ML20198N085

Rev 0 to Hydrogeologic Investigation & Groundwater/Surface Water Monitoring Work Plan for Combustion Engineering, Hematite,Missouri Site

ML20198N085
Person / Time
Site:	07000036
Issue date:	10/31/1997
From:	External (Affiliation Not Assigned)
To:
Shared Package
ML20198N074	List: ML20198N068 ML20198N085 ML20199C243
References
PROC-971031, NUDOCS 9710310221
Download: ML20198N085 (112)

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{{#Wiki_filter:-- i H Hydrogeologic l~ Investigation and y Groundwater / Surface l Water Monitoring Work Plan for the Combustion L Engineering, Hematite, l Missouri Site l Combustion Fsngineering,Inc. Hematite, Missouri October - 1997 Revision 0 i~ 4 i GKfEWAY ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATES, INC. [: y"ASTMJs8"py6

l Hydrogeologic ~ Investigation and Groundwater / Surface Water Monitoring Work Plan for the Combustion Engineering, Hematite, i Missouri Site l i Combm '-ion Engineering,Inc. Hematite, Missouri l ~ October - 1997 Revision 0 .n,, n

ik o 1. Hydrogeologic Investigation and Groun'dwater ~ / Surface Water Monitoring Work Plan for the Combustion Engineering, Hematite, Missouri Site o Prepared for Combustion Engineering,Inc. Hematite, Missouri o [ k j (0GNAR 1I L Y p $l l JOH u,8 l l 6 RG0007 f l Prepared by Gateway Environmental Associates,Inc. l l October - 1997 (Revision 0) l REUSE OF DOCUMENTS Tha eksamens has been desetoped few a srect6c agehcasion and w fee general use. k a:ay not be used mthout the wnoen approval of Gateway favtfonment.al Associates,Inc.. Unapproved use is er the sole responsibhty of the =am.ser Copyright *, Gateway Environmental Associates,Ir.c.199'l 2088 Cresshn Dnve, sa Louis ussoun 63146,314/205-805), FAX: 314/414-7 71

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Table of Contentsi L Pre face !................................... -............. -..................... ]

D 1.0 Introduction - General Concept of Plan......................................... 1 - .I' 1.1 Site Description............ 1.2 Objective ofIn'vestigation'and Scope of Work................................ 2 2.0 Abandonment of Selected Groundwater Monitoring Wells......................... 4 3.0 Geophysical Survey.ig of Burial Asta..,..................... c................ 5 3.1 Ground Penetrating Radar............................. :.................. 5 3.2 Msgne' ometer........................................................ 5 t 3.3 Electrical Properties..................................................... 5 l p 4.0 Groundwater Monitoring Wel: installation Approach.............................. 6 1 4.1 S ource Area........................................................... 6 ~ 4.1.1 B urial Area....................................................... 6 c 4.2 Hydrostratigraphic Intervals to Monitor...................................... 8 4.3 Drilling and S ampling..... _.............................................. 8 4.4 Soil Samples, PI ysical and Chemical Analysis................................ I1 4.4.1 Physical Analysis................................................ 11 4.4.2 Volatile' Organic Compound Field Screening............................ 11 4.4.3 Chemical Analysis................................................ 11

4.4.4 Padioactive Field Screening.......................................... I 1

4.4.5 Coeffici

't,of Distribution.......................................... 11 4.5 Soil Boring and Monitoring Well Logs..................................... I 1 - ~ 4.6 Monitoring Well Installation Procedure.................................... 12 4.6.1 Horizontal and Vertical Suiveying of Monitoring Wells.................. 12 - 5.0 Gioundwater Monitoring Well Development................................... 13 6.0 Groundwater Monitoring Well Hydraulic Conductivity Testing..................... 14 17.0 Water Monitoring..........................._............................. 15 7.1 _G round water........................................................ 15 1 7.1.1 Paramete rs....................................................... 15 7.1.2 Tritium Analysis............................'...................... 16 7.1.3 Sched ul e........................................................ 16 - 7.2 S urface Water......................................................... - 16 7.2.1 Locati ons......................................................... 1 6 7.2.2 Parameters "............................ 16 -.7.2.3 Sched ul e :........................................................ 1 7 m 4 ) ,a ,r - -.+ ...n

lD Table of Contents (continued)

7.3 Quality Assurance..................................................... 19 8.0 Reporting.

.....................................................-:.... 20 8.1 Results of investigation................................................. 20 8.2 Quarterly Reporting for the First Year...................................... 20 9.0 Work Plari lmplementation................................................. 21 Re ferences.............................................................. 22-23 ~ Figure 1 - Regional _ Site Location Topographit Map, Hematite Facility.................. 3 Figure 2 - Potential Source Area and Groundwater Monitoring Well Locations............ 7 Figure 3 Surface Water Sampling Locations...................................... 18 . Table 1 - Groundwater Monitoring Well Rationale................................ 9,10 Appendix A - Example of Formal Boring / Geological & Well Completion Log Appendix B - Standard Operating Procedure / Me 'toring Well Installation / Typical Well Construction Details Appendix C - Standard Operating Procedure / Monitoring Well Development / Monitoring Well Development Forin Appendix D - Standard Operating Procedure / Slug Test Single Well Hydraulic Conductivity Determination / Aquifer Response Test Field Data Collection Form Appendix E - Standard Operating Procedure / Groundwater Level Measurement / Field Data Collection Form Appendix F - Standard Operating Procedure / Groundwater Monitoring Well Sampling / Surface Water and Groundwater Field Sampling Forms Appendix G - Standard Operating Procedure / General Field Sampling Guidelines / Example Chain of Custody Form Appendix H - Standard Operating Procedure / Sampling Equipment Decontamination - Appendix 1 - Schedule ofimplementation g4 ' ~~

r Hydrogeologic investigation and Water Monitoring Plan (Rev. 0) Combustion Engineering, Inc. Hematite, Miuourt Preface A geologic report entitled, Regional and Local Gwlogic Summary at the Combustion Engineering, Hematite, Missouri Plant, was produced to demonstrate an understanding of the geologic features occurring at and near the Combustion Engineering, Inc. (CE) site in Hematite, MO and to document a thorough search for known infarmation. ' Gateway Environmental u Associates, Inc. (Gateway) pocured data from public information sources, case files of the Missouri Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) Division of Geology and Land Survey (DGLS), the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and several private sources. Infonnal meetings were held between Gateway, DGLS and USGS to acquire the technical information cited and otherwise used as a basis to identify conditions which needed furthcr site specific = examination proposed in this work plan. 1.0 Introduction - General Concept of the Plan This groundwater monitoring plan (GWMP) is developed to doc Ament the activities and procedures associated with installing a new groundwater monitoring network, abandoning the existing network and establishing surface water monitoring points. The GWMP contains a geologic and hydrogeologic investigation and a short tenn (1 year) monitoring program sufficient to understand the site specific geology and hydrogeologic conditions. Results of the short term manhoring will guide decisions regarding the necessity of further water monitoring at the site. The GWMP delineates areas on the site which require monitoring and defines the specific parameters to be analyzed. The GWMP establishes a schedule for monitoring and reporting. The purpose of this GWMP is to determine water quality in the burial area, study the site hydrogeology and obtain site specific data necessary for computer modeling of the site. The information gathered will then be used to determine the long term potential impact of the burial area on the surrounding environment. Since uranium becomes hazardous when inhaled or ingested and the material is currently covered by soil, the burit! area does not pose an immediate threat to the public and may not pose a long term threat ifit remains in place as supported by Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) NUREG/CR-3387. 1.1 Site Description The site hosts a uranium processing site which coacists of approximately 228 acres of which only approximately twenty acres are used for operations. The site located near Hematite, Mo. on State Road P in Jefferson County in eastem Missouri. A topographic site figure showing the general location of the site along with generalized topographic features is included as Figure 1. It shows that the site is located between the hills to the northwest and the floodplain of Joachim I C Of71CBWPWIN\\WPDOC54 COPE 3\\ABBFUELS\\WORKPt.AN.WPD .s

1'l o Hydrogeologic Investigation and H'ater Monitoring Man (Rev. 0) Combustion Engineering, Inc. - Hematite. Missouri Creek to the southeast. The site is located on a Pleistocene terrace deposit which has topography that dips gently to the southeast. Southeast.of the site approximately 400 feet, the ground surface elevation then dips into the alluvial plain of Joachim Creek. Northeast of the site approximately 300 feet, the surface elevation drops into a tributary of Joachim Creek. Joachim Creek flows into the Mississippi River near Herculaneum. l.2 Objective of Investigation and Scope of Work The objective of the GWMP is to respond to the MDNR-DOLS recommendations in their November 22,1997-intemal memorandum. Second objectives are to determine whether past operations and *vaste management practices at the site had an impact on groundwater and surface water quality. CE also desires to determine the suitability of1:av'ng the buried materials in place, employing natum! barriers to flow and long term monitori..g to assure irotection. While accomplishing these objectives, CE wishes to respond to the MDNR DGLS recommendations which suggested the following: Track trends and concentrations of radionuclides in groundwater. Conduct quanerly monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the shallow groundwater. Sample surface water and sediments of the Joachim Creek and nearby tributaries for VOCs and radionuclides. Conduct a complete characterization of the groundwater at the facility. Include the un:onsolidated and bedrock aquifers. Delineate the extent of the burial area. Propose a monitoring program for surface water and groundwater to include known contaminants. The ultimate objective of this GWMP is to determine if groundwater is contaminated, to what extent and to understand the hydrodynamic process at work which may cause contamination to remain stationary or migrate. Data acquired from the short term raonitoring program will guide the scope and implementation of additional hydrogeologic work if necessary, a long term monitoring program if r.ecessary, and whether the buried materials pose a risk if they remain in-place. The GWMP is presented as followa Sections 2 through 6 of the GWMP set forth a plan to abandon old groundwater monitoring wells, conduct a non-intrusive geophysical examination of the burial area and install, develop and test new groundwater monitoring wells. Section 7 spells out the plan to conduct water quality and elevation monitoring in the short tenn. Section 8 discusses the reporting deliverables and schedule. Section 9 provides the time table by which the GWMP will be implemented. 2 c omerwrewroocs,scortsu n nuswourumo

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' cem ._ y ,. ] O b ( 'l '+ ,W ~~ s [ ('amhudian Fnalrreerine Inc Figure 1 Site Location - Regional Topographic Map North is to the Top of the Afap Sca'e: 1 = 2000* Date: September 26,1997 Aft:r USGS Topographic Quadrangle Map Frepared by: Gateway Envi onmental Fcstus, Mo Associates, Inc. (214) 205-8053 2d,h,87*'

rI e e Hydrogeologic Investigation and Water Monitorint &n (Rev. 0) Combustion Engineering, Inc. - Hematite. Missouri 2.0 Abandonment of Selected Groundwater Monitoring Wells CE will abandon selected existing groundwater monitoring wells at the site according to 10 CSR 23-4.080. Some wells are not sufficiently documented as to their constniction or geologic conditions to be useful for detailed characterization and/or monitoring. The wells to be - abandoned are WS14, WSIS, WS16 and RMC9, which will be abandoned and properly reported by a permitted monitoring well installation contractor. WS17B, installed in the summer of 1996 is correctly documented and constructed according to cunent Missouri code. Monitoring Wells WS7, WS8, WS9 and WS13 shall remain to monitor other areas. They do not monitor the burial area and are required as a condition of the site's NRC license. C OFTICDWi%METDOCS4COPf.SABBFUEIS4'ORAfLAN %TO 4 i

I3 1 Hydrogeologic Investigation and Water Monitoring Plan (Rev. 0) Combustion Engineering. Inc. - Hematite Missouri l 3.0 Geophysical Survey of Buria! Pit Area To understand the extent of the burial area, a three phase geophysical survey will be conducted most likely using the tools suggested herein. The purpose of the survey is to: Determine the lateral extent of the burial area so that they will not be penetrated by drilling activities. Determine on a limited basis, the type of material present in the area. Map the extent of chemicals potentially present in the soil and/or groundwater which may cause an anomaly in natural or induced electrical current. A grid will be staked over the burial area and an area sunounding. The grid will be recorded and placed on a base map where geophysical results will be mapped. In concen, the three metbnds discussed below will be used to determine the extent of the burial area. An experienced geophysical technician will acquire and interpret the data for inclusion into the investigation report. 3.1 Ground Penetrating Radar Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) bounces a signal oiT subsurface features such as buried objects or naturally occurriag or engineered geologic materials. GPR will be used to determine the extent that such items are present in the burial arca and sunounding area. The GPR will be used to see structures such as trench walls and other objects placed in the area. 3.2 Magnetometer The magnetometer will be employed to determine the presence of magnetic anomaly caused by materials such as buried metals. 3.3 Electrical Properties induced polarization, resistivity and spontaneous potential will be measured c. er the grid to map anomalies. These measurements can determine the extent of eintric conductance and/or impedance caused by metal and VOC contaminants. C OmCE\\*?*W4? DOC 54 COPES %BBFUEDWORKPLAN %?D )*

l' = Hydrogeologic investigation and Water Monitoring Man (Rev. 0) Combustion Engineering. Inc. Hematite. Missouri 4.0 Groundwater Monitori. g Well Installation Approach n Section 4 provides details of activities associ ted with the installation of the proposed groundwater monitoring we9s and justifies their location and monitoring wnes. Standard operating procedure accepted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the MDNR for installing groundwater monitoring wells will be applied. Section 4.1 discusses the areas which require investigation and monitoring due to known potential sources of contamination. Section 4.2 defines the geologic units present at the site which may have an impact on groundwater transj. ort. Sections 4.3 through 4.6 detail the drilling program which includes taking soil samples for physical description and legging, chemical soils screening and sampling, installation of the wells and surveying. 4.1 Source Area A known potential tource of groundwater contamination is the burial area where from the mid 1950s to the early 1970s, prior to CE's 1974 purchase of the site, discarded urmium contaminated materials were buried according to 10 CFR 20.304. Figure 2 illustrates the location of these a:eas at the site. 4.1.1 Burial Area There are 40 documented individual area in the burial area, each approximately 20 feet by 40 feet and 12 feet deep. T, nature of the buried materials is combustibles, protective clothing and small pieces of equipment contaminated with uranium. Most of the material is suspected to be paper, wood and plastic with some metal objects such as pipes and buckets. A pick up truck is reported to be buried in one of the area. The MDNR has found VOCs present in the groundwater in the vicinity of the burial area. 6 C-OFTICU%71DA%7 DOC 5'SCOPESABBFUE13tWORKPLAN WPD

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L I l-l a o H>dmgeologic Investigalon and Water Monitoring Han (Rev. 0) Combustion Engineering. Inc. Hematite. Missouri 4.2 Hydrostratigraphic Internis to Monitor Several subsurfhee investigations within the terrace deposit at th: site have produced geologic information which allows for a general stratigraphic interpretation. The site is underlain by a silty clay \\ clayey silt unit beneath which a fat (highly plastic, very low permeability) clay exists. The fat clay may act as a stratigraphic barrier to water migration. It is present beneath the site at various locations and at various depths as determined from the boring installed for four geotechnical studies and 18 borings installed by Gateway. Beneath the fat clay is another unconsolidated unit consisting of silty clay and clay with sand and gravel seams which coarsen with depth. Below this unit licohe top of 1 e Jefferson City Formation, an indurated dolomitic 5 limestone unit. There are appa ently four hydrostratigraphie units to investigate at the site. The near surface shallow silty clay unconsolidated unit (NSSSC). The fat clay. (Physical soil sampling only) The deeper silty clapciay unit present beneath the fat clay (DSCC). The Jefferson City bedrock. Generally each of the two shallow hydrostratigraphic horizons will be characterized and monitored at each groundwater monitoring location by installing well clusters. The Jefferson City Formation (uppermost bedrock aquifer) will be investigated at only one location to detennine its vertical gradient as well as water quality. Because the fat clay discussed later, will not produce groundwater, it be sampled for physical laboratory measurement only. 4.3 Drilling and Sampling Generally two groundwater monitoring wells will be installed at each location to serve the purposes of disciete geologic unit sampling and to proWe for vertical hydraulic gradient information. The DSCC well will be drilled and installed first followed by the NSSSC well. These wells will be closely spaced (approximately 10 feet apart). The deepest well of each cluster will be continuously geologically sampled and logged according to the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) under the supervision of an RG. The shallower wells are assumed to have the same stratigraphy and will be screened based upon stratigraphic information from the deeper wel!. Geologic samples will be obtained continuously in the unconsolidated portion using methods appopriate for the stratigraphic conditions encountered. Two wells are planned for completion in bedrock. The deepest bedrock well will be cored and the other logged by examining drill cuttings. C OmCD47 WIN \\%? DOC 5' SCOPE 3\\ABBFUE13\\WORKPLAN 4TD g a*

. _. ~. _ l 1. Hydrogeologic investigation and Water Aionitoring Plan (Rev. 0) Combustion Engineering, Inc. - Hematite, Alissouri Monitoring wells WS-22 through MW 29 will be installed in the shallow and deeper - unconsolidated units to monitor the flanks of the burial area. WS-30 and WS-31 will be installed in the Jefferson City - Cotter to determine water quality and vertical gradient of the uppermost bedrock unit at the site. WS 32 will be a cluster mate to WS17B to monitor the deeper unconsolidated unit potentially affected by the former ring storage area. WS-33 and WS-34 will provide information on the eastem section of the site where currently inadequate information exists. Rather than eliminate WS7, WS8 and WS9 which are required by the site's NRC permit, two piezometers to be used for hydraulic information only will be installed in the center of the three wells. Geologic information will be recorded as these piezometers are installed Table I shows the number of wells, locationjustification, target horizons and sampling information. Figure 2 also shows the location of the proposed wells and piezometers. Table 1 - Groundwater Monitoring Well - Rationale Pr9 posed Source Area / Monitoring Approximate Geologic / GWMW Justification Stt:tigraphic Depth Chemical Unit Below Ground Sampling ? WS 22 Upgradient of NSSSC 15 No Burial Area Shallow Unconsolidated WS 23 Upgradient of JSCC 30 Yes Burial Area, Deeper Unconsolidated WS 24 West of Burial - NSSSC 15 No Area, Shallow Unconsolidated WS25 West of Burial DSCC 30 Yes Area, Deeper Unconsolidated WS-26 West of Burial NSSSC 15 No Area, Shallow Unconsolidated Replaces WSIS WS-27 West of Burial DSCC 30 Yes Area, Deeper Unconsolidated Replaces WS15 CWTICE%7%N47 DOC 54 COPE 5WBBFIELSWoRKPLAN WrD 9

