ML20153G843
| ML20153G843 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Reed College |
| Issue date: | 08/31/1998 |
| From: | Frantz S REED COLLEGE, PORTLAND, OR |
| To: | |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 9809300248 | |
| Download: ML20153G843 (22) | |
Text
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REED REACTOR FACILITY
([h AXSUAL REPORT September 1,1997 -- August 31,1998 w
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REED REACTOR FACILITY th AXSUAL REPORT September 1,1997 -- August 31,1998 3203 Southeast Woodstock Blvd.
Ponland, Oregon 97202-8199 voice: 503-777-7222 fax: 503-777-7274 email: reactor @ reed.edu Stephen G. Frantz Director, Reed Reactor Facility Program Director, Nuclear Science Consortium of the Willamette Valley
b T A BLE OF CONTENTS E X E C UT I V E S U M M A R Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 INT R O D U CT I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 P E R S O N N E L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Facili ty S taff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Radiation Safety Committee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Reactor Operations Committee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ,
F A C I L ITI E S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Reactor Facility Floor Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ~ ~ '
Figure 1 - Reed Reactor Facility Floor Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Rotating Specimen Rack Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Pn eumatic Transfer S ystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 In-Core Facili ties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 In- Pool Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Beam Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 R E A CT O R U S E R S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Reactor Visitors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Reactor Operations Seminar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Nuclear Science Consortium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 High School Student Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Pacific University Science and Technology Camp for Girls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Ponland S tate University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Pacific University Modern Physics Lab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Concordi a University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Reed Classes, The ses, and Faculty Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Industrial and Commercial Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ScalarKits................................................................................................9 R E A CTO R O PE R ATIO N S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Unplanned Reactor S hutdowns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Fuel El ement Izak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 R E A CTO R M AINT EN A N C E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 S ignificant Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 S afety Revie w s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 R A D IATIO N PR OTECTI O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Person nel Dosimetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Gaseou s Releases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Liquid Waste Releases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ,,
Solid Waste Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Environmental S amplin g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Fixed Area Dosimetry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Reed Reactor Facility Annual Report 1997-98
EX ECUTIVE SUMM A RY This report covers the period from September 1,1997 to August 31,1998. This report is intended to fulfill several purposes including the reporting requirements of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the U.S. Department of Energy, and the Oregon Department of Energy.
'Ihere were over 1400 individual visits to the Reactor Facility during the year. Most were students in classes at Reed College or area universities, colleges, and high schools. Including tours and research conducted at the facility, the Reed Reactor Facility contributed to the educational programs of seven colleges and universities in addition to nineteen pre-college groups. Most of the reactor use by non-Reed personnel was conducted under the auspices of the Nuclear Science Consortium of the Willamette Valley, supported by a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy through the Reactor-Use Sharing Program.
During the year, the reactor was operated almost 230 separate times. The total energy production was over 36 MW-hours.
The reactor staff consists of a Director, an Associate Director, a contract Health Physicist, and appmximately twenty Reed College undergraduate students as hourly employees.
All radiation exposures to individuals during this year were well below one percent of the federal limits. There were no releases ofliquid radioactive material from the facility and airbome releases were well within regulatorylimits.
The facility experienced a fuel element leak during the previous year. The leaking element was identified and removed fmm service during this year.
Reed Reactor Facility Annual Report 1997-98 Page1
INTRODUCTION The Reed College Reactor Facility has been a resource for research and educational projects in the Ponland area since its establishment in 1%8. Cooperative programs between Reed and several public and private high schools, colleges, and universities in northwestern Oregon were established in 1970. These programs, fostered by the reactor staff, are an important part of the educational picture of the region. Partial funding from Ce U.S. Department of Energy's Reactor Use Sharing Program through the Nuclear Science Consortium of the Willamette Valley enables use of the reactor by educational institutions other than Reed.
The Reed College reactor is a TRIGA Mark I reactor with zimonium hydride / uranium hydride fuel elements in a circular grid array. The uranium fuel is enriched to 19.9% in uranium-235. The reactor is at the bottom of a 25-foot-deep tank of water and is surrounded by a graphite reflector.
The Reed Reactor operates at various steady power levels. The reactor is brought up to a desired power level (up to the license ceiling of 250 kW-thermal) and is kept at that power until the experiment or irradiation is completed. This power level is usually maintained for periods ranging from a few minutes to several hours. Repeated operation over several days are possible for long-term irradiations.
The main uses of the Reed Reactor Facility are instruction and research, especially trace-element analysis. In addition to providing student research opportunities, the reactor staff works to educate the surrounding community on the principles of nuclear energy and radiation safety.
l Reed Reactor Faciliry Annual Report 1997-98 Page 2
PERSONNEL Facility Staff During the period from September 1,1997 to August 31,1998, the facility staff consisted of:
Directort Stephen Frantz (4S4-Present)
AssociateDirectort Chris Melhus (8S7 -Present)
ReactorSupervisor: Chris Melhus (SS8 -8S8)
Zoe VanHoover (8S7 -5S8)
Radiation SafetyOficer: Cindy Savage (4S3 -Present)
ContractHealth Physicist: Marshall Parrott (8N1 -Present)
SeniorReactor Operators: ReactorOperators:
Tobias Boes Jeanette Blaine Joshua Filner Jesse Bmwn Stephen Frantz Amaria George Ryan Gaffney Chds Meacham Chris Melhus Lien Ngo Greta Vanderbeek Enuni Olson Zoe VanHoover Michael Perry Patrick Reuther Ryan Richter Matt Shaw Ben Tombaugh Eric Weis Operators who held licenses during the period but who no longer have licenses:
Nate Carstens Brian Halbert Claire Jouseau All staff members were Reed College undergraduates during the repon period with the following exceptions. Mr. Frantz and Mr. Melhus are the Director and Associate Director, respectively. Mr.
