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Affidavit of J Bryers Re Contention IV, Blockage of Coolant Flow to Safety-Related Sys & Components by Buildup of Biological Organisms. Supporting Info Encl
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Issue date:	02/29/1988
From:	Bryers J; DUKE UNIV., DURHAM, NC
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{{#Wiki_filter:.. UNITED STATES NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION BEFORE THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING BOARD ) In the Matter of ) ) Public Service Company of ) New Hampshire, et al. ). D?cket No. 50-443 OL-1 ) '(Seabrook Station, Units l'& 2) ) ONSITE EMERGENCY ) PLANNING & TECHNICAL ) ISSUES ) AFFIDAVIT OF DR. JAMES BRYERS I, James Bryers, being on oath, depose and say as follows: 1. I am a Professor in the Center for Biochemical Engineering at Duke University. My curriculum vitae, which describes my academic and professional experience, publications, and research, is attached hereto as Exhibit B. 2. My area of expertise in the field of chemical engineering is in the physical, chemical and biological processes governing biofilm formation, and the detrimental effects of these biofilms in engineered systems, including nuclear power plant heat-exchangers. 3. I have reviewed the text and bases of Contention Iv', "Blockage of Coolant Flow to Safety-Related Systems and Com-ponents by Buildup of Biologica), Organisms," sponsored by New England Coalition on Nuclear Pollution ("NECNP") in the above-captioned proceeding. It is my opinion that, whila Contention -IV's identification of the problem as "the accumulation of mol-lusks and other aquatic organisms in reactor cooling systems" does not specifically identify any particular type or detrimental 8903090172 800301 PDR ADOCK 05000443 0 PDR i ,yy = - - - p-s - ~ m

'o. effect of fouling, it broadly identifies the process of fouling. 4. The term "fouling" refers to the formation of inorganic and/or organic deposits on surfaces, and includes that form of fouling caused by the attachment or macro-organisms and particulate matter on pipe-liquid interfaces, and corrosion foul-ing, resulting from the interaction of biological organisms.and biofilms or slime layers on surfaces. "Microbiologically induced corrosion," also referred to as "microbiologically mediated cor-1 rosion," is one detrimental effect of fouling, which can be-caused by the interaction between aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and biofilms in pipe-liquid interfaces. 5. It is my opinion that, because the identification of the issue in NECNP Contention IV broadly identifies the process that causes "fouling" and "corrosion," microbiologically induced f corrosion is within the scope of this contention. 6. "Biofouling" refers to fouling that results from the development of a biofilm consisting of of microorganims and their products (microbial fouling), the deposition and growth of macro-organisms such as barnacles (macrobial fouling), and the accumulation cf assorted detritus. Biofouling can be very extensive, even with very minute levels of biofilm. Similarly, flow o't heat inef ficiencies can occur even with minute coverage of fouling organisms on surfaces. 7. There are several detrimental effects of biofouling in hea*-exchange systems. One effect is blockage of cooling sys-t tems, and subsequent impairment of the system's heat transfer i

. *~ \\ 3-capabilities. Blockage can be caused by the accumulation of macro-organisms (mussels, barnacles). Another detrimental effect of fouling is contriction and/or mechanical deterioration of the operating characteristics of valves and pumps, which is caused by the accumulation of a biofilm or "slime" on pipe-liquid inter-faces.. Another detrimental effect of fouling is fluid fric-tional resistance, whereby fluid as pumped ineffeciently through pipes. Finally, corrosion and degradation of pipes and heat-exchange systems, as a result of the accumulation of micro-organisms (microbial fouling) on surfaces. 8. The identification of microbiological 1y induced corro-sion can be seen in Contention IV's use of two words - "aquatic organisms," and "accumulation." The term "aquatic organisms" refers both-to macro-organism such as mussels, clams, and other bivalves and bivalve larvae, and micro-organisms, including aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. "Accumulation" is used in the bio-chemistry field to refer to the accumulation of biofilms on heat-exchange systems, which are the result of aerobic or anaerobic bacteria depositions, as well as the accumulation of macroorganisms. Egg Bryers, J.D., Characklis, W.G.,

Zelver, N.,

and Nimmons, M.G., "Microbial Film Development and Associated Energy Losses," at 12.14-1, Paper No. 12-15 presented at the Proc. 6th OTEC Conference, "Ocean Thermal Energy for the '80's," Washington, D.C., June 19-20, 1979. This detrimental biofilm or slime can ultimately interacts with bacteria to cause corrosion of heat-exchangers. Thus, "the accumulation of aquatic

s

-4 organisms" refers equally to-the accumulation of microorganisms and the formation of bioflims, as well as the accumulation of macroorganisms. 9. The problem of corrosion in engineered systems caused by the interaction between microorganisms and biofilms on pipe-liquid surfaces is not a new one. As early as 1977, the cor-rosive effects associated with microbial fouling and biofilm formation have been the subject of studies by the scientific com-munity, and have been identified as a detrimental effect of "biofouling." Egg Norman, G., Characklis, W.G., and Bryers, I J.D., "Control of Microbial Fouling in Circular Tubes with Chlorine," 18 Development in Industrial Microbioloov, pp. 581-590 (1977), attached as Exhibit E, and studies cited above. 10. Fouling by macro-organisms, such as barnacles and mus-sels, should not be thought of as independent of microbial foul-ing. Microbial fouling often precedes colonization of heat-exchanger surfaces by macro-organisms, since the microbiological organisms which cause the corrosion are a food source for bivalves, permitting and enceuraging their settlement and colonization, and the sedimentation caused by and causing micro-biologically induced corrosion enables mussels and oysters to attach more firmly to piping surfaces. Therefore, control of microbial fouling results in control of macrobial fouling. Con-versely, controlling macro-fouling will not necessarylly control microbial fouling or microbiologically induced corrosion. ERS Characklis, W.G., "Bioengineering Report -- Fouling Biofilm l

i.~g 5-Development: A Process Analysis," Biotechnoloav and Bioenaineer-ing, Vol. XIII, pp. 1923-1960 (John Wily & Sons, Inc. 1980), ' attached as Exhibit ~D. ~ % r. James D. Ifryers Subscribe nd sworra before me this b9_ ay of February, 1988. O) !o~-A a \\AA AwM Notary Pub 1:.d j M. Commission Erpires April 30, 1972 7 6 I i

e* s n, Ex.B October, 1967 ~ C L'nn 1 C U LUM VITAE-JAMES D. BRYERS -Associate Professor Center for-Biochemical. Engineering. Duke University Durham, North Carolina 27706 USA (919)-684-2434 Telex DUKETELCOM DURM 802829 Born: 19 January, 1951 Houston, Texas Married:- Christine A. Morgan, 2 sons (Morgan T. and Andrew J.) Home Address: 2915 Triendship Road, Durhan, NC 27705 Home Telephone: (919)-489-9885 EDUCATION Ph.D. Chemical Engineering, Rice-University, 1980. Dynamics of Early Biofilm Formation in a Turbulent Flow System. Ph.D. Dissertation. M.Sc. -Chemical Engineering, University of Idaho, 1976.- The Effects of Chain Transfer on Molecular Weight Distributions in on Emulsion Polymerization, M.Sc. Thesis B.Sc. Chemical Engineering. University of Houston, Graduation with Honore, 1974 PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE A. Teaching and Research Associate Professor. School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC (April, 1985 - Now). Research Scientist (Mitarbeiter), Abteilung Technische Biologie. Institut fur Biotechnologie und die EidgenBssische Anstalt fur Wasserversorgung, Abwasserreinigung und Gewssserschutz (EAWAC). EidgenBasische Technische Hochschulen (ETE), Zurich Switzerland (May,1980 - May,1985). Research Fellow, Departments of Chemical Engineering and Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (August.1979 - August, 1980).