Ii e H>&ogeologic investigation and Water Monitoring Plan (Re. 0) Combustion Engintering. Inc. Hematire. Missouri Proposed Source Ares / Monitoring Approximate Ge<, logic / GWMW Justification Stratigraphic Depth Cheinical Unit _ Below Ground Sampling 7 WS 28 Southwest of Burial NSSSC 15 No Area, Shallow Unconsolidated Replaces WS16 WS 29 Sout!. west of Burial DSCC 30 No Area, Deeper Unconsolidated Replaces WSl6 WS 30 Southwest of Burial Upper Jefferson 40 No Arta, Bedrock City Cotter Wel1,Ilydraulic Dolomite Oradient data WS31 Southwest of Burial Lower Jefferson 100 Yes Area, Bedrock City Cotter '#ril,llydraulic Dolomite Grdient Data WS 32 Southeast of Durial DSCC 30 Yes l Area, Mate to WS17B WS33 Northeast, NSSSC 15 No Upgradient of Evaporation Ponds WSJ4 Northeast, DSCC 30 Yes U Erafientof P Evaporation Ponds PZ 1 Pier.ometer Only NSSSC 15 No South of Evapcration Ponds, Shallow Unconsolidated PI-2 Pierometer Only DSCC 30 Yes South of Evaporation Por,ds, Deeper Unconsolidated

t Hydrogeologic investigation and Water Monitor.'ng Plan (Rev. 0) Combustion Engin. ering. Inc. Hematite. Missouri 4.4 Soll Samples, Physical and Chemical Analysis 4.4.1 Physkal Analysis A representative soil sample of fat clay from each well cluster will be collected for physical analysis using a thin wall shelby tube. Analysis will include natural moisture (ASTM D 2216 80, or equivalent), Atterberg Limits (ASTM D 431!!-84 or equivalent), grain size distribution usmg a long hydrometer (ASTM D422-63 or equivalent) and constant head vertical permeability (ASTM D 3424 84 or equivalent). These data will be used to demonstrate the low permeability nature of the fat clay at the site. 4.41 Volatile Organic Compound Field screening Soil sarriples taken from the unconsolidated section at regular intervals will be screened for VOCs using a photolonization detector. Concentrations,if any will be noted as will the depth at which they occur. Th-information will be presented on the formal boring log. 4.4.3 Chemical Analysis A composite sample of the unconsolidated soils will be created from the geologic samples and placed into clean laboratory approved containers and delivered to the analytical laboratory using EPA chain-of custody and sample handling and preservation protocol. The soil samples will be analyzed for volatile organic compounds. 4.4.4 Radioactive Screening Soil samples taken from the unconsolidated section at regular intervals will be screened for gamma and beta radioactivity using a Geiger Mueller detector. Radioactivity levels,if any, will be noted as will the depth at which they occur. The infonnation will be presented on the formal boring log. 4.4.5 Coefficient of Distribution For application to RESRAD, a contaminant transport model, physical soil sampling will be done to narrow the wide range of N or the distribution coefficient available in the literature. One boring will be installed to collect soll samples of various types in the Quatemary terrace deposit at a location near the site but unaffected by the site's operations. These samples will be used to determine site specific N, a flow model input parameter. The samples will be carefully logged to look for organic carbon content and color and then analyzed for bulk mineralogy, swelling and non swelling clays, grain size distribution, total organic carbon, ferrous and ferric iron, bulk density and porosity. 4.5 Soil Boring and Monitoring Well Logs An RG will supervise all drilling and well installation operations. The comprehensive boring concreewnocuconsenuswouna e n

i3 Hydrogeologic Investigation and Water Monitoring Plan (Rev. 0) Combustion Engineering. Inc. - Hematite. Masourt logs created under the supervision of an RG will include a visual description of grain size, color, cohesiveness, plasticity, moisture content, sampling method, sample recovery, depth intervals of collected samples, depth when water is encountered, VOC and radioactive screening concentrations and other important observations. The RO will also supervise the preparation oflogs documenting well completion information. The log will include depth of the well, type of casing, top of casing elevation, screen interval, screen size, annular material, depth of the seal, type of seal, protective casing and other important well completion data. Appendix A has an example of the formal log containing both geologie descriptions and well completion data. 4,6 Monitoring Well installation Procedure The groundwater manito ing wells will be installed following the typical construction details in Appendix B. The wells will be constructed using 2" diameter schedule 40 PVC casing and screen. The installations will be performed by a state of Missouri permitted monitoring well installation contractor and will be done in accordance with Missouri well construction code,10 CSR 23-4.010 through 10 CSR 23-4.080. Appendix B also contains standard operating procedures for installation of groundwater monitoring wells which will be used as guidance by the selected drilling subcontractor. 4.6.1 Horizontal and Vertical Surveying of Monitoring Wells Each groundwater monitoring well will be located by physical survey by a Missouri licenced land surveyor. The horizontal coordinates, the top of casing elevation (withii,0,01 foot) and the ground surface elevation will be established by the surveyor and incorporated into the site base map. Note: The north direction seen in plant specific figures is relative to site nonh which is perpendiculr.: to the building walls which face the State Highway P. Site nenh is actually northeast. l g c ofTICD4TwM%T110CSK0Pf1ABBrUILS WOR) FLAN %?D

I o f H)&ogeologic Imsstigation and M'ater Monitoring Plan (Rev, 0) Combustion Engineering. Inc. Hematite, Missouri 5.0 Groundwater Monitoring Well Development After installation activities are completed, the monitoring wells will be developed in accordance with the standard operating procedure in Appendix C. 'Ihe method chosen to develop the wells will surge the water to remove fine sand, silt and clay from the area surrounding the well screen and sand pack. The procedure will remove any unsuitable materials that may have entered the saturated strata during installation and restore the screened strata to its natural hydraulic conductivity. Development will continue until pH and conductivity stabilize, or three well volumes are produced. Development data will be recorded on the forms also provided in Appendix C. Groundwater produced from the development and sampling activities will be placed in a rain 4 proof, leak proof tank, stationed at a secure and convenient location on site and allowed to evaporate. As water quality data becomes availabic, the disposition of the produced water may have to be adjusted to provide attemative treatment or storage or disposal. concomv.wmocrscons annuswourwsw i3

83 O Hydrogeologic Investigation and N'ater Monitoring Plan (Rev, 0) Combustion Engineering. Inc,. Hematise, Missouri 6.0 Groundwater Monitoring Well Hydraulic Conductivity Testing In-situ aquifer hydraulic conductivity tests (slug test) will be performed on all new groundwayr monitoring wells under the supervision of an RO. The tests will be conducted by displacing a known volume of water within the well and measuring the subsequent rise or fell in water level over time. A 1.2 inch diameter PVC slug will be introduced into and extracted from the well to provide both falling and rising head rneasurements A pressure transducer with digital readout and a chronological instrument will be used to record the changes in water level through time. Data will be recorded on aquifer response test field data forms which are located in Appendix D, a standard operating procedure for conducting these tests. The slug test field data will be analyzed by importing it into a groundwater modeling software program which computes an analytical solution for hydraulic conduct'vity. The results of the analysis, including averages calculated for the falling head test, the rising head test as well as the average of the well's combination of tests will be presented in the report. j C Of71CD*TSW47 DOCS 5CDPf5ABDFUfL5 WOKAPLAN STD y

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[ y 7 g ? j ll,s:, : -%k imweigetton and Wate buoring Man (Rev. 0) l Condution Eminowing. Inc. Heneatine, Minowl L L 7.0. Water Monitoring-i r 1 7.1 Groundwater 2 ( AAer the wells have been installed, developed, purged and recharged, groundwater elevations. will be gauged according to the standard operating procedure in Appendix E. Once the gauging. event is complete, sampling will be conducted Appendix F contains a standard operating o procedure to serve u guidance for conducting the sampling events. 'Ihe samples will be placed [ 1 into clean laboratory approved containers and delivered to the analytical laboratory using EPA chain-of custody and sample handling and preservation protocol Appendix 0 contains a general field sampling guideline procedure and Appendix H includes a sample equipment decontamination standard operating procedure to serve as guidance, L

Groundwater produced from purging and sampling activities will be placed in a rain proof, leak proof tank, stationed at a secure and convenient location on site and allowed to evaporatei As water quality data becomes available, the disposition of the produced water may have to be

[ adjusted to provide alternative treatment or storage or disposal. j 7.1.1 Parameters Static water level, pH, temperature and conductivity will be recorded in the field. Data will be recorded on a form provided in Appendix F 'Ihe laboratory analytical parameters will be: gross alpha / gross beta r gamma scan e Total Organic IIalogen(TOX) l e Dissolved RCRA metals (8) Polychorinated Biphynols Realizing MDNR has detected specific VOCs and / or Semi VOCs in groundwater and may wish I the analytes in this sampling program to be more specific, these parameters will serve as a preliminary method to preview and understand the general nature of water quality during the first i four sampling events. - Understanding the purpose of this investigation is mainly to obtain hydrodynamic and geologic information, quarterly analysis for TOX rather than VOCs and / or Semi VOCs will provide a baseline ofinfonnation from which water quality trends can be determined, while saving monetary resources by not being analytically specific, From these data, j sound, statistically based trends may be observed and perhaps more specific future monitoring - activity can be better planned, C9fTKTNWFWDAWPDOC$4 COPES %BBFWASWORKPLAN WPD ll 4 l u -. -... -.. -

8 H.nfrogeologic investigation and Water Afonttoring I'lan (Rev. M Combustion Engineering. Inc. - Hematite. Afissouri 7.l.1 Tritium Analysis Prior to nuclear bomb testing (approximately 1953) the atmosphere was virtually free of tritium. Therefore precipitation falling thro igh the atmosphere was free of tritium. Conversely, precipitation falling after the advent of nuclear testing contains measurable levels of tritium. Groundwater containing tritium likely was recharged from precipitation falling after 1953 and groundwater not containing tritium was likely recharged by water precipitated prior to 1953. Employing this knowledge, tritium analysis will be done on two sets of groundwater monitoring well nests to determine if there is a groundwater age differential between the Nsssc water bearing unit and the DSCC water bearing unit. Also, the two bedrock wells will be analyzed for tritium to determine an age differential in the upper versus middle Jefferson City-Cotter Formation segment, of the bedrock aquifer. An age differential between water bearing units will enhance a demonstration that the shallowest groundwater is segregated hydrodynamically from deeper hydro-stratigraphic unit (s). This will be a one time characteri:ation event, not a part of the routine groundwater monitoring. 7.13 Schedule For the first year each monitoring well at the site will be sampled on a quarterly basis. Each of the analytical parameters listed in the section 7.1.1 will be analyzed each quaner during the first year of monitoring, if any of the parameters are not detected during year one or if they fall below risk based or regulatory limits, they may be eliminated from the monitoring program. At the end of the first year, analytical parameters for the long term monitoring program requested by MDNR DGLS will be established and based upon the data generated by the first year of sampling data. 7.2 Surface Water MDNR-DGLS has requested that a surface water quality monitoring plan be initiated for the Joachim Creek and it tributaries to detect VOCs and radionuclides. 7.2.l Locations Figure 3 shows the three locations that will be sampled. Location 1 is on the spring fed tributary to the southwest of the site just above the confluence with the tributary which drains Lake Virginia. Location 2, on Joachim Creek, is at the approximate midway point between the tributary which drains Lake Virginia and the tributary to the east northeast of the site. Location 3 is on the first tributary to the east-northeast of the sitejust above its confluence with Joachim Creek. 7.2.2 Parameters Temperature, pH and conductivity will be recorded in the field. The laboratory analytical parameters will be: gross alpha / gross beta a a c omentswwwrssconsananusxourunro

~ -.. - - -.. e a p e Hybogeologic hmntigerson med Waner Monitoring Plos (itsv. 0) j Combweton Engineering. Inc. Hematin, Missourl i ~ I r gamma scan Total Organic Halogen (TOX) I Dissolved RCRA metals (8) 1 Realizing MDNR has detected specific VOCs and / or Semi VOCs in groundwater and may wish the analyses in this sampling program to be more' specific, these parameters will serve as a _ preliminary method to preview and understand the general nature of water quality during the fust l four sampling events. Understanding the purpose of this investigation is mainly to obtain hydrodynamic and geologic information, quarterly analysis for TOX rather than VOCs and / c: - j Semi VOCs will provide a baseline ofinformation from which surface water quality trends can - l .be determined, while saving monetary resources by not being analytically specific. From these data, sound, statistically based trends may be observed and perhaps more specific future i monitoring activity can be better planned. l, 7.1J Schedule

For the first year, each surface water sampling site will be sampled on a quarterly basis. Each of the analytical parameters listed in the section 7.2.2 will be analyzed each quarter during year one of monitoring, if any of the parameters are not detected during year one or if they fall below risk based or regulatory limits, they may be eliminated from the monitoring program. At the end of

- the first year, analytical parameters for the long term monitoring program requested by MDNR-DGLS will be established and based upon the data generated by the first year of sampling data, i l 4 x i j' t P W n COFICENWPDOCS4COPfSASSMISWORAMAN WPD. r r-v.v+-f mn -ves+-e, +--4+-res - e 6+r w w m t -o,- -s e e - =,, w ee r-w -~~ - - - - - - + - - - T-~-- --5,** ar----am+ s~r w v- ->m-- gw irw -vt--

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i / .a[ i A t. g* % .e, '#Q - b .\\kk\\ J !m I' KIN /~' 4 g, _ _ _. _w i Figure 3 Surface Water Sanspling Locations Proposed Surface Water Sampling Point e i North is to the Top of the Map Scale: 1 = 2000* Date: September 26,1997, l$h7 After USGS Topographic Quadrangle Map T.w id by-C ^_--y Environneental Festus, Mo Associates, Inc. (314)205-8053

C H&ogeologle Imatigation and M'ater Monitoring Plan (Sev. 0) Combuskm Enginnring. Inc. Hematise, Minourl 7.3 Quality Assurance This investigation will ensure quality in its analytical data by subcontracting with an anaiytica laboratory that implements QA/QC by the use of standards, laboratory blanks, duplicates, blind duplicates and spiked samples for calibration and identification of potential matrix interference. To ensure quality in the analytical program field operations, proper procedures will be followed by experienced field perronnel. A delonized water trip blank will be analyzed for the same parameters as groundwater. f ,l .\\ 19 C MICD47%W%?DOCMCortSADMUnS%t*Mt.AN 4?D ).

'8 H)&ogeologic innstigation and N'ater Afonitoring l'lan (Rev. 0) Combustion Engineering. Inc.. Hematite, Afasourl 8.0 Reporting A hydrogeologic investigation report will be prepared and sealed by an RO ufler the geophysical survey, well abandonment, well installation, well gauging, sampling and analytical results for the inhial quarter of the first year have been received. Quarterly monitoring reports also sealed by an RO, will be created for the remaining three quarters of the first year to report water quality and groundwater surface elevations. 8.( Results of Investigation The comprehensive r:sults of the investigation will surnmarize the activities and results of the hydrogeologic field operations. The report will include an analysis and interpretation of the geophysical survey of the burial area, a description of the geology encountered, a depiction of the site subsurface hydrodynamics including potentiometric surfaces and slug test interpretation, geologic borings, well completion repons, physical laboratory soil analysis, soll chemistry, surface water and groundwater quality. The groundwater quality will be reported as isoconcentration tr.aps when that technique is possible and useful. 8.1 Quarterly Reporting for the First Year Three quarterly reports will be produced following the results ofinvestigation report. These reports will account groundwater and surface water quality as well as the potentiometric surface elevations for the monitored aquifers. They will describe important changes from previous quarter's data. C WT1CDST*W4MWMABBNWOWWTD M E

l1 j ' Hy&ogeologic investigation and Water Monitoring Plan (Rev, 0) Combustion f.ngineering,Inc. Hematite, Missourl i 9.0 Work Plan implementation i Ap'.ndix I contains a schedule show*mg the major events and their duration. Under this scenario which leaves ample time for internal and agency review and comment, the fourth quarter sampling and reporting event would be finished in approximately two years. j i 5 if T }l C N4T41NSPDOCSSCOPISABBfW1SWORAPI.AN 47D .e ...m- - -,,,,,,, -. ~. - c..-..- -. ~.,m.m , -,,~_, -..,..- --,

1i o ll>drogeologic Investigation and K'ater Afonitoring Plan (Rev. 0) Com%stion Engineering. Inc. llematue. Ahssourt References Whitfield, John W. and Middendorf, Mark A., Bedrock Geologie Map of the Festus 7.5 minute Onahangle Jeffenon County. hiissouri, Date Unknown, Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Land Survey, Geological Sun'ey Program. Festus Ouadrancle Missouri Jefferson County 7.5 Miaute Series (Topographic), Date Unknown United States Department ofinterior Geological Sun'ey. Booth, L.F., Groff, D.W., Peck, S.I., MeDowell, G.S., Somers, W.M., Bronson, F.L. Endiological Survey of the Combustion Engineerine Burial Site. Hematitedingmi, July 1983, Radiation Management Corporation, Division of Fuel Cycle and Material Safety, OfDec of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Meams, Susan L., Ph.D., Preliminary Assessment Hematite Radioactive Sity Hematite. Jefferson County. Missouri, April 10,1990. E&E/ Fit for Region Vil EPA. Ecology and Environment, Inc., Field Investigation Team Zone 11, Contract No. 68 01-7347, EPA liazardous Site Evaluation Division. Gateway Environmental Associates,Inc., Report of Groundwater Monitorine Well Installation. Abandonments and Maintenance - Limited Groundwater Hydrodynamics Investigation at the liematite. Missouri Site. ABB Combustion J!ncineerine Nuclear Fuel. Combustion Engineering. Inc., July 26,1996. Gateway Environmental Associates,Inc., Investigation to DettImir.e the Source of Technetium-99 in Groundwater Monitoring Wells 17 and 17B. Combustion Encineerine. Hematite. Missouri, September 27,1996. Shannon & Wilson, Inc., New Pelletizing Storage / Utilities and Warehouse Facilities. Henalit Missouri. Combustion Engineering, July 14,1988. Shannon & Wilson, Inc., Geotechnical Investigation Industrial Warehouse and OfTice Building Hematite. Missouri Date Unknown. Woodward Clyde Consultants, Soil and Foundation Investigation made for the Proposed Oxide Exoansion to Existing.Eacilines in Hematite. Missouri. Combustion Encineerine. Inc., February 13,1978. Woodward Clyde Consultants, Suhsurface Investication Semi Works Oxide & Pellet Site United Nuclear Corocration. llematite. Missouri, July 28,1967, c omentwwroocsaconsannumwourum m u ce