Filner is the former Associate Director. Ms. Savage is the Reed Campus Safety Officer. Dr. Parrott works on contract to Reed College as Reactor Health Physicist. Nate Carstens was a student at Rex Putnam High School.
The Reed Reactor Facility has two oversight committees: the Radiation Safety Committee and the Reactor Operations Committee. The Radiation Safety Committee is concemed with emergency preparedness, health physics, radiation safety, physical security, environmental impact, and the mterface between the Reed Reactor Facility and the Reed College Campus and the surrounding Community. The Reactor Operations Committee deals with the day-to-day operations of the reactor, reactor maintenance, reactor safety, operator training, and requalification. The membership of the committees during the reponing pedod is shown below:
Reed Reactor Facility Annual Report 1997-98 Page3
l Radiation Safety Committee Voting Members:
Curt Kecdy (Chair) (Chair of Chemistry Department, Lewis and Clark College)
John Fsewing (Oregon Independent College Foundation)
Wayne Ixi (EnvironmentalDirector, Portland General Electric)
Jack Mahoney (Neighborhood Resident)
Tom Meek (Radiation Protection Manager, Trojan Nuclear Power' Plant)
Cindy Savage (Radiation Safety Officer, Reed College)
Ex Oficio:
Peter Steinberger (Dean of the Faculty, Reed College)
Stephen Frantz (Director, Reed Reactor Facility)
Chris Melhus (Associate Director, Reed Reactor Facility)
Marshall Panott (Contract Health Physicist)
Zoe VanHoover(ReactorSypervisor)
Claire Jouseau (Reactor Training Supervisor)
Reactor Operations Committee Voting Members:
Dan Gerrity (Chair) (Chemistry Faculty, Reed College)
Juliet Brosing (Physics Faculty, Pacific University)
John Essick (Physics Faculty, Reed College)
Johnny Powell (Physics Faculty, Reed College)
Josh Filner (SRO andformer Associate Director, Reed Reactor Facility)
Michael Pollock (Health & Safety Coordinator, AGRA Earth & Environmental,Inc.)
Et Oficio:
Peter Steinberger (Dean of the Faculty, Reed College)
S tephen Frantz (Director, Reed Reactor Facility)
Chris Melhus (Associate Director, Reed Reactor Facility)
Marshall Parrott (Contract Health Physicist)
Zoe VanHoover (Reactor Supervisor)
Claire Jouseau (Reactor Training Supervisor)
Reed Reactor Facility Annual Report 1997-98 Page 4
F A CILITIE S Reactor Facility Floor Plan 0 In addition to the reactor, the Reed Reactor Facility has associated space for a radiochemistry lab.
A floor plan appears as Figure 1.
The equ,ipment available at the reactor facility includes four gamma spectrometers (with high purity a germamum), surface barrier detectors, alpha spectrometers, silicon lithium X-ray detectors, a 2 whole body counter, gas flow proportional counters, ion chambers, beta counters, geiger-miiller tubes, and thermoluminescent dosimeter readers. The instruments are used for experiments in basic nuclear science and radiation detection. Hand and shoe monitors are used in the reactor bay and the lab. A liquid scintillation detector is available in the chemistry depanment and serves the campus radioisotope committee.
G l
C -
- R om Stairs up to
/ Psychology Building o=0 Sump 7 Control
- =
B Reactor Room Storagey Tank Room Z D l Radiochemistry Lab Reactor Room
.-- Break Counting 6 ' Room Room l Exit Corridor l' H
ElectricalCloset E F Letters in italics l U U """' l l indicate thepositions of 0 S 10 20 Psychology --+
RxedArea Dasimetry. Building Hallway Feet (approximate)
Restroom -
Unstairs Figure 1 - Reed Reactor Facility Floor Plan The reactor facility has several systems for performing inadiations, described below.
Rotating Specimen Rack Facility The rotating specimen rack (" lazy susan") is located in a well on top of the graphite reflector which surrounds the core. The rack consists of a circular array of 40 tubular receptacles. Each receptacle can accommodate two TRIGA-type inadiation tubes, so that up to 80 separate samples may be irradiated at any one time. Vials holding up to 17 ml (four drams) are mutinely used in this system.
Depending upon its geometry, a sample up to about 40 ml could be irradiated by joining two vials.
Samples are loaded in the specimen rack prior to the start-up of the reactor. The rack automatically rotates during irradiation to ensure each sample receives the same neutron flux. Typically, the rotating rack is used by researchers when longer irradiation times (generally greater than five Reed Reactor Facility AnnualReport 1997-98 Page 5
minutes) are required. The average thermal neutron flux in the rotating rack position is approximately 1.7 x10i2n/cm's with a cadmium ratio of 6.0 at full power.
The specimen rack can also be used for gamma irradiations when the reactor is shutdown. The shutdown dose rate in the specimen rack is approximately 3 R/ min.
Pneumatic Transfer System The pneumatic transfer system (" rabbit") consists of an irradiation chamber in the outer ring of the core with its associated pump and piping. This allows samples to be transferred in and out of the reactor core very rapidly, while the reactor is at power.