I E, - 4 pg.2 B. Consulting Oregon Graduate Center. Beaverton, OR - 1986 BIORESPONSE. Inc., llaywood, CA - 1986 Cetus Corporation. Emeryville, CA 1986 Nestle' -Corporation. Yevey, Switzerland 1985 Shell Exploration _& Production, Aberdeen, Scotland - 1985- ~ Ciba-Geigy, Bern, Switzerland 1983-1985 -Shell Oil Company, Westhollow Research Center. Houston, Tx 1981 Institute of Paper Chemistry, _Appleton, WI 1980. British Petroleum, London, England - 1980-1981 Shell Oil Company, Calgary. Alta, CAN 1980 Mobil Oil Company, Edmonton, Alta. CAN - 1980 C. Directed Thesis Research Microbiological events in aerobic / anaerobic fouling biofilms, Ph.D. research of W.F. McCoy, Department of Biology, University of Calgary, _ Calgary, Alta, CAN - 1982. Transport of groundwater pollutants during peak flood events in the Glatt River, Kanton Zurich, M.Sc. Thesis, EAWAG, 1982. ~ Particulate Effects on the anaerobic production of methane, Th.D. research of J. Berger, EAWAG 1983. Use of dynamic tracer methods to evaluate performance of biombss support particles in wastewater treatment systems, M.Sc. research project. EAWAG, 1983. Mass _ transport within biofilms, Ph.D. research of H.

Siegrist, EAWAG, 1985.

Death, Lysis, and Cryptic Growth in Hierobial Cultures, Ph.D. research of C.A. Mason, EAWAG/ETH, 1986. JOURKAL EDITORSHIP Regional Editor, BIDFOULING, Gordon & Breach Science Publ., Beginning 1987 until 1990. i PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES American Institute of Chemical Engineers Society of Industrial Hierobiologists i American Chemical Society - Microbial and Biochemical Technology AWARDS, HONORS, SCHOLARSHIPS Charles P. Schaufus Fellowrhip from the Parenteral Drug l Association and the M1111 pore Corporation for research on cell recycle in fermentation systems, Nov. 1985. Award value: $30'000.

s , - 7.., -s ~ ;< , PUBLICATIONS A. Articles in Refereed Journals Bryers, J. D., Biologically Active Surfaces:. Processes Governing the Formation and Persistence of Biofilms, Biotecheiol'. Proc., 2 (2): 57-68, 1987. ~

Bryers, J.

D. and Mason, C.. A. Biopolymer Particulate Turnover in Biological W ste Treatment Systems: a Review Bloorocess Encineerina, i: 95-109, 1987.

Mason, C.

A.,

Hamer, G.,

and Bryers, J.- D., The Death and Lysis of Microorganisms in Environmental Processes, FEMS Microbioloalcal Reviews, 22: 373-401, 1986.

Mason, C.

A., Bryers, J. D., and

Hamer, G.,

Activity, Death and Lysis during Microbial Growth in a chemostat. Chemical Enaineerina Communications, 11: 163-176, 1986.

Bryers, J.

D., Stability Analysis of a Binary Culture Chemostat Experiencing Biofilm Formation, Biocrocess Enaineerina, 1, 3-11, 1986.

Hamer, G.,

Bryers, J. D., and Berger, J. Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion for Sewage Sludge Digestion, ACTA.' BIOTECHNOL., 1 213-222, 1985. Bryers, J. D. A Structured Model of the Anaerobic Digestion of Biomass Particulates. Biotechnoloav RDd Bioencineerina, 27f5): 638-649, 1985. Bryers, J. D. Biofilm Formation and Chemostat Dynamics: Pure and Mixed Culture Considerations, Biotechnoloav RDd Bioencineerina, 26f8): 948-958, 1984. Bryers, J. D. and Characklis, W. G. Processes Governing Early Biofilm Formation. Riotechnology and Bioenuineerina, li (11): 2451-2476, 1982. Characklis, W. G., Trulear, M. G., Bryors, J. D., and Zelver, N. Dynamics of Biofilm Processes: Methods. Water Research, 16(7): 1207-1216, 1982. McCoy, W. F., Bryers, J. D.,

Robbins, J.,

and Costerton, J. W. Observations of Fouling Biofilm Formation. Canadian 12 Microbioloav, 27(9): 910-917, 1981. Bryers, J. D. and Characklis, W. G. Early Fouling Biofilm Formation in a Turbulent Flow System: Overall Kinetics. Water Research, 15(4): 483-491, 1981.

B. Other Professional Publications

Bryers, J.

D. A Structured Model of Hansenula polymoroha Diauxic Growth in Continuous Culture, Proceedinas 1987 ASME Winter

Meeting, Bioprocessing Colloquium,

Boston, MA.

December, 1987.

Bryers, J.

D. Effects of Cell Recycle on Cell Viability and Metabolism, Proceedinos 1987 ASME Winter

Meeting, Bioprocessing Colloquium, Boston, MA.

December, 1987.

Banks, M.

K. and Bryers, J. D. Biopolymeric Particulate Turnover in Biofilm Systems, Proceedinos A.I.Ch.E. 1987 Annual Meeting - Colloidal Phenomena in Biofilm Systems, York, NY,; November, 1987. New

Mason, C.

A., Bryers, J. D., and Hamer, G. Mikrobielles Wachstum in Chemostaten: Wachstum'inkorporierendes Modell, 3.Ein Tod, Lyse und kryptisches Dechema Proc.. Jahrestagung der Biotechnologen, Frankfurt, BRD. 1985,

Bryers, J..D.,

Hamer, G. and Moo-Young, M.

(Eds.). i Third International Waste Treatment and Utilization Symposium. Conservation and Recycling, a (1/2), 1985.

Hamer, G.

and Bryers, J. D., "Aerobic thermophilic f sludge treatment: some biotechnological concepts," Proceedinos Third International Waste Treatment Symposium, Conservation RDd Reeveling, 1, (1/2, 1985). Bryers, J. D., Berger, J. and Hamer, G. Interpretation of Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion Experiments Using a Dynamic Structural Model. Proceedings, Third International Waste Treatment and Utilization Symposium - IWTUS3. F.esources and Reevelino 1 (1/2), Pergamon, 1985. Bryers, J. D., Characklis, W. G.,

Zelver, N.,

and Nimmons, M. J. Biofouling Film Development and Associated Energy Losses, Proceedinos, 6th OTEC Conference, G. L. Dugger (Ed.), Washington, D. C., 1979. Bryers, J. D. and Characklis, W. G. Simulation of Microbial Film Growth. The Mathematical Proceedinas 97th Annual AWWA Conference, Anaheim, CA, 1977.

Norrmann, G.,

Characklis, W. G., and Bryers, J. D. The Control of Microbial Films in Circular Tubes with Chlorine, Developments in Microbioloav, la, Chapter 48, 1977.

e t i j i I ~ C. Contributions to Books s 'Charack11s,.W. G.:and'Bryers, J. D.- Bicfilms in Wastewater Treatment,: Chapter 17,' in BIOFILMS, W.'G.ECharacklis'and-X. C. Marshall. (Eds.), John Wiley,, 'l (in press). f Bryers, J. D.'and Characklis, W. G. Biofilms in-Biotechnology, Chapter 19. lH: BIOFILMS,- W. G. Characklis and K. C. Marshall.- (Eds.)-John Wiley Publication'(in press). Bryers, J. D.- Mathematical Models of Bacterial' Attachment-and Subsequent Biofilm Formation. IH: Mathematical Models in _ Microbial Physiology, Michael-Bazin- (ed) CRC Review Series, Boca Raton, FL. (in press). - Bryers _J. D. and Hamer, G.' Use of Artificially Captured Microor,ganisms in Water Purification. Chapter -IH: Methods in Enzymoloav Series; Enzyme and Whole Cell Technology. K. Mosbach (Vol. Ed) Academic Press, Inc., New York. (in press). I-Bryers, J. D. Application of Ca Biological Treatment Processes. ptured Cell Systems to Chapter 2 in Bioenvironmental Systems. Vol. 12, D. L. Wise (Ed) CRC Review Series, Boca Raton, FL. (1987). Bryers, J. D. and R. L. Irvine. Structured Modelling of t i Biological Treatment Processes. Chapter 6 in Bioenvironmental Systems. Vol. II, D. L. Wise (Ed) CRC Review Series, Boca Raton, FL. (1987). Irvine, R. L. and Bryers, J. D. Stoichiometry and Kinetics of. Biological Treatment Processes. IH: Comprehensive Biotechnology, volume IV - Principles of Biotechnology: Engineering Considerations, M. Moo-Young, [ C. L. Cooney, and A. E. Humphrey, Chapter 41, pp 757-772, (Eds.), Pergamon Press, London (1986). t Bryers, J. D. Biofilm Formation and Its Consequences. L Group Two Report. IH: Microbial Adhesion and Its j Consequencen. K. C. Marshall (Ed.) Dahlem Konferenzen. ' Berlin, West Germany. January, 1984. { Bryers, J. D. Processes Contributing to Biofilm Formation: A Review. Fixed Film Biological Processes,Proceedinas First International Conference Y. C. Wu at AI (Eds.), Kings ) Island, OH, pp. 155-183, 1982. t i f ..-,.r. ___._,---..__.,.m

