.1).shall be goserned by the (a) Flart-bevel groove welds

.....I the sheet steel provided that an effectise The capacity of the welded joint. as shown

...: lca equaltoihe thickness of the sheet mate

• in Fig. 2.2.5(la). is gisen bv

..,n i iently attained and w hich shall be:

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t L F"

? ueld tranocrse to direction ofloading P=

3 (10)

(7}

i.. 4 : L 1u Note: Be< ause of the slight eccentricity of

. i.t!. ucid longitudinalto direction ofloading th@rAeigree Eeid when loaded transverse to its axis. 0.80 has been deter-P=0.4(1-0.011) t L F

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I u

t and is imi.aded in this formula.

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. ' < P = 0.3 t L Fu (b) Flare V-groove welds Loads applied transversely to the axis of the weld hase not been considered.

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I-a!!. wable load capacity of a fillet ueld(Lips)

(2) Loads applied longitudinally with axis of weld I

pecihed minimum ultimate tensile strength If the effectise throat (t.) is equal to or

..t heet steel (ksi) greater than(t) but less than(2t) or if the lip height (h) g thickness of base sheet steel, exclusise of is less than weld length (L). then 6..aunys. in.

P = 0.3 t L F I

length of ti'let ueld, in.

u

(:g)

(single shear) 2.2.5 l-lare.Besel and Flare-V Groose Welds. For.

c.n.n.c biler metal. base matal combinations (see if(tw)is equat to or greater than(2t) and thelip height

..

• li.theallowableload spacit) of tlare-groose t h) is equal to or greater than (L), then

.a.le m.in) w elding postion is considered to be

".cil bs the thickness of the sheet steeladiacent to P : 0.6 t L F UI s. t.1 - Prinided that an effectise throat at least (double shear)

[

[g H

ht Min weld N

throatt,? t o

1

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W 4'10 throat of fillet weld in Appendia C r

I Fig. 2.2.4.1 - Fillet welds Fig. 2.2.5(la) - Single-flare-groove weld l

4 6 STRL CTl R AL WELDING CODE - SHEET STEEL L

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<'v

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Minimum weld throat tw > t l

Single shear g N h

Flare bevel-groove 8 Flars'V-groove

)

s s

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s Fig. 2.2.5(2a) - Single shear in flare-groove welds t

t" L

t h

<L f -1 Y

Minimum weld throat tw>2t b

Double shear N

Flare bevel groove Flare V-groove o*

3 s

s s

Fig. 2.2.5(2b) - Double shear in flare-groove welds

3. Details of Welded Connections spot w eld to any edge of the sheet material shali not be less than P

P 3.1 General. Welded connections may be used using 0.5F t 0.45 F t u

u groos e w elds in butt joints, arc spot or are seam w cids.

lap or T fillet welds. and single-Gare besel or single-w hiches er is applicable Dare V-groove welds when they are within the appli-or 1.5 times the face diameter of the weld if this is cable limitations of 3.2 through 3.7.

greater. See Fig. 3.3C.

3.2 Square Grooves. Square grooses shall he used in 3.4 Are Seam Welds. The minimum width of weld butt joints with the w elding preferably done in the llat position. Root opening igap) conditions shall be as 3 8 in. (9 mm). Th'e minimum distance from the longi-show n in Fig. 3...

tudinal axn of an arc seam weld or from the end of an 3.3 Are Spot Welds. Arc spot welds through one or arc seam weld to t he edge of the sheet steel shali not be two thicknesses of sheet steel onto a supporting less than P 0.5 F t r P 0.45 Fu whichever is t

u member shall be made in the flat position as show n in applicable, or 1.1 times the width if this is greater.

Fig. 3.J A. For sheets t hinner than 0.028 in. (0.7 mm). a The distance from the end of the are seam weld to steel washer, as shown in Fig. 3.38, shall be used to the edge of the sheet steel shall be measured from the pres ent burn back. The weld metat shall has e a diame-center of the circular portion of the weld. See Fig.

ter of at least i 2 in. (13 mm) on the supporting 3.4A. A're seaniwelds between the sheet and the sup-structural member, porting member shall be made in the flat position. See The minimum distance (e) from the center of an arc Fig. 3.4B. Arc seam welds between steel sheets may be l l

l

4, Details of it'elded Connet ionsr 7 1

made in the horizontal position, provided the fit up is exceptionally good. See Fig. 3.4C.

D) f

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3.5 Fillet Welds. Fillet welds in lap and T-joints shall

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preferably be made in the horizontal position. The u

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minimum length shall be 3.4 in. (19 mm). See Fig.

3.5A and Fig. 3.5B.

3.6 Single-Flare-Bevel-Groove Welds. Single-Gare-3 for t < 0.104 in.}

u.ximum bevel groove welds shall preferably be made in the

'r t

horizontal or Oat position. The minimum length shall 1/16 in.

for t > 0.104 is be 3/4 in. (19 mm). See Fig. 3.6.

Fig. 3.2 - Square-groove weld in butt joint 3.7 Single-Flare-% Groove Welds. Single-flare-V-groove w elds shall preferably be made in the flat posi-tion. The minimum length shall be 3 4 in. (19 mm).

d t

See Fig. 3.7.

h F

F for - 3. > 1.15 for d < 1.15 but not greater than f

i

_~_ ~_ ~_ 2 ~ ~ ~>

4

-~~

U F

F 1.5 d y

y

' min " 0.5 F,

' min " 0.45 F t u

u de -

da

>e p

>e de= d-t d, = 0.7d-1.5t Arc spot weld - single thickness of sheet C

tof W

t1 d

I T~ C

~

[

I TI d

12 Fig. 3.3C - Edge distances for are spot welds de i

>e ce k

De p

da = d-2t d, = Q 7d-1.5 gof Arc spot weld - dou'ble thickness of sheet I

Fig. 3.3 A - Arc spot welds d

Fig. 3.4A - Edge distances for are seam welds

/ /

weiherN c

m 7 - - - M.',

i 4,,

. l r

g c-

.t f.

,k

'~ ~ kN

^

N

~

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--w otn Fig. 3.3B - Arc spot weld using washer Fig. 3.4B - Arc seam weld

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,.-w-.

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8 Srnt CTt Rst WELDING CODE - SHEET STEEL Top edge may be May be crimped melted through.

This is a ditficult to prevent weld decreasing melt-weld to make.

melt-thru.

thru dif ficulty.

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c p

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W

( @

gssssss -

-su. A Exws bwsN%

WWW4 Fig. 3.4C - Arc seam weld along standing rib I

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s sss

,.. A$Ib-Lap fillet weld - sheet to structural member Lap f 633et weld - sheet to theet I

Fig. 3.5A - Lap fillet welds mj@s.,'r,gi$,s.s$F+ f ', !$, -l i

_-s E' ' "'j j p

' fry,' h,Q, j,

il, ',s '- ',/ s),/,', ' *,0, j/Q' ', '/,, j,'

E' b

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T. fillet weld - sheet to structural member T f.iiet weid - sheet to sheet Fig. 3.58 - Fillet welds in T joints

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s Technique:9

(/%'j ventilation shall be provided to prevent the concentra-h tion of fumes injurious to the welder (see 8.3 and 8.4 of ANSI Z49.l. Safety in Welding and Cutting. pub-j lished by the American Welding Society).

g-i ll I

h 4.1.3 Welding shall not be done w hen the ambient t

M temperature is lower than O' F (-18: C). or when

--. p s u ;.. f, h surfaces are wet or exposed to rain. sleet. snow, or high wind: or when welders are exposed to inclement q,,

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f{,* ',,'

e nditions.

' W e'

. ' #/#'//4&,:

4.2 Assembl3

, -. _...._.,, e. _. '

'f,- --

most favorable position for wel$ng.(See Appendix C 4.2.1 Joint detaib shall be arranged to proside the g

for definitions of the welding positions.)

Fig. 3.6 - Single nare bevel groove weld -

4.2.2 The ' parts to be joined by welding shall be horizontal br ught intp elose contact ro facilitate compleie fusion

'between them.

4.3 Proper Setting of Welding Currer.t. In order to obtain consistently sound uelds, the welding current must be effectisely contro!!cd. For shielded metal are welding the welding current shall be controlled to bwwows

/i.

j reproduce the electrode melting rate w hich w as estab-1 W r

lished during the procedure qualification (see Appen-spacer tw mey %

[9,]

dix A. C5.2.4). For flux cored are welding. gas metal s

ormnt melt-thru

• /

are welding. or submerged are welding. the welding i,, n,%,,

4 3

Current shall be controlled by one of the following:

Ed $

(1) The electrode melting rate is established. as in

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n the case of the shielded metal are welding process.

(V)

(2) The welding is controlled with an ammeter or wire feed speed control.