Routine use of the pneumatic transfer system involves placing samples into vials, which in tum are placed in special capsules known as " rabbits." The capsule is loaded into the system in the laboratory next to the reactor and is then transferred pneumatically into the core-irradiation position. At the end of a predetemiined time the sample is transferred back to the receiving terminal, where it is removed for measurement. The transfer time from the core to the temlinal is about seven seconds, making this method of irradiating samples particularly useful for experiments involving radioisotopes with short half-lives. The flux in the core terminal is approximately 5x10 i2 2
n/cm s when the reactor is at full power.
In-Core Facilities The central thimble, which is a water-filled irradiation chamber about 3 cm in diameter, provides 2
the highest available neutron flux, about 1x10" n/cm s. Special sample holders can be designed for the central thimble to provide maximum flexibility in experiment design.
A source holder assembly can also be used. The chamber fits into a fuel-element position within the core itself. However, it holds only one specially positioned irradiation container, containing a cavity 7.5 cm in length and 2.5 cm in diameter. Use of the chamber as an irradiation facility necessitates special arrangements.
Foil-insertion holes,0.8 cm in diameter, are drilled at various positions through the grid plates.
These holes allow inserting special holders containing flux wires into the core, to obtain neutron flux maps of the core.
In Pool Facilities Near core, in-pool irradiation facilities can be arranged for larger samples. Neutron fluxes will be lower than in the lazy susan and will depend on the sample location.
Beam Facilities The central thimble can be evacuated with gas, producing a vertical neutron beam. This beam can be used to generate directional neutron flux, or for limited irradiations above the tank. Neutron radiography is also possible. The flux above the beam exit is approximately 1x10'n/cm 2s when the reactor is at full power.
I I
Reed Reactor Facility Annual Report 1997-98 Page 6
RE ACTOR USERS Reactor Visitors A total of 1402 individuals visited the Reed Reactor Facility during the year, as derived from the visitors log - Entry List B. Individuals who visited more than once are counted for each visit.
Visitors include all individuals who are not listed as facility staff. A large percentage of these were students in classes at area universities, colleges, and high schools as discussed below. A monthly breakdown of the number of visitors is shown on Table A.
Reactor Operations Seminar i The Reed Reactor Facility conducts a annual seminar series for students from Reed and other area educational institutions. This non-credit course serves as an introduction to nuclear reactor theory,
, health physics, and reactor operation. Some of the students continue with in-depth reactor operator training and subsequently apply for a reactor operator license. If successful, the individual may be hired to operate the reactor. In addition, existing reactor operators may take the NRC senior reactor operator exam to upgrade their licenses.
During the reporting period, all eight reactor operator candidates and all five senior reactor operator candidates passed the NRC exams.
Nuclear Science Consortium In order to better use the resources of the Reed Reactor Facility, Dr. Scott and representatives of several area colleges and universities established the Nuclear Science Consonium of the Willamette Valley in 1970. Funding for the Consonium has been derived from Reactor Use Sharing Grants of the U.S. Department of Energy. This made the facility available without charge to classroom groups and unfunded research projects for consonium members.
The following institutions have panicipated in facility tours, experiments, and research projects in the reporting period.
COLLEGE TOURS Concordia University Clackamas Community College Clark College Osaka Women's University Pacific University Ponland Community College Ponland State University HIGH SCHOOL & MIDDLE SCHOOL TOURS Beaumont Middle School Century High School Elmira High School Glencoe High School Gold Beach High School Hillsboro High School Hood River High School Jesuit High School Reed Reactor Facility Annual Report 1997-98 Page 7 l
Leone Middle School Lincoln High School North Marion High School Oregon Episcopal School Rex Putnam High School Rogue River High School St. Francis Academy Westview High School WinterHaven High School Soecial Gmuns Academy of Certified Hazardous Materials Managers (ACHMM) (Professional)
Association Supporting Women in Engineering and Mathematics (ASWEM)
Russian Scientists Visiting American Colleges Saturday Academy (Pre-College)
NIEP College Preview (High School Counselors)
Test, Research, and Training Reactors (TRTR)
Many of the reactor tours include actual hands-on use of facility equipment to conduct experiments in basic radiation science, health physics, and nuclear physics. The most popular experiments for middle school students are a demonstration of the inverse square law and the absorption of mdiation by different types of material. For high school classes, a typical lab expenence would involve determining the background of a geiger-mnller scalar system and then determining the half-life of a radioactive material.
College classes are generally more closely tailored to the individual interests and needs of the Consortium faculty member involved. Experiments include more direct use of the reactor itself by the students, more detailed analysis of materials, and emphasize the incorporation of other classroom activities as much as possible.
Several special programs for gifted children used the reactor. These are designed to enrich their educational program and prepare them for college. Some of the groups who um the reactor target minority and disadvantaged youth who are historically under-represented in science professions.
High School Student Projects The Reed Reactor Facility continued to be used in independent science projects initiated by students from several Oregon high schools. Students from Elmira High School, Gold Beach High School, Lincoln High School, and Oregon Episcopal School performed special science research projects at the reactor this year.
Pacific University Science and Technology Camp for Girls The Pacific University Science and Technology Camp for Girls holds a summer camp for 7th and 8th grade girls. This camp is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The goal is to encourage the participants to continue in math and science.
Portland State University Each year the reactor provides irradiation services for the Geology Department at Ponland State University. This is usually accompanied by a tour for the students.
Reed Reactor Facility Annual Report 1997-98 Page 8
Pacific University Modern Physics Lab Each year the Modern Physics Lab at Pacific University spends two lab sessions (4-5 hours each) at the reactor. The students do several labs including basic health physics, suberitical multiplication, and neutron activation analysis.