'I e Hydrogeologic investigation and Water Afonitoring Plan (Rev. W j Combustion Engineering. Inc.. Hematite. Aiissouri Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Land Survey, ABB-Combustion Engineering Nuclear Fueljite. Hematite. Minouri Report of Findings.- November 22,1996. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Waste Programs Enforcement, RCRA Ground Water Monitoring Technical Enforcement Guidance Document. September 1986. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, EPA. Groundwater 11andbook June 1989. American Petroleum Institute, Environmental Affairs Department, Groundwater Monitoring vid Samnle Blas. API Publication 4367, June 1983. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Of! ice of Research and Development, llandbook of Sugeested Practices for the Desien and mstallation of Ground Water-Monitoring Wells. National Water Well Association, June 1989. US NRC, Survey of the Coynbustion Engiacering Burial Site.11ematite. MO. NUREG/CR 3387, US NRC, July 1983. C cmCD%T4W4TDoctSCOPL5 ABBFUE13*ORArtAN %TD 23

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l~ l UiOXCT: A00 Cornbustion Engineering LOG OF BORING WS178 l Honitoring wei n:vecernent l Festus, Missouri toTG: Grovnowater tonitorbg wel httLed GEOLOGIST: C/r/s Nevsfadt ELEVAT10tt 433 feet NSL . pan co,c4eticn of eebg. A1F OR!LLED: 0//0/90 DORING DEPitt tofeet DRILLElt* Robert's EnHiro/L Drlmop WATER LEVEL: approx. 4' #0s feet DRILLING HCTHOD: 8 do. 0.0,, Ho#ow Stets Avper z er H Ro "J 6 W-E _t !! GEOLOGIC DESUl!P110N hj g 10 8 Ek WELL O!AGRAM ze o' d-g d 121 w-my d' i A s / _e, O l' \\ a \\ SS-l 0 s s ~ s u v ~ SIL1Y CL AY (CL). Light browNgh Of ey. nediurn tilf t. I ndst, with caldation stabs very sitty - SS-2 6 g; os ~ '" S ~ ~ with t4.Jdist' btown incinions. mc,te clayey gt 428.0 - SS-3 7 gj ~ - el trMd!sh titown - SS-4 g -[- =

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Tcp cf Velt Cl>vnion i cas.ae,- 'l Cast Aluminum Protctiva Casing g 2.36' [::] Stick up Ground Clevation 433F Date Instetled e June 26,1996 Coordinates N961.F E1896.4 g, y

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I d RISCR s 2' Dianeter i PVC 2# BCNTONITC PLUG Hoterlot i 40 Sche dute. Threaded or Type of Jomts a M O' BCNTONITC PLUG '. ~_ SCRCCN e 2' / Z', Dioneter i PVC Hoterlot COARSC SILICA SAND Slot Size 0.011' [. ] ', Length : 13' C AP.e

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+ Monitoring WellInstallation 1.0 Scope and Application The prpose of this Standard Opersting Procedures (SOP) is to provide an overview of the methods used for groundwater monitor wells. Monitor well installation create permanent access for collection of samples to assess groundwater quality and the hydrogeologic properties of the aquifer in which contammants may exist. Such wells should not alter the medien which is being monitored. The most cominonly used drilling methods are: the hollow stem euger, cable tool, and hydraulic rotary. Rotary drilling can utilize mud rotary or air rotary methods. These are standard (i.e., typically applicable) operating pr[>cedures which may be varied or changed as required, dependent upon site conditions, equipment limitations, or limitations imposed by the procedure. In all instances, the ultimate procedures employed should be documented and associated with the final report. 2.0 Method Summary There is no ideal monitor well installation method for all conditions, therefore, hydrogeologic conditions at the site as well as project objectives must be considered before deciding which drilling method is appropriate. 2,1 Hollow-Stem Augering Outside diameter of hollow stem augers generally range from 6% inches to 22 inches with corresponding inner diameters ranging from 2 % inches to 13 inches. Auger lengths are usually 5 feet which allows easy handling. liowever, lengths of 10 or 20 feet may be used for deeper holes drilled with machines capable of handling the extended lengths. Formation samples can be taken in a number of ways, depending on the accuracy required. Cuttings may suffu for shallow depths but become less representative with depth, particularly below the water table. The most accurate samples are obtained with various coring devices, such as split spoons or shelby tubes which can be used inside the augers. Continuous cores can also be taken with a thin walled tube which is inserted into the lowest auger and locked in place. The tube is retracted with a wire line and hoist after the hole has been advanced the length of the anger. A bottom plug in the cutting head or bit prevents cuttings from entering the augers until the first core sample is taken and the plug is knocked out, in unconsolidated material, the augers serve as a tempora. casing and gravel-packed wells can 7 be constructed inside the auger sand then the augers withdrawn. Well development is usually less difficult than with wells drilled by the mud rotary method because a bentonite drilling fluid CAOFflCDWPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\AB83Ft'ELS\\SOPSiMTRWLINS.61

8 9 is not normally used. 2,2 Cable Tool Drilling Cable tool drilling is a percussion method in which a bit, attached to a drilling string, is lifted and dropped. The drilling string, consists (bottom to top) of the bit, drill stem, drilling jars, socket, and wire cable. A walking beam on the drilling rig provides the lifting and dropping motion to the wire cable and hence to the drilling string. The repeated action breaks or loosens the formation material which mixes with fonnation water or water added to the hole by the operator to form a clurry. The slurry facilitates removal of the cuttings which are periodically removed from the hole with a bailer. In unconsolidated formations, steel casing must be driven or pushed into the pround as the drilling progresses in order to prevent hold collapse. A hardened steel drive show on the bottom end of the casing prevents damage during driving. A well may then be conuructed inside the steel casing and the casing pulled back. In consolidated formations, the casing may be driver through the weathered zone, and seated in solid rock. The hold below the casing rr.ny remain open or may be fitted with a smaller diameter inner casing and screen, depading on the sampling requirements. Depending on formation material, extensive well Jevelopment may often not be necessary. 2.3 Rotary Drilling 23.1 Hud Rotary Method in the mud rotary method the drill bit is rotated rapidly to cut the formation material and advance the borehole. The drill bit is attached to hollow drilling rods which transfer power from the rig to w bit. In conventional rotary drilling, cuttings are removed by pumping drilling Guid (water or water mixed with bentonite or other additives) down through the drill rods and bit, and up the armulus between the boreholes and drili rods. The drilling Guid Dows into a mud pit where the cutting settle out and then is pumped back down the drill rods. The drilling Guid also cools the bit and prevents the borehole from collapsing in unconsolidated formations. Sampling may be done from the cuttings but samples are generally mixed and the amount of 0ne material may not be accurately represented. Coring may be done through the drill rods and bit if a coring bit (with a center opening bir enough to allow passage of the coring tube)is used. When drilling unconsolidated formations, a temporary surface of shallow casing may have to be installed in order to prevent cross contamination, hole collapse, or wall erosion by the drilling Guid. Casing (riser pipe), screen, and gravel pack are usually installed in the open hole or through the surface casir.g. Once the well is cons'ructed, extensive well development may be necessary in order to remove drilling Guid from the formation. 23.2 Air Rotary Method Tne air rotary method uses air as the drilling Guid. Air is forced down the drill rods by an air compressor, escapes out of the bit and retums to the surface in the annular space between the hole wall and the drill string. Cuttings are moved out of the hole by the ascending air and collec: C:\\0FflCDWPWIN\\WPDOCS\\SCOPLS\\ABBFtJELS\\ SOPS \\MTRWLINS.61 /

n i around the rig. Cuttings are mixed and may not always be representative of the depth currently being drilled in the conventional air rot.uy method, the drill string operations in a manner similar to that described for the mud rotary system. IN a " hammer" or "down the hole" air rotary method, the bit is peumatically driven rapidly against the rock in short strokes while the drilling string slowly rotates. He use of air rotary methods are generally limited to consolidated and semi consolidated formations. Casing is often used in semi-consolidated formations and through the weathered portion of consolidated formations to prevent hold collapse, in environmental work, the air supply must be filtered to prevent introduction of contamination into the borehole. 3.0 Sample Preservation, Containers, Handling, and Storage Often, a primary objective of the drilling program is to obtain representative 1.'thologic or environmental samples. The most common techniques for rettieving sample are: In unconsolidated formations: Spht spoon sampling, carried out continuously or at discrete intervals during drilling, as summarized in ASTM Method D 1586 84, Split Barrel Sampling Shelby tube sampling when an undisturbed sample is required from claycy or silty soils, especially for geotechnical evaluation or chemical analysis Cutting collution when a general lithologic description and approximate depths are sufficient in consolidated formations: Ilock coring at continuous or discrete intervals Cutting collection when a general lithologic description and approximate depths are sufficient. When collecting environmental samples, the amount of sample to be collected and the proper sample container type (i.e., glass, plastic), chemical preservation, and storage requirements are dependent on the matrix being sampled and the parameter (s) ofinterest. Sample preservation, containers, handling and storage for air and waste samples are discussed in the specific SOPS for the technique selected. 4.0 Interferences and Potential Problems Advantages and disadvantages of the various drilling methods are summarized below. C AOrrtCE\\WPWINiWPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABB rUELS\\ SOPS \\M TRWLINS.61 .m-

ce e 4.1 Auger Drilling The advantage of auger drilling are: Relatively fast and inexpensive Because sugers act as temporary casing, drilling fluids are not used resulting in reduced well development The disadvantage of auger drilling are: Very slow or impossible to use in coarse materials such as cobble or boulders. . - Cannot be used in consolidated formations and is generally limited to depths of approximately 100 feet in order to be efficient + a j C:\\OfflCE\\WPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\MTRWI, INS.61

4.2 Cable Tool Drilling The advantage of cable tool drilling are: Relatively inexpensive with rainimum labor requirements The water table and water bearing zones are easily identified Driven casing stabilizes borehole and minim!zes potential for cross-contamination Especially successful in drilling caving formations or formations containing boulders Accurate formation samples can usually be obtained from cuttings The disadvantage of cable tool drilling are: Extremely slow rate ofdrilling Necessity to drive as may limit depth in large diameter holes. 4.3 Rotary Drilling 43.1 Hud Rotary Drilling The advantages of mud rotary drilling are: Fast, more than 100 feet of borehole advancement per day is common Provides an opcn borehole, necessary for some types of geophysical logging and other tests The disadvantages of mud rotary drilling are: Potential for cross-contamination of water bearing zones Drill cuttings may be mixed and not accurately represcat lithologies at a given drilling depth Drilling mud may alter the groundwater chemistry Water levels can only be determined by constructing wells Drilling mud may change local permeability of the formation and may not be entirely rernoved during well development Disposal oflarge volumes of drilling fluid and cuttings may be necessary if they are contaminated. C:\\ OFFICE \\WPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELS\\ SUPS \\MTRWLINS.61 v

I 4.3.1 Air Rotary Drilling The advantages of air rotary drilling are: Fast, more than 100 feet of borehole advancement per day is common Preliminary estimates of well yields and water levels are often possible Mo drilling fluid to plug the borehole + The disadvantages of air rotary drilling are: Generally caLuot be used in unconsolidated formations in contaminated zones, the use of high pressure air may pose a significant hazard to the drill a crew because of transport of contaminated material up the hole Introduction of air to the groundwater could reduce concentration of volatile organic compounds. 5.0 Equipment There are a number of devices which can be used to measure water levels. The device must be capable of the following equipment is necessary for the alte geologist: Metal clipboard box case (container fcr well logs) Ruler Depth sounder Water level indicator All required health,ind safety gear Sample collectionjars Trowels Description aids (Munsell color chart, grain size chans, etc) Field Logbook 6.0 Reagents Reagents are not required for preservation of soil samples. Samples should, however, be cooled to 4'C ad protected from sunlight in order to minimize any potential reaction due to the light sensitivity of the sample, 7.0 Procedures CM)FTICC\\WPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\MTRWLINS.61 b

ll s C 7.1 Preparation l All drilling and well installation programs must lie planned and supervised by a professional geologist /hydrogeologist. i The planning, selection and implementation of any monitor well installation program should include the following: Review of existing data on site geology and hydrogeology including publications, air photos, water quality data, and existing maps. These may be obtained from local, state or federal agencies. Assessment of the site to determine potential access problems for drill rig, locate w-ter supply sources, establish equipment storage area, and observe outcrops. Perform utilities check, note location of underground utilities and of overhead electrical wires. Select drilling, sampling and well development methods. Detennina'. ion of well construction specifications (i.e., casing and screen materials, casing and screen diameter, screen length and screen interval, filter pack and screen slot size) Detennination of the need for containing drill cuttings and fluids and their method of disposal. 7.2 Field Preparation Prior to mobilization, the drill rig and all associated equipment should be thorougNy decontaminated by a steam / pressure washer to remove all oil, grease, mud, etc. Before drilling each boring, all the "down the hole" drill equipment should be steam cleaned and rinsed with potable water to minimize cross contamination. Special attention should be given to the threaded section of the casings, and to the drill rods. All drilling equipment should be steam-cleaned at completion of the project to ensure that no contamination is transported to or from the sampling site. 7.3 Well Construction l The well casing material should not interact with the groundwater. Well casings for environmental projects are usually constructed of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Teflon fiberglass, or stainless steel. Details of the construulon methods are given in Section 7.3.1 and 7.3,2. C:\\0FFICDWPWIN\\WPDOCSGCOPESMBBt 2LS\\ SOPS \\MTRWLINS.61 w w e vn,~

• I 73.1 Bedrock Wells

. Wells completed in bedrock will be drilled using the air or mud rotary method. Crystalline rock wells are usually drilled most efDciently with the air rotary method while consolidated sedimentary formations are drilled using either the air rotary or mud rotary method. The compressed air supply will be filtered prior to introduction into the borehole to removal oil or other contaminants. Bedrock wells may be completed as an open-hole, providing that borehole cave in is not a possibility. Bedrock wells will be advanced with air or mud rotary methods until a minimum of 5 feet of competent rock has been drilled. Minimum borehole diameter w;11 be 8 inches. The drill string will then be pulled from the borehole and 6 inch I.D. Schedule 80 or 40 PVC casing inserted. Portland cement / bentonite grout wiil be pumped into the hole and up the annular space outside the casing. After the grout has set, the cement will be drilled out and the borehole advanced to the desired depth. Typical construction details for an open hole bedrock well is included in the attachment to this appendix. The preferred method of well completion for the bedrock wells will be open hole. However,if the open borehole is subject to cave-in, the well(s) will be completed as screened and cased sand-packed wells. For details of completion see Section 7.3.2. 7.3.2 Overburden Well Construction Any of the drilling methods discussed in this SOP can be used to drill or set a well in the overburden. The hollow stem method ic the preferred choice for shallow (<100 ft.) overburden wells because the well can be constructed inside of the augers. Details of the construction are provided b low and are shown in Figure 2 (Appendix B).

1. The screen slot size will be determined by the site hydrologist, based upon sand pack size.

The length of screen used will be site dependent. Casing sections will be flush threaded. Screw threaded bottom plugs will be use. To prevent introauction of contaminants into the well, no glue-connected fittings will be used. Each piece of PVC pipe, screen, and the bottom plug will be steam cleaned before lowering into the borehole. The site hydrogeologist is responsible for the supersision of all steam clerning procedu.cs.

2. The annular sample between the well screen and the borehole wall will be filled with a unifonn gravel / sad pack to serve as a filter media. For wells deeper that approximately 50 feet, or when recommended by the site geologist, the sand pack will be emplaced using a tremic pipe. A sand slurry composed of sank and potable water will be pumped through the tremie pipe into the annulus throughout the entire screened interval, and over the top of the screen. Allowance must be made for settlement of the sand pack.

3. The depth of the top of the sand will be determined using the tremie pipe, thus verifying the thickness of the sand pack. Additional sand shall be added to bring the top of the sand pack to approximately 2 to 3 feet above the top of the well screen. Undcr no circumstances should C:\\0FFICETWPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\AnBFUELS\\ SOPS \\MTRWLINS 61

V-i ? the sand pack extend into any aquifer other than the one to be monitored. The well design i shall allow for a sufficient sand pack without threat of cmssflow between psoducing zones through the sand pack. p

4. In materials that will not maintain an open hole using hollow-stem augers, the temporary or j

outer casing will be withdrawn gradually during placement of sand pack / grout. ~ For example, l after filling two feet with sand pack, the outer casing should be withdrawn two feet. This step of placing more gravel and withdrawing the outer casing should be repeated until the l level of the sand pack is approximate! 1 feet above the top of the well screen. His ensures that there is no locking of the permancat (inner) casing in the outer casing.