4.4 Quality of Welds. Welds shall be visually inspected Fig. 3.7 - Single-flare-V-groove weld - flat for their location. sire, and length m conforr.1ance to the drawings and specifications as well as for their qualities such as bead sbape, reinforcement, and undercut.

4.5 Production Weld Acceptance Criteria 4.5.I Production welds shall be subjected to visual inspection.

4.5.2 A wc!d shall 1 e acceptable by visual inspec-tion, pros ided all four of the follow ing criteria are met:

4.5.2.I The weld has no cracks.

M.54,2 The weld has a minimum reinforcement of

4. Workmanship l

I; 32 in. (I mm) for all square groos e. arc spot. and are i

seam welds.

l 4.1 Preparation of Material 5 ' 44.2.3 There is no undercut greater than 10 per.

4.1.1 Surfaces to be welded shall be smooth, uni' cent of the thickness of the steel which has the form, and free from thins. tears, cracks. or other undercut.

imperfections w hich would adversely affect thequality 4,5,2.4 Faces of fillet welds snalt be flat or l

or strength of the weld. Surfaces to be welded and slightis conset surfaces adjacent to a w eld shall aho be free from loose or thick scale, slag. rust. moisture. grease, or other foreign material that would pres ent proper welding or produce objectionable fumes. Mill scale that with-

5. Technique stands sigorous wire brushing a thin rust-inhibitise coating, a galvanized coating, or an antispatter com.

5.I Filler Metal Requirements g

pound may remain.

5.1.1 For groos e w elds in butt joints, t he electrodes l

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4.I.2 When galvanized sheet steel or sheet steel or electrode and gas or flux combinations shall be in having other protectise coatings is welded, suitable accordance with Ta'ble 5.1.

I i

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10 STRL CTL'R 41. WFLDING CODE - SHEET STEEL Table 5.1 Matching filler metal requirements for groove welds in butt joints Minimum Minimum Steel yield point tensile strength specification ksi MPa ksi MPa Filler metal requirements A446Gr A 33 230 45 310 '

SMAW AWS A5.1 or AS.5 Gr B 37 255 52 360 E60XX or E70.'"X Gr C 40 275 55 380 A570Gr A 25 175 45 310 SAW AWS A5.17 or A5.23 Gr B 30 205 49 340 F6X-EXXX or F7AX-EXXX Gr c 33 230 52 360 Gr D 40 275 55 380 GMAW AWS AS.18 Gr E 42 290 58 400 ER70S-X or ER70U-1 A606 45 310 65 450 A607 Gr 45 45 310 60 415 FCAW AWS A5.20 Gr 50 50 245 65 450 E60T X or E70T-X (except A611 Gr A 25 175 42 290 2 & 3)

GrB 30 205 45 310 Gr c 33 230 48 335 Gr D 40 275 52 360 SMAW AWS AS.1 or AS.5 E70XX SAW AWS A5.17 or AS.23 F7AX-EXXX A607 G 55 55 380 70 485 GMAW AWS AS.18 ER70S X or ER70U-1 FCAW AWS AS.20 E70T-X e

(except 2 & 3)

A446 Gr E 80 550 82 565 SMAW AWS A5.5 E80XX A607 Gr 60 60 415 75 515 SAW AWS AS.23 F8AX EXXX Gr 70 70 485 85 585 GMAW AWS A5.28 ER80S A611 Gr E 80 550 82 565 FCAW AWS AS.29 E8XT Note: Los hydrogen electrodes must be used when required by AWS DI.I. See 1.1.1.

5.I.2 For all other types of welds, the electrodes or in hermetically-sealed containers or shall be dried at electrode and gas or flux combinations used in pro-least one hour at temperatures between 7002 F(370* C) duction shall hase a nominal tensile strength at least and 8002 F (430* C) before being used. Electrodes equal to that of the weaker of the tuo members being shall be dried prior to use if the hermetically-scaled joined.

container shows evidence of damage. Immediately after the opening of the hermetically-scaled container 5.2 Electrodes for Shielded Nietal Arc Welding or remosal of the electrode from a drying oven. elec-5.2.1 Electrodes for SNI AW shall conform to the trodes shall either be used or stored in ovens held at a requirements of thelatest edition of AWS A5.l.Speci-temperature of at least 250' F(120* C). E70XX elec-fication for Stild Steel Cosered Arc-Welding Elec-trodes that are not used within four hours or E80XX trodes.or to the requirements of AWS A5.5. Specifi-electrodes that are not used within two hours after the cation for Low Allo) Steel Cosered Arc-Welding opening of the hermetically-sealed container or the Electrodes.

removal of the electrodes from a drying or storage 5.2.2 All electrodes hasinglow hydrogen coserings os en shall be' redried before use. Electrodes that have conformingto AWS AS.I shall be purchased in hermeti-been wet shallpot be used.

cally scaled containers or shall be dried for at least two 5.2.3 When requested by the Engineer.the contrac-hours between 450' F (230* C) and 500* F (250* C) tor shall furnish an electrode manufacturer's certifica -

before they are used. Electrodes having low hydrogen tion stating that the. electrode will meet the require-i coverings conforming to AWS AS.5 shall be purchased ments of the classification.

l l

r Qualification!lI b

5.2.4 A good measure of welding current can be 5.5 Stud Welding. When stud welding through deck-

'v' prosided by the melting rate (M) of the electrode:

ing or roofing onto supporting structural members, the procedure shall conform to applicable provisions Inches of electrode melted of AWS DI.I. Structural Welding Code.

y, Time in minures The application of this method is described in detailin Appendix A. C5.2.4.

SJ Submerged Are Weieing 5.3.1 The bare electrodes and Huxes used in combi-

^

nation for submerged ate w elding shall conform to the 6.1 Approved Procedures.This specification does not requirenunts of the latest edition of AWS A5.17 accotd prequalified status to any welding procedures Specification for Bare Carbon Steel Electrodes and for sheet steel.

Fluxes forSubmerged Arc Welding. or to the require-6.2 Procedure Qualification ments of th. I., test edition of AWS A5.23. Specifica-6.2.1 Each welding procedure to be employed shall, tion for Bare Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Fluxes be prepared as a procedure specification for each t'ype for Submerged Are Welding.

of w eld as shown in Table 6.7 and shall be qualified by 3

5.3.2 When requested by the Engineer, the contrac-the contractor. Qualification documentations shall be tot shall furnish an electrode manufacturer's certifica-made available to those authorized to examine them.

tion that the electrode and flux combination will meet A suggested form listing the information required in t

the requiremerits of the classification or grade.

the procedure specification is given in Appendix A; 5.3.3 Flux used for submerged are welding shall be additionally. data shallinclude the established melting dry and free of contamination from dirt. mill scale, rate refe'rred to in 5.2.4.

oils. or other foreign material. All Oux shall be pur-I chased in packages that can be stored, under normal 6.2.2 The Engineer may. at his discretion, accept conditions. for at least six months without such stor.

evidence of previous qualification of the welding O

age affecting its welding characteristics or w eld prop.

procedures to be employed on production work.

N._,'

erties. Flux from damaged packages shall be discarded or shall be dried at a minimum temperature of 250* F 6.3 Responsibility for Tests. Each manufacturer or (120' C) for one hour before use. Flux shall be placed contractor shall be responsible for utilizing the proper in the dispensing system immediately upon the open-material joint configuration, setup dimensions, and ing of a package. or if used from an opened package.

testing of procedure qualification specimens. These the top one inch shall be discarded. Flux that has been tests may be performed in the contractor's shop.at the w et shall not be used. Flux fused in welding shall not job site, or by an independent laboratory or other be reused.

testing agency.

5.4 Gas Metal Arc and Flux Cored Arc Welding Electrodes 6.4 Procedure Qualification Requirements. Welding 5.4.1 The electrodes and shielding for gas metal are procedures shall be qualified by making test welds as welding or Oux cored arc welding for pro'ducine weld described for each welding process. various types of metal with minimum specified yield strengths of 6'O 000 w elds, each applicable w elding position, each range of l

psi (415 MPa) or less shall conform to the require, thickness specified in 6.6 (5), and each type of coating ments of the latest edition of AWS AS.18. Specifica.

and steel designation (see Table 6.7) used in welding tion for Mild Steel Electrodes for Gas Metal-Arc sheet steel to sheet steel or sheet steel to supporting member.