Characklis,_W. G., Bryers, J. D., Trulear, M. G., and Zelver, N. Biofouling Film Development and Its Effects on Energy Losses: A Laboratory Study, in Chapter 5, Condenser Biofoulina Control, J. F. Garey (Ed) Ann Arbor Science, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 49-76, 1980. Bryers, J. D. and Characklis, W. G. Measurement of Primary Biofilm Formation, in Chapter 11, Condenser Biofouling Control J. F. Garey (Ed) Ann Arbor Science,.Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 169-183, 1980. Bryers, J. D. and Characklis, W. G. Kinetics of Primary Biofilm Formation within a Turbulent Flow System, in Fouling 21 Heat Transfer Eouipment, E.F.C. Somerscales and J. G. Knudsen (Eds.), Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, Washington, D. C., pp. 313-333, 1981. D. Invited Seminar / Conference Speaker: "Biotechnology in Environmental Engineering - Introduction" and "Fate of Genetically Engineered Mciroorganisms in Natural and Envineered Systems," Invited Lecture, American Environmental Engineering Professors (AEEP) Workshop, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, October 1987. "Modelling of Biological Wastewater Treatment," an IAWPRC Specialized Seminar, August 28-30, 1985. Copenhagen, Denmark. Session Chairman on Basic Kinetics. "Microbial Adhesion and Its Consequences," Dahlem conference Scheduled January, 1984, Berlin, invited guest speaker. "First International Conference on Fixed Film Biological Processes," invited Session Chairman on Fundamental Biofilm Processes, Kings Island, Ohio, April, 1982. "First International Conference on Fouling of Heat Transfer Equipment," session Co-chairman on Biofouling, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 1979. (

b ic ' e-- e RESEARCH'FROJECTS AND ACQUIRED FUNDING AMOUNT 'DATE INSTITtlTION PROJECT TITLE FUNDING SOURCE (in US $L) 1978 Rice Equipment Sigma Xi-l'000. -University, Grant-Ph.D Research flou s t on, TX Research Society Supplement 1979 , University Anaerobic Province of 150'000, to of Calgary, Biofilm Alberta, Dept. -1981

Calgary, Formation in of Natural Alberta,CAN Secondary 011 Resource's &

Recovery Energy Systems 1981 Swiss ~ Hixed Culture Swiss National 200'000. to Federal Biofilm Devel-Science Funds. 1983 Institute. opeent: Carbon Water Quality for-Water Oxidation and Division Resources Nitrification & Water (Co-investigator: Pollution W. Gujer). ' Control,EAWAC, DUbendorf, Switzerland 1983

EARAG, Thermophilic Swiss National 180'000.

to Dubendorf, Anaerobic & Science Fund, 1985 Svitzerland Aerobic Diges-Refuse & Recycle tion of Sludge Division (Co-Investi-gator:G. Hamer) 1985

EAWAG, Physiology of Swiss National 150'000, to Dubendorf.

Transient Science Funds, '1987 Switzerland Conditions in Microbiology Microbial Division Cultures 1985 Duke Research School of 15'000. University Initiation Engineering Durham, NC Grant c o n t i n u e d 1

e 1985 Duke Research Graduate School 12'000, l' n i v e r s i t y Equipment and the Richard Grant 1.cach Research Endovment 1985 Duke Research Acadenic Research 5'000. Univerni'y Equipment Council. Duke Grant University 1985 Duke Research Nill Biomedical 50'000, to University Development Research Grant 1986 Grant 1985 Duke Biofilm Parenteral Drug 30'000, to University Formetion Association & 1986 within Cell Millipore Corp. Recycle C.P. Schaufus Award Fermentation Systems 1986 Duke Biochemical North Carolina 406'000. University Engineering Biotechnology Research Center Laboratory Development (Co-investigator: H. Clark) 1986 Duke Enhanced Enzyme North Carolina 15'000, to Uni.versity Productivity Biotechnology 1987 via substrate Center Compositional Transients 1987 Duke 1987 Triangle North Carolins 5'700. University University Liotechnology Conference: Center and the Biotechnology liillipore Corp. Applied to the Environment 1987 Duke Research Equip-National Science 29'450. University ment Grant: Foundation Liquid Scintil-lation Counter c o n t i n u e d e.. r 1987 Duke rate of Biopoly- !:erth Carolina 16'500. University reric Particles Dietechnology in an Aerobic Center Biofilm System 1987 Duke Effects of Exo-Duke University 5'000. University Polysaccharide Research Council Production on Biofilm-Beund Bacterial tieta-bolism 1987-Duke Enhanced Enzyme !?SF-Biochemical 210'000. 1990 University Productivity in & Biomass Engrg. }!icrocrganisms CBT-8711612 Experiencing Prolonged Sys-tem Trancients 1987 Duke k'o r k s h o p on the North Carolina 15'000. University Commercializa-Biotechnology tien of Cellu-Technology lar Adhesion 6 (ll. S m i t h-C o P I ) Biofilm Processes Total (as of Sept.1987) $ l'495'650. - 3

MICROlll AL FILM DEVELOPMENT 'AND ASSOCIATED ENERGY LOSSES I . ). D.' Bryers**, W. G. Oiaracklis*, N. 2civeri, and M. G. Nimm:nsi Enthonmental Science and Engineering Dept. . George R. Ihoten School ofEngineering ()(,0 Rice University Houston, Texai 77001 Abstract . Microbial fouling in power plant condensers in-The Probles ' creases heat transfer and fluid frictional resis-tence resulting in energy losses. Blof ouling con-The cost coeeon eethod for controlling the f oul-trol is generally by chlorine addition creating po-ing biofilm development and maintaining condenser tantial toxicity problema in receiving waters. ' A perfornance_ is periodic chlorination. Howevet. con _ better understanding of biofouling film development cern over residual toxicity from hypochlorous acid tnd destruction (i.e., stoichiometry and kinetics) or its reaction products has resulted in federal is necessary to maintain effluent water quality regulations which linit the allevable concentrations while ministaing biofouling effects, of free available chlorine in cooling vater dis-charges. At the present time, there is no sound ba-This paper reviews research progress in the fol-sis for assessing the impact of the regulattens. loving areas This investigation stems frem the apparent need 1. Development of various sensitive biofits de-for a more basic understanding of fouling biofilm tection methods f or monitoring the extent of bio-develepoent and fouling biofilm destruction, fouling. Froject objectives included the following: 2. Determination of effects of *certain variables - 1. Develop a better understanding of fouling bio-en the kineties and stoichiometry of biofilm accumu-I'"I'"' fila development, with particular emphasis on the effects of fluid flow rate, bulk veter teeperature, 3. Correlatien of biofilm de.velopment to in-voll surface temperature and limiting nutrient con-untratten, creases in both heat transfer and fluid f rictional essistance. 2. Determine the effectiveness of f ouling bio-film destruction by chealcal oxidants, primarily 4. Deterutnatten of the effects of chlorine ar-chlorine. plications on established biofilms. 3. Develop a practical, reliable, sufficiently sensitive device for monitoring biofouling and for Introduction effectively operating and controlling biofouling de-struction processes at operating power plants. The ters fouling refers to the formation el inor-ginic and/or organic deposits on surfaces. In cool. I.aboratory experiments and a limited number cf ing systems, these deposita form on condenser tube field tests were conducted with two reactor config-v:11s increasing fluid frictional resistance, accel. urations: Crating corrosion and impairing heat transfer. Four 1. a tubular reactor types of fouling, alone or in combinations, may occurs 2. an annular reactor consisting of a stationary I " "