5. A bentonite seal of a minimum 7 foot vertical thickness will be plad in the annular space kbove the sand pack to separate the t,and pack from the Cement surface seal. The bentonite -

will be placed through a tremic pipe or poured directly into the annular space, depending i upon the depth and site conditions. The bentonite will be pourable pellets. The hydrogeologist will rec rd the start and stop times of the bentonite seal emplacement, the o interval of the seal, the auot.nt of bentonite that was used, and problems that arise. De type of bentonite and the supplier will also be recorded. A cap plac.ed over the top of the well casing before pouring the bentonite pellets v;iil prevent pellets from entering the well casing.

6. If a slurry of bentonite is used as annular seal, it is prepared by mixing powdered or granular bentonite with potable water. Tbs slurry must be of sufficiently high specific gravity and

[ viscosity to prevent its displacement by the grout to be emplaced above it. As a precaution (regardless of depth) and depending on fluid viscosity, a few handfuls of bentonite pellets may be added to solidl#/ the bentonite shtrry surface.

7. Cement and/or bentonite grout is placed from the top of the bentonite seal to the ground surface.

Only Type 1 or 11 cement without accelerator additives may be used. An approved source of . potable water must be used for mixing grouting materials. The following mixes are acceptable: Neat cement, maximum ot 4 gallons of water per 94 pound bag of cement Granular bentonite,1.5 pott ds of bentonite per 1 gallon of water Cement bentonite,5 pounds of pure bentonite per 94 pound bag of cement with 7-8 gallons of water i Cement bentonite,6 to 8 pounds of pure bentonite per 94 pound bag of cement with 8-10 gallons of water,if water mixed ' C; OFFICE \\WPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\MTR%1!NS 61 .. U

r, Non-expandable cement mixed at 7.5 gallons of water to one half (%) teaspoon of Aluminum flydroxide, 94 pounds of neat cement (Type I and Type II)

8. Grout is pumped through a tremie pipe (normally a 1.25-inch PVC or steel pipe) to the bottom of the annulus until undiluted grout flows from the annulus at the ground surface.

9. In materials that will not maintain an open hole, the temporary steel casing should be withdrawn in a manner that prevents the level of grout from dropping below the bottom of the casing,

10. Additional grout may be added to compensate for the removal of the temporary casing and m

the tremie pipe to ensure that the top of the grout is at or above ground surface. After the grout has set (about 24 hours), any depre=sion due to settlement is filled with a grout mix similar to that described above. I1. The protective casing should not be set. Casing may be a 5 foot minimum length of black iron or galvanized pipe extending about 1.5 to 3 feet above the ground surface, and set in concrete or cement grout. The protective casing diameter should be 4 inches greater than the well casing. A 0.5 inch drain hole may be installed near ground level. A flush mount protective casing may also be used in areas of high traffic or where access to other areas would be limited by a well stick up.

12. A protective steel cap, secured to the protective casing by a padlock, should be installed.

13. Steel guard posts should be installed around the protective casing ir areas where vehicle traffic mav be a problem. Posts should have a minimum diameter of 3 inches and be a minimum of 4 feet high.

14. All monitor wells should be labeled and dated with paint or steel tags.

7.4 Well Development Well development is the process by which the aquifer's hydraulic conductivity is restored by removing drilling fluids, and fine grained formation material from newly installed wells. Two methods of well development that are commonly used are surging and bailing, and overpumping. A well is considered developed when the pH and conductivity of the groundwater stabilizes and/or three well volumes of water has been produced. Surging and bailing will be performed as follows:

1. Measure the total depth (TD) of the well and depth to water (DTW).

2. Using an appropriately sized surge block, surge 5 foot sections of well screen, using 10-20 up/down cycles per section. Periodically remove the surge block and bail accumulated sedirnent from the well, as required.

C30FFIC DWPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES ABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\MTRWLrNS.61

U

3. For open-hole wdis, a 6-inch surge block will be used inside the cased portion of the well.

-- Sediments will be bailed periodkally, as requhed ' Overpumping may be used in - combination with surging and bailing for development of bedrock wells. 'Ihe method (s) used Lwill be based on field conditions encountered, and will be determined by the site + hydrogeologist. However, sediment will initially be removed from the wells by bailing in-- order to minimize the volume of development water generated. The pump used must be rated to achieve the desired yield at a given depth. 'Ihe pump system I should include the following: - A checx valve to prevent water from running back into the well when the pump is shut off + = Flexible discharge hose Safety Lable or rope to remove the pump from the well + Flow meter monitoring system (measuring bucket or inline tiow meter) + Ocnerator + . Amp meter, to measure electrical current (load) + The amp meter is used to monitor pump performance. If the amp becomes clogged, the current will increase due to stress on the pump. If the water level drops below the intake ports, the current will drop due to decreased resistance on the pump. 8.0 Calculations To maintain an open borehole during rotary drilling, the drilling fluid must exert a pressure greater than the formation pore pressure. Typical pore pressures for unconfined and confined aquifers are OA33 define (psi /ft) and 0.465 psi /ft, respectively. The relationship for determining the hydrostatic pressure of the drilling fluid is: a Hydrostatic Pressure (psi) = Fluid Density (Ib/ gal) x Height of Fluid Column (ft) x 0.052 The minimum ground volume necessary to grout a well can be calculated using: 2 Grout Vol (ft') = Vol of Borehole (fti) - Vol of Casing (fP) = L (r,2 - r ) c where: L* Length of borehole to be grouted (ft) r, = Radius of boring (ft) rc = Radius of casing (ft) k C: OFFICE \\WPWIMWPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBTUELS\\ SOPS \\MTRWLINS.61 L+ = m. .a, ---..----~.em--

9.0 Quality Assurance / Quality Control Thcre are no specific quality assurance activities that apply to the implementation of these procedures. However, the following general QA procedures apply:

1. All data must be documented on star.dard well completion forms, field data sheets, or within field / site logbooks. Descriptive logs, pump tests, and well completion data are enter on fonns. The forms are used to ensure data is collected uniformly by site geologists.

2. All instrumentation must be operated in accordance with operating instructions as supplied by the manufactur:r, unless otherwise specified in the work plan. Equipment checkout and calibration activities must occur prior to sampling / operation.

10.0 Health and Safety Drilling rigs and equipment present r variety of safety hazards. Personnel working aeound drilling rigs should know the position of the emergency " kill" switch. Wirelines and ropes should be inspected ad frayed or damaged sections discarded. Swivels and blocks should tum freely. Gages should be operations and controls clearly marked. All underground utilities should be clearly marked, and drillers should be aware of any overhead hazards such as power lines. Avoid drilling in these areas. Ear protection should be wom when working around drilling equipment for extended periods of time, particularly air rotary equipment. When working with potentially hazardous material follow U.S. EPA, OSHA and corporation health and safety practices. 11.0 References American Society for Testing and Materials,1991. Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Designation: D5092-90 Standard Practice for Design and Installation of Groundwater Monitoring Wells in Aquifers, P. 1081-1092, Philadelphia, P/ Boateng. K., P.C. Evens, and S.M. Testa.1984 " Groundwater Contamination ta Two Production Wells: Case History." Groundwater Monitoring Review, V.4, No. 2, p. 24-31. Keely, J.F. and Kwasi Boateng,1987. " Monitoring Well Installation, Purging, and Sampling Techniques - Part 1: Conceptualizations." Groundwater V.25, No. 3. p. 300-313. Keely, J.F. and Kwasi Boateng,1987. " Monitoring Well Installation, Purging, and Sampling Techniques - Part 2: Case Histories." Groundwatcr V.25, No. 4. p. 427-439. Driscoll, F.G.,1986. Groundwater and Wells (2nd ed.): Johnson Division, UOP Inc., St. Paul, MN p.1089. C:\\ OFFICE \\W P WIN \\WPDOCs\\ SCOPES \\ABBFU ELS\\ SOPS \\MTRWLINS.61

r e. .e 1 U.S. EPI.1987. A Compendium of Superfund Field Operations Methods. EPA /540/p-87/001 Office of Emergency and Remedial Responses. Washington, D.C.- t f f e.. ( ~ 4 C:\\OFFICDWPWIN\\WPDOCS\\SCOPESWBBF1JELS\\ SOPS \\MTRWLINS.61 1:

.s-s. h-*- + - r, Attachments to Appendix B Montoring Well Construction Diagram Typical Bedrock Weli Construction Diagram Typical Overburden Well Construction Diagram A i s. C:\\ OFFICE \\WPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELSiSOPSTMTRWLINS.61

8' Olent: Scope LD.: Project: Page: Prepared byr Date: cAnwir awvarwwavrAL Aa IAMS, INC Checked by: Date: MONITORING WELL CONSTRUCTION DIAGRAM Driller' Well No.! Drilling Methode Date installed: Coordinates: Protec er Pipe: a Size: Material' Lock No.: p Eley. [ a n !;,*i* = .,r a y X X Surface Seal Material y g X X X Riser: X Drill Hole Diameter X DP teter Muerial. u ,y Type of Annular Space Backfill X 5<.li - X y X Type of Jaints' E Stenciledi y e X X l 7 I [ in + o l Type of Seal Screen: Diameter-Material; l. Slot Size-l e Type of Filter Mate-ial _l{ Length: _f l Sump: e _- lf Length: a Type of Filter Material Type of Cap? suh Centralizer: Used O Type of Seal Not Used O 9P j Depth to Water From Top u Tpe of Backfill of Riser at Completion-NOTE: Not to scale 80*M m cau ra. vnt

rii Typical Bedrock Well Construction TDISCOPING OR HINGED COVUt ggpj GW c\\ .= KEY PADLOCK 4 ' '~ 3* eCONCRETE FrJ.ID CONCRITE FillID PROTECDVE CASINC.- OtWtD POST GUARD POST WX4* CONCRETE g HOLI r:.*>~ 2' /. j pEww / N^'~~' IRMMW.j Ndl M i W E R i ) CONCRETE 'i 2 '1 a l 2a - 3* OVERBU9 DEN MATER %LS 7,, I CASING f CROUT TOP 0F e BONt0CK 1 ~ 5'MHMUM 1 I f = BOTTOM OF r e CASING BEDROCK DETERMINED IN F1CLD OPCN HOLI IN BEDROCK NO CASING e i / BOTTOM 0F WELL THIRD CUARD POST NOT SHOWN 12 1

e. 9 Typica! Overburden Well Construction TELESCOPINC OR HINGED COVER N E CAP OR UNDERSIZED PLUC, KEY PADLOCK CONCRETE ALIS PROTECTNE CASING-3' CONCRETE M CUARD POST CUARD POST P/"6 2'a2* 4* CONCRETE PAD gN HOLI g .N.MMIMMN/6k, ,fSN d'Mibk,' 2' CCNCRETE j CONCRETE t 1 8 4 N $=1

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x ~3 4 DCTERM!NED IN FulD CASING .4-d ,~ ?' a CR0lff TOP or i l l DENTONITE BENTONffE 2' M1N! MUM SEAL l TOP OF i l 9,; q'; SAND '.f,kh, ALTER - I' 7 2* MW k PACK 9#, " 5 TOP OF k E,-#, SCREEN ?N=<g 7.r, = :... SWm -hh ?) ,? E,??.- DCTERM)NED IN FIELD \\. = A @f, =,l..*a. ..-=.. lei *< f[ = :,EQ+:i leisE4:C , W = ;, BOTTou 0F v-e r- =is. CAP OR PLUG f g g g,l.,ri t40 TOTAL DEPTH 13

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, S: :.. +,y. 7 y,. ~ ,i;gs:jy.;::.; ,,,......,..,4 .,v g. s s. .- - l.',j'.; ;3.. w .2 .l y :.g{.nf x..' Standaiti. Operating Procedure c. f. c.. c. ~ + MonitoringWell Developm. ent "I~ l' .c.. n' .?; '., ' f. y er ' Monitoring Well Development Form A ..l*' o no. 4 4 g, "eg e ?. P 4 6 s e. b M r

o Monitoring Well Development 1.0 Scope and Application The purpose of this standard operating procedure (SOP) is to provide an overview of monitor well development practices. The purpose of monitor well development is to ensure removal of fines from the vicinity of the well screen. This allows free flow of water from the formation into the well and also reduces the turbidity of the water during sampling events. The most common well development methods are: surging, jetting, overpumping and bailing. Surging involves raising and lowering a surge block or surge plunger ir.2ide the well. The result surging motion forces water into the formation and loosens sediment to be pulled from the formation into the well. Occasionally, sediments must be removed from the well with a sand bailer to prevent sand locking of the surge block. This method may cause the sand pack arounsi the screen to be displaced to a degree that damages its value as a filtering medium. For example, channels or voids may form near the screen if the filter pack sloughs away during surging (Keely and Boateng,1987). Jetting involves lowering a small diameter pipe into the well a few feet above the well screen, and injecting water or air through the pipe under pressure so that sediments at the bottom are geysered out of the top of the well. It is important not te jet air or water directly across the screen. This may cause fines in the well to be driven into the entrance of the screen openings, thereby causing blockages. Overpumping involves pumping at a rate ranid enough to draw the water level in the well as low as possible, and allowing it to recharge. This process is repeated until sediment-free water is produced. Bailing includes using a simple check valve bailer to remove water from the well. The bailing method, like other methods, should be repeated until sediment free water is produced. Bailing may be the method of choice in a shallow or well that recharges slowly. These are standard (i.e., typically applicable) operating procedures which may be varied or changed as required, dependent on site conditions, equipment limitations or limitations imposed by the procedure or other procedure limitations. In all instances, the ultimate procedures employed should be documented and associated with the final report. 2.0 Method Summary Development of a well should occur as soon as it is practical after installation, but not sooner than 48 hours after grouting is completed,if a rigorous well development method is being used. if a less rigorous method, such as bailing, is used for development, it may be initiated shortly after installation. The main concern is that the method being used for development does not iriterfere with allowing the grout to set. Open the monitoring well, take initial measurements (i.e., head space air monitor readings, water level, well depth, pH, temperature, and specific conductivity as appropriate) and record results in the logbook. Develop the well by the appropriate method (i.e., overpumping, jetting or surging) to accommodate site conditions and project requirements. Continue until the developed water is as clear and free of sediments C$ OFFICE \\WPWIN\\WPDOCS\\SCOPESTABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\WELLDEVL.61

t'I 4 as possible and/ or the pH and conductivity have stabilized and/or three well volume's of water has been produced. Containerize dischs.rge water from known or suspected contaminated areas until proper disposal or treatment can be arranged. Record final measurements in logbook. Decontaminate equipment as appropriate prior to use in the next well. 3.0 Interferences and Potential Problems The following interferences or problems may occur during well development:

1. Overpumping is not as vigorous as surging andJetting, and is probably the most desirable method for monitor well development.

2, The possibility of disturbing the filter pack increases with surging andjetting well development methods.

3. The introduction of external water or air byjetting may alter the hydrochemistry of the aquifer, 4.0 Equipment / Apparatus The type of equipment used for well development is dependent on the diameter of the well and the development method. For example, the diameter of most submersible pumps is too large to fit in a two-inch inner diameter (l.D.) Well and an inertia pump or other development method should be used, in general, the well should be developed shortly after it is drilled.

3.0 Procedures 5.1 Preparation 1. Coordinate site access and obtain keys to the monitoring well protective casing locks.

2. Obtain information on each well to be developed (i.e., drilling, method, well diameter, depth, screened interval, anticipated contaminants, etc.)

3. Obtain a water level meter, a depth sounder, air monitoring equipment, material for decontamination, pH and specific conductivity meters, a thermometer, stopwatch, and development equipment / apparatus.

4. Assemble containers for temporary storage of water produced during well development. Containers must be structurally sound, compatible with anticipated contaminants, and easy to manage in the field. The use of truck-mounted tank.s may be necessary in some cases. 5.2 Operation Development should be performed as soon as it is practical after the well is installed, but no soona* 'han ' 48 hours after grouting is completed. Dispersing agents, acids, or disinfectants should not be used to enhance development of the well. C AOFFICETW PWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ADt1 FUELS \\ SOPS \\WELLDEVL,61

t> e a

l. Assemble necessary equipment around the well.

2. Record pertinent information in Geld logboek (personnel, time, location ID, etc).

3. Open monitor well, take air monitoring reading at the top of casing and breathing zone as appropriate.

4. Measure depth to water and the total depth to the monitoring well. S. Develop the well according to proper criteria. Note the initial color, clarity, and odor of the water. 6. Measure the initial pH, temperature, and specific conductivity of the water and records in logbook. ,m

7. All water produced by development in contaminated or suspected contaminated areas must be containerized. Each container must be carefully labeled. Determination of the appropriate disposal method will be based on the analytical results.

8. No water shall be added to the well to assist development without prior approval by appropriate personnel. If a well cannot be cleaned of mud to produce formation water because the aquifer yields insuf0cient water, small amounts of potable water may be injected to clean up this poorly yielding well. When most of the mud is out, continue development with formation water only. It is essentiai that a least the amount of water irjected must be produced back from the well in order to assure that all injected water is removed from the formation.