Welding. or AWS A5.20. Specification for Mild Steel However, where a sheet steelis to be welded to a Electrodes for Flux-Cored Arc Weldinc. as applicable 5.4.2 When requested by the Engine'er. the contrac.

supporting steel member listed in AWS DI.I. Structur-tor shall furnish the electrode manufactureri certifica.

at Welding Code, that sheet steel may be welded to all tion that the electrode will meet the abose require, other AWS DI.I-approsed steels of an equalstrength I

ments of classification or grade.

or less, provided that t he steel used in the q ualification l

5.4.3 A gas or gas mixture used for shielding in gas Procedure has a yictd strength of 50 ksi or less (see metal are w elding or Oux cored arc welding shall be of AWS DI.I. Section 5).

a welding grade having a dew point of-40' F(-40$ C) 6.5 Duration of Qualification. Once a welding proce-l or lower. When requested by the Engineer, the gas dure has been qualified by a contractor, it shall be manufacturer shall furnish certification that the gas or considered qualified for his use indefinitely. However.

j (q

gas mixture meets the procurement specification and any change in the essential variables outside the limits 1

l will meet the dew point requirement.

provided for in 6.6 shall require requalification.

l l

12 STRtut'RAL WELDl%G CODE - SHQT STHL 6.6 Essential Variables - Procedure Qualification. A steel to sheet steel to be w elded. The test assembly shall change in the following sariables shall be considered be prepared, welded and tested as follows:

essential changes in a welding procedure and shall (1) Two rectangular pieces of material to be require establishing a new procedure by qualification:

tested. at least 4 in. (100 mm) wide and long, shall be (I) A changein the classification of electrode (e.g.,a welded together. The welder shall use a welding proce-eiange from E6010 to E6012) dure that will make sound welds. The joint shall be (2) A change in the size of the electrode wc!ded either from one side only or from both sides.

(3) Changes of more than 10 percent abos e or below Welding from only one side will qualify for single-and the melting rate amperage, or wire feed speed used in double-square-groove welds; welding from both sides the procedure qualification test:in the case of arc spot will qualify only for double-square groove welds.

or arc seam w elds, a reduction in melting rate. wciding (2) The weld shall be reasonably uniform in

[ ! current. or wire feed speed of more than 5 percent appearance and shall be free of cracks, excessive (4) A change in the type of welding current (ac or undercut, and excessive reinforcement.

del or polarity (3) After the test joints have been made, they (5) A change in the thickness of sheet steel by more shall be bent back upon themselves by hammering, the than 10 percent forarespot welds areseam uelds,and axis of the bend being parallel to the axis of the weld.

square groos e w elds in butt joints. or a change of more See Fig. 6.7.I. In case of a joint welded from one side t*:an 20 percent for fillet welds or Gare groose welds only, the root of the weld shall be on the face of the (6) An igerease in the root opening of a square bend.

~

groa e welg (4) A weld shall be considered satisfactory if (7) A chuge in the type of coating material on the (a) No cracks are evident after bending.

sheet steel (b) Due to the severity of the test, cracks,

(8) An increase exceeding 30 percent in the thick-do occur; but the fractured face shows no evidence of ness of coating of the sheet steel defects, and the throat is equal to or greater than the (9) A change in the position in w hich w elding i> done thickness of the sheet steel. Breaks in the base metal (10) In sentical posit on welding. a change in the shall not be cause for weld rejection.

i progression specified troa downward to upward. or (5) After each welding procedure has been sice sersa qualified. it shall be recorded as a welding procedure (II) A changein shielding gas (for G M AW or FCAW) specification: see the suggested form in Appendix A.

(12) A change in Hus (for S AW) 6.7.I.2 Qualification for square groove welds in (13) A change of more than 10 percent abos e or below sheet steels shall qualify for such grooves only for the i

the specified mean are soltage for each electrode position used in the test, provided that there is no diameter used (for S AW. GM AW. or FCAW) change in other essential variables.

( 14) An increase of 25 percent or more or a decrease of 6.7.2 Are Spot Welds (Puddle Welds) 10 percent or more in the rate of flow of shielding ga$

6.7.2.1 The contractor shall establish a welding or mixture (for GM AW or FCAW) procedure for each single and double thickness of i 15) A changein the mode of metal transfer across the sheet steel to be are spot welded to a supporting arc (for GM AW) member in the Hat position. Two test assemblies shall (16) For square groose welds in butt joints a change be preparea welded, and tested as follows:

l in welding from toth sides to welding from one side.

( 1) Tw o (or four for a dou ble sheet) rectangu-but not sice sersa far pieces of this material 2.I/ 2 in. (65 mm) or wider Mnet Perminible ranges /iv variations o/-

shall be clamped to the top of a Dange of a remnant other variables have not been mtroduced beam or separate plate at least 1/2 in. (13 mm) thick into this speri# cation at this time. This with a narrow edge of the sheet projecting over the l

omission i3 due to in3u//icient data avai/a-edge of the flan ge or plate by 2 in. (50 mm), as shown in Yi ' b'I'1' 8

Me to support sw h ranees. It is anticipated that the use n/ thn speri/i ation n i//resuh

. (2) The welder shall make an are spot weld of in the //ow o/ in/ormanon u hn h n i#eren-the diameter required for procedure qualification, tua#rpro vide a basn /or uppropriate modt-producing a nugget not less than I,2 in. (13 mm) m gy,,jyy t diameter. The crater of the spot weld shall be filled and i 32 in. (I mm) minimum reinforcement provided.

6.7 Number of Tests, Methods of Testing. and the (3) Weld washers, at least 0.060 in. (1.5 mm)

Results Required for the Qualification of Welding thick and made 6f one of the sheet steels listed in 1.2.1 Procedures shall be used in containing the arc spot weld in sheet 6.7.1 Square Groove Welds in Butt Joints steel thinner than 0.028 in. (0.7 mm).

6.7.1.1 The contractor shall establish a welding (4) The we4d shall be reasonably uniform in 8

l procedure for square grooves in butt joints for each appearance and shall-be free of overlap, cracks, and W

position of welding and for each thickness of sheet excessive undercut.

i

Qualification! !3 (mV)

'(6) The melting rate for the particular elec-trode classification and size used in the successful test shall then be measured.' A secnnd successful test shall be performed.

6.7.2.2 If more than one are spot weld is to be made with one covered electrode. the welder shall melt at least 6 in. (150 mm) of a new electrode using the same melting rate established in 6.6.7.1 and depositing weld bead on a scra p plate. W hile the electrode is still (A) Square groove butt joint - weided from both sides hot, he shall deposit another are spot test weld usm, g f

the assembly shown in Fig. 6.7.2. This weld shall be J

tested as stipulated in 6.7.2.I. and the results shall be compared with previous tests considered satisfactory.

(See Appendix A. Commentary. 6.7.2.2 for back-ground data.) In the case of flux cored arc welding, gas metal are welding. or su bmerged are welding. the w eld-ing current or wire feed rate shall be used.

6.7.2.3 After each welding procedure has been qualified. it shall be recorded as a welding procedure specification: see the suggested form in Appendix A.

6.7.2.4 The qualification of an are spot weld between a sheet (or 2 sheets) and a supporting member in the Cat position shall qualify (1) are spot welds and (s) square groove butt joint - welded from one side ter tested. A change in one of the following essential sariables (exceeding the requirements of 6.6) will a

require requalification: a change in thickness of sheet steel. weld sire. electrode classification: for shielded A) metal arc welding, a change in the melting rate; and a

(

change in the w elding current or wire feed rate for flux cored are welding. gas metal are welding. or sub-merged are welding. See Table 6.7.

6.7.3 Are Sesm Welds 6.7.3.1 The contractor shall establish a welding -

procedure for each single and double thickness of sheet steel to be are seam welded to a supporting member in the Hat position or for each single thickness of sheet steel to sheet steel to be are seam w elded in the horirontal position. Tw o test assemblies are required.

(c) vielded joint after completion of bending (I) in the case of sheet to supporting member.

tw o rectangular pieces (four for double thicknesses) of l

material wider than 3 in. (75 mm) shall be clamped to the Gange of a remnant beam or separate plate at least l

Fig. 6.7.1 - Square groove butt jomts I,2 n. (13 mm) thick, with the narrow edge of the sheet projecting oser the edge of the Gange or plate by l

1 2 in.(l3 mm). as show n in Fig. 6.7.3 A. The test w eld (5) After welds of acceptable quaht) hase shall be made ia the flat position.

cooled, the projecting part of the sheet steel shall be (2)ln the case of sheet to sheet.a sample of the struck repeatedly with a hammer. as shown in Fig.

actualjomt shall be welded in the horizontal position.

6.7.2. until the sheet steel around the are spot weld see Fig. 6.7.38. The minimum length of the weld shall disengages. either from a break in the w eld or ihe sheet be I in. (25 mm). see. Fig. 6.7.3 A.

steel. The diameter of the weld nugget remaining in the (3) The weld shall be reasonably uniform in p

structural steel shall be measured for the required appearance and shall be free of overlap, cracks. and minimum diameter of 1/2 in. (13 mm). If such min-excessise undercut.-

imum diameter has not been obtained or if the weld is

/'N otherwise not satisfactory (see 4.5.2), the welding cur-D rent shall be adjusted and the test repeated until all requirements are met.