1.

crystalline fouling caused by precipitation of CsCO), CaSO4 or silicates The tubular reactor geometry and its turbulent 2. corrosion fouling resulting frem foreation of flow regime are identical to those existing in cool-insulating layers of setal oxides on the tubes ing water condensers. 1he annular reactor was test-3. fouling due to adherence of particulate mat-ter on tube surfaces tive to fouling and is easy to operate and saintain, The annular reactor has the potential of being used 4. biological fouling resulting from attachment in a sidestreas fems the cooling water supply to esd f,rowth of microbial organisms continuously monitor biofouling for control of the addition of oxidant. Biofouling in the experimental this investigation was restricted to the study of reactnts was ressured by observing changes in the biological fouling, following parameters: 1. bicilla thickness 2. attached biomass 3. flaid frictional resistance 4 heat transfer resistance 8Frof essor. Invironmental Science and Enginee rinc Dept., Itice University. M essen in Toulint Biofilm Deve torment ee t,tCraduate Assistant, f.nvironmental science hierobial fouling is the com.binew result of shys-and Ent,ineering Dept., R. ice University. 12.15-1 h OIK & MA*

c4',

U G., UAW Y hM4 n&h U 'bb A pr Ne ad

O, Et o o lil()EN(;INEEltlN(; it El'()lt T O Fouling Iliofilm I)evelopment: A l'rocess Analy sis % (; Cll A H \\t 'k l.IN. ( < >lli er of f n esm < o tn e \\fontum: \\ tan i nn er un flo:a man. \\lontann Wl7 Suminary Hn.fism te s elorme n. e u"tat e n lhe nct is ! et of st s g r al phi u al t hemh al and mK f obia) i # o e ses in ludir:p the follow ing s from the bulk thud io the suif ase. 21 fir m nut roiul11 ti an s po:1. if dew. *h ed.md par hc ulate manct s t ell at' n brnent to the surfas e 11 nut rohal hansforrnahons (prov th re produo uon ett dut tion of otranic m.orer. di p.iroel detas hment of the beofrem due primarsh to n di e ilhin the biofHm remlung in ruo-streu lhn returt presenn a framew oil foi anal) ang the interrelated pnw cues ( ue < hear in Notum des elopment ihat the eclaine proteu raies can be comparedsorne of the as.olable rec and comrvuoon data.oc ' iribu'mg oicJ so lNIROUVCTION O w mm ionhoy,ererao ihe undesoabic mimmion ei mo,gmnic.md or orgaruc deposits on surfaces lhese deposits can impede the < lou of heat across the suriace. incicase the lluid fuchonal resntance at surface, and mcrease the rate of corrosion at the surfate the energ) losses result. in any case. Ses eral l> pes of fouhng and their combinations ma) exchangere 11 cry stalline or precipitalion fouhng. 21 corrosion fouhng. occur in heat .h particulate fouhng. 4l chemical reaction fouhng. and 5) biological loub ing or biofouhng Biological fouhng results from al des elopment of a biofilm consistmp of microorgankms and their pieducts inucrobial foul-ing). bl deposition and grow th of macroorganisms such as barnacles Imacrobial fouhngl. and c) assoited detntut Although many dif ferent macroorgannms such as b.unacles and mussels has e been identitled in fouhng communities. this report uill concentrate on microbial fouhng on the contiosersial piemise that it aiway s precedes colonization of the su face by macroorganismt Consequently. control of imcrobial fouhng re-r- suits in control of macrobial fouhng. Des elopment of a sy stematic under stanchne of biofouling from field obses s ahons h.n Feen hmned because of the interaction of ses er.il con-B u eshnotors and a,ne nc,ncenng sl x xiii Pr le t-swea s twii o e tws t John M iles A Yns i n.: ( ( ( in s ie. T s ? t i ime l C 1 uisoi kn v -.-._c

C# ?4 ( 'll A k All;t.84 Itg st_NGINI l HING Hl.11 pM I 1-4 Ilfl ING 11108 II.fLI I)lNI.f.t tt*118.N I' s y.* s TAllt.E I TAlli F' I de unJmed /r.=s s.rrra =* s.acr3 pfess e Rulesaute +4 fle.ddun.we Varesaus Hase Procewes I.!!~~I)mers pramhseed by the miootn[*anison aantribute~~