9. Note the final color, clarity and odor of the water.

10. Measure the final pH, temperature and specific conductance of the water and record in the site logbook.

, 11. Record the following data in the site logbook: Well designation (location ID) Date(s) of well installation Date(s) and time of well development qtatic water level before and after development Quantity of water removed and time of removal. Type and size / capacity of pump and/or bailer used. Description of well development techniques used. 53 Post Operation 1. Decontaminate all equipment. 2. Store containers of water produced during development in a safe and secure area. Depending on the chemical quality of the produced water, it may have to be stored, treated or released as appropriate. 3. After the first round of analytical results have been received, determine and implement the appropriate water disposal method. C;\\OFFICDWPWINiWPDOCPSCOPESTABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\WELLDEVL.61

n-q i 6.0 Calculations There are no calculations necessary to implement this prxedure. However, ifit is necessary to calculate the volume of water in the well, utilize the following equation' Wellvolume = nr h (cf) [Equatiott 1] 2 a where: pi x -- radius of monitoring well(feet) r = height of the water column (feet) h = [This may be determined by subtracting the depth of water from the total depth of the well as measured from these same reference point ) 2 - cf = conversion factor (gal /ft ) a 7.48 gal /ft) [in this equation,7.48 gal /ft is the necessary conversion factor.) 2 Monitor well diameters are typically 2",3". 4", or 6' Knowing the diameter of the monitor well, there are a number of standard conversion factors which can be used to simplify the equation above. The volume, in gallons per linear foot, for various standard monitor well diameters can be calculated as follows: v(gal'ft) = nr'(c)) [ Equation 2] where: pi r c-radius of monitoring well(feet) r r 2 cf = conversion factor (gat'ft ) = 7.48 For a 2" diameter well, the volume per linear foot can be calculated as follows: nr'(cj) [ Equation 2] voVlinearft = 3.14 (1/12 ft)2 7.48 gal /ft) = 0.1632 gal /ft = Remember that if you have a 2" diameter well, you must convert this to the radius in f.-et to be able to use the equation. The conversion factors for the common size monitor wells are as follows: Well Diameter 2" 3" 4" 6" Volume (gal /ft) 0.1632 0.3672 0.6528 1.4688 If you utilize the conversion factors above, Equation I should be modified as follows: Welt volume = (h)(cf) [ Equation 3] CaOFFICDWPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\WELLDEVL61

iI a where: height of water column (feet) A = cf = the conversion factor calculated from Equation 2 7.0 Quality Assurance / Quality Control The following general QA procedures apply:

1. All data must be documented on field data sheets or within site logbooks.

2. All instrumentation must be operated in accordance with operating instructions as supplied by the manufacturer, unless otherwise specified in the work plan. Equipment checkout and calibration activities must occur prior to sampling / operation and they must be documented.

8.0 References Drisco!!, Fletcher G., Groundwater and Wells,2nd ed., Johnson Division, VOP inc., St. Paul Minnesota, 1986,p.1089. Freeze, Allan R. And John A. Cherry, Groundwater, Prentice Hall,Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ 1979. Keely, J.F. and Kwasi Boateng," Monitoring Well Installation, Purging, and Sampling Techniques - Part 1: Conceptualizations", Groundwater V25, No. 3,1987, pp. 300 313. Keely, J.F. and Kwasi Boateng, " Monitoring Well Installation, Purging, and Sampling Techniques - Part 2: Case Histories", Groundwater V25, No. 4,1987, pp. 427-439. C:\\ OFFICE \\WPWIMWPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELSTSOPS\\WELLDEVL.61

.+ a a -j l Attachment to Appendix C-1 Monitoring Well Development Form 3-1 I d6 3 5 i. i i-J d i (!. 5 i 4 1. + i '\\ 2-u a 6 'd J C:\\OmCOWPWINiWPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELSiSOPS\\WELLDEVL.61 i y 4., ,.- w

r C$ent _,fcopef.D.* Pro}ect: Pagst_ Prepared by: Dates p a ir m vmn un u av Checked by: Date: MONITORING WELL DEVELOPMENT Well Number: Depth to Water: Time of Measurement: Well Diameter: Initial: Total Depth of Well: Final: Description of Development Method-Volume of W:.ter Removed From Well: Clarity of Water in Well Before Development: Clarity of Water in Well After Development: Presence of Sediment at the Bottom of the Well: Volume of Water Added to Well: Source of Water Added to Well: Time Spent for Development? Stabilization Readings: Field Depth to Gal. Removed w ater Time Temperature Spec. Cond. pH e M lE 0 "SI%

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.,.s... v. A,, ~, an g, v.- e a.c;;. v,.. a t t.. . :.., (: ~, ; _ ' y 2,e.,. me - 4<p*;e. w m :.x,:y.yg g<y. y.. o.< ,i 9, p; v, t y;39[.?;x;..,+. ; .....~.., ^;. ~ +. :g. ;.~ v .y ;.. c.... y '~ r. .s . t '. ', 4.' A ,1 .. r '... .p:.f: ..s .?. ;. Appendix D..Q...-.. 9:.;. ;. ..g..> ,.m...,.. 7 Standard bperating P.Medure.l.:. -[. U' .cf.f .~.[ fl.' c' "" ~ r. r l4 Slug Test-Single Well Hydraulic Conductivity Determination '. "[ [,i , ce Aquifer Resrmnse Test Field Data Collection Form. i .~; g 4 /- - p N y. b p p 9 g w 4 Y 4 e 4 a h i I I

4 Slug Tests-Single Well Hydraulic Conductivity Determination 1.0 Scope and Application This procedure is applicable to determine the horizontal hydraulic conductivity of distinct geologic horizons under in situ conditions. The hydraulic conductivity (K)is an important parameter for modeling the flow of groundwater in an aquifer. These are standard operating procedures which may be varied or changed as required, dependent upon site conditions, equipment limitations or limitatiev imposed by the procedure. 2.0 Method Summary A slug test involves the instantaneous injection s r withdrawal of a volume or slug of water or solid cylinder of known volume. This is accomplished by displacing a known volume of water from a well and measuring the artificial fluctuation of the groundwater level. The primary advantages of using slug tests to estimate hydraulic conductivities are numerous. First estimates can be made in-situ. thereby avoiding enors incurred in laboratory testing of disturbed soil samples. Second, tests can be performed quickly at relatively low costs because pumping and observation wells are not required. 3.0 Interferences and Potential Problems Limitations of slug testing include: 1) only the hydraulic conductivity of the area immediately surrounding the well is estimated which may not be representative of the average hydraulic conductivity of the area, and 2) the storage coefficient, S, usually cannot be determined by this method. 4.0 Equipment /Apparatu. The following equipment is needed to perform slug tests. All equipment which comes in contact with the well should be decontaminated and tested prior to commencing field activities. Water pressure transducci Electric water level inoicator Weighted tapes Slug of known volume Watch or stopwatch with second hand Appropriate references and calculator Electrical tape CnOf f!CE\\WPWIN\\W PDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\SLUGTEST.61 l s

e 5.0 Procedures 5.1 Field Procedures 'Ihe following general procedures may be used to collect and report slug test data. These procedures may be modified to reflect site specific conditions:

1. When the slug tesi is performed using an electronic data logger and pressure transducer, all data will be stored intemally or on computer diskette or tape. The information will be transferred directly to

- the main computer and analyzed. A computer printout of the data shall be maintained in the files as documentation. If the slug test is collected and recorded manually, the slug test data form in the attachment to this Appendix will be used to record observations. The slug test data form shall be completed as follows:

• ~ Site ID Identification number assigned to the site.

Location ID Identific: tion oflocatien being tested. Date - The date when the test data was collected in this order: year, month, day. Logger - Identifies the company or person responsible for performing the field measurements. Test method - The slug device is either injected or lowered into the well or withdrawn or pulled out from the monitor well. Check the method that is cpplicable to the test situation being run. Comments - Appropriate observations or information for which no other blanks are provided. Elapsed time (min)- Cumulative time readings from beginning of test to end of test, in minutes. Depth to water (ft)- Depth to water recorded in tenths of feet. = 2. Decontaminate the transducer and cable. 3. Make initial water level measurements on monitor wells in an upgradient to downgradient sequence, if possible. 4. Before beginning the slug test, information will be recorded and entered into the electronic data-logger. The type ofinformation may vary depending on the model used. When using different models, consult the operator's m:c.ual for the proper date entry sequence to be used.

5. Test wells from least contaminated to most contaminated,if possible.

6. Determine the static water level in the well by measuring the depth to water periodically for several minutes and taking the average of the readings.

7. Cover sharp edges of the well casing with duct tape to protect the transducer cables.

8. Install the transducer and cable in the well to a depth below the target drawdown estimated for the test but at least two feet from the bottom of the well. Be sure the depth of submergence is wi&in the design range stamped on the transducer. Temporarily tape the transducer cable to the well to keep the transducer at a constant depth.

9. Connect the transducer cable to the electronic data logger.

10. Enter the initir.1 water level and transducer design range into the recording according to CAOFFICE\\WPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\SLUGTEST.61

manufacturers instruction (the transducer design range will be stamped on the side of the transducer). Record the initiai vater level on the recording device,

11. " Instantaneously" introduce or remove a known volume or slug of water to the well. Another method is to introduce a solid cylinder of known volume to displace and raise the water level, allow the water level to restabilize and remove the cylinder. It is important to remove or add the volumes as quickly as possible because the analysis assumes and " instantaneous" change in volume is created in the well.

12. At the moment of volume addition or removal assigned time zero, measure and record the depth to water and the time at each reading. Depths should be measured to the nearest 0.01 foot. The number of depth time measurements necessary to complete the test are variable, it is critical to make as many measurements as possible in the early part of the test. 'Ihe number and intervals between measurements will be determined from earlier previous aquifer tests or evaluations.

13. Continu measuring and recording depth time measurements until the water level returns to equilibrium conditions or a sufficient number of readings have been made to clearly show a trend on a semi-log plot of time versus depth.

- 14. Retrieve slug (if applicable). Ecit The time required for a slug test to be completed is a function of the volume of the slug, the hydraulic conductivity of the formation and the type of well completion. The slug volume should be large enough that a sufficient number of water level measurements can be made before the water level measurements can be made before the water level retums to equilibrium conditions. The length of the test may ran from less than a minute to several hours. g If the weli is to be used as a monitoring well, precautions should be taken that the wells are not contaminated by material introduced into the well, if water is added to the monitoring well, it should be from an uncontaminated source and transported in a clean container. Bailers or measuring devices *hould be cleaned prior to the test. If tests are performed on more than one monitor well, care must be taken to avoid cross contamination of the wells. Slug testes shall be conducted on relatively undisturbed wells. If a test is conducted on a well that has recently been pumped f or water sampling purposes, the measured water icvel must be within 0.1 foot of the water level prior to sampling. 5.2 Post Operation Procedures When using an electronic data logger use the following procedure: 1. Stop logging sequence. 2. Review field forms for completion. 6.0 Calculations The simplest interpretation of piezometer recovery is that of Hvorslev (1951). The analysis assumes a homogenous, isotropic medium in which soil and water are incompressible. Hvorslev's expression for C;\\ OFFICE \\WPWIMWPDOCS\\SCOPESMBBFUELS\\ SOPS'SLUGTEST.61 1-

I1 hydraulic conductivity (K)is: I" K= for LIR > S 2 L T, K = - hydraulic conductivity [ft/sec) casing radius [ft)- r = length of open screen (or berchole) L = filter pack (borehole) radius [ftj R = T, = Basic Time Las [sec]; vsluc of ton semi-logarithmic plot of H h/H il, vs. T, where 11 h/H H, = 0.57 H= initial wmer level prior to removal of slug recorded weer level at t > 0 h a (Hvorslev,1951; Freeze and Cherry,1979) .The Bower and Rice method is also commonly used for K calculations. However, it is much more time consuming that the Hvorslev method. Refer to Freeze and Cherry or Annlied Hydroccolorv (Fetter) for a discussion of these methods. 7.0 Quality Assurance / Quality Control The ft.llowing general quality assurance procedures apply: 1. All c:ata must be documented on standard chain of custody records, field data sheets or within - personal / site logbooks. 2. All instrumentation must be operated in accordance with operating instructions as supplied by the manufacturer, unless otherwise specified in the work plan. Equipment checkout and calibration activities must occur prior to sampling / operation and they must be documented. 8.0 References Bower, H.,1978. Groundwater Hydrogeology, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, New York. Bower. H., and R.C. Rice,1980. "A Slug Test for Determining the Hydraulic Properties of Tight Formations", Water Resources Research, Vol.16, No. I pp. 233-238. Cooper, Jr. H.H., J.D., Bedrehoeft, and S.S. Papadopulos,1967. " Response of a Finite-Diameter Well to an Instantaneous Charge of Water" Water Resources Research, Vol.13 No.1. DOI (U.S. Department of the Interior), Groundwater Manual, U.S. Govemment Printing Office, New York, New York, Washington D.C. Earlougher, R C.,1977. Advrnces in Well Test Analysis, Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME. C:\\ OFFICE \\WPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\ SLUG 17.ST.61 e

'I Ferris, J.G. and D.G., Knowles,1954. "The Slug Tes' for Estimating Transmissivity", U.S. Geological Survey Groundwater Note 26. Freeze R. Allen and John A. Cherry,1979. Groundwater Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Hvorslev,1951 " Time Lag and Soil Permeability in Groundwater Observations", Bulletin No. 36, U.S. A my Corps of Engir:eers p. 50. Johnson Division, UOP, Inc.1966. Groundwater and Wells, Johnson Division, UOP, Inc., St. Paul, blinnesota. _ lohman, S.W.,1982. " Groundwater Hydraulics" U.S. Geological Survey, paper 708, p. 70. Neuman, S.P.1972. " Theory of Flow in Unconfined Aquifers Considering Delayed Response of the Water Table", Water Resource Research, Vol. 8, No. 4. P.1031. - Pagiadopulos, S.S., J.D., Bredehoeft, H.H. Copper, Jr.,1973. "dn the Analysis of Slug Test Data", Water Resources Research, Vol. 9, No. 4. Todd, David K.1980, Groundwater Hydrog. !ogy,2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons. C;\\ OFFICE \\WPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\SLUGTEST.61

-) = t'sc -h 1. i I + x Attachment to Appendix' D Aquifer Response Test Field Data Sheet - (Slug Test Form)- .,,_2 L k i k J i - C:\\ OFFICE \\WPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\SLUGTEST.61 w-Y -,--,, v' - m rw-wev-+,,-- -,,,e--w - - - - -..,, ~. - -er--,. --- - -- < --= --- ---- s y v3

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Preparedby: Datee emmv my, u. Checked by: Date-AQUlFER RESPONSE TEST FIELD DATA SHEET Well' Site Name: Personnel: Type of Test (cha on.x 0 saildown O slug Displacement O sail Displacement Depth to Water-it Total Well Depth' ft '. Esti nated Volume Removed or Displacedt gallons Measurement Device scica ca.x 0 Transducer O Water tevelindicator Initial Transducer Reading ru uwdx ft Readings Time Reading Time Reading i ) Comments: e Mfut 4431 %@9. NI

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i. .. s.....,...,. Standard Operating Procedure '..,. y ... :.+ Groundwater Level Measurement 2 . - J,.. . 0 ~ ~ . ~...... i. Field Data Collection Form 6 w .S p e 8 A g,, k ' +., P- ..s e a e-49 e e I*

,t Groundwater Level Measurement 1.0 Scope and Application ne purpose of this Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)is to set guidelines for the determination of the depth to water and floating chemical product (i.e., gasoline, kerosene although not anticipated for this scope of work) in an open borehole, cased borehole, monitoring well or piezometer. Generally, water level raeasurements taken in boreholes, piezometers. or monitoring wells are used to construct water table or potentiometric surface maps and to determine flow direction as well as many other aquifer characteristics. Therefore, all water level measurements at a given site should be collected within a 24 hour period with a great deal of accuracy. Certain situations may necessitate that all water level measurements be taken within a shoder time interval. These situations may include:

1. The magnitude of the observed changes between wells appears too large.

2. Atmospheric pressure changes.

3. Aquifers which are tidally influenced.

4. Aquifers affected by river stage impoundments, and/or unlined ditches.

5. Aquifers stressed by intermitMnt pumping of production wells.

6. Aquifers being actively recharged dee to precipitation event.

7. Occurrence of pumping.

These are standard operating procedures w'ach may be varied or changed as required, dependent on site conditions, equ.pment limitations or limitations imoosed by the procedures or other procedure limitations, in ai! instances, the ultimate procedures employed should be documented and associated with the final report. 2.0 Method Summary A survey mark should be placco on the casing for use as a reference point of measurement. Generally, the reference point is made at the top of casing or " stickup", but often the lip of the riser pipe is not flat. Another measuring reference should be located on the grot apron. The measuring point should be documented in the site logbook and on the groundwater level data form provided as an attachment to this Appendix. Every attempt should be made to notify future field personnel of such reference p,i.S in order to ensure comparable data and measurements. Prior to measurements, water levels in piezometers and monitoring wells should be allowed to stabilize for minimum of 24 hours after well construction and development. In low yielc' situations, recovery may take longer. All measurements should be made 10 a precision of 0.01 feet. C:\\ OFFICE \\WPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELSWOPS\\%TRLVLMS.61

I; O In general, working with decontaminated equipment, pr~ed from least to most contaminated wells. Where many wells are to be sampled, measurements m y De taken in a systematic manner to insure efficiency and accuracy. Open the well and lower water level incasurement device into well until water surface or bottom of casing at least twice is encountered. Measure distance from water surface to reference point on well casing a least twice and record in site logbook and/or groundwater level data form. Remove all downhole equipment, decontaminate as necessary, and replace casing cap. Note that ifin the unlikely event flesting hydrocarbon product is present, a special dual liquid water level indicator is required. 3.0 Interferences and Potential Problems

1. The chalk used on steel tape may contaminate the well.

2. Cascading water may obscure the water mark or cause it to be inaccurate.

3. Many types of electric sounders use metal indicators at five'-foot intervals around a conducting wire.

These intervals should be checked with a surveyor's tape (preferably with units divided in hundredths of a foot) to insure accuracy. 4. If there is oil present on the water, it can insulate the contacts of the probe on an electric sourider or give false readings due to thickness of the oil. It is recommended to determine the thickness and density of the oil layer in order to determine the correct water level. A special liquid water level indicator is required.

5. Turbulence in the well and/or cascading water can make water level determination difficult with either an electric sounder or steel tape.

6. An airline measures drawdown during pumping. It is only accurate to 0.5 foot unless it is calibrated for various drawdowns. 4.0 Equipment / Apparatus There am a number of devices which can be used to measure water levels. The device will be capable of attaining an accuracy of 0.01 feet, and calibrated on a regular basis. Field equipment includes: Well depth measurement desice Electronic water level indicator Groundwater water level data forms 5.0 Procedures 5.1 Field Measuring Procedures for determining water levels are as follows: C:\\ OFFICE \\WPWIN\\WPDOCS\\SCOPESTABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\%TRLVLMS 61 r

[f-l i _ i. 1 s 1._ - Make sure water level measuring equipment is in good operating conditions.