• see Appenda A. C5.2.4.

I

he 14 STRL'CTL'R AL WELDING CODE - SHEET STEEL k

1 *i" 2 Wm o

y s,.

'e Double sheet 2 min Single sheet All dimensions in inches Fig. 6.7.2 - Test for are spot weld (4) After cooling. welds of acceptable sisual mm) wide. A fillet weld I in. (25 mm) long shall be quality shall be tested b3 bending the sheet back and deposited in either a lap or a T-joint, whichever is forth or by wedging a chisel between the pieces until required, using the proper type and size of electrode' the weld or the sheet steel fails.

and welding current. The test assembly is shown in (5) The fracture surface shall show complete Fig. 6.7.4.

fusion at the faying surface.

(2) Test B. Each assembly shall consist of a 6.7.3.2 After each welding procedure has been rectangular piece of sheet steel at least 3 in. (75 mm) qualified, it shall be reported as a welding procedure wide and the top of a flange of a remnant beam or specificationisce the suggested form in Appendix A.

separate plate at least 1/2 in. (13 mm) thick. A fillet 6.7.3.3 As an option. the arc seam weld may be weld I in. (25 mm) long shall be deposited in either a qualified. according to 6.7.2.4. by making an arc spot lap or a T-joint, whichever is required. using the weld having the same diameter as the width of the are proper type and size of electrode and welding current.

seam weld being considered.

The test assembly is shown in Fig. 6.7.4.

6.7.3.4 The qualification of an are seam weld (3) The welds shall be reasonably uniform in between a sheet or two sheets and a supporting appearsnce and shall be free of overlap. cracks, and member in the flat position or an arc seam weld excessive undercut.

between two sheets in the horizontal position shall (4) After cooling. welds of acceptable visual j

qualify only for that particular weld and position quality shall be tested by bending the sheet back and i

tested and for that given thickness of sheet steel, wcid fort h (T-joints) or by wedging a cold chisel between the size, electrode classification, and that electrode r 9t-t* o pieces (lapjoints) until either the weld or the sheet ing rate (for shielded metal are welding), or that weid-metal fails. See Fig. 6.7.4.

ing current or wire feed rate (for submerged are weld-(5) The fractured surface sha!! show complete ing. gas metal arc welding, or flux cored arc welding).

fusion at the faying surface.

See Table 6.7.

(6) After each welding procedure has been 6.7.4 Fillet Welds qualified. it shall be recorded as a welding procedure 6.7.4.1 The contractor shall establish a welding Specification; see th: suggested form in Appendix A.

procedure for tillet welds in joints insoising:

(1) sheet steels 6.7.4.3 The salidity of qualification shall be as I

(2) sheet steel and supporting members for follows (see Fig. 6.7.4.3):

each welding process. each position of welding, each

( l } T-joints shall qualify for lap and T-joints.

thickness of sheet steel, and each material combina-(2) S heet steel to supporting member qualifies tion of sheet steels. including supporting members (see for sheet steel to supporting member for a given posi-Table 6.7) tion of welding and thickness of sheet steel.

6.7.4.2 Two test assemblies shall be prepared.

(3) Sheet steel to sheet steel qualifies for sheet welded visually inspected and tested using either Test steel to sheet steel and also sheet steel to supporting l

A or Test B. described in (1) or (2) as follows:

member for a given position of welding and thickness (I) Test A. Each test assembly shall consist of of sheet steel. If there are two thicknesses of sheet steel, two rectangular pieces of sheet steel at least 3 in. (75 the thickness of the thinner sheet will control.

• l Qualificationil5 9

Table S.7 - Procedure Quasification Teen Number of tests re.

Quired for sech welding position, thschness, and Test assemblies as shown in:

Type of welded joint tested:

type of coating *:

Type of test:

Qualifies for:

Square groove butt joint 2

Send Square groove butt joint, sheet Sheet to sheet, each postion to sheet, position used in test of welding 6.7,1 Arc spot weld 2

Twist Arc spot weld and arc seem Sheet to supporting member, weld, sheet so aspoorting flat postion member, flot position O

4 6.7.2 Arc seerrt weld 2

Bend Arc seem weld, sheet to asp-Sheet to supporting membe, porting member, flat position flat position O

./

6.7,3A Arc seam weld 2

Bend Arc seem weed, sheet to sheet, Sheet to sheet, horizontal horizontal position position i

N 1

l 6.7.38 l

Fillet welded tap goint 2

Bend Fillet welded lap joint, sheet Sheet to sheet, any position to sheet, or sheet to supporting member, pottort tested 6.7.4 A I

Fillet aelded lap goint 2

Bend Fillet welded lap joint, sheet Sheet to supporting to supporting member, posatton tested member, any position IL0 6.7.48

'Within the limits of essential variables

/

I r.

.s.

16 STRt cTt'RAL WELDl%G CODE - SHEET STEEL Table 6.7 - Procedure Qualification Tests (continued)

Number of tests re-Quired for each welding position, thickness, and Test assemblies as shown en:

Type of welded joint tested:

type of coateg*

Type of teet:

Qualifies for:

Fillet welded T joint, sheet 2

Bend Fillet welded T-or lap joint, to sheet, any position sheet to sheet, or sheet to supporting member, position t.st.d 6.7.4 A Fillet welded T-joint, sheet 2

Bend Fillet welded T-or lap joint, to supporting member, any sheet to supporting member, postion position tested 6.7.48 Flare bevel, sheet to sheet, 2

llend Flare bevel-groove weld, sheet any position to sheet, or sheet to support-ing member or flere V-groove 4

weld, sheet to sheet, position tested

~

6.7.5.1 A Flare bevel, sheet to sup-2 Bend Flarebevel-groove weld, sheet porting member, any to supporcing member, posi-position.

tion tested 6.7.5.18 Flare V, sheet to sneet, 2

Bend Flare-V-groove weid, sheet to any position sheet or flare bevel-groove weld, sheet to sheet, or sheet to supportmg member, polition tested 8

s 6.7.5.1 C

'Within the limits of essential vanables

~

e---

--,,m,,aen-

--.-,-e--

,n-,

m--

-m

-,-,e

---~,--,-----,-----,v,,--r n-- - - --v

m

+

s -

3 Qualification; l7 All dimensions in inches 3 min 1 min 1 min 1 min 1/2 min v

5 single sheet Double sheet 1/2 men s

I Fig. 6.7.3A - Arc seam weld test - sheet to supporting plate weld

+

l 3

k) I min

_ D.

W s

N Mewsw

~

lO L

g Fig. 6.7.3B - Arc seam weld test - sheet to sheet weld l

6.7.5 Flare Bevel and Flare-V Groove Welds beve'-groove weld I in. (25 mm) long shall be depos-6.7.5.1 The contractor shall establish welding ited using the proper type and size of electrode and procedures for flare bevel and Hare V-groove welds welding current. The test assembly is shown in Fig.

for alljoints insolving only sheet steels and for each 6.7.5. l A.

welding procedure, thickness of sheet steel, and posi-Test D. Each test assembly shall consist of tion of welding. In addition,in the case of 0are-bevel-a rectangular piece of sheet steel at least 2-1/2 in. (65 groove welds. welding procedure shall be established mm) wide and at least 3 in. (75 mm)long. One piece forjoints im olving sheet steel a nd su pporting structur-shall be bent through 90 degrees around an inside al members.

radius not to exceed 3t w here t is the thickness of sheet (11 For tiare bevel-groove welds, two assem-steel. It shall be clamped to the top of a fiange of a blies shall be prepared w elded, visually inspected. and remnant beam or separate plate. at least i 2 in. (13 i

tested using either Test C or Test D described as follows:

mm) thick. A Dare-bevel-groove weld I in. (25 mm)

Test C. Each assembly shall' consist of two long shall be deposited using the proper type and size rectangular pieces of sheet steel at least 21/ 2 in. (65 of electrode and welding current. The test assembly is l

mm) wide and at least 3 in. (75 mm) long. One piece shown in Fig. 6.7.5.1 B.

shall be bent through 90 degrees around an inside (2) For dare-V-groove welds, two test assem-h' radius not to exceed Jt. w here t is t he thickness of sheet blies shall be prepared, welded visually inspected,and

'v steel; the other piece shall be Dat. These shall be fitted tested as follows.

together to form a Gare-bevel groove joint. A flare.

(a) Each test assembly shall consist of two i

Itt STRL CTt RAL WELDl%G CODE - SHEET STEEL rectangular pieces of sheet steel. at least 2-112 in. (65 repc rted as a welding procedure specification: see the mm) w ide and at least 3 in. (75 mm) long. bent through suggested form in Appendix A.