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spiems. Ctanges anur to the biofilm deposit and gwomote adherene of inorganie suspended mu yo,Jir m.hund uon solids. m; Fluid shear stress at the surface of thefilnu. Such fierces can limit the ,p,cm q th hkn famaimm on teeth. Demal hcJth overall ettent of the fi>uling depinit by reentraining attached materi.il. ra m Jr~*=4rda.e~r~~J g .\\mbu e naascrialand ranryhnen. Susface pumpersio cuss int 1uena nu,- _== cromhing near the unface and corrosion e.socesso. Some metal surfaces i ts:Ahenens of nucrobul flunun hedih may release fotic annponents ento the bsoliists snhstsiting gsouth and/or g a 4 _un
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tv4e C31.c 4CKg.3s litCINGIN1.CING CI:tUKT: 9 OUI.ING 4titOlt.11 f)lWl.:All*Sil.N r 1941 TAftl.E Ill TAllt.E V Vow.ict.e esc IV ycriers 64 lim 4lm lieveksped at CI'c8'a al IT**pemes.4 findian (3tweencJ s' no I uteJ %utacs r 4881' 4 e i lumi % car % rew 4 0 Lt vasi t.l.acene Esrcrienceg Eat'cweve Frisional lowes aMcf. 66 h, t.r e th.1.anutent and Was ApplacJ.d A.2 mr g,ge,,,g, f ne nun s Net. *s 19 2tl 20 Il f I as ess.weges m.idates 59.3 Nrm. 8 Vew..en ekwss m.nJeehas 182 N,m W.eser s7 m33.. vis 99 Venlaide fractumn 2.3 2.7 9.9 2.4 3.2 lier-J fractmus 10 4 81.7 N. 8 2.6 nN Ss 443 gwrcens fined fractmune 7.n i t.N 82.4 Fe 9 7.9 8.4 suspended solids can adsos b to ihe biofilm matrix and influence it5 chem-la{3 3, 7 3,, seal compnithin. fabic V reports the range of inorganic composition ca t.o 3.n a obsessed in selected bustilms. f.fs 24 L2 The orgame compihition of ahe biofilm is strongly related Io the energy S8" 5'85 M d1 nd carbon sources available for metabolism. Classical papers" hase demornirated the effect of ensironment and microbial growth rate on the u.mpnmon of the ce!!s and tin '- estracellular products. For cuimple. Blu/neis all*ropenin misogen linutatim can result ~. p Aluction of copious quantities of mi-crobial estracellular polyuiccLaride. Table VI presents data on the com- . The orpnisms which colom.ic the attachment wface will strongly emaison of biofilms desetoped in the fielI and m. the laboratory. In terms anlluence biofilm development rate and biolitm chemical and phy%ical of macromolecular compinethm. Ilryers!' has measured protein-to-I*I9' #'* "#****#* *'E " "#E"" "" " mp m-env mnent h p>h s.accharnic maw ratios ranging from o to 181 spolysaccharide concen-temtions undouMy shdt populasm astnbunims during NiGn ac.. ulat tratam m terms of glucose and protein concentration based on casein)
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~~a. m t~~
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1 L 19 W. CII C AINI II ilHO.NGINI If NG C t.ttnt r. rOtJt.tNG tt!OF]t.M DiiVELOPMF.NT 8917 6 consectne man transport near the sustace. 2) provides more "shelteri from shear litrces for small particles. and h increases surface area fin TAtit.E vil attachment. If smt. ace roughnew elements are larger than the viscotr uaum m Rane and Euene of M.dec=L.r l'.=dmg g,,,, suNa)er. the roughnew can be me.asuicd quantstatisely by hydratda' Mau reee
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emme i s COlvem i s nce acterente t 1.nci is c.. macsosoughnew, measurements of soughnew are difficult t. ,, y p p meantity.md interpret. Ilrowne reputs that particle depoution fron y aou 7.1 G/- o gases es scry senuin e to roughnew too small to affect fluid leictiona am4 n.3 y e e sniance* N "I II Y I3 I E 8"' l'
~~8.27 22.."~~
2.3 gL.wd I* esse'tacentes e4 tranyw.rt rates em biofilen developmcest ~ !=merse.t.a g=cwene Cho4peake lley waser 4 4-4Ts tons.=nmg 2.1 me seNewt When a "clean" uirtace first contacts water with Nological activitiad.n.sy betacca W and if4.. nJ pti between 7N and N.2. orgame u.bstances and microNal celh must be transported to the surfac Sal.nny wm W Cart== camcewaisun aus ret==1cJ behnc biofilm do clopment can begin. Cornequently the rate of transpor
Med** (*m*"ed 54 ucnte 8 :I w/w tryta.6ase wy twoih-rtucose m.uure OCC: eti determines the length of the "inductum" perksi. i.e.. the initial perk,U The glaw untxn une anniemJ m tubes thed n a nicthanwat shaker. CmN.n dess and u hoch the massostopse eticcis.t tht* bo.otalm ase esi. lent. In Vet'C.w.centrainw. m as appuun.aecty M*8 n.g t; srb.wn/t..
.tihue =durams te g.. open ocean 1. the rate of transport may comrol tl a McJuum w.as eflbene 4 hrf; pti Ni triu.i a them.htal 4 in-20 p.g< t. CDs). 1 mg 1, p dy. Ncch i., w.ih n.. p.. y s b u c er un.ng. u.6,. gunw weic prese e opn... m crati sate of budilm derclopment for long perkxh. Kate of transnort imasety ur teth:ent_i but no ath au4thed Jm.ng the penoJ ol sacrcu Flu.J pop nnonal to the concentrathm difference betui en the bulk II.eki ary'85 ) s N/snE s he surface. In Jdute untat ams. t hn ddlerence is small. The flow regim
E""d '""" ""'*""" '# 'h'"'""8 "'Y8'" *""d 'CO'D "d*"b'd P" *""'
secto. tamm u. or tuatwilend alwi sigruticamly m. iluences transport ratearea. Asw=cJ Ce >t> of pr.acia es et 1854 mg COttmg pr.uda.mJ pr.ucm &nuty.s f.) y ~ and sh. dd be defined carefully in any espessmental system used Io b.otshn stoiliew Mu tace characterntecs are alwicreticat to the repeataNiit' and appheab.hss of the results because a rough uirt' ace will increa,macromidecules Microorganisms select their habitats on the basis of transpint and.dtathmer=t ratet Which rate controh-raic of transpumany fxtiws. inclealing slie n; attire of the wetted uni-fat e (m. sternal of .n i ate ot' s.lhcuen
~~C""'8'"C8i""""d '"'fdCC '""! hnewt Athenpnon of an orpnie nwww layer occurs within minutes of cinnure as shown in 1%ure 4 ami changes the g,,,~~
properties of 4he wetted sus f ace. Investigatkms luve simwn that materiah with diverse surface properties (e.g., weitability.* untace tension, elec. These a a need to nuw e miiu mation on transpost of particulate matesi trophewetic moNhty1 ase rapidly camd I,om a sur buleni fluid Io a wall. Especsally relevant to this sincis7uon 'upned io natural waters with low organic co,centrati n the rate of transport of mwroNai celh in aqu.atic systems where mertsa ons. These organic to ces are sciatisely small. Other questions th.it might be addrewed irimb'"and DePalma. Goupl and Akers s tude the follou me: usred aduwptism rates of organic molectdes in seawater, and firyct# has observed aduwptkm 16 Ilow do micioN.d cell properties influence transport rate? rates in a laboratory system. Rates and extent of ashorption in these 2 Ilow does p.artesle 11occulation influence transport rate? "C58'f"I'ons are presented in TaNe VII. Masimum accumulation from u At what 6..osenu.na.o do partgle micractkun influence transpo/*'ICC"I.'dered inst:intaneous r fouhng is few than ti.I
~~m. The rate of molecular linuling can~~
,jg. be conu r than the rate of Ji Does untace muchnew influence particle transport rate? Can ihmicroNal finiling. Ilaed im "thicknew" measurements, molecular liml-miluente be peibcted Irinn I Nison factor meaunements? ing can lave run significant etreet im thiki 11ow ey heat transtes. Never-thelew, the unface properties reudting Irom atlu>eption of an ore.auic AJwrprunt of 41reunic.Wiccules to the Wetted Surfaces (d*' may alrect the st quence of microbial events which follow. Figure.1 dfustrates an initally clean unface espined to turbulent Ilo% city of some bacteria that at of a 11ual contaanmg dispersed microorprsms. nutrients. aral organi and ungged th;. specificity may be esplained by the specificity of the
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s
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~~. u~~
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c.s,, y 3.s e. 2 }- x G '. e .3.2 r ; -- 1 ,s. c.,. ,A 3 - 3,, ' r r-g.3 a o .a =a-, - e s u w v - = e ,- 7! u c ,u- =, = -( - = -r 3 = - rr z c = ~ n2 g y u= e f - r.3 - m u= g 4 e - ;:.- u. u c,, t.
~~c. c~~
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~~3 8-~~
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s = =. ".,,'s. .g p - =., C. t .s .e 7
...h.u,.,.- b l% Iv44 ftsol.NGINil MING REIORT: TOtJI,1NG tilOFIIAI DEvfl.OMtENT 134: 5 O I I 4, 4 h ~~ afn-us ~. i an me e 4 I i me... s a. i ( a_., o .t 2 i i} 2 sen za 2 f -3 e gl oo io ao so eo ao nzo o .~...t. .I ) r.,>. u.e_n. ~.<, u_. m _ -.~._,..rrm._ .~ _ a i ~ we e.y a t a. G.. e.s. r..ne n. v v -, m' a m'.- At x-av w : u mr.: -or Arnas txce'. 5 i 7 '-1l j, xI .) { I ' l, < l1 l 2;~ ]!;fl l removal rate remains constant (Fig. 7). The critical, or "active." thicL-Qil ness is obwrted to increase with substrate cor centration. This behavior is con 6 med by other inveuigators 2"" and is attnbuted to nutnent dd-E Hj 2 6 fusionallimitations winhm ihe bio 6im. Once the bioli!m thickness exceeds ?5 r ',i, the depth of substrate for usygent penetration into the bionlm ' Fig. x). -} j -5}g the removal rate is unaffected by further bio 6im accumulation. S e Observed substrate removal rate cantos be uses' ao distinguish between II h2 growth. maintenance. product formation and death. It seems clear from v j!j l - e 2 other data ' that product formation (primarily polysaccharides is signiG- ~* j$ cans in the early stages of bio 61m formation. Maintenance requirements { c ilii .j 3 li or biomass decay become important as the bionfm gets thicker and sub- !j ~ 5; i -i si 'e, strate does not entirely penetrate the bio 61m. These oilwr psocess rates f l E.- 45 r $ ' $~$ 5 f f i y 2 } -.. y l I, Je y r S E _- n er ; h = i 7 a s s - ,f,=s.n 1 . 55n k } 2 es ngss= [ [ . h !, ?, L.. 9 - 'N g ~ c _.._____s
~~1 ils 5~~
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~~fomd mie ia i ve m s h S~~
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~~g i i a s~~
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ll e wt o n. i mns c l ne . y o e. e i s. a l f s s c w h mh A p e i ib ta f t i o r g i 5 4 s lm py pmNic o 4 s d s n e s onu r i t muT t e lo el e. r s l e a g i 1 t l i i upaf h a s f g t tmb ? o ta c e. e n d e . la .f l h m a. mh t m o r t o m pJ ro oet g i r ea n c s n i d e i t g n. s o I u. s n e i s s P. e h a nl id h nt f n r m m t ,h e ti ns d s f as r l l r r t g t r :ra t eii lmmc eru i r u o l. t t l s s c h
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te te*t wfa oa t r r e g eb l l oe o le a a. e c c n e t s I t en ca e r i u w tnt h e ml wml e n nh o f t etal e pb n i u l s a. n e* rma f v r. e o s s a e at e n f l y m lcept e h t l) t uh h u arl r e s e wn md r J b. e i l s r s u ipon we o, s Cmc mr. e tg mh u m l d t e s a n t u d t u: i s i u on a c s i r e e
m. i.s. b