2. If possible and when applicable, start at those wells that are least contaminated and pro;eed to those wells that are most contaminated.;

C d - 3. Clean all equipment entering well by the following decontamination proce ure:

4. Remove locking well cap, note well ID, time of day, elevation (top of casing) and date in sie

- logbook or an appropriate groundwater level data form.

5. Remove well casing cap.

6. If required by site-specific condition, monitor headspace of well with a Photolonization detector (PID) or flame ionization detector (FID) to determine pr-sence of volatile organic compounds, and record in site logbook.

7. Lower electric water level measuring device or equivalent ({.e permanently install transducers or airline) into the well until water surface is encountered.

8. Measure the distance from the water surface to the reference measuring point on the weil casing or protective barrier post and record in the site logbook. In addition, note that the watu level measurement _was from the top of the steel casing, the top of the riser pipe, the ground surface, or some other position on the well head.

9. The grmdwater level data forms (attached to this SOP) will be completed as follows:

Site Name: Site name Logger Name: Pe: son taking field notes. Date: Date when the water levels are being measured. Location: Monitor well and physical location. Time: Time (military time) at which the water level measurement was recorded. Depth to Water: Water level measurement in feet, tenths or hundredths of feet, depending on the equipment used. Two measurements are required to insure accuracy. Comments: Any information the field personnel feels to be applicable may be included here. Measuring Point: Marked measuring point on riser pipe, protective steel casing or concrete pad ' surrounding well casing from which all water level measurements for individual wells should be measured. This provides consistency in future water level measurements. -10; Measure total depth of well(et least twice to confirm measurement) and record in site logbook or on groundwater levei data form. I 1. Remove all downhole equipment, replss e well casing cap and locking steel caps.

12. Rinse all downhole equipment and store for transport to next well. Decontaminate equipment.

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13. Note any physical changes, such as erosion or cracks in protective concrete pad or variation in total depth of well, in field logbook and on groundwater level data form.

6.0 Calculations To determine groundwater elevation above mean sea level, use the following equation: E, = E - D where: E, = Elevation of water above mean sea level (ft) or local datum Elevation above seal level or local datum at point of measurement (ft) E = Depth to water (ft) D = 7.0 Quality Assurance / Quality Con' trol The following general quality assurance procedures apply:

1. Data must be documented on standard chain of custody forms, field data sheets, groundwater level data forms, or within personal / site logbooks.

2. All instrumentation must be operated in accordance with operating instructions as supplied by the manufacturer, unless otherwise specified in the work plan. Equipment checkout and calibration acavities must occur prior to sampling / operation and they must be documented.

3. Each well should be tesied twice in order to compare results. 8.0 References U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1986. RCRA Groundwater Monitoring Technict,! Enforcement Guidanca Document. pp. 207. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1987, A Compendium of Superfund Field Operations Methods EPA /540/p-87/001 Ofnce of Emergency and Remedial Response Washington D.C. 20460. C:\\ OFFICE \\WPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\%TRLVLMS.61

.n c i f ( l 5 Attachment to Appendix E f L i Groundwater Level Measurement Data Form i t t

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s J. '..,. Appendix F Standard Operating Procedure ' /. s Groundwater Monitoring Well Sampling -

;.f Surface Water and Groundwater Field Sampling Forms x

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o c Groundwater Monitoring Well Sampling \\ l.0 Scope and Application De objective of this standard operating procedure is to provide General reference information on sampling of groundwater wells. This guidelines is primarily concerned with the collection of water samples from the saturated zone of the of the subsurface. Every effcit must be made to ensure that tne sample is representative of the particular zone of water being sampled. Rese procedures are designed to be used in conjunction with analyses for the most common types of groundwater contaminants (e.g., volatile and semi volatile organic wmpounds, pesticides, metals, biological parameters). Rese are standard operating procedures which may be varied or changed as required, dependent upon site conditions, equipment limitations or limitations imposed by the procedure. In all instances, the ultimate procedm employed should be documented and assocjated with the final report. 2.0 Method Summary in order to obtain a representative groundwater sample for chemical analysis it is important to remove stagnant water in the well casing and the water immediately adjacent to the well before collection of the sample. This may be achieved with one of a number ofinstruments. He most common of these are the bailer, submersible pump, non contact gas bladder pump, inertia pump and suction pump. At a minimum, three well volumes should be purged, if possible. Equipment must be decontaminated prior to use and between wells. Once purging is completed, sampling may proceed. Sampling may be conducted with any of the above instruments, and need not be the same as the device use for purging. Care should be taken when choosing the sampling device as some may affect integrity of the sample. Sampling should ocent in a progression from the least to most contaminated well,if this information is known. He growing concerns over the past several y ears over low levels of volatile organic compounds in water supplies has led to the development of highly sophisticated analytical methods that can provide detection limits at part per trillion levels. While the laboratory methods are extremely sensitive, well controlled and quality assured, they cannot compensate for a poorly collected sample. He collection of a sample should be as sensitive, highly developed and quality assured as the analytical procedures. 3.0 Sample Preservation, Containers, Handling, and Storage The type of analysis for which a sample is being collected detecrnines the type of bottle, preservative, holding time, and Gltering requirements. Samples should be collected directly from the sampling device into appropriate laboratory provided and cleaned containers. Check that a TeDon liner is present in the cap,if required. Attach a sample identification label. Complete a field data sheet, a chain of custody form, and record all pertinent data in the site logbook. Samples shall be appropriately preserved, labeled, logged, and when appropriate placed in a cooler to be maintained at 4' C. Samples must be shipped well before the holding time is up and ideally should be CAOFFICE\\WPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\GWWELSMP.61

c shipped with 24 hours of sample collection. The bottles should be shipped with adequate packing and cooling to ensure that they arrive intact. Sample retrieval systems suitable for the valid collection of volatile organic samples are: positive displacement bladder pumps, gear driven submersible pumps, syringe samplers and bailer (Barcelena 1984; Nielsen 1985). Field conditions and other constraints will limit th5 choice of appropriate systems. The focus of concern must remain to prodde a valid sample for analysis, one which has been subjected to the least amount of turbulence possible. Treatment of the sample with sodium thiosulfate preservative is required only if there is residual chlorine in the water that could cause free radical chlorination and change the identity of the original contaminants. It should not be used if there is no chlorine in the water. I 11olding time for volatiles analysis is seven days. It is imperative that the sample be shipped or delivered daily to the analytical laboratory. The bottles must be shipped on their sides to aid in maintaining the alttight seal during shipment, with adequate packing and cooling to ensure that they arrive intact. For collection of volatile organic samples, appropriate 40 mL glass sample vials shall be used. Due to the extreme trace levels et which volatile organics are detectable, cross contamination and introduction of contaminants must be avoided. 4.0 Interferences and Potential Problems 4.1 General The primary goal in performing groundwater sampling is to obtain a representative sample of the groundwater body. Analysis can be compromised by Deld personnel in two primary ways:(1) taking an unrepresentative sample, or (2) by incorrect handling of the sample. There are numerous ways of introducing foreign contaminants into a sample, and these must be avoided by following strict sampling procedures and utilizing trained Geld personnel. 4,2 Purging in a nonpumping well, there may be little or no vertical mixing of the water, and stratification may occur. The well water in the screened section will mix with the groundwater due to normal Dow pattems, but the well water above the screened section will remain isolated, become stagnant, and may lack the contaminants representati\\c of the groundwater. Persons sampling should realize that stagnant water may contain foreign material inadvertently or deliberately introduced from the surface, resulting in an unrepresentative stagnant water, the following guidelines and techniques should be adhered to during sampling:

1. As a general rule, all monitor wells should be pumped or bailed prior to sampling Purge water shall be containerized on site until appropriate disposal methods are decided and employed. Evacuation of a minimum of one volume of water in the well casing, and preferably three volumes is recommended for a representative sample. In a high yielding groundwater formation and where there is no stagnant water in the well above the screened section, evacuation prior to sample withdrawal is not as critical.

2, When purging with a pump (not a bailer), the pump should be set at the screened interval, or if the C AOf flCETW P W IN\\WP DOCS \\SCO PES \\A B B rV ELS\\SOPSTG W W ELS M P.61

l' + well is an open rock well, it should be set at the same depth and sample will be collected. When sopling a screened well, the sample should also be collected from the same depth the pump was set at.

3. The well should be sampled as soon as possible after purging.

4. Analytical parameters typically dictate whether the sample should be collected through the purging device, or through a separate sampling instrument.

5. For wells that can be pumped or bailed to :ityness with the equipment being used, the well should be evacuated and allowed to recover prior to collecting a sample. If the recovery rate is fairly rapid and time allows evacuation of more than one volume of water is preferred. If recover !s slow, sample the well upon recovery after one evacuation.

6. A non representative sample can also result from excessive pre pumping of the monitoring well. Stratincation of the leachate concentration in the groundwater formation may occur, or heavier than-water compounds may sink to the lower portions of the aqujfer. Excessive pumping can dilute or increase the contaminant concentrations from what is representative of the sampling point ofinterest. 4.3 Materials Materials of construction for samplers and evacuation equipment (bladders, pump, bailers, tubing, etc.) should be limited to stainless steel. TeDon", and glass in areas where concentrations are expected to be at or near the detection limit. The tendency of organics to leach into and out of many materials make the selection of material critical for trace analyses. The use of plastics, such as PVC or polyethylene, should be avoided when analyzing for organics. Ilowever, pVC may be used for evacuation equipment as it will not come in contact with the sample, and in highly contaminated wells, disposable equipment (i.e., polypropylene bailers) may be appropriate to avoid cross contamination. 4.4 Advantages / Disadvantages of Certain Equipment 4.4.1 Ballers Advantages Only practical limitations on size and materials No power source needed l Portable e Inexpensive, so it can be ctdicated and hung in a well, thereby reducing the chances of cross + contamination 4 Minimal outgassing of volatile organics which sample is in bailer + Readily available Removes stagnant water first a Rapid, simple method for removing small volumes of purge water Disadvantages Time consuming to Cush a large well of stagnant water CAOFFICE\\WPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\GWWELSMP.61

.p 4 Transfer of sample may cause aeration Stoppers at the bottom of the baller usually leak thus the bailer must be brought to the surface rapidly If the bailer is allowed to hit the bottom of the well boring, gravel can displace the ball valve not allowing the bailer to hold water 4.4.1 Submersible Pumps Advantages Portable and can be transported to several wells Depending upon the size of the pump and the pumping depths, relatively high pumping rates are possible Generally very reliable and does not require priming Disadvantages Potential for effects on analysis of trace organics 11eavy and cumbersome to deal with, particularly in deeper wells + Expensive + Power source needed e Sediment in water may cause problems with the pemps impractical in low yieldinr. nr shallow wells e 4.4.3 Non Contact Gas Bladder Pumps Advantages Maintains integrity of sample Easy to use + Can sample fro discrete locations within the monitor well Disadvantages Dif0culty in cleaning, though dedicated tubing and bladder may be used Only useful to about 100 feet Supply of gas for operation, gas bottles and/or compressors are often difUcul; to obtain and are cumbersome Relatively low pumping rates Requires air compressor or pres:urized gas source and control box 4.4,4 Suction Pumps Advantages Portable, inexpensive, and readily available + Disadvantages Restricted to areas with water levels within 20 to 25 feet of the ground surface + ' CAOFFICE\\WPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\0WWELSMP.61

ri Vacuum can cause loss of dissolved gasses and volatile organics Pump must be primed and vacuum is oAen dimcult to maintain during initial stages of pumping 4.4.5 Inertia Pumps Advantages Portable, inexpensive, and readily available Offers a rapid method for purging relatively shallow wells Disadvantages Restricted to areas with water levels within 70 feet of the ground surface May be time consuming to purge wells with these manual pumps Labor intensive WaTerra pumps are only effective in 2. inch diameter wells 5+0 Equipment / Apparatus 5.1 Equipment Checklist 5.1.1 General Water level indicator Appropriate keys for well cap locks IINU or OVA (whichever is most appropriate) Logbook Calculator + Field data sheets and samples labels + Chain of:ustody records and seals a Sample containers Tool box (to include at least: screwdrivers, pliers, hacksaw, hammer, flashlight, adjustable wrench) Appropriate llcalth & Safety gear Shipping containers + Packing materials Containers for evacuation liquids e Decontsmination solutions e Tap water = Non phosphate soap Distilled or deionized water 5.1.1 Ballers Clean, decontaminated, dedicated or disposable bailers of appropriate size and construction material Nylon line, enough to dedicate to each well + Five gallon bucket 5.13. - Submersible Pump CAOTTICDWPWimWPDOCS\\ SCOPES %BBFUELS\\ SOPS \\GWWELSMP.61 i

ti Pump (s) Generator (110,120, or 240 volt) or 12 volt battery if inaccessible to field vehicle amp meter is useful 1" black PVC coil tubing. enough to dxlicate to each well Hose clamps Safety cable Tool box supplement pipe wrenches wire strippers 'clectrical tape heat shrink hose connectors Teflon tape Winch, pulley or hoist _ Flow meter with gate valve 1" nipples and various plumbing (i.e., pipe connectors) '. + Control box (if necessary) 5.1.4 Non Gas Contact Bladder Pump Non. gas contact bladder pump + Compressor or nitrogen gas tank + Batteries and charger Tubing enough to dedicate to each well + Toolbox supplements same es submersible pump + Control box (if necessary) + 5.1.5 Suction Pump Pump + Tubing. enough to dedicate to each well + 5.l.6 Inertia Pump Pump assembly + Five gallon bucket + 6.0 Procedures 6.1 Preparation

1. Determine the extent of the sampling effort, the sampling methods to be employed, and the types and amounts of equipment and supplies needed (i.e., diameter and depths of wells to be sampled).

2. Obtain necessary sampling and monitoring equipment, appropriate to type of contaminant being investigated. Check sampling supplies; field kit for chlorine, preservatives, Parafilm, foam sleeves and coolers; Due to extreme trace levels at which volatile organics are detectable, cross CiorrtCl3WPWIN\\W PDOCS\\SCOPLSMB BTUELS\\ SOPS \\GWWELSMP.6 t

1. i contamination and introduction of contaminants must be avoided.

i

3. Decontaminate or preclean equipment and ensure that it is in working order, j

4. Prepare scheduling and coordinate with staff, clients, and regulatory agency, if appropriate,

5. Perform a general site survey prior to site entry in accordance with the site specific Health & Safety Plan.

6. Identify and mark all sampling locations.

6.2 Field Preparation

l. Start at the least contarolnated well,if known.

2. Lay plastic sheeting around the well to minimize likelihood of contamination of equipment from soil adjacent to the well.

3. Remove locking well cap, note location, time of day, and date in field notebook or appropriate log form.

4. Remove well casing cap.

5. Screen headspace of well w ith an appropriate monitoring instrument to determine the presence of volatile organic compounds and record in site logbook.

6. Lower water level measuring device or equivalent (i.e., permanently installed transducers or airline) into well until water surface is encountered.

7. Measure distance from water surface to reference measuring point on well casing or protective barrier post and record in site logbook. Alternatively,if no reference point, note that water level measurement is from tope of steel casing, top of riser pipe, from ground surface, or some other position on the well head.

if 00ating organics are of concern, this can be determined by measuring the water level with an oil / water interface probe w hich measures Coating organics. 8. Measure total depth of well (at least twice to confirm measurement) and record in site logbook or on Ocid data sheet.

9. Calculate the s clume of water in the well and the volume to be purged.

10. Select the appropriate purging and sampling equipment.

6.3 Purging The amount of Cushing a well receives prior to sample collection depends on the intent of the monitoring program as well as the hydrogeologic conditions. The wells will be purged until the stabilization of parameters such as temperature, electrical conductance, pH. or three well volumes has been produced, or s C^.OITICE\\WPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\GW%T.I.SMP.61 .,-.--m-..- ~ =- = -.,- - - -. - - - - - - - ~, - - ~ ~

i. in the case of very slow recharging wells, one well volume, llowever, monitoring for defining a contaminant plume requires a representative sample of a small volume of the aquifer. These circumstances require that the well be pumped enough to remove the stagnant water but not enough to it, duce Dow from other areas. Generally, three well volumes are considered efrective, or calculations cc:. t>e made to determine on the basis of the aquifer parameters and well dimensions, the appropriate vejume to remove prior to sampling. De following well evacuatica devices are most commonly used. Other evacuation devices are available, but have been omitted in this discussion due to their limited use. 63.1 Ballers 11ailers are the simplest purging device used and have many advantages. Rey generally consist of a rigid length of tube, usually with a ball check valve at the bottom. A line is used to lower the baller into the well and retrieve a volume of water. The three most common types of baller are PVC, TeDon, and stainless steel. This manual method of purginF s best suited to shallow or narrow diameter wells. For deep, larger i diameter wells w hich require es acuation of large volumes of water, other mechaalcal devises may be more appropriate. 6.3.1.1 Operation Equipment needed will include a clean decontaminated bailer, TeDon or nylon line, a sharp knife, and plastic sheeting. 1. Determine the solume of water to be purged.

2. Attach the line to the bailer and slowly lower until the bailer is completely submerged, being careful not to drop the hailer to the water, causing turbulence and the possible loss of volatile organic compounds

3. l'ull bailer out ensuring that the line either falls onto a clean area of plastic shecting or never touches the ground.

4. Empty the bailer into a pail until full to determine the number of balls necessary to achieve the required pu ge solume.