90 degrees to an inside radius not exceeding 3t. w here t 6.7.5.2 Qualification for flare-bevel-groove welds is the thickness of the sheet steel,and fitted together to shall qualify for flare-V-groove welds and vice versa, lorm a flare-V groose weld joint.

provided the same essential variables apply. See Fig.

(b) A flare-V groove weld I in. (25 mm) 6.7.5.2.

long shall be deposited using the proper type and size (I) Sheet steel to supporting member qualifies electrode and welding current. The test assembly is for sheet steel to supporting member for a given posi-show n in Fig. 6.7.5.lC.

tion of welding and thickness of sheet steel.

(3) The welds shall be reasonably uniform in (2) S h'eet steel to sheet steel qualifies for sheet appearance and shall be free of oserlap. cracks. and steel t sheet steel and also sheet steel to supporting execisise undercut.

(4) After cooling, welds of acceptable quality member for a given position of welding and thickness of sheet steel.

shall be tested by bending the sheet back and forth o'r by wedging a cold chisel between the pieces until the weld or the sheet steel fails. See 6.7.5.lC.

6.7.6 Stud Welds. When qualifying studs to be (5) The fracture surface shall show complete fused through sheet steels onto structural mcmbers.

fusion at the fa>ing surface.

the sheet steel must be placed tightly against the struc-(6) After each welding procedure has been tural member. The quality control requirements of satisfactorily established and qualified it shall be AWS DI.1 shall apply.

t Sheet to sheet Test A 3

V h

t I

e

[

bl#

74

""" v l

t

[

i I

1/2 min overhand T soint 3 """

N sneer to succorr.ng -e-ee-x.

4

[

'\\

An d, mens ons in inches 3 min 172 min l

Test s Fig. 6.7.4 - Fillet weld test assembly l

l

Qualification / l9 4

Sheet steel Shut steet Steel supporting member

\\

\\

Sheet steef 2

(FN /

i (rs

/

l l

~

~

f Qualifies for lap joint - sheet to supporting member Qualifies for lao joint (al sheet to sheet (b) sheet to supporting member Sheet steet N

Sheet steel Steel supporting membe' ht uni N

n N

n w

y v

Qualifies for T-and lap joints - sheet to moporting member Qualifies for T-and lap joints (al sheet to sheet (b) sheet to supporting member 1

Fig. 6.7.4.3 - Extent of validity of fillet weld qualification 1 min 3 min f/

1/2 min

/

\\

A 1 min 1

1 112 men 1 min 3 min 9

l All dimensions in inenes Fig. 6.7.5.l A - Standard test assembly for flare-be' el groove welds; v

Test C - sheet to sheet 4

l

b 20 SIRtTTL'R AL WELDl%G CODE - SHEET STEEL Imm 3 min / /' 1/2 min y

i 1 min 1 2 min I *i" 3 min g

All dimensions in inches Fig. 6.7.5.lB - Standard test assembly for nare-bevel. groove welds; Test D - sheet to supporting plate f

b

(,

1 1/2 mm 2 min w

l

, /-

1 1/2 min l

l 1

t l

1 1/2 mm 1mm Any satisfactory succort i

l 1,2 min All dimensions in mches l

l t

l Fig. 6.7.5.lC - Standard test assembly for nare-V-groove welds

e Qualification 2I 9

/

J 5

b q

s s

Qualifies for flare bevebgroove (a) sheet to sneet Quahties for flarebevebqroove -

{b) sheet to supporting enember or sheet to supporting member flare V-groove - sheet to sheet 3

Quahfies for flare V. groove - shbt to sheet or ffarebevel-groove (a) sheet to sheet (b) sheet to support ng member Fig. 6.7.5.2 - Flare-groove weld qualification

?

6.8 Welding Qualification AWS electrode 6.8.1 General. The qualification tests described Group designation classification herein are specially desised tests to determine the F4 EXX l5. EXX16. EXX18 ucider's ability to p'oduce sound w elds. The qualifica.

r F3 EXXIO. EXXll tion tests are not intended to be used as a guide for F2 EXX12 EXXI3, EXX14 welding during actual construction, which shall be perf ormed in accordance with de requirements of the procedure specification and recorded on a form sim-N ote: The letters X X. used in the classifica-tion designation in this table, stand for the ilar to that of Appendix A.

various strength levels (60. 70. etc.) of de-6.8.2 Limitation of Variables 6.8.2.1 Qualification ettablished with any one of posited weld metal.

the steels permitted by this specification shall be con-sidered as qualification to weld any of the other stcels.

6.8.2.4 A welder qualified uith an approved elec-prosided they have no coating or has e the same coat-trode and shiciding medium combination shall be con-sidered qualified to weld with any other approved mg used in qualification, 6.8.2.2 A welder must be qualified for each w eld-electrode and shielding medium combination for the ing process to be used in fabrication.

welding process used in the qualification test.

6.8.2.3 A welder qualified for shielded metal arc 6.8.2.5 A ch'ange in the position of welding to welding with an electrode identified in the following one for which the welder is not already qualified shall table shall be considered qualified to weld with any require requalification.

other electrode in the same group designation and w it h 6.8.2.6 When welding in the sertical position. a an) electrode listed in a numerically lower group change in the direction of welding shall require designation.

requalification.

s

~

.s

.4 22 STRt CTOR AL WELDING CODE - SHEET STEEL 9

Table 6.8 - Weider Qualification Tests Tvoe of:

Qualifies for:

Weiding Welding Type of Number Type Test assemblies as shown in:

Welded Joant position posarion Welded Joint Thickness of tests:

of test:

Square groove butt F

F Square groove butt Thickness 2

Bend goint. sheet to sheet H

FH joint, sheet to sheet tested V

FHV OH F H OH N

6. 7.1 Arc seam weld, sheet F

F Arc spot weld and Thickness 2

Twist to supporting arc seam weld, sheet tested member to supporting mem-ber o

6.7.2 Arc seam weld.

F F

Arc seam weld, Thickness 2

Bend sheet to sheet to supporting tested supporting member member O

6.7.3A Arc seam weid. sheet H

H Arc seam weld.

Thickness 2

Bend to sheet sheet to sheet tested N

i 6.7.38 Fillet welded lao F

F Fillet welded lao Thickness 2

Bend soint. sheet to H

FH goint, sheet to tested e 4 sheet V

FHV sheet, or sheet to thicker OH F H OH suooorting mem-ber 6.7.4 A Fillet welded lao F

F Fillet welded lao Theck ness 2

Bend joint, sheet to H

FH goint theet to tested and supporting mem-V FHV sapporting th <k er ber OH F H OH memeer I

f'

.,s e

Qualificarion!23 Talde 8.8 - Weider Qualificatson Tests (continued)

Type of:

Qualifies for:

Wedding Welding Type of Number Type of Test assemblies as shown in:

Welded joint position positen weided joint Thickness of tests:

test:

Filtet welded T joint, F

F Fillet welded T or Thickness 2

Bend sheet to sheet H

FH isp joint, sheet to tested and V

FHV sheet. or sheet to thicker OH F H OH moporting 6.7.4A p

Fillet welded F

F Fillet welded T. or Thmkness 2

Bend i

T ioint, sheet H

FH lap joint, sheet to tested and to supporting V

FHV moporting thicker member OH FHOH member 6.7.48 Flare bevel, F

F Flarebevel groove Thickness 2

Bend sheet to sheet H

FH weld, sheet to sheet, tested and V

FHV or sheet to support-thicker OH FHOH ing member; or flareV groove 4

weld, sheet to sheet 6.7.5.1 A Flarebevel.

F F

Flarebevel-groove Th<kness 2

Bend sheet to H

FH weld, sheet to tested and toporting V

FHV moporting member thcher member OH F H OH 6.7.5.18 Flare V.

F F

Flarev groove Thickness 2

Bend sheet to sheet H

FH weld, sheet to sheet; tested and V

FHV or flarebevel-thick er OH FHOH groove weld, sheet to sheet, or sheet to supoorting l

memoer

1. .7.5.1 C 6

s I

e l

s

. _,.... _ ~ _ _ _ _,

~

24 Stat cit RAL WELDl%G CODE,- SHEET STEEL 6.8.2.7 Except as modified by 6.8.2.8. all w elders to those authorized to examine them. A form similar shall be qualified by making a test weldment for each to that used in Appendix B may be used.

t. pe to be used in construction and for the following s

7. Inspect lOn conditions:

(1) For each thickness (gage) of sheet steelin the case of square-groos e w elds, arc spot u elds. or are 7.1 General. Welds shall be inspected s isually and shall 9"*

2) or m um thickness of sheet steel in the case of fillet welds. Care-bes el-groose welds, and 7.2 Inspection of Welding Procedure and Welding Qualifications Care \\'-groose welds.