n. e teh ims e
e om o a aeKu m o m n u. f e t J m.n h lm me f r cb o c n ad c s e h - r i s h e a ue e s s l u! mt mh us mt w Ime r .t. n e E mg mn at nl r od i tt ct eb t L . pe e e r tad e a t cl s 1 f o miou.ml i or .inl h e tod tt. e.t t s a -t w o . a o wetutemn' r h m tm. l. c s ed .s c n e w 4 r r f u a e r el mi m e ma c e t. o b o s l ol u t dr h b u e e gmre a l t o e nt ra d uht s c n mN wd s. a m t edh t a i s et et mneI t mc s ma b t t.h Nnt ta i o me sa t a u s e. d s s c e s u e h n oe s gl c n *m C t o ee e od
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~~a. u e~~
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~~i. m h so icb i c s s~~
I u J s c t 4 t i m oi s l Il ijIllljl ll l l1
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g m.. 8:=o ( amoroismo moctsscs \\ e., i < s =. a r. 4 r.= <.<....h...,.. b 4a= m = a \\ 1 \\ w \\ of thus curs e at.a r.attsesdar time ss the nr1 biu6/m derclopment rute anti C also plotted an Figure lei. The rate increases to a masimum value {y , _,f'*,,, is ,,y,, sintespimdine to the
~~gmoJa! entlectum point and then decreaws te Y~~
I Net Notilm desclopment rate n esprewed as folhows iTable IXt \\ ecro h \\ d n-JH.h = N. 4 F. - R, 4 + R..t - H, lt ti b \\ \\ x a l w here N 4 l',, es the attached ba* man prixhsetion rate and R,,A is the ,'s \\ \\ 3 m b t.im lets bmem safe. R..t is the adwrption rate of cells, and R,# i, f N the crhl. eenous sespuate.m rate. At steady state. thkLnew remains con 3 i o N s t.mi "~ 0 '~f t he cilect o, 11ond sekicity on the plateau f or steady state) Nofils ~ 4 ~ ~~~~ ~ *~ - *6 * ' -' S '"t Ihis Lnen is sliostrated in Ferare 17 Eor varkeus suNirate loadings. At higt l o u y g subsse ase to. lings. m reasmg Ilmd vehuty increases bkitilm detxhmen saic u hesh m mmeres the pl.ateau No6!m thickness. Ilowever. at km ra s <An STatss, r., pu.8, f_'s 8 7 Iafh.cace.4 #1=J shc r *s,cw J hsu cc s. a g..,,,ga,c, %,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ~ in ddas Ih L.cw (R<f * 'a ' 'o ,. g subtraec kudings, tinki velocity seems to have run measurable effect on / the plateau thkLnew. Isulear aiwi Cluradliv have demonssrated that / 8 plateau No6fm man esNNis a masimum w hen thsid vehicisy is increased. 5 At k'w Huki vehicifics, man transfer Smits Ihe rate of No6fm producthm. , j '/ Therefore. increasing tiukt velocity increases sulwirate rius into the bio-if j ~ / , ","*",'L 'ilm and net biofilm development rate increases. As 11uid vehicity con-r. smies to encreaw. Nofilm detxhment rate becomes the dominant procen v. /' r Is md nel Nofilm development begins to decrease. .-/ s ,/ l EFFECTS OF BIOFII.31S ON FI UID FRICTIONAI. RESISTANCE / 8 o~/ 8 i Increase in fluid frictkmal resistance duc Io No6Im accumulatim wben Eow rate is maintained constant causes an increase in prenure drop and vt,, a., s e....o 4 4 b wa ac..i.s.=c ,,.scw.he.s h,, s.r=. atsh c,P wer reme rement5 for pumNng as shown in Figure ex.2 Converwly if w, .eam A..i..r on. < she -a.w.4 she s.rm. J.a sh cca =n.,. premare drop is beki econstant. flow capaciry is educed. Figure 19 ia-F. P '~~
mg CHAR ACKLIS 800f NCINEERING REFORT: f OUI.1NG fitOFIIAt DENELOl%ENT twe ? Q.. / = 'g 7 9 3 w' *.. s j / lll +- I 3 g l 5 6.. w e-a 5 g e -w 3 C a 9 a m tretd *.
~~6 8 N/m'~~
'e
e.
~~79 Pum E~~
~~8 < s. G~~
~~f50 cm/sec~~
/ Instid U = 180 cm/sec / Emperimemot Run Trne er) Emperenento Run Time (hr) p.y se rh nye m pressure dra9 esch some Jue to bes41m formathist. l'operifnent i (gM Ch nye m e,fredu*st Extew astJ E i A4tne thw Lness wesit amic f*w m e sperwnces s.wa.im i(J.e 6. a-*.at n'**J s ciag er g e Nes 2, i tenJee ted a se=%t no twcwene Jrsy t Ncf. 23. s dicates that thew c.apacit) was reduced to J29 of the original capacit}*here f = frictkut factor (dimendonlcw). J = tube diameter l a 100 h L.h.u t.w y e s pes meni c p = thikidendty 4nsaw/ length *l. @ = aserage thikt vckwily ticugih/ti.es, i 1 vittnenal acerance can be scprescrited by a dimendonien frieth' = prewuse dsop alemg length L tmaw' length time between peewane poeis ilerigthL
~~1. and L = length fait n p w n in f = 2.tI -~~
, The s hance in liittuwe fact.w anal t,iotihn thi.cknew witt, tiene A si,,m o g y, sn l'spn e 2tlIs w a laIw oras.n y aubular eeacIos. Defun t " fus obsen ed suuita hdus u s in.a Inhular seatfor en the tickl tilig. 21p. c= r s G - t N 2.. s O v -g S.. = N-8- i N O t. 2 a A 6 $ ne s ....... = e 79 tum' i E e htaat ; e 185 Cm/SeC e. ".~. n, s* se. L g Esperr w tcl RJrt Tyne ihr) ( h.nw ens s. 4mncient tb. v ac mesh hme Ji.c see t=sfelm Iswmas=wn. Espeed Tune (don) Ig aw ...n.scusJ a s. aves twcoewe de P e Mcf, 23 !l51 C W.npweJr?hMbhGw wAasW W w M m n- ,--~w. ,,-w. w-, w ,--<w --,,.-,e- ,.,--_,,--,-_r,---
1 i ~ ie inns, ) r v d ow e1 rh e 4I y n p ne g y e l e ot op ly eh l r sf civ ua ah ri i l n rt sst s satane ( s nd d - f ! n nok d r md e icw d s yp a ue aca eh y a e ol e a o a ;o yi emi s r.h l N n gZ y u ic pu r ei i: m pil d eerb lu; er nh l mne t s cv T b ct e l c s r f t e g s c u g R r n s a e rl ~ g u v r enaa nd n d e e ol ope xf i d u a i ,e r 2 hbi u d im ua e o a ytl s u n r t e ei wm" nn d. o ig ed e i e h (g M n r c s epdh i n r r n n b 'l sb2 u a U si cd o y g eh e f .l e nn t a n
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.h e T. h uh a si s a u nmh ee eawn s f t cl h c dl i # l w - wc d a n 4 1 Ow o t r V nt r ig t gl s e a 's f i eiqn e n n n r c e ei n eu.s t rdb re uwi u a e si a nNk eoFt mh ek ae ar nh rl oetuws c d 0 y t i u n s. f n mf s t t h ek i4 h t l e 9 e f h d e k n dr s t
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ek t i s. es s :. n g b t s ps ! f s a n t Ri h n s v ne oa ct imm ic vt ,cuI o ic fd e a t s s e umn es r u A =9e oeind o nn oo m h icNh wit i f >uy et eh c wfo n gd s r t r i t nna o en t wn e 4. f n I o I h d waz cr". rd a o lmf e a t RTeo s g 1 r g g c a a
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f l iaet r s r t 0 e e s c J n ue1 et ik s s / n cl s s e ed n " wt fi ek n4 na i Pleor2 tr 1 s i o e&d ns e n e i t h d r u sh h 1 t im n p. oe i ai iar nu ay o il t mw ee em e o Fs u e I ps eno sd eh intio3h r i a4t ce s c
~~e 2~~
e u k r l mih e m G yd wr r s>t a o f i i m h u b t / png r r N = neu yi D x wM a I g e =m t t c wh yr2 t e gs nr ais i Rt r t h i eoeei eb u pi h r i r wc' s e s e ocn e. t t e r I b eR f i ghi s r csnd f v e e h on"d lmc I t r n n in e uew c u ish d ppe h U R i pDs R h wg t l w s ed e i d lah p eagt i U s f t e uge#e"v i nd o et / mieh i f ioh f i s n et a i p ppt t t*t et I ) e e ok s a agml /. ,k s e i e a h vl a n = i m FnTioin o sb s h ks dnnb y e mqr ly lme"r i t mbeebta hi s 0 tg eve i e 0 4 e s b h v b oe p s a I= m uf pd e r e s e l h ne. nts i t e ngr v cm m a 1 s R d oa nt iv g oiai h e a e, 1 U a uamr r4 i acd ad n r l t l I e ui a o e e c =. ge f t aUc i ehrmae in r i l i s s n 8 e wti e f = t l( nf kh e a d ot f. e oirciwI e s t h wo o ur r atam 1 w"a s n A ms i ehn l u n d r e nJi n e n r R r nne h irL e A. A e i i s r n cb ewir o r ei ak t n >.h f d o o n evt c i e o m. w t i r G L I mfo (e u eL n r g cc c nl e e e d es e e o t i oe et e a ot t
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a. c t