Concordia University Two or three times each year the Environmental Remediation & Hazardous Material Management Program (ERHMM) at Concordia University visits the facility. The reactor provides training and experiments involving radiation, radioactive material, environmental sampling, and trace element analysis.
Reed Classes, Theses, and Faculty Research The Reed College Reactor Facility was used in two Reed College Classes and one senior thesis.
- The Chemistry 110 class conducted a lab using neutron activation analysis to analyze for potessium in a compound synthesized earlier in the course.
- Chemistty 315 students conducted a lab using neutron activation analysis to evaluate the pres ice ofimpurities in aluminum foil.
. Brian Haloert used the Reactor in his senior thesis " Gamma Induced Radiation Damage in DNA Using FTIR Spectroscopy". Advisor: Johnny Powell.
Industrial and Commercial Applications The Reed Reactor Facility is available for use by industrial or commercial concerns when it does not conflict with our educational goals. As in past years, the primary operations involve neutron activation analysis of materials or environmental samples. Arrangements may be made either on a time lease basis or the industry may contract for sample analysis.
This year work included attempts to find trace elements in soil samples and renting analytical equipment. The facility also provides radiation protection training to interested parties and schools in the area.
Scalar Kits Portland General Electric donated experiment kits which contained a scalar, a geiger-miiller tube, lead and plastic absorbers, and small radioactive sources. The Reed Reactor Facility has assumed maintenance of these kits and presently loans them out to local schools. If a school doesn't have the ability to visit the Reactor Facility, the kits can be sent as a viable alternative to learning about radiation and radioactive decay. Five schools used the kits this year.
Reed Reactor Facility Annual Report 1997-98 Page 9
RE ACTOR OPER ATIONS .
t Operations During the year the reactor was taken critical 228 times on 110 days. The total energy production was 36.45 MW-hr. Operations by month appear in Table A:
Table A - Operations IIistory Times Critical Days Operated MW-hrs Visitors Sep. 27 15 16.71 58 ,
Oct. 26 9 1.95 142 Nov. 32 15 2.12 183 Dec. 8 4 0.31 61 Jan. 16 11 1.24 120 Feo. 18 9 3.74 178 Mar. 23 10 0.80 77 Apr. 28 10 2.70 299 May 28 11 1.83 117 Jun. 6 3 2.34 41 Jul. 8 7 0.21 40 Aug. 8 6 2.49 86 Total 228 110 36.45 1402 Unplanned Reactor Shutdowns There were nine unplanned reactor shutdowns (scrams) during the period, as shown in Table B. All were classified as inadvertent. The number of unplanned reactor shutdowns is consistent with the historical numbers. As usual, the most reactor scrams are associated with improper operation of the Linear Power Range Switch. All but one scram were due to operator error.
Table B - Unplanned Reactor Shutdowns Date Type Cause Of Shutdown 9/3B7 Reactor Scram Reactor key not fully reset to operate position 9/4B7 Linear Power Ranged wrong direction 11/1987 Linear Power Ranged wrong direction -
1/20SS Linear Power Ranged down twice 3/3S8 Linear Power Ranged wrong direction 3/1768 Linear Power Ranged wrong direction 3/17S8 Linear Power Ranged wrong direction 5/6B8 Period Instrument noise 6/2S8 Period Operatorinattention w
Reed Reactor Facility Annual Report 1997-98 Page 10 l - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
4 Fuel Element Leak Note: this event was reported in the last annual report, but since the time of the event extended over both reporting periods, it is repeated here.
On Friday,8/22/97, the Reed Reactor experienced a fuel element leak. A month was spent locating the leaking element and then removing it from service. Presumably this is the same element which leaked momentarily in November 1991 and January 1994.
Chronology On 8/22/97 the reactor had been operating at 240 kW (96% of full power) for eight hours and the water temperature was over 30 C. These are the same conditions that existed during the two previous fuel leaks. Pool temperature is normally 15-25 C.
'Ihe staff were completing an the eight hour run with a rextor operator (trainee) who was regaining -
his Licensed Requalification status and a licensed reactor operator (RO) who holds a senior reactor operator license. The Senior Reactor Operator (SRO) of record was the facility Director. The RO - -
noticed the Air Paniculate Monitor (APM) was higher than normal. The trainee shutdown the reactor as scheduled a minute later. The RO saw that the APM continued to increase. The Gaseous Stack Monitor (GSM) was also above nonnal. The Continuous Air Monitor (CAM) which samples inside the reactor room did not show any increase. The filters for the APM and CAM were taken to the gamma spectroscopy detectors for counting. The APM filter showed clear peaks for Rubidium-89 and Cesium-138, decay products for the fission product gases Krypton-89 and Xenon-138 respectively. This is the expected indication of a fuel element leak. The CAM filter did not show much unusual activity. The leak stopped after the reactor was shut down.
The SRO and the RO started the Emergency Implementation Procedures (EIPs) and calculated the off-site dose. The release was well below all Effluent Concentration limits and the event was below any classification threshold. Estimated off site dose was five microrem. The NRC and Oregon were notified. The EIPs were completed, and plans were made for the next day.