7.2.1 The inspector shall make certain. prior to (3) For applicable positions of welding a3 welding. that qualified and valid welding procedure show n in Table 6.8.

6.8.2.8 Separate weld'er qualifications shall be specifications applicable to the contract are available.

as required by this specification, and that all welders required for welding galvanized sheet steel or sheet are qualified and are thoroughly familiar with these steil with bther coating.

6.8.2.9 The welding proc:.iure used in the quali-procedures.

7.2.2 The Ergineer may, at his discretion. accept fication of a welder shall be a qualified welding proce.

evidence of welding procedures previously qualified

. lure. The number and type of test assemblics, their methad of testing, and the test results shall be the same b) the contractor and applicable to a given contract.

110weser, if the Engineer does not accept such esi-as for procedure qualification. See Table 6.8.

dence. the contractor shall qualify the procedures in.

6.8.2.10 The welder w ho completes a successful accordance with this specification. The contractor's procedure qualification shall be considered qualified weld tests shall be successfully completed before any for the welding process or welding position. type of permanent welding is done on the contract.

weld and applicable type of coated sheet steel. In the case of fillet welds or Gare-groose welds. or both, he 7.3 Inspection of Work shall also be considered qualified for thicknesses of 7.3.1 At any time, and specifically while arc spot material equal to or greater than those used in the test.

w elds or arc seam welds are being made the inspector in the case of are spot welds, are seam welds, and may request that the melting rate of the electrodes.

sq ua re-groos e w elds, t he qualification shall be limited uire feed speed. or welding current be compared with to the thickness (gage) used in this test. See Table 6.8.

that established in the w elding procedure qualification 6.8.2.11 The wc! der's qualitication shall be con-test. If these melting rates are 5 percent or more below sidered as remaining in effect indefinitely unless( l i t! e those specified, new welds using the correct current u elder is not engaged in a gisen process of u elding for shall be made adiacent to those welds made with the w hich he is qualified for a period exceeding six months inadequate current.

or (2) there is some specific reason to question a 7.3.2 When the quality of a welder's work isjudged w elder's ability.

by the inspector to be below the requirements of this 6.8.2.12 Records of test results shall be kept b) specification. he may require requalification of the the manufacturer or contractor and shall be asailable w elder.

?

Appendix A: Commentary 4

a plus weld depends upon the cross-sectional area of The paragraph prefixed with an A corres-the weld in contact with the surface of the supporting pond to the sante nuntheredparagraphs in member. For sheet steel welding. the ratio of the the hodr of the specification. To avoid diameter of the weld to the thickness of sheet material confusion. thejigures in this consorentar_r is many times larger than that applicable to a plug weld are numberedin numencaisequence. rather than by paragraph number as ther are in in plate welding. Any strength calculation based upon this area would be larger than the actual strength of the the spert/7 cation.

joint.because failure would occur by the tearing of the sheet from the weld. For this reason the load capacity A1.Tr.stroduction of an arc spot weld in sheet steel is based on some measurement of the diameter of the weld and the thickness and strength of the sheet steel. This fact has The purpose of the Commentary is to provide been confirmed by actual testing of the welds.

information and background data supporting the pro-visions of some section> of this specification. These The sheet steel around the circumference of the are sections are duly identified.

spot weld is subjected to various stresses as it sets up a AI.l.1 In terms of ty pes of welds. this specification resisting force. The stress in the material is a tensile stress at the leading edge, becoming a shear stress (l) Welds customarily used in production work.

along the sides and. eventually, becoming a compres-cosers (2) Welds for which conventional methods of sive stress at the trailing edge of the weld. With pro-gressively increasing loads, the tensile stress at the measuring sizes cannot be used.

leading edge will cause transverse tearing to occur in Note: The constructive re3pon3e of the the materials next to the weld and will extend it across users (designers. fabricators, etc.)in eath the material, leading to esentual failure. See Fig. A!.

of the area 3 e urered by the speri/iration is If the sheet steelis sufficiently thin. there may be a greatly encouraged.

O tendency for it to, buckle near the trailing edge of the The following will amplify the abos e statements.

are spot weld. This will decrease the resisting force of By definition. a plug w eld is a circular weld in a the jo,nt and failure w,ll occur initially by tension at i

i lap joint made through a hole in one member. f r.this the leading edge and. then, tearing out in shear along specification. the equisalent prmisions are made for the udes.(See Fig. A2.) Evidence obtained from con-are spot welds: these are circular w elds fused through ducted tests suggests that this buckling condition one sheet onto supporting material without the use c' ecurs when the following relatioship exists; a hole. To otaain proper penetration and fusion between the two materials. it is necessary to use suffi-d 240 cient welding current.

Also, the sire of a fillet w eld in a T-corner. or lap

-3

/F t

4y joint in thick material can be measured with suitable gages. and the allowable load capacity is based on the theoretical throat w hich is the shortest distance between There are three formulas with a transition at:

the root of thejoint and the face of the diagrammatic weld. In this case. it is assumed that the weld is as strong as the material to w hich it is attached because of d

140 d

240 the relatisely deepe penetration; therefore. the allow-

. f and

=y

=

able load capacity of the joint will e>>ential!y depend

\\u y u upon the thackness of the material. its strength. and the length of the weld.

A2. Permissible Stresses The diameter of the fused section of the weld at the A2.2.2 AreSpot Welds. As already notedin A1.1.1,an face of supporting material (d lis less than the surface e

diameter (d) of the are spot weld. Since the surface of are spot weld resembles a plug weld on plate, except the weld is the only portion accessible for measu're-that the sheet material is not punched and the weld ment some reduction of this measurement must be metalis fused through the sheet into the supporting made when calculaung the load capacity of the weld.

material or member. For plate w elding. t he strengt h of 25

5 P

,9 e

26 STRtTTl'R 41. WELDl%G CODF - SHEET STEEL Tenseonw t1 d

t

[q

=m===,

.-t s-U Compression j

q t2 f

- d, d,

d daad-2t d, = 0.7d - 1.$t Fig. A4 - Arc spot weld -

double thickness of sheet Fig. Al - Arc spot weld - tension, compression, and shear stress in an arc spot weld m

Tension d

Weid Shear t

Double sneet a

9 Fig. A2 - Arc spot weld - tension and

>Y shear stress in an are spot weld I

t s.ngie snat i

l Fig. A5 - Load capacities of single and double sheets in are spot welds o

i i

t 1

(~

J

\\

v A consenient way to affect this reduction, showing good correlation with test results, is to subtract one thickness (t p from the outside diameter of the weld (d).

I l-d,

-l See Fig. A.1 de in the case of a double thickness of material, this reduction of the outside diameter of weld (d) amounts o Iwice the cornbined ihick ness of the materi*t). See Fig. A3 - Arc spot weld -

Fig. A4. Such reductio'n prosides a dope of 45 degrees single thickness of sheet at the top of the weld.

l

i s

4) 9 Apperrdix Ai27 For a gisen oserall thickness. there is less heat transferred throagh a double sheet than through a single sheet. For t his reason, t he average diameter (d )

a ll ll

• 1 and the effectise diameter (d ) will be smaller when a t.

e

]

double sheet is used.

n If sheet steel is gals ani/ed. the thickness of gals aniz-V ing should be deducted from the overall thickness of

,v

~

d -width the sheet. If the thickness of the galvanizing is not shown. an arbitrary 0.0015 in. (0.04 mm) should be deducted from the thickness of each sheet.

I n cases u here the effectis e diameters of the are spot Fig. A7 - Arc seem weld in narrow deck flute w elds become too small, it is possible for them to shear out of the base metal. The following formula prosides a lower bound to present such failure. See Fig. A6.

de F When used on single or double sheet steel, the respec-3 m

P = sr d Fw tise load capacity is gisen by the following formula:

=

e 4

where P = t F (0.25L + 0.96 d )

u a

d = 0.7d-1.5t e

If the sheet steel is galvan.ited, the thickness of galvanizing should be deducted from the oserall thickness of the sheet. If the thickness of the galvaniz-

+

ing is not known an arbitrary 0.0015 in. (0.04 mm)

A2.2.3 Are Seam H elds. Many decks are made w,th should be deducted from the thickness of each sheet, i

narrow (lutes uhich do not permit the minimum si/e in cases uhere the effectise width of the arc seam (l 2 in. [13 mm]) of are spot welds to be made. In th,s ueld becomes too small, as shown in Fig. A8. it is i

case. an oblong arc spot w eld. called an are seam w eld, possible for the weld to shear out of the base metal.

4 is made, its additionallength makes up for the smaller The following formula prosides a lower bound. in-diameter. The minimum length of the weld is I I 2,n.

tended to preclude such failure.

i (38 mm) and,s measured between the centers of the i

circular portions of the weld. See Fig. A7.