5. Thereafter, pour the water into a container and dispose of purge waters.

6.3.2 Submersible Pumps The use of submersible pumps for sample collection is permissible provided they are constructed of suitably noncontaminating materials. The chief drawback, however, is the difnculty avoiding cross-contamination between wells. Although some units can be disassembled easily to allow surfaces contacted by contaminants to be cleaned. Geld decontamination may be difDeult and require solvents that can affect sample analysis. The use of submersible pumps in multiple well sampling programs, therefore, should be carefully considered against other sampling mechanisms (bailer, bladder pumps). In most cases, a sample can be collected by bailer after purging with a submersible pump, however, C AOFFICDW P Wi tW PDOCS\\SCOPt :SMB11FU ELS\\ SOPS \\G WWEt.SMP.61

e: submersible pumps may be the only practical sampling device for extremely deep wells (greater than 300 feet of watei). Under those conditions, dedicated pump systems should be installed to eliminate the potential for cross-contamination of well samples. Submersible pumps generally use one of two types of power supplies, either electric or compressed gas or air. Electric powered pumps can run off a 12 volt DC rechargeable battery, or a 110 or 220 volt AC power supply. Those units powered by compressed air normally use a small electric or gas. powered air compressor. They may also utilize compressed gas (i.e., nitrogen) from bottles. Different size pumps are available for different depth or diameter monitoring wells. 6.3.2.1 Operation

1. Determine the volume of water to be purged.

2. Assemble pump, hoses and safety c ble, and lower the pump into the well. Make sure the pump is deep enough so all the water is not evacuated. (Running the pump without water may cause damage).

3. Attach now meter to the outlet hose to measure the volume of water purged.

4. Use a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCl) or ground and generator to avoid possible electric shock

5. Attach power supply, and purge the well until the specified vclume of water has been evacuated (or until Ocid parameters, such as temperature, pH, conductivity, etc. have stabilized). Do not allow the pump to run dry. If the pumping rate exceeds the well recharge rate, lower the pump further into the well, and coniinue pumping.

6. Collect and dispose of purge waters as speciGed in the site specine sampling plan.

6.33 Suction Pumps There are man.s different types of suction pumps. They include: centrifuga!, peristaltic and diaphragm. Diaphragm pumps can be used for w ell evacuation at a fast pumping rate and sampling at a low pumping rate. The peristaltic pump is a low volume pump that uses rollers to squeeze the Dexible tubing thereby creating suction. This tubing can be dedicated to a well to prevent cross contamination. Peristaltic pumps, how es er, require a pow er source. 6.3.3.1 Operation

1. Assembly of the pump, tubing, and power source if necessary.

2. Procedure for purging with a suction pump is exactly the same as for a submersible pump (Section 7.3.2.1 ).

63.4 Inertia Pumps inertia pumps such as the WaTeira pump and piston pump, are manually operated. They are most appropriate to use w hen wells aie too deep to bail by hand, or too shallow or narrow (or inaccessible) to warrant an automatic (submersible, etc.) pump. There pumps are made of plastic and may be either C30f TIC DW P w i % w rDOCS\\SCO PES \\A lll3 FU ELS\\SO PSNG W WELSM P.61

ia-decontaminated or discarded. 6J.4.1 Operation

1. Determine thc volume of water to be purged.

2. Assemble pump and lower to the appropriate depth in the well.

i

3. Begin pumping manually, discharging water into a $ gallon bucket (or other graduated vessel).

( Purge until speelned volume of water has been evacuated (or until field parameters such as temperature, pH, conductivity, etc. have stabilized).

4. Collect and dispon of purge waters as specified in the site specific project plan.

6.4. Sampiing Sample withdrawal methods require the use of pumps, compressed air, ballers and samplers, ideally, purging and sample withdrawal equipment should be completely inert, economical to manufacture, easily cleaned, sterili7ed, reusable, able to operate at remote sites in the absence of power resources, and capable of delivering variable intes for sample collection. There are several factors to take into consideration when choosing a sampling device. Care should be taken when ses iewing the advantages or disadvantages of any one device. It may be appropriate to use a different des ice to sample than that which was used to purge. The most common example of this is the use of a submersible pump to purge and a baller to sample. 6.4.1 Bailers The positive displacement volatile sampling bailer is perhaps the most appropriate for collection of water sample for volatile analysis. Other bailer types (messenger, bottom fill, etc.) are less deshable, but may be mandated b,s cost and site conditions. 6.4.1.1 Operation

1. Attach r line to a clean decontamination baller.

2. Lower the bailer slowly and gently into the well, taking care not to shake the cc. sing sides or to splash the bailei into the water. Stop lowering at a point adjacent to the screen.

3. Allow baller to Gil and then slowly and gently retrieve the baller from the well avoiding contact with the cuing. so as not to knock flakes of rust or other foreign materials into the bailer.

4. Remove the cap from the sample container and place it on the plastic sheet or in a location where it won't become contaminated.

5. Begin slow 1 pouring from the bailer.

3

6. Preserve samples as required by sampling plan, i

CAOITICCiWPu IMWPDOCS\\Scort:S\\ABDFUELS\\ SOPS \\GWWEL.SMP.61

t 1

7. Cap the sample container tightly ar.d place prelabeled sample ec.itainer in a carrier.

L Replace the well cap. l 4

9. 14g all samples in the site logbook and on field data sheets and label all samples.

10. Package samples and complete necessary papeiwork.

t

11. Transport samples to analytical laboratory, 4

6.4.2 Submersible Pumps Although it is secommended that samples not >c collected with a submersible pump, there are some. ^ sitt.ations where they may be used. 6.4.2.1 Operation

l. Allow the monitor well to eccharge efter purging, keeping the pumpjust above screened section.

2. AttacS gate s alve to hose (if not already fitted). and reduce Dow of water to a managtable sampling rate.

3. Assemble the appropriate bottles.

4. If no pate s alve is available, run the water down the side of a c!eanjar and fill the sample bottles from thejar.

5. Cap the sample container tightly and place prelabeled sample container in a carrier.

6. Replace the well cap. 7, Log all samples in the site logbook and on the field data sheets and label all samples. 8. Package samples and complete necessary paperwork.

9. Transport samples to the analytical laboratory.

10. Upon completion. remove pump and assembly and fully decontaminate prior to setting into the next sampi.' well. Dedicate the tubing to the hole.

6.4.3 Non Contact Gas Bladder Pumps The use of a non contact gas positive displacement bladder pump is often mandated by the u;c of dedicated pumps installed in wells. These pumps are also suitable for shallow (less than 100 feet) wells. They are somen hat difficult to clean, but may be used with dedicated sample tubing to avoid cleaning. These pumps iequire a pcwer supply and a compressed gas supply (or compressor). They may be opented at variable now and pressure rates making them ideal for both purging and sampling. C:\\0TTICDWPWIEWPDOCS\\SCOPl:S\\ABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\GWWELSMP.6. ~

sa a i k I 6.4J.1 Operation l l 1 ' Allow well to recharge after purging. t

2. ' Assemble the appropriate bottles.

I

3. Turn pump on. Increase the cycle time and reduce the pressure to the minimum that will allow the sample to come to the surface.

4. Cap the sample container tightly and place prelabeled sample container in a carrier.

l

5. Replace the w.Il cap.

6. Log all samples in the site logbook and on field data sheets and label all samples, f

i

7. Package samples and complete necessary paperwork.

i S. Transport sample to the analytical laboratory.

9. On completion, remove the tubing from the well and either replace the Teflon tubing and bladder with new dedicated tubing and bladder or rigorously decontaminate the existing materials.

10. Nonfiltered samples shall be collected directly from the outlet tubing into the sample bottle.

6.4.4 Inertia Pumps in_crtia pumps may be used to collect samples. It is more common however, to purge with these pumps and sample with a bailer. 6.4.4.1 Operation

1. Following well evacuation, allow the well to recharge.

(

2. Assemble the appropriate bottles.

3. Since these pumps are manually operated, the flow rate may be regulated by the sampler. The l

sample may be discharged from the pump outlet diiectly into the appropriate sample container. 4.- Cap the sample container slightly and place prelabeled sample container in a carrier. t

5. Replace the well cap.

6. Log all samples in the site logbook and on field data sheets and label all samples.

7. Package samples and complete necessary paperwork.

8.- Transport sample to the analytical laboratory. 9._Upon completioniremove pump and decontaminate er discard, as appropriate. C$ OFFICE \\ WPM IMWPDOCS\\SCOPI:S\\ABBFUELS\\ SOPS 0WWELSMP,61 ..~,.,,y 41...--. ,,_,..v.____..,. m__,,. ..,,,._.,, -,1 4_ -.;, _ - _. - -. -, - -,,. - _.

II 6.5 Post Operation After all samples are collected and preserved, the sampling equipment should be decontaminated prior to sampling another well to prevent cross contamination of equipment and monitor wells between locations, t I, Decontaminate all equipment.

2. Replace sampling equipment in storage containers.

3. Prepare and transport groundaater samples to the laboratory. Check sample documentation and make sure samples are properly packed for shipment.

6.6 Special Considerations of VOA Sampling The proper collection of a sample for volatile organics requires minimal disturbance of the sample to limit volatiliation and therefore a loss of volatiles from the sample. Sample retrieval systems suitable for the valid collection of volatile organic samples are: positive displacement bla ider pumps, gear driven submersible pumps, syringe samplers and ballers (Barcelona, 1984: Nicisen.1985h Field conditions and other constraints will limit the choice of appropriate systems. The focus of concern must be to provide a valid sample for analysis, one which has been subjected to the least amount 01 turbulence possible. The following piocedures should be followed:

1. Open the sial, set cap in a clean place, and collect the sample during the middle of the cycle. When collecting duplicates, collect both samples at the same time.

2. Fill the vial tojust overnowing. Do not rinse the vial, nor excessively overCow it. There should be a convex meniscus on the top of the vial.

3. Check that the cap has not been contaminated (splashed) and carefully cap the vial, place the cap directly m ei the top and screw down Ormly. Do not over tighten and break the ap.

4. Invert the s ial and tap gently. Observe vial for at least ten (10) seconds, if an air bubble appears, discard the san,ple and begin again. Ifis imperative that no entrapped air is in the sample vial.

5. Immediately place the vial in the protective foam sleeve und place into the cooler, oriented so that it is lying on its side, not stiaight up.

6. The holding time for VOAs is seven days. Samples should be shipped or delivered to the laboratory daily so as not to exceed the holding time. Ensure that the samples remain at 4'C, but do not alle v them to freere.

7.0 Calculations CAOITICDWPwlN WPDOCS$coPl.S Almi'UEl.S60PS\\0WWELSMP.61 p,y. my._...u-

[l' 4 + If h is necessary to calculate the volume of the well, utiliae the following equation:- Wellvolanne = ne'h (qf) (Equation 1) where: pl a =

r. = radius of monitoring well(feet) height of the water column (feet)-

h = [This may be determined by subtracting the depth of water from the total depth of the well as measured from these same reference point.) cf = conversion factor (gal /fi')= 7.48 gallft' lln this equation. 7.48 gal /ft' is the necessary conversion factor.) Monitor well diameieis are typically 2",3",4" or 6". Knowing the diameter of the monitor well, thee are a number of standard conven. ion factors which can be used.to simplify the equation above. . The volume,in gallons per linear foot, for various stan ar mon tor well diameters can be calculated as dd i follows: v(gaVft) = nr:(cf) [Equallon2] where: n -= pi radius of monitoring well(fect) r cf = comersion factoi (pal /ft ) = 7.48 for a 2" diameter well, the volume per linear foot can be calculated as follows: nr'(cf) (Equation 2] voVilnearft = 3.14 (1/12 ft)' 7.48 gal /ft' = 0.1632 gal /ft = Remember that if you have a 2" diameter well, you must convert this to the radius in feet to be able to use the equation. The conversion factors for the common size monitor wells are as follows: Well Diameter 2" 3" 4" 6" ' Volume (gal /ft) 0.1632 0.3672 0.6528 1.4688 If you utilize the conversion factors above. Equation I should be modified as follows: 1 Wellvolume = (h)(cf) (Equa:lon 3) where: c:omcEswrwimWroocs\\scort.salmrUELS\\SOPSTOWWELSMP.6I 1 I

= 0 height of water column (feet) h = cf = the conversion factor calculated from Equation 2 The well volume is typically tripled to determine the volume to be purged. 8.0 Quality Assurance / Quality Control The following general QA procedures appiy:

1. All data must be documented on field data sheets or within site logbooks.

2. All instrumentation must be operated in accordance with operating instructions as suppl.ed by the manufacturer, us.less otherwise specified in the work plan. Equipment checkout and calibration activities must occur prior to sal.1pling/ operation.

3. Trip blanks are required if analytical parameters include VOAs.

9.0 Health and Safety When working arour.d s otatile organic contaminants: 1. Aveid breathing constituents venting from the well. 2. Pre survey the wcli head space with an FID/PID prior to sampling.

3. If monitoring results indicate organic constiteents, sampling activities may be conducted in Level C protection, At a minimum, skin protection will be afTorded by disposable protective clothing.

Physical hazards associated uith well sampling:

1. Lifting h. juries associated with pump and bailers retrieval; moving equipment.

2. Use of posket knis es for cuttmg discharge hose.

3. fleaticold stress as a result of exposure to extreme temperatures and protective clothing.

4. Slip, trip, fall conditions as a result of pump discharge.

5. Restricted mobility due to the wearing of protective clothing.

6. Electrical shock associated uith use of submersible pumps is possible. Use a GFCI or a copper grounding stake to as oid this problem. 10.0 References Barcelona, M.J., llelfrich, J.A., Garske, E.E., and J.P. Gibb, Spring 1984 "A Laboratory Evaluation of Groundwater Samplhg Mechanisms," Groundwater Monitoring Review,1984, pp. 32 41. C AOFFICE\\wPWIN\\WPDOCS\\SCOPLS\\A B B FU ELS\\SOPSTGWWELS MP.61

I'l I Barcelona, MJ., Helfrich, J.A., Garske, E.E.," Sampling Tubing Effects on Groundwater Samples", Analy, Chem., Vol. 57,1985, pp. 460 463. Driscoll, F.G., Groundwater and Wel!s (2nd ed.) Johnson Division, UOP inc., St. Paul, Minnesota,1986, 1089 pp i Gibb, J.P., R.M. Schuller, and R.A. Grimn, Monitoring Well Sampling and Preservation Techniques, EPA 600/9.RO 010,1980. March 1980. I instrument Specialties Company, (January), instruction Manual, Model 2l00 Wastewater Sampler, J,incoln, Nebraska,1980. Keely, J.F. and Kwasi Boateng, Monitoring Well Installation, Purging and Sampling Techniques Part I: Conceptualizations. Groundwater V25 No. 3,1987, pp. 300 313. [ Keith Lawrance 11., Prine!ples of Environmental Sampling, American Chemical Society,1988. Kone, Nic, and Dennis Ealey, Procedures for Field Chemical dnalyses of Water Samples, U.S. Department of Energy, GJ/TMC 07. Technical Measurements Center, Grand Junction Project Omce, + 1983-Korte, Nic, and Peter Kearl, Procedures for Collection and Preservation of Groundwater and Surface - Water Samples and for the Installation of Monitoring Wells: Second Edition, U.S. Department of Energy, GJ/TMC 08. Technical Measurements Center, Grand Junction Projects Omce,1985.- t Nations! Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream improvement,Inc. A Guide to Groundwater Sampling. Technical llulletin No. 362, Madison, New York, January,1982. Nielson, David M. And Yeates, Gillian L. Spring,"A Comparison of Sampling Mechanisms Available for Small. Diameter Groundw ater Monitoring Wells," Groundwater Monitoring Review,1985, pp. 83 99. Scalf, et. Als (M.J. Scalf. McNabb. W. Dunlap, R. Crosby, and J. Fryberger),. Manual for Groundwater Sampling Procedores. R.S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Omce of Research and Development 1980. Ada. OK, Sisk. S.W. NElC Manual for Ground / Surface investigations at Hazardous Waste Sites, EPA *330/9-St. 002,1981. U.S. Department of the interior, National Handbook of Recormended Methods for Water Data Acquisition, Reston. Yhginia. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1977. Procedures Manual for Groundwater Monitoring at Solid Waste Disposal Facilities. EPA 530/SW 611 August 1977. U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. 49 CFR Parts 100 to 177 Transportation revised November 1,1985. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1982; Handbook for Chemical Sample Preservation of Water and Wastewater, EPA 400/4 82 029, Washington D.C. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1983. Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Waste, t C:\\OITICDWPWIN\\WPDOC5\\SCOPEMABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\GWWELSMP.61 e, t .~i s -, ~ w r a n-+r,O ,-w,,,- w-+- n-,. .-,- -, -,--,.,,,,... -,,,. -m,n

i EPA-600/4 79/020, Washington D.C. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1984. Te>t Methods for Evaluation of Solid Waste, EPA.SW. 846, Second Edition, Washington D.C. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1981. Manual of Groundwaier Quality Sampling Procedures, EPA.600/2 81 160, Washington D.C. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1985. Practical Guide for Groundwater Sampling, EPA 600/2 f 85/104, September 1985. i U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1986. RCRA Groundwater Monitoring Technical Enforcement Guidance Document, OSWER 99501, September 1986. Weston 1987. Standard Operations Procedures for Monitor Wellinstallation. MOUND IGMP/ RIP. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1982. Handbook for'Samoling and Samnle Preservation of Water and Wastewater. EPA 600/4 82 029, Washington D.C. 1981, hhpuni of Groundwater Ouality Samoling Procedures, EPA 600/2 81 160, Washington D.C. 19885. Practice Guide for Gmundwater Sanmling, EPA 600/2/85104, September 1985. Nielson, David M. And Yeates, Gillian L., Spring 1985. "A Comparison of Sampling Mechanisms Available for Small Diameter Groundwater Monitoring Wells," Groundwater Monitoring Review. pp. 83 99. WESTON.1987. Standard Operating Procedures for Monitor WellInstallation. MOUND IGMP/ RIP. Barcelona. M.J. llelfrich. J.A., and Garske, E.E.," Sampling Tubing Effects on Groundwater Samples". 1985, Anal,s. Chem. Vol 57. Pp 160 463. C;\\OFFICDWPWIN\\WPDOCS$ COPES \\ABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\GWWELSMP.61