During the next week the staff tried to identify which fuel element had leaked in accordance with SOP-91 (Looking for Leaking Fuel Elements). This procedure uses a funnel (either a large one to cover approximately sixteen elements or a small one to coverjust one) connected through a tygon tube and a peristaltic pump to a marinelli beaker. The beaker sits on top of a high purity germanium detector. Tne water then returns to the pool. There is a long delay loop inside a lead shield before the pump to allow for N-16 decay (7 second half-life). The germanium detector and multi-channel analyzer are inside the reactor room; the computer is in the control room. l The staff was unsuccessful in re-creating the leak at low powers and low pool temperatures. With the reactor at full power and high temperature, however, fission products were detected in the APM filter and the silver zeolite breathing zone filter in the reactor room. The primary (pool) water samples had krypton and xenon as expected. The was no iodine in the water, stack monitor filters, or silver zeolite filters. There were no fission products in the control room air.
The large sniffer was used in the six regions of the core that it can reach (the large sniffer can reach 90% of the element; the other six elements are located in between control rods, the rabbit, etc., and must be sniffed one at a time), but did not find any fission products in the water. Sniffing did not was not successful during the entire week.
Since it was possible to make the fuel leaked by operating the reactor for several hoto s above 40 C, and since the sniffer was not providing useful information, the staff decided to replace some of the fuel elements with new ones, and see if it produced fission products. ,
Reed Reactor Facility Annual Report 1997-98 Page 11
I On 9/2B7 three fuel elements were replaced with new stainless-steel c1 ones. Operations at high power and temperature produced fission products. On 9/8/97 four eleu.cnts were replaced and operations at high power and temperature produced fission products. On 9/IM7 five elements were replaced with elements removed the previous week Operations at high power and temperature pmduced barely perceptible traces of fission products. The APM and GSM were elevated, but consistent with long operation with very warm pool water. The conditions were similar to before the leak. It was determined that the leaking fuel element was one of the five that were not in the core during these operations.
Operations over the next week identified which of the five elements was leaking. The element was in C-8 and had been in that location since initial loading. The inspections every five years showed nothing unusual. It is a standart! aluminum clad element.
ReleaseData
~ ' ~
All releases were less than the Effluent Concentration limit. Total gaseous activity released was approximately 3.5 millicuries. The concentration in the room was appmximately one Derived Air Concentration. Neither of the concentrations were reportable or constituted a health risk. Only two operators entered the reactor room after the leak was detected and then exited the room quickly.
Operators wore disposable gloves and booties while in the reactor room. Their gloves and bootics were contaminated after entering the reactor room (short lived Rb and Cs), so a step-off pad and ,
frisking zone was established outside the reactor room. The general radiation levels in the reactor room were less than 2 mrem /hr. The radiation levels in the control mom were background. A silver zeolite breathing zone filter in the control room showed no activity other than background. In accordance with 10CFR20 the facility does not use respirators. The Director's whole body count u ',
later in the week showed only K-40 (naturally occurring).
The activity released is shown in Table C.
Table C - Fuel Element Failure Release Data Gaseous Stack Monitor Date Duration Reading Background in Room At Boundary EC-hours Total (hours) (cpm) (cpm) (uCl/ml) (uCl/ml) (u Cl-hr/ml) (uCi) 8/22/97 3 150 90 6.1 E-6 6.9 E- 9 0.36 216 8/26/97 2 300 70 2.3 E- 5 2.6E-8 0.93 552 1 200 70 1. 3 E - 5 1.5 E- 8 0.26 156 6 150 70 8.1 E-6 9.2 E- 9 0.97 576 8/27/97 5 150 70 8.1 E-6 9.2 E- 9 0.81 480 9/4/97 2 100 70 3.0E-6 3.4 E-9 0.12 72 2 125 70 5.6 E-6 6.3E-9 0.22 132 2 150 70 8.1 E-6 9.2 E- 9 0.32 192 9/9/97 3 130 70 6.1 E-6 6. 9 E-9 0.36 216 4 120 70 5.1 E-6 5.7E-9 0.40 240 '
9/22/97 4 100 70 3.0E-6 3.4 E-9 0.24 144 3 120 70 5.1 E-6 5.7 E-9 0.30 180 9/23/97 7 110 70 4.0E-6 4.6 E-9 0.57 336 Total 3492 Reed Reactor Facility Annual Report 1997-98 Page 12
RE ACTOR M AINTEN ANCE Significant Maintenance Routine equipment checks are conducted by reactor staff members on a daily, weekly, bimonthly, semiannual (January and July) and annual (January) basis as required by facility procedures. Reed College maintenance personnel assist with routine preventative maintenance to auxiliary equipment.
Significant maintenance operations which were not part of a regular schedule are listed in Table D. .
Table D - Significant Maintenance Operations Date Maintenance 10SS7 Changed Primary Filters 12/19S7 New Phone Intercom System Installed 1/27B8 Replaced Secondary Bleed loop .. . .
5/13S 8 Rabbit HEPA filter replaced 5/1468 Reactor HEPA filter replaced The phone intercom was manufactured by Bogen and has the ability to page throughout a speaker system in the facility. The secondary bleed loop needed to be replaced after an outdoor pipe had burst during the cold weather in January. The Reactor HEPA filter is the filter that reactor bay air is diverted through while in the isolation made.
Safety Reviews ,
There were six changes performed during the reporting period under the provisions of 10CFR50.59:
Primary Filter Housing Vent Valve. Added a vent valve to the primary filter housing.
Replaced the existing threaded plug and with a small ball valve in the same opening. This allows venting and filling the housing following a filter change without removing the plug.
- Continuous Air Monitor. Replaced the installed Continuous Air Monitor (CAM) with a newer model, an Eberline AMS-3. The new model is solid state, more reliable, quieter, and more efficient. The only disadvantage is that it does not have a fail-safe light. The procedures have been modified to reflect this.