. d*2 +d e

F P=

u 4

3.

w here

' d, = 0.7d-I.St I

t-d I

l

}

W ~ 2 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'T~~~t

,o d.

p

% Wel(%

d.

P = f df Fw d, = 0.7d -1.5t d

Fig A6 - Small are spot welds - shearing action l

W

-v.

~

t 28 SIRt crt R u WELDING CODE -SHEET STEEL d

I I

l P-----------':m w"

l a,

da

(

% )%D kN N

de d

Fig. A8 - Arc seam weld in supporting plate A 2.2.J Fillet Welds. Presently. the allow a ble st rew for However, the behasior of fillet welded joints in tillet welds in static applications other than in sheet sheet steel is markedly different. The strength of the steelis based on 0.30 of the minimum specified tensile weld does not usually govern the capacity of thejoint.

strength of the weld metal (0.30 ENX). This strew is because it usually has a strength greater than the sheet anumed to be applied on the throat of the fillet (t) steel. This is partly due to the weld metal having irrespectise of the direction of the applied loads. For greater strength than the sheet steel and partly due to fusion faces has ing an included angle ot 90 degrees. t he the large amount of penetration. For this reason. the throat (t) is equal to 0.707 times the leg sire (w). The load capacity of a fillet-welded joint in sheet steel is allowable shear strew of the throat of the weld is a>>umed to depend on the sheet steel immediately Fw = 0.30 Fult (see Fig. A9). Howeser. the Structural adiacent to the weld. See Fig. AIO. Formulae (7) and

% elding Code. AW S DI.l. also recognizes that the (8) gne the load capacities for such joints.

allowable stren of the attaching plate shall not be esceeded.

Cntical section

/

T-

+i t

e Cntical section

(

,( l _

I

~

t = 0.707

• AT 0 30 EXX s

\\

(

,k Sheet in tension Sheet in shear P 2 0.04t L F P = 0.3t L F u

u 1

I where;t : thicknen of sheet steel (in.)

L : length of welded joint (in.)

~**

F : specified minimum ultiinate tensile strength u of sheet steel (ksi) gW Fig. A9 - Allowable stress for fillet welds -

plate to plate application shown here Fig. A10 - Load capacity of fillet welds

s

?

Appendix Al29 noted for their limited penetration and lener tendency j

V For fillet welds on sheet steel. loaded longitudinally for undercutting and, therefore, would perform better and hasing lengtha ten than 25 t.

on fillet and flare groove-welds on thinner materia!>.

P = 0.4 (1-0.01 g ) t L F A5.2.4 Melting rate as a method of measuring w elding u

current has long been in use. M any published shielded Research data hase indicated that the unit load capac-metal are welding procedures still include the melting ity for shorter fillet wcids is greater than that calcu-rate ( M) along w ith the w cidin g current and other data lated in the formulae in 2.2.4.I and has led to Ihe needed.

empirical formula shown abose.

Once the w elding current for a given size and classi-A4. %rorkmanship fiention of shielded metal arc electrode has been estab-lished. the w elder should place a new electrode into it's A4.2.1 Position of Welding.The sketches.m F.ig. A ll holder. He should proceed to w eld at this current level should a>>ist in the proper understanding of the po>i-for one minute (60 seconds) and then measure the tions of welding.

length of electrode melted during this time interval.

A4.3.1 in s iew of the fact that there are soeral factors This can ca>ily be done by placing a steel measuring w hich affect the s alue ofIhe w ciding current at Ihe arc.

tape along the electrode stub. as shown in Fig. A(2.,

The tape is positioned so that the number representing j

some positise means to set or rotore the same current the initiallength of the electrode is lined up with the conditions, irrespectise of thee factors. had to be end of the electrode in the holder (Position 1). The included in the Code. The method suggoted is the number on the >ide w hich is opposite the melted end of melting rate of the electrode. The application of this the electrode should then be read (Position 2). This method is decribed in detail.in comments to 5.2.4.

number represents the electrode melting rate in inches A4.3.2 The objectise of such positise current contro!

per minute and is designated (M).

shall be:

For most welding procedures on sheet steel,it will (l) To etahlish optimum current condition > for take len than 60 seconds to melt off the electrode. In wclding procedure > which. upon qualification. fully such a case. a shorter w elding time should be used. For meet sirength requirements as set for the indisidual example. the electrode may be mehed for 30 seconds.

, p

)po of welds by he appheable code.

and the melted length of electrode should be multip-Q (2) To proside lor consistent reproduction of the lied by two. A 20 second period may be used with a i

same optimum eurrent conditions independent os time multiplier of three or a 15 second period with a multi-and factors known to affeet such conditions. The e plication factor of four.

lactors are know n to be:

Ial Change in the t> pe of power sourco A6, Qualification a b) Fluctuation in power suppl 3 Effectisenew of electrical welding circuit A6.7.2.2The objective of the requirements of 6.7.2.2is (c) s> stem to check on the ability of the electrode to produce (di Length and si/e ot welding leads sound welds in rapid succenion at elesated current tel Thicknen of material and sariety of protes-lesels characteristic of currents used in making spot tn e coating weld >. At the relatisely high current, the coating of 10 Site and ty pe of electrodo some cosered electrodes may break down and, as a (g) Type of welds result. produce penetration more shallow than that required. This tendency may be rectified by limiting AS. Technique ihe number of w elds made in rapid succenion u ith one A5.2.1 AWS A5.1 and AWS AS.5 specitieations coker electrode.

The required current level shall have been estab-mild steel and low allo) elect. odes.

lished during the procedure qualification testing pro.

It is powible to produce satisf actory welds in sheet gram. This current shall be used to measure the elec-metal with electrodo of many t> po. Howeser, some trode melting rate as described here, which shall electrode clanifications hase better penetration than thereafter be used to gise esidence that the proper others and anist naturally in making arc spot welds current lesel is being used in production welding.

and arc seam welds. Other electrode clanifications are O

s 1

~

I

.t0 STRt CTt'R \\1 WEl.Dl%G CODE - SHEET STEEL 1

=,

Flat e

S Horizontal

%p e

/'

s l

vertical overhead Fig. All - Positions of welding l

Set end of electrode Melting rate IM) on 14 in. for 14 in, here long electrode l

O I

f o

lo i

2 3

4 s

e i

s 9

to 1:

12 13 14

. : _ _-- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - ; - - - - - s l

I i

steei mesonng tao.

Wedding efectrode

~

Electrode holder Fig. A12

.\\ letting rate measurement illustrated l

Appendix B: Suggested Form for Sheet Steel Welding O

Procedure Specification Company.

Designation of sheet steel Supporting material Thickness Thickness Type of coating Type gf coating Welding process Manual. machine, or semiautomatic Welding current Type Melting rate Wire feed speed Welding position Progression of welding Electrode classification Size Shielding gas Gas Flow Flux Diameter of arc spot or Time for arc spot weld width of arc seam weld is washer used?

Length of weld Sketch of joint Type of test Date tested Test conducted by inspected by Welder Social secunty number q

31

=

.o l (y^')

Appendix C: Terms and Definitions

. vote: The ternts anddelinitions in this glos.

axis of a weld. A line through the length of a weld.

sarr are divided into two categories (I) perpendicular to and at the geometric center of its General welding ternts contpiled he the cross section.

A WS Committee tnr Delintrions andSrns-hols and (2) other terms, preceded by g

asterisks. which are defined as ther relate to this specification.

• burn back. This condition occurs where the sheet steel melts back but does not become a part of the weld, leaving a void between the weld deposit and A

the sheet steel.

butt joint. A joint between two members aligned in

• are seam weld. A seam weld made by an arc welding approximately the same plane.

process in which coalescence proceeds from the butt weld. An erroneous term for a weld in a buttjoint.

surface of one member into the other. Neither See butt joint.

member is slotted.

C complete fusion. Fusion which has occurred over the entire base material surfaces intended for welding and between alllayers and passes.

completejoint penetration. Joint preparation in which the weld metal completely fills the groove and is

.O fused to the base metat throughout its total thickness.

corner joint. A joint between two members located pproximately at right angles to each other (in the comowmowxem crater. In are welding, a der ression at the termination of a weld bead or in the molten weld pool.

• arc spot weld. A spot weld made by an arc welding process in which coalescence proceeds from the D

surface of one member into the other. The weld is made without preparing a hole in either member.

double-square. groove weld. A type of groove weld. ( A weld in a square butt joint made from both sides.)

downhand.See preferred term flat position.