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b l t i e e r t o r t h g whi loc d c Ns lud mwt aI fs e e n eiii u e n 1 t o n a s r u r l h cn e l b aibt n t a wt n a s bi o Tin n t i t f l t 'e a m a l v s mel mramh e s.st ei l i r r a f e e y a = mni n i h hl a me mn e n un uh l r r cvree c t c I uwtecfmiRi .h n u u pi m o ew ms . h m op at i hl o a i nt 4t l 8 cunt et u i t s t ti i hl 1 /, u n 8 f t ac s p;4k tiwh e n c i s o n ed r s sh o nld. ccp s r r aur
~~t. md in2 ek e ae er ehs lei s a~~
f sX nme e e r sh e ph t i nh mek n r cd m J f s h mt ,Y'sr. t n t 1 icc e n e e: eo F o c,I;-l t uh arwh svh ent k hI wo i loum t i u u h e nmeth c Dp1 r n a 1 o Tef y g r gI o ed bk v o > F c. # na r w*t*c e hi e ) yf1 l t l h v i 1 ei n t c u Tl yict gX e r 23 r ciXht t s i u cr sh( c p i J reimmt g r u k E 3 aTok r s l e .csdo r r v u o "u sad t n nf ae i s g qi g et I e e n a u n 8' et .h ah w d. h cr e t vt h d dniti = a h (o. m t r c ,f s s im mk s 3 rWr i f m e e a 0 7 a,' g cW l b - bl ah y u 7 f t r q X e h 7, 0' ( d" mk mlae l ) s 9 5W o I s P 3 t e
uouc n