- Moving Fuel Immediately After Power Operations. Changed SOP-40 to give the Director authority to move fuel earlier than three days following power operation. The new wording is: "No movement of core fuel elements shall take place within 72 hours8.333333e-4 days <br />0.02 hours <br />1.190476e-4 weeks <br />2.7396e-5 months <br /> of operations above 1 kW without specific authorization of the Director."
- Scram Circuit for Alternate Voltage Supply to Nuclear Instruments. Added a loss of voltage scram for the alternate high voltage. The alternate high voltage is used for the linear and log-n channels due to instrument noise from the original high voltage supply.
- Pneumatic Transfer System. Resume use of the pneumatic transfer system (" rabbit").
= Technical Specification Amendment. Define allowable surveillance intervals. Reduced the frequency of fuel inspection to 1/5 of core every two years; the entire core over a ten year period. Allow for use of stainless steel clad control rods. Allow for use of any gamma sensitive dose-rate meter to replace RAM when necessary (not just a portable ion chamber). Correct
" microhm" to "micromho". Remove gender-specific language. (This change has not yet been approved by the NRC).
Reed Reactor Facility Annual Report 1997-98 Page 13
R A DI ATION PROTECTION Personnel Dosimetry During the period from July 1,1997 to June 30,1998, personnel dosimeters were issued to 23 Reed students and staff and 1 contractor working at the reactor. Since dosimeters are changed on a calendar quarter schedule, this period is the closest to the reporting period. During the year 83 whole body dosimeters were issued of which 83 were below detection limit. During the year 83 ring dosimeters were issued of which 83 were below detection limit. Individuals were issued beta-gamma sensitive ring badges and a whole-body badges. The Director and Associate Director were issued beta-gamma-neutron sensitive dosimetry.
Gaseous Releases ne only routine release of gaseous radioactivity is from Ar-41 (1.83 hour9.606481e-4 days <br />0.0231 hours <br />1.372354e-4 weeks <br />3.15815e-5 months <br /> half-life) and N-16 (7.13 second half-life). These come from activation of pool water and air dissolved in the pool water. For calendar year 1997, the average gaseous activity at the site boundary was 5.87 x 10~"
uCi/ml which would deliver a dose to a member of the public at the site boundary of approximately 0.29 mrem per year, well below regulatory guidelines and constraints.
Radioactive fission product gases were released during the fuel leak and during the process of locating the leaking element as explained earlier in this report. ney are included in the numbers in the previous paragraph.
Liquid Waste Releases No liquid radimetive waste was released from the Reed Reactor Facility during this report period.
Solid Waste Disposal No solid radioactive waste was shipped from the Reed Reactor Facility during this report period.
Environmental Sampling Soil samples taken from the area surrounding the facility showed no activity above background.
Water samples taken from the facility's secondary cooling system showed no activity above background.
Fixed Area Dosimetry Radiation levels are continually monitored to provide an indication of the average radiation levels in the reactor bay and dose outside the facility. The locations of these dosimeters are shown on Figure
- 1. All are thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) designed to monitor beta and gamma radiation. In addition, locations C and E have TLDs that measure neutron dose.
The radiation Eses measured during the period beginning July 1,1997 and ending June 30,1998 are shown in'i able E. Since dosimeters are changed on a calendar quarter schedule, this period is the closest to the reporting period. There are radioactive material sample storage locations along the north wall: a radioactive source storage safe and a lead enclosed sample box where samples are placed immediately upon removal fmm the reactor.
Reed Reactor Facility Annual Report 1997-98 Page 14
Table E - Area Radiation Dosimeters (doses are in mR per calendar quarter) location hglgig 7/1-9/30 10/1-12/31 1/1-3/31 4/1-6/30 1.2121 .,
(m)
A North wall 1.5 P,Y 80 70 70 75 295 B North wall 2.5 ,Y 20 0 20 25 65 C Eastwall 1.7 P,Y 80 0 0 0 80 C East wall 1.7 neutron 0 0 0 0 0 D South wall 1.7 @,Y 15 0 0 0 15 E West wall 1.0 P,Y 0 0 0 0 0 E West wall 1.0 neutron 0 0 0 0 0 F North outside 3.0 D,Y 0 0 0 35 35 G East outside 1.5 P,Y 0 0 0 0 0 H South outside 0.2 P,Y 0 0 0 0 0 I Roofoutside 0.0 D,Y 0 0 0 0 0 4-