O E

edge joint. A joint between the edges of two or more l

parallel or nearly parallel members.

effective length of weld. The length of weld throughout which the correctly proportioned cross section

@h exists. In a cursed weld. it shall be measured along s e s

s a

the axis of the weld.

rq automatic welding. Welding with equipment which F

performs the entire welding operation withJut adjustment of the controls by a welding operator.

faying surface.The mating surface of a member which The equipment may or may not perform the is in contact with or in close proximity to another 4

loadirig and unloading of the w or k. See machine welding.

member to which is to be joined.

s 33

a f

6 j

14 STRL'CTURAL WELDl%G CODE - SHEET STEEL filler metal.The metal to be added in making a welded L

joint, flat position.The welding position used to weld from lap joint. A joint between two overlapping members.

the upper side of the joint: the face of the weld is leg of a fillet weld.The distance from the root of the approximately horizontal.

joint to the toe of the fillet weld.

flux cored are welding (FCAW). An arc welding pro-cess which produces coalescence of metals by heat-M ing them with an are between a continuous filler x'

metal (consuma ble) electrode and t he work. Shield-machine welding. Welding with equipment which per-ing is provided by a llux contained within the tubu*

forms,the welding operation under the constant, lar electrode. Additional shielding may or may not observation and control of an operator. The equip-be obtained from an externally supplied gas or gas ment may or may not perform the loading and

mixture, unloading of the work. See automatic welding.

fusion. The melting together of filler metal and base manual welding. A welding operation performed and metal (substrate) or ot base metal only,which results controlled completely by hand.

' melting rate. The length of electrode melted in one fusion zone. The area of base metal melted as deter

• minute.

mined on the cross section of a weld.

N G

nugget size.The diameter or width of the nugget mea-gas metal are welding (GMAW). An are welding pro.

sured in the plane of the interface between the cess which produces coalescence of metals by heat.

pieces jomed.

ing them with an arc between a continuous filler metal (consumable) electrode and the work. Shield-O ing is obtained entirely from an externally supplied gas or gas mixture. Some methods of this process overhead position. The position in which welding is arecalled mig orCOswelding(nonpreferred terms).

performed from the underside of thejoint.

groove weld. A weld made in the groove between two overlap. Protrusion of weld metal beyond the toe.

members to be joined.

face. or root of the :Id.

H P

horizontal position partial joint penetration. Joint penetration which is fillet weld. The position in which welding is per-less than complete.

formed on the upper side of an approximately horizontal surface and against an approximately plug weld. A circular weld made through a hole in one sertical surface. lSee Figs.12B and 14.)

member of a lap of T joint fusing that member to groove weld.The position of welding in which the the other. The walls of the hole may or may not be axis of the weld lies in an approximately horizontal parallel and the hole may be partially or completely plane and the face of the weld lies in an approxi-filled with weld metal. ( A fillet welded hole or a spot mately sertical plane.

weld should not be construed as conforming to this definition.)

I positioned weld. A weld made in a joint which has been so placed as to facihtste making the weld.

irtermittent weld. A weld m which the continuity is broken by recurring unwelded spaces.

procedure qualification. The demonstration that welds made by a specific procedure can meet pres.

cribed standards.

J

, puddle weld See the preferred term are spot weld.

Joint. The junction of members or the edges of members w hich are to bejoined or hav e been joined.

R

• joint welding procedure. The materials. detailed methods, and practices employed in the welding of reinforcement of weld. Weld metal in excess of the a particular joint.

quantity required to fill the joint.

s Appendix C/3$

(3(.

root face.That portion of the groove face adjacent to under pressure. Partial shielding may be obtained the root of thejoint.

by the use of a ceramic ferrule surrounding the stud.

root of joint. That portion of a joint to be welded Shielding gas or Oux may or may not be used.

where the members approach closest to each other.

submerged arc welding (SAW). An arc welding pro-In cross section, the root of thejoint may be either a cess which produces coalescence of metals by heat-point. a line. or an area.

ing them with an arc or arcs between a bare metal eledrode or electrodes and the work. The arc is root of weld.The points, as shown in cross section. at which the back of the weld intersects the base metal shielded by a blanket of granular. fusible material on the work. Pressure is not used and filler metalis surfaces.

obtained from the electrode and. sometimes. from a root opening.The separation betw een the members to supplementary welding rod.

be j.omed at the root of thejoint.

T 3

tack weld. A weld made to hold parts of a weldment in seam weld. A continuous weld made between or upon pr per alignment until the final welds are made.

oserlapping members. in which coalescence may start and occur on the faying surfaces or may hase T joint. A joint between two memberslocated approx.

proceeded from the surface of one member. The imately at right angles to each other in the form of a continuous weld may consist of a single weld bead T.

or a series of overlapping spot welds.

• throat of a fillet weld. For sheet steel welding. this is semiautomatic are welding. Arc welding with equip.

assumed to be the thickness of the sheet metal.

ment which controls only the filler metal feed. The

' throat of a groove weld. For sheet steel welding, this adsance of the welding is manually controlled.

is assumed to be the thickness of the sheet metal.

shleided metal are welding (SM AW). An arc welding toe of weld.The junction between the face of a weld process which produces coalescence of metals by and the base metal.

(7 heating them with an are between a covered metal

( ")

electrode and the work. Shielding is obtained from U

decomposition of the electrode covering. Pressure is not used and filler metal is obtained from the undercut. A groove melted into the base metal adja-electrode.

cent to the toe or root of a weld and left unfilled by single nare bevel groove weld. A type of groove weld.

weld metal.

See Fig. 2.2.50).

single flare-V groove weld. A type of groove weld. See y

Fig. 2.2.5(2 A).

slie of weld.

vertical position.The position of welding in w hich the groove weld.Thejoint penetration (depth of besel axis of the weld is approximately sertical.

plus the root penetration when specified). The size of a groove weld and its effectise throat are W

equal.

fillet weld. For equalleg Gilet welds, the leg lengths

. weld washer. A washer used for containing arc spot ofIhe largest isoceles right triangle w hich can be welds on sheet metal thinner than 0.028 in.(0.7 mm).

inscribed within the fillet weid cross section.

• weld. As applied here to sheet metal welding.a local.

spatter. The metal particles expelled during welding ized coalescence of metal produced by heating to and which do not form a part of the weld.

suitable temperatures with or without the use of square-groove weld. A type of groose weld. See Fig.

filler metal. The filler metal has a melting point 6.7.1 approximately the same as the base metals.

• stud base.The stud tip at the welding end. including welder.One w ho performs a manual or semiautomatic flux and container,and I,8 in.(3 mm) of the body welding operation.

of the stud adjacent to the tip.

welder performance qualification. The demonstration stud are welding (SW). An arc welding process which of a welder's ability to produce welds meeting pres-produces coalescence of metals by heating them cribed standards.,

[Vm) with an arc between a metal stud or a similar part and the other work part. When the surfaces to be welding machine.The equipment used to perform the joined are properly heated. they are brought together welding operation.

{

.s

16. STatcTUR AL WELDING CODE - SHEET STEEL welding operator. One who operates machine or automatic welding equipment.

welding procedure. The detailed methods and prac-tices including all welding procedure specifications insched in the production of a weldment.

weldment. An assembly whose component parts are joined by welding.

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Appendix o Gage Numbers and Equivalent Thicknesses t

Table 1 Table 2 Hot rolled and cold rolled sheet Galvanized sheet Manufacturen' standard Thickness equivalent Galvanized gage number in.

mm sheet gage Thicknet:, equivalent g

number in.

mm 3

0.2391 6.073 4

0.2242 5.695 8

0.1681 4.270 5

0.2092 5.314 9

0.1532 3.891

[)

(_

6 0.1943 4.935 10 0.1382 3.510 7

0.1793 4.554 11 0.1233 3.132 8

0.1644 4.176 12 0.1084 2.753 9

0.1495 3.800 13 0.0934 2.372 10 0.1345 3.416 14 0.0785 1.993 11 0.1196 3.038 15 0.0710 1.803 12 0.1046 2.657 16 0.0635 1.613 13 0.0897 2.278 17 0.0575 1.460 14 0.0747 1.900 18 0.0516 1.311 15 0.0673 1.709 19 0.0456 1.158 16 0.0598 1.519 20 0.0396 1.006 17 0.0538 1.366 21 0.0366 0.930 18 0.0478 1.214 22 0.0336 0.853 19 0.0418 1.06:

23 0.0306 0.777

(

1 20 0.0359 0.91:

24 0.0276 0.701 l

21 0.0329 0.836 25 0.0247 0.627 l

22 0.0299 0.759 26 0.0217 0.551 I

23 0.0269 0.660 27 0.0 02 0.513 24 0.0:30 0 607 28 0.0187 0.475 0.0009 0.531 29 0.017:

0.437 26 0.0179 0.455 30 0.0157 0.399 27 0.0164 0.417 31 0.014:

0.361 28 0.0149 0.378 32 0.0134 0.340 Note: Table 1 is for information only. This product is commonly Note: Table 2 of for information only. This product is commonly specifled to decimal thickness, not to gage number.

specifled to decimal thickness, not to gage number.

1 D

G 37

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