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e General Field Sampling Guidelines 1.0 Scope and Application The purpose of this Standard Operating Proccoure (SOP) is to provide general field sampling guidelines that will assist personnel in choosing sampling strategies, location, and frequency for proper assessment of site characteristics. This SOP is applicable to all field activities that involve sampling. These are standard operating procedures which may be varied or changed as required, dependent on site conditions, equipment limitations or limitations imposed by the procedure. In all instances, the ultimate procedures employed should be documented and associated with the final report. 2.0 Method Summary Sampling is the selection of a representative portion of a larger population, universe, or body. Through examination of a sample, the characteristics of the larger body from which the sample was drawn can be inferred, in this manner, sampling can be a valuable tool for determining the presence, type, and extent of contamination by harardous substances in the environment. The primary objective of all sampling activitics is to characterize a haurdous waste site accurately so that its impact on human health and the environment can be properly evaluated. The sampling itself must be conducted so that every sample collected retains its original physical form and chemical composition. In this way, sample imegrity is insureu, quality assurance standards are maintained, and the sample can accurately represent the larger body of material ur. der investigation. The extent to which valid inferences can be drawn from a sample depends on the degree to which the sampling cffort conforms to the project's objectives. For example, as few as one sample may produce adequate, technically valid data to address the project's objectives. Meeting the project's objectives requires thorough planning of sampling activities, and implementation of the most appropriate sampling and analytical procedures. 3.0 Sample Preservation, Containers, Handling, and Storage The amount of sample to be collected, and the proper sample container type ( i.e., glass, plastic), chemical presen ation, and storage requirements are dependent on the matrix being sampled and the parameter (s) ofinterest. C:\\OfTICE\\WPWINTWPDOCS\\SCOPESMBBFUELS\\ SOPS \\GENrLDSM 61

ri 4.0 Interferences and Potential Problems 'The nature of the object or materials being sampled may be a potential problem to the sampler, if a material is homogeneous, any sample increment can be considered representative of the material. On the other hand, heterogeneous samples present problems to the sampler because of changes in 'he material over distance, toth laterally and vertically. Samples of hazardous materials may pose a safety threat to both field and laboratory personnel. Proper health and safety precautions should be in.clemented when handling this type of sample. l 5.0 Equipment / Apparatus The equipment / apparatus requh:d to collect samples must be determined on a site specific basis. Due to the wide variety of sampling equipment available, refer to the specific SOPS for sampling techniques which include lists of the quipment/ apparatus required for sampling. i i 6.0 Procedure 6.1 Types of Samples \\ in relation to the media to be sampled, two basic types of samples can be considered: we environmental j sample and the haraidous t..mple. Environmental samples are those collected from streams, ponds, lakes, wells, and are off site samples

hat are not expected to be contaminated with hazardous materials. They usually do not require the special handling procednres typically used for concentrated wastes.110 wever, in certain instances, er,vironmental samples can contain elevated concentrations of pollutants and in such cases would have to be handled as hazardous samples.

liarardous or concentrated samples are those collectea from drums, tanks, lagoons, pits, waste piles, fresh spills, or areas previously identined as contaminated, and require speciel handling procedures because of their potential toxicity or hazard. These samples can be 6:rther subdivided based on their degree of hazard; how ever, care shothi be taken when handling and shipping any wastes believed to be concentrated regardless of the degree. The importance of making the distinction between environmental r.nd hazardous samples it two-fold: (1) Personnel safety requirements: Any sample thought to contain enough hazardous materials to pose a safety threat should be designated as hazardous and handled in a manner which ensures the safety of both field and laboratory personnel. (2) Transportation requirements: liazardous samples must be paci<sged, labeled, and shipped according to the International Air Transpon Association (I ATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations or Department of Transportation (DO f) regulations and U.S. EPA guidelines, 6.2 Sampic Collection Techniques CSOFFICDWPWINTWPDOCS\\SCOPESMimf UELS\\ SOPS \\GENFLDSM 61

a 1 in general, two basic t) pes of sample collection techniques are recognized, both of which can be used for either environmental or hazardous samples. Grab Samoles A grab sample is defined as a discrete aliquot representative of a specific location at c given point in time. The sample is collected all at once at one particular point in the sample medium. He representativeness of such samples is defined by the nature of the materials being sampled in general, as sources vary over time anJ distance, the representativeness of grab samples will decrea.se. CompositLSADlDh5 Cc tr.posites are nondiscrete samples composed of more than one specific aliquot collected at various sampling locations and/or different points in tirne. Analysis of this type of sample produces an average value and can in certain instances be used as an alternative to analyzing a number ofindividual grab samples and calculating an average value, it should be,oted, however, that compositing can mask problems by diluting isolated concentrations of some hazardous compounds below detection limits. Cornpositing is often used for environmental samples and may be used for hazardous samples under certain conditions. For example, compositing of hazardous waste is often performed after compatibility test have bec completed to determine an average value over a number of different locations (group of drums). This pro,edm e generates data that can be useful by providing an average concentration within a number of units can seru to keep analytical costs down, and can provide information useful to transporters and waste disposal operations. 63 Types of Sampling Strategies 1(andom sampling ins olves collection of samples in a nonsystematic fashion from the entire sh or a specinc portion of a sne. Systematic sampling involves collection of samples based on grid or a pattern which has been pieviously established. Whenjudgmental sampling is performed, samples are collected only from the portionm of the site most likely to be contaminated. Often, a combination of these strategies is the best approach depending on the type of the suspected /known contamination, the unifonnity and sire of the site, the level / type ofinformation desired, etc. . COTICDwPWIN WPI)oCS\\SCOPESuBBFUELS\\ SOPS \\GENF1.DSM 61 \\

Attachment to Appendix G Chain of Custody Form C :OFTIC DW P W IM W PDOCS\\SCO PESM H DFU ELS\\ SOPS \\0 EN T LD SM.61

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,ri- [ Appendix H Standard Operating Procedure ' Sampling Equipment Decontamination n b i 1 i i 4 ,,,~

il Sampling Equipment Decontamination 1.0 Scope and Application The purpose of this Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is to provide a description cf the methods used for preventing, minimizing, or limiting cross contamination of samples due to inappropriate or inadequate equipment decontamination and to provide general guidelines for developing decontamination procedures for sampling equipment to be used. These are standard operating procedures which may 'oe varied or changed as required, dependent upon site conditions, equipment limitations, or limitations imposed by the procedure. In all instances, the ultimate procedures employed should be documented and associated with the final report. 2.0 Method Summary Removing or neutralizing contamin. nts from equipment minimizes the likelihood of sample cross contamination, reduces or eliminates transfer of contaminants to clean areas, and prevents the mixing of incompatible substances. Gross contamination can be removed by physical decontamiaation procedures. These abrasive and non-abrasive methods include the use of brushes, air and wet blasting, and high and low pressure water cleaning. The Grst step, a soap and water wash, removes all visible particulate matter and residual oils and grease. This may be preceded by a steam or high pressure water wash to facilitate residuals removal. The second step involves a tap water rinse and a distilled / deionized water rinse to remove the detergent. An acid rinse provides a low pil media for trace metals removal and is included in the decontamination process if metal samples are to be collected, it is followed by another distilled / deionized water rinse. If sample analysis does not include metals, the acid rinse step can be omitted. Next, a high purity solvent rinse is performed for trace organics removal if organics are a concern at the site. Typical solvents used for removal of organic contaminants include acetone, hexane, or water. Acetone is typically chosen because it is an excellent solvent, miscible in water, and not a target analyte on the Priority Pollutant List, if acetone is known to be a contaminant of concem at a given site or if Target Compound List analysis (which includes acetone) is to be performed, another solvent may be substituted. The solvent must be allowed to evaporate completely and then a Onal distilled / deionized water rinse is performed. This rinse removes any residual traces of solvent. The decontamination procedure described above may be summarized as follows:

1. Physical removal 2.

Detergent wash

3. *ap water rinse 4.

Distilled / deionized water rinse 5. 10% nitric acid rinse, if apphcable 6. Distilled / deionized water rinse

7. Solvent rinse,if applicable C:\\ OFFICE \\WPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\SMPEQDECfl

Y

8. Air dry

9. Distilled / deionized water rinse if a particular contaminant fraction is no present at the site, the nine (9) step decontamination procedure specified above may be modined for site specificity. For example, the nitric acid rinse may be eliminated if metals are not of concern at a site. Similarly, the solvent rinse may be eliminated if organics are not of concern at a site. Modifications to the standard procedure should be documented in the site specine work plan or subsequent report.

3.0 Sample Preservation, Containers, Handling, and Storage fhe amount of sample to be collected and the proper sample container type (i.e., glass, plastic), chemical preservation, and storage requirements are dependent on the matrix being sampled and the parameter (s) ofinterest. More speci6cally, sample collection and analysis of decontamination waste may be required before beginning proper disposal of decontamination liquids and solids generated at a site. This should be determined prior to initiation of site activities. 4.0 Interferences and Potential Problems The use of distilled / deionized water commonly available from commercial vendors may be acceptable for decontamination of sampling equipment provided that it has been veri 6ed by laboratory analysis to be analyte free (speci6cally for the contaminants of concern). The use of an untreated water supply is not an acceptable substitute for tap water. Tap water may be used from any municipal or industrial water treatment system. If acids or solvents are utilized in decontamination they raise health and safety, and waste disposal concerns. Damage can be incurred by acid and solvent washing of complex and sophisticated sampling equipment. 5.0 Equipment / Apparatus Decontamination equipment, materials, and supplies are generally selected based on availability. Other considerations include the case of decontaminating or disposing of the equipment. Most equipment and supplies can be easily procured. For example, soft-bristle scrub brushes or long-handled bottle brushes can be used to remove contaminants. Large galvanized wash tubs, stock tanks, or buckets can hold wash and rinse solutions. Children's wading pools can also be used. Large plastic garbage cans or other similar containers lined with plastic bags can help segregate contaminated equipment. Contaminated liquid can be stored temporarily in metal or plastic cans or drums. The following standard materials and equipmer.: are recommended for decontamination activities: C:\\ OFFICE \\WPWTN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\SMPEQDEC.61 3

n 5.1 - Decontamination Solutions + Selected Detergent Selected solvents (acetone, hexane, nitric acid, etc.) Tap water ' Distilled or deionized water 5.2 Decontamination Tools / Supplies Long and short handled brushes Bottle brushes Drop cloth / plastic sheeting + Paper towels a Plastic or galvaaired tubs or buckets a Pressurized sprayers (110) Solvent sprayers Aluminum foil 5.3 Health & Safety Equipment Appropriate personal protective equipment (i.e., safety glasses or splash shield, appropriate gloves, aprons or coveralls, respirator ). 5.4 Waste Disposal Trash bags Trash containers + 55 gallon drums a Metal / plastic buckets / containers for storage and disposal of decontamination solutions 6.0 Reagents There are no ieagents used in this procedure aside from the actual decontamination solutions. Table I which is attac hed to this Appendix, lists solvent rinses which may be required for elimination of panicular che micals. In general, the following solvents are typically utilized for decontamination purposes: 10% nitric acid is typically used for inorg nic compounds such as metals. An acid rinse may not be required if inorganics are not a contaminant of concerns. Acetone (pesticide grade)* Hexane (pe.ticide grade)") Methanol") m - Only if sample is to be analyzed for organics. C:\\OFFICETWPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\SMPEQDEC.61

i 7.0 Procedures Procedures can be established to minimize the potential for contamination. This may include: (1) work practices that minimize contact with potential contaminants; (2) using remote sampling techniques; (3) covering monitoring and sampling equipment with plastic, aluminum foil, or other protective material; (4) watering down dusty areas;(5) avoiding laying down equipment in areas of obvious contamination; and (6) use of disposable sampling equipment. 7.1 Decontamination Methods Various decontamination methods will remove contaminants by: (1) flushing or other physical action, or (2) chemical complexing to inactivate contaminants by neutralization, chemical reaction, disinfection, or sterilization. Physical decontamination techniques can be grouped into two categories: abrasive methods and non. abrasive methods, as follows: 7.1.1 Abrasive Cleaning Methods Abrasive cleaning methods work by rubbing and wearing away the top layer of the surface containing the contaminant. The mechanical abrasive cleanhg methods are most commonly used at hazardous waste sites. The following abrasive methods are available: Mechanical Mechanical methods of decontamination include using metal or nylon brushes. The amount and type of contaminants removed will vary with the hardnee of bristles, length of time brushed, degree of brush contact, degree of contamination, nature of the surface being cleaned, and degree of contaminant adherence to the surface. Air Blasting Air blasting equipment uses compressed air to force abrasive material through a nozzle at high velocities. The distance between nozzle and surface cleaned, air pressure, tim, of application, and angle at which the abrasive strikes the surface will dictate cleaning efficiency. Disadvantages of this method are the inability to control the amount of material removed and the large amount of waste generated. Wet Blasting - Wet blast cleaning involves use of a suspended fine abrasive. The abrasive / water mixture is delivered by compressed air to the conta.ninated area. By using a very fine abrasive, the amount of material removed can be carefully controlled. 7.1.2 Non-Abrasive Cleaning Methods Non-abrasive cleaning methods work be forcing the contaminant off a surface with pressure. In general, the equipment surface is not removed using non abrasive methods. l ow-Pressure Water C:\\ OFFICE \\WPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\SMPEQDEC.61 J

rI-4

his method consists of a container which is filled with water, ne user pumps air out.of the container to -

create a vacuum. A' slender nozzle'and hose allow the use to spray in hard to reach places.- Hieh-Prassure Water - l This method consists of a high pressure pump, an operator controlled directional nozzle, and a high-pressure hose. Operating pressure usually rar.ges from 340 to 680 atmospheres (atm) and flow rates usually range from 20 to 140 liters per minute. Ultra-Hinh-Pressure Water his systems produces a waterjet that is pressured from 1,000 to 4,000 atmospheres, his ultra high-c pressure spray can remove tightly adhered surface films. The water velocity ranges from 50.0 meters /second (m/s)(1,000 atm) to 900 m/s (4,000 atm). Additives can be used to enhance the cleaning - 1.ction. t Rinsing s i Contaminants are removed by rinsing though dilution, physical at:raction, and solubilization. Damn Cloth Removal - In some instances, due to sensitive, non waterproof equipment or due to the unlikelihood of equipment being contaminated, it is not necessary to conduct an extensive decontamination procedure. For example, air sampling pumps hooked on a fence, placed on a drum, or wrapped in plastic bags are not likely to become heavily contaminated. A damp cloth should be used to wipe off contaminants which may have adhered to equipment through airbome contsminants or from surfaces upon which the equipment was set. Disinfection /Sterilintion Disinfectants are a practical means ofinar vating infectious agents. Unfortunately, standard . sterilization methods are impractical for luge equipment. This method of decontamination is typically 4 performed off-site. 7.2 Post Decontamination Procedures -1. Collect high-pressure pad and heavy equipment decontamination area liquid and waste and store in appropriate drum or container. A sump pump can aid in the collection process.

2. Empty soap and water liquid wastes from basins and buckets and store in appropriate drum or container. Refer to the DOT requirements for appropriate containers based on the contaminant of i

concern. 3. Place all solid waste materials generated from the decontamination area (i.e., gloves and plastic sheeting, etc.) in an approved DOT drum. ~ 4. Write appropriate labels for waste and make arrangement for disposal. - C:\\ OFFICE \\WPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\SMPEQDEC.61 F

n 8.0 Health and Safety Decontamination can pose hazards under certain circumstances. Hazardous substances may be incompatible with decontamination materials. For example, the decontamination solution may react with contaminants to produce heat, explosion, or toxic products. Also, vapors from decontamination solutions may pose a direct health hazard to workers by inhalation, contact, fire or explosion. The decontamination solutions must be determined to be acceptable before use. Decontamination material may degrade protective clothing or equipment; some solvents can permeate protective clothing. If decontamination materials do pose a health hazard, measures should be taken to protect personnel or substitutions should be made to eliminate the hazard. The choice of respiratory protection based on contaminants of concern from the site may not be appropriate for solvents used in the decontamination process. . Safety considerations should be addressed when using abrasive and non abrasive decontamination equipment. Maximum air pressure produced by abrasive equiptnent could cause physical injury. Displaced material requires control mechanisms. Material generated from decontamination activities requires proper handling, storage, and disposal. Personal Protective Equipment may be required for these activities. ll 9.0 References Field Sampling Procedures Manual, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, February 1988. A Compendium of Superfund Field Operations Methods, EPA 540/p.87-001. Engineering Support Branch Standard Operating Procedures and Quality Assurance Manuai, USEPA Region IV, April 1,1986. Guidelines for the Selection of Chemical Protective Clothing, Volume 1, Third Edition, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc., February,1987. Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities, NIOSH/OSil A/USCG A/ EPA, October,1985. C:\\ OFFICE \\WPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUEt.S\\ SOPS \\SMPEQDEC.61

s

Attachment to App ~endix Hi Table 1 Soluble Contaminants and Recommended Solvent Use 1

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i,' C:\\ OFFICE \\WPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELS\\SOPSTSMPEQDEC.61 . _. - -, _. _..... _ ~.. -. _. _..

-1i Table 1. Soluble Contaminants and Reconunended Solvent Rinse TABLE 1 Soluble Contaminants and Recommended Solvent Rinse SOLVENTu EXAMPLES OF SOLUBLE SOLVENTS CONTAMINANTS Water Deionized water Low-chain hydrocarbons Tap water Inorganic compom.ds Salts Some organic acids and other polar compounds Dilute Acids Nitric Acid Basic (caustic) compounds Acetic Acid (e.g., amines and hydrazines) Boric Acid Dilute Bases Sodium biocarbonate Acidic compounds (e.g., soap detergent) Phenol Thiols Some nitro and sulfonic compounds Organic Solvents

• Alcohols Nonpolar compounds Ethers (e.g., some organic Ketones compounds)

Aromaiics Straight chain alkalines (e.g., hexane) Common petroleum products (e.g., fuel, oil, kerosene) Organic Solvent

• Hexane PCBs mMaterial safety data sheets are required for all decontamination solvents or solutions as required by the Hazard Communication Standard.
• WARNING: Some organic solvents can permeate and/or degrade the protective clothing.

C:\\ OFFICE \\WPWIN\\WPDOCS\\ SCOPES \\ABBFUELS\\ SOPS \\SMPEQDEC.61

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