Appendix A Reed Reactor Visitors 1997-1998 h Institution Number Com m en ts 9/8S7 Reed Faculty 1 Tour 9/8B7 RSO 1 Tour / Inspection 9/1367 Reed Students 4 Training 9/1467 Citizens 3 Tour 9/1867 Oregon Dept. of Energy 6 Inspection 9/18S 7 Reed Student 1 Training 9/19S7 Reed Stulent 1 Training 9/23S7 Reed Students 2 Training 9/24 S 7 Reed Students 10 Training 9/25S7 NWlab Hazardous Waste Tour 20 Tour 9/25S7 Reed Student 1 Training 9/26S7 Physical Plant 1 Maintenance 9/30/97 Reed Students 7 Training 10/IS7 Reed Student 1 Training 10SB7 Citizens 2 Tour 10/6S 7 Hood River High School 30 Tour 10SS7 Pacific University 4 Thesis Projects 10B/97 Reed Student 1 Training 10SS7 University of Michigan 1 Tour 10/14 S 7 Reed Students 3 Training 10/16S 7 Nuclear Regulatory Commission 1 NRC Exam 10/17B7 Nuclear Regulatory Commission 1 NRC Exam 10/23 S 7 Terry Lash, US Department of Energy 1 Tour 10/24 S 7 Test Research and Training Reactors 12 Tour 10/28 S 7 Reed Students 5 Training 10/28 S 7 Reed Students 20 CHEM 110 10/2997 Reed Students 2 Training 10/29 S 7 Reed Students 17 CHEM 110 10/30B7 Reed Students 5 Training 10/30 S 7 Reed Students 17 CHEM 110 10/31S 7 Reed Student 1 Training 10/3197 Reed Students 18 CHEM 110 11/1S 7 North Marion High School 9 Tour 11/3 S 7 Reed Student 1 Training 11/3S 7 Reed Student 18 CHEM 110 11/4 S 7 Reed Students 2 Training 11/5S7 Pacific University, Honors Class 10 Tour ll/5S7 Reed Students 7 Training 11/6S 7 Reed Students 7 Training IISS7 Citizens 2 Tour 11/8/97 North Marion High School 5 Tour 11/8S7 Reed Student 1 Training 11/1IS7 Pacific University 3 Thesis Projects 11/1IS7 Clark College 8 Tour 11/12 S 7 Reed Students 2 Training i1/13S7 Reed College President and Guests 3 Tour 11/14S7 Reed Student Parents 40 Tour 11/14 S 7 Reed Student 1 Training 11/18S 7 Pacific University 8 Thesis Projects 11/18 S 7 Reed Students 4 Training 11/19 S 7 Reed Students 11 Training II/20S7 Reed Students 4 Training 11/20S 7 Reed Students 5 CHEM 315 11/20S 7 Pacific University 9 Tour 11/20# 7 Community Safety Officer 1 Maintenance 11/2167 Community Safety Officers 8 Training 11/21S7 Pacific University 1 Thesis Project ReedReactor Facility Annual Report 1997-98 Appendix A: Page 1 of 4
LLig Institution Number Comments 11/21 S 7 Reed Students 5 CHEM 315 11/21 S 7 Reed Students 4 Training i1/24/97 Community Safety Officers 4 Training 11/24 S 7 Civilian 1 Tour 11/25B7 Pacific University 1 Thesis Project 11/25B7 Reed Students 2 Training 12/2S7 Pacific University 2 Desis Project 12/3 S 7 Reed Students 8 Training 12/4B7 Reed Students 5 CHEM 315 12/4 S 7 Reed Students 5 Training 12/5 S 7 Pacific University 2 Thesis Project 12/5 S 7 Reed Students 6 CHEM 315 12/5S 7 Reed Student 1 Training 12/8S7 Reed Student 1 Training 12/1IS7 Ponland Fire Bureau 13 Training 12/1IS7 Portland Police Bureau 3 Training 12/12 S 7 Ponland Fue Bureau 9 Training 12/15S7 Gold Beach High School 4 Projects 12/15B7 Pacific University 1 Thesis Project 12/17B7 Nuclear Regulatory Commission 1 Inspection 12/17B7 Physical Plant 1 Maintenance 1/6B8 Pacific University 2 Thesis Projects ISS8 Pacific University 2 Thesis Projects 1/10B8 Concordia College 4 Tour 1/12/98 Reed Students 3 Training 1/1388 Reed Students 13 Training 1/14 S 8 Reed Students 18 Training 1/15S 8 Reed Students 22 Training 1/15S 8 Oregon Episcopal School 2 Project 1/16/98 Reed Students 18 Training 1/17B8 Reed Student and Parents 3 Tour 1/1988 Reed Students 3 Training 1/19S8 Reed Faculty and Guests 3 Tour 1/20S 8 Reed Students 7 Training 1/2168 Reed Students 5 Training 1/22 S 8 Reed Students 12 Training 1/23 S 8 Red Student 1 Training 1/26 S 8 Elmira High School 2 Project 1/27S 8 Reed Students 6 Training 1/2888 Reed Students 2 Training 1/30S 8 Reed Student 1 Training 2/3B8 Reed Students 11 Training 2/4S8 Physical Plant 1 Maintenance 2/4S8 5 teed Students 2 Training 2/4S8 Civilian 1 Tour 2/7B8 Reed Students 3 Trainirig 2/7B8 Concordia University 10 Tour 2SS8 Reed Students 2 Training 2/12/98 Reed Students 2 Training 2/1268 Leone Middle School 11 Tour 2/13S8 Oregon Episcopal School 2 Project 2/14S8 Civilian 1 Tour 2/16S8 Reed Students 2 Training 2/17S8 WinterHaven High School 27 Tour 2/17B8 Saturday Academy 10 Tour 2/17/98 Reed Students 5 Training 2/1888 Reed Student 1 Training 2/19S 8 Oregon Dept. of Energy 2 Inspection 2/19S8 Reed Students 3 Training 2/20S 8 Merlo Station High School 1 Project Reed Reactor Facility Annual Report 1997-98 Appendix A:Page 2 of 4
g ggg Institution Number Comments b 2/20S8 Reed Students 4 Training 2/24S8 Reed Students 11 Training 2/24/98 NIEP College Preview 19 Tour 2/25B8 Re: Putnam High School 33 Tour 2/25S8 Civilian 1 Tour 2/25S8 Reed Students 3 Training 2/26B8 Reed Students 5 Training 2/27B8 Reed Students 1 Training 2/2768 Pacific University 1 Tour 3/388 Reed Students 2 Training 3/3S8 Saturday Academy 8 Tour 3/5S8 Pacific University 7 Tour 3/6S8 Reed Student i Training 3/6S8 Assoc. Supporting Women in Engineering and Math. 12 Tour 3/10S 8 Reed Alumni 2 Tour 3/1168 Reed Student 1 Training 3/17B8 Sabin News Network '2 Tour / Interview 3/17B8 AAAIndoor Air Quality 1 Maintenance 3/17B8 Reed Students 3 Training 3/19S7 Reed Students 2 Training 3/2168 University of California at Santa Cruz 1 Tour 3/25S8 Civilians 5 Tour 3/31/98 Oregon EpiscopalSchool 25 Tour 3/3168 Reed Students 4 Training ..
4/3S8 Russian Scientists 10 Tour 4/8S8 Rogue River High School 10 Tour 4/888 Reed Students 4 Training 4SB8 Portland State University 1 Project 4SB8 Reed Student 1 Training 4/10S 8 Reed Admissions Office 1 Tour 4/15S8 Lincoln High School 20 Tour 4/15B8 Pacific University 1 Thesis Project 4/15S8 Civilians 2 Tour 4/16S8 Lincoln High School 24 Tour 4/16S8 Portland State University 1 Project 4/16/98 Reed Students 3 Training 4/17/98 Westview High School 21 Tour 4/17/98 Reed Students 3 Training 4/17S8 Accepted Reed Students 21 Tour 4/1768 Pacific University 2 7hesis Project 4/20B8 High School Counselors 39 Tour '
4/20/98 Reed Student 1 Training 4/20/98 Accepted Reed Students 16 Tour 4/2168 Reed Students 3 Training 4/22 S 8 Reed Students 2 Training 4/22/98 Pacific University 15 Tour 4/23 S 8 Bring Your Child to Work Day 28 Tour ,
4/23/98 Reed Student 1 Training 4/24/98 Accepted Reed Students 26 Tour 4/24B8 Reed Student 1 Training 4/25/98 Reed Students 2 Training 4/2768 Accepted Reed Students 23 Tour 4/27S 8 Reed Student 1 Training 4/28/98 Civilian 1 Tour 4/28/98 Reed Students 7 Training 4/29 S 8 Civilian 2 Tour 4/30/98 Portland State University 1 Project 4/30/98 Reed Students 2 Training 5/3S8 Reed Student 1 Training 5/4/98 Reed Students 5 Training Reed Recctor Facility Annual Report 1997-98 Appendix A: Page 3 of 4
paig Institution Number Comments l 5/5S8 Physical Plant 1 Maintenance 5/5S8 Reed Students 4 Training 5/6S8 Nuclear Regulatory Commission 5 NRC Exams 5/6S8 Reed Students 3 NRC Exams SSS8 Nuclear Regulatory Commission 4 NRC Exams 5/7S8 Reed Students 5 NRC Exams ,
5/8S8 Portland State Univerrity 1 Project 5/8S8 Portland State University 8 Tour 5/8B8 Reed Student 1 Training 5/1IS8 Reed Student 1 Training 5/13S8 AAA Indoor AirQuality 3 Training 3/lf,S8 Civilians 5 Tour 5/19S8 Portland Community College 8 Tour 5/19S8 Reed Faculty and Guests 4 Tour 5/20S 8 Portland Comrnunity College 18 Tour 5/21 S 8 Portland Community College 13 Tour 5/21S 8 Portland State University 1 Project 3/2288 St. Francis Academy 11 Tour 5/22S8 Portland Community College 15 Tour 5/27S 8 Oregon Episcopal School 1 Project 5/27B8 Reed Student 1 Training 5/29S8 Civilian 1 Tour 6/288 Portland Community College 15 Tour 6/3/98 Clackamas Community College 10 6/3S8 Oregon Episcopal School 1 Project 6/10S 8 Jesuit High School 1 Project 6/1IS8 Jesuit High School 1 Project 6/1168 Civilians 2 Tour 6/12S8 Jesuit High School 1 Project
! Jesuit High School Project 6/15S8 1 ',
6/18S 8 Neighborhood citizens 3 Tour 6/22B8 Oregon Episcopal School 1 Project 6/23 S 8 Oregon Episcopal School 2 Project 6/23 S 8 Reed Student 1 Training 6/23 S 8 Civilian 1 Tour 6/29 S 8 Oregon Episcopal School 1 Pmject 6/30S 8 Oregon Episcopal School 1 Project 6/30S8 Noise Consultant 1 Advising 6/30S8 Reed Radiation Safety Officer 1 Advising ,.
7/IS8 Oregon Episcopal School 1 Project 7/6S8 Summer Science Camp for Girls 31 Tour 7/6S8 Community Safety Director 1 Tour 7/28/98 Osaka Women's U. 5 Tour 7/31S 8 Civilians 2 Tour 8/4S8 Civilians 2 Tour 8/5S8 Civilians 4 Tour 8/6S8 Civilians 1 Tour 8/768 Civilians 5 Tour 8/8S8 Civilians 1 Tour 8/12B8 Civilians 2 Tour 8/13S8 Clackamas Community College 11 Tour 8/20 S 8 Watermetrics 1 Maintenance 8/25 S 8 Reed Student Parents 44 Tour 8/26/98 Civilians 2 Tour 3/27B8 Reed Students 12 Tour 8/27S8 Civilian 1 Tour 8/3168 Portland State University 2 Project ReedReactor Facility AnnualReport 1997-98 Appendix A:Page 4 of 4
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