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~~n. r R~~
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~~95 h~~
~~8 u E s u eh a eg .t w e.me e d e. 78 mhL ~'* s s.e tah mh w 53 c =. t f s~~
~~oT a~~
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f.
~~n. ^ - os e f _b=h[l. l.e to p m, h i" w!l-r e e <7 d wb ~ s pe m e e A. w <J~~
~~a. c I~~
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~~m. n-e sc g c n.~~
~~g. mm. a~~
~~u. si r~~
t .b*,iIY ek bm s e t t h c r n 4 i m. n. lly m, r s = t ( ' 5, tee ia t t. 1M u e h d. ct n s n. .u cd m g< ee t 1 e q n m.y p 3 . e s . t c
_s r. v& t 4p, = tw1* Clt ur M18 f 5 IINO'GINII RtNG RLf1HC r; tOtit.ING IIHWit".ht t) yl I.Of4st NT tvil ] i a1. l J~ ~ l o O l l ~A a l i -M i. 3J ~~ pe._.,,ma 6./d= O OO6. g e i y g Th = 320 pm 5.., l /. s Oem Tube k .,..f,.',I. *. *.I ' ' .w c..! ,e .e-...s.,$,c (**** naea .e se .... e e etas tsastnarwe no.ssac t w a 80 l '**'***""'"*8****'*'**' Ibefdm Th.cm ss. Th(pm) k./d. O r57 4 I" ' *d *""'"**6"" ar ~-- " ' * " * 'U"id . ~ ~ Th a 500pm M l ** '"**8 " 8" ""C"" d' "d' 4 '" 5 "8 *** 8' * 'd '"'8' ""'8 sc htme eh*Laew. h,/d
~~O062 o~~
~~Th. *.00 pm 2 '" e )- h h./d=00:4 Althim;h the frscrional semtance effects of biofilm can be adequately scribed by formul.as and concepts suitable for sigid roingh surfaces the ~ %,Th~~
~~s65 pm 8~~
~~sm should not le drawn that andeed the bk>tilm presents a rigid k./d = 0003 aluu. Th. 40pm egh ussface to the 11ow. Such a nothin is an encrumphtication and ) bh j~~
[
ennot account for all esperimental e4nervations." ~ Finally. fricthmal reshtance measurements provide a relatively simpic ^ 1 .... ethod for descrmining liquki nuns transfer resistance in some biotalm p,ynods wreer a iO * ' stems since frictkmal resist.ince arkt liqukt man transfer resistance are lated.' 7 o.. e. 3 t mm e.. e v.
~~i.., so.si.~~
~~4 ncy da,~~
~~mar, a r rharw-a.~~
w n a. s. a. a.uocm.s r<*.4 e dam ac.cs., cm.uct 3 EFITCTS OF IIIOFl!.M ON IIEAT THANSFElt HESISTANCE j Diofilm development and resulting 11ukt frictional resistance have been ~f tionship lytseen buililm thicknew and friction factor for all of Zelvr5C""ed and both influence heat transfer. Changes in heat transfer re-esrwriments at.a u all shear strew from 6.5 to 7.9 N/m is shown in Figsfance artse from the combined effects of increased biofilm thicknew 2 5 I usta.n IAton n dependce:I on bmiilm thkknew after a critical thPnductive heat transfert ased increased fric1k>nal resistance (convectise new eTh. s approumately equal to the thicknew of the viscous sublaat transfert. t A. n attained. Conductive heat trander can be related to biofilm thicLnc>s and its Corscptualls. Ih. correstwmds to the stage of biofilm developmenfective thermal conductivity. Experimental biotilm thermal conductiv. 1 m hwh surface irregularities protrude through the siscous unbl.i)er. U(determinations indicate no significant difference from that of water at thn stage. the Notilm lies completely uithin the viscous subla)er (A c same temperature (see Table IV). This is not surprising since biofilm 4,iand f rattson fas f or Joes not incre.ne ithe tube is f.)draulscally smoo/approximately 95 'IG water. k l'or mall shear strew of 6.5-7.9 N'm. the viscous sublayer is appr[0"*CCI've heat trander results from 11uid mising or motion and can 2 ematel> equalIo Wm;Ihn compares wc!! weth the observed Th. - 30s related to momentum transfer or frictional resistance. Colburn" cor- " f pm for etw same mall shear strew range. lated convective heat transt'er in tubes to friction factor and propertio 4 s I [
T/////MMM/ // V//Q//, 'r*t ** '*"t'* * *'' " "NY *. > r'"* *'" *) *"n " ** *r ' o** ** 1 '"n ***
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.y "~. apewma iwo sauning =np=g s9 ::,uri *>, oewesi eraq s u.*>, -ran>r 7 '- e.... 3' 4.s,.us.. say merj u.wous a. usurq=. mar * *t's.9 v.9s are *.8. is ier =*er'M r s'. t .sms espurn ersg r arsu s.nunu usurg' '.=ruir ucig mu.ms rar. sio is iss a a' s 'e 0: Suog sy suupey awes aq Jo mpj narw aucuden r on p nha aq ryn..n en = sanucJa scay arspnpuos uo wlyinq aq pi pasp aq nie n p,iry:..: 1Y [cnha y X isspopuna rwnqa wppuq aq: dutwnuy sanurJ tray au ras L + g .uos Supeanus souydenuonitu r vanposd sasrg wppnq aq oowog g N 7 sja4r] 43rpun"4 Ftuimg pue seni.%ss 39: mysim suerusas sairi iugnos y aq pue supwonnu aoj e pi usup!qi e Jos sur><fu:tesue Apuerps u asucossas getung ansiastpuo, aqj wiums sipa p sqoostu pur o.ursso p. 2 nirgonsus c *pents aq: os pauidsa se le es;- da lJ uductg'sa tr.wJ uragi r n
~~%uenarrJ.wqes gig utrjdsa on stu.10 Jo.'.4Mih.% dus wetog i {n pa/es,wpes.)~~
t -Ay.'gl %:uatusJadsa c,uotuttnN un ping duipio.sq eq.'msodsa grinus podu.wcasaap os passasgo 4pulamu.n srw a'ivramar sanus n ar33 aaucosus nnucJ IA /((///[ scay qc;34. tu. 3,urneos oruren eraq aus usw.' pur >Alpelpuo3 Jo spa _jja.1ssasps.~.q Q t songts ptse sosscas argrigtig r 4 us puowsusN 54 p3P"lM3*'3 suatunads3 r3ed s: r eqiswap.g amdy ai sme' asstarJ3dtu33 yesq por aerir. sM ..,, gp.., w.e,,urm r.,. p.t....,,m. 4,, s.,3.,pe.., pm..as, .t., rs pm* souptyi tulijoeq (g :u we.tsj.1se $tre we*{py aq) p gs33rgei +)r1 ay u.wjg d( Ut's U.1uldoprap tujig dugesenjotg e.: 6 p aNaross.18 saburJi gr*ay Mrsast y A#f 'la Wlqtts stiet%f s fly: tary s.q wy; y W[tJosq aq U.HJ M [t:J.%tt 1[ust se datptio#3e*ps ussaqpe ) ay g pan () syn p.
~~g n 5ya e su w.J.5 s s.g. sw y~~
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g a / 8 a T --A----~~g_ - ///////, /,f *g*/y//////( // ~.g/,/ ~ s ce f h _ _-; g , g/ g v4s 0 / /\\ .s 7 I a r j-g s A I .f f s N O \\ - s. f, te -a e - o oci es n.D.- OM E p ,/ .y g - J,,,,,,,,, y e -9 a e-c, y o,.- f o e a-AL qP j
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- ~ e e.e. P ~ *. y% ? e mr l , 4= 'A g ,.g, g I f f f I l P g w l l.( {. * -~ - ~ '~
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W e . L: -> ~ m-as ret sit scKt_ts surwsGINI t MING sef fox 0 otn.f NG titorts.M tWvrt.entENT tW / stic latter twas stialies. Ilowever, casluws omriccatratsms are estenuted at fvtacen 0.5 arul 10 mg/l.. / Ki:Lpatrick. Alcintire. armi CluracL!h*" fuve m.wfcled the heat aeni wn it.mster inccurrung in. heat ewtunee tube as a hk. film derefor. 34,9 ! I in a ) rec;d lacas eufuncer, results semiscale a venificant decrease in I at 4g / 6 :* ; tander. I:oe systerns ed intesess. she Notilm is sciatively umainm over 3 9 ir " the length ed the heat eschange tube, in tubes with combened heat and j mm transfer. the biofilm thh;Lnew varies appveciably with floki tem- <i yQP e' E2I* peratute. The awumed relationships between temperature and bndilm det ?lopment rates in their smsict have been partsally Venlied by Stath- - w. mmios?' r.,s w. .~ aar21 LcaomG RATE t., :. ta our.. n <m load.pg tw em heat naasics imhny MtoN Ret U N Stal%IARY , m, ma,.a h... em _rr.aam.t s.* u=*rsn es.* e u r,Ne u fliofilm procewe. have been dncuwed in terms of the more funda-mental phnical, chemical, and biological processes uluch contobute to N'# = n the Notam thitLnew n few than the sncous subl.syer thickness. "*"" "C"'""I"'"* 28 a %"da'c W P" Twne was twofold: sh.,nces m tonsectne heat trander are not accompamed by changes in H to psewns a framewoek for analyds of the rate of bk4ilm desciop-tmean t tt.n ll',g D bq % hen the rouchness elements are of suf ficient enent. estent of Notilm development, and inhence oflnofilms on energy Smht to probsct bewnd the siwous subla>cr and into the turNdent tone. hsen n mt re.nc m inction I.ictor and a further decre.ase m consective heat 21 to 31,mulate fundamentalinvestigations on topics related to beofilm tr.micr resntance ase obsersed. At thh ptnnt the Colburn rel.itionship mn be used to determine the consectne heat transfer cocflicient l Fig. i I procenet I %l Itned on thn hs pothens.and his espenmental data. Nimmons d *' "' C **#' F* F "' " **' C"'E^I I*8"' "'ICC' 5"F ""' "f"I "*"' i shtems water dninNitism systems wastewater treatment vie. :.. l. cat estmuted the thermal Niund.u) 1. 3 er to be approdnutely 10-p m. l c sNstcJ s h.c n "- pm. The sncous usblayer thicLncu calcidated from aneen fuct camurmpf man by yliips and even hunun dhease. Aloec es
~~i in Jnsh namic omuderations was 44 pm as compared to 40 pm b.a ed wentam nunt be duccted to their Irriavsor. Senne topies slut acytnec on the otwersed onwt of. increased tricssonal resistance.~~
aure attenthm inchnic the following: %mmons computed the louhng factor R, for his system and Figure 28 11 Phydcal. chemical. and biological properties and structure of beo-md.t.acs its strong depenJence on meut substrate aglucosca concentra-Gms as a forwthm of water quahty and hydrod rumie eturacterhiict 3 ' s- ..on R nges of 16 rne.nured m natural seauater systems are also included
~~2) Afathematical models relating procew rates 1o bidL *ater cimeen-m a more Is for wmp rn.m purr.ncs. Table X descrde the esperimental trathms warface sharxterhtics armi micr.J,al sptcies.~~
,wwms t.= wemums saata pmnnt. Ibiter.and Suttor.' and 17e Losich h population dyrumics wishin the bkailm arsi its selatanwhips to the et.a ~ Nenhcr ca:Nm nor notnent concentrations were determined in aucrobut popidathms in the bedk water as well as water quahty. 4 Metho.ls to inhiNs. contnol, or prevent Notihn accumul tkin which are ownc seable with cnviremmental quahty. T^til L A 1% ..e I wenmenut bacn. hw R, harements Reconed 'a 51 Methwis to enhance bsotilm accumuf:stion arxl activity in terms of subtrare removal for lised. film wastewater treatment systems. f.g :s ,go o eRef 48 4Ref % Nesneve== u n=cesaemm abule Ik.1 O tirvers. Ik. W. Guser. Ik it it thioglois,ik. u ums Ta T.reanan Caf*"ak k ri "8'#*"8'* * * %*d =< **mr*rra wer i e y, twetherarme af thes siste sk. M. IL tt cr gw..s*JeJ heir 4=f suggestam *de avrssi ad s andesular t.asemet. ( emverumm such sk. W.1 C.wpc.snJ Dr. K. C. Manhalt tuw l I I"*J * ^ * '" "' ' 8 g poemicJ *al.a Ne enserh8 *atas meetn fmdognal asecos.i( she fin.4,ng pnsess. Mu6h est t%c y 's-
m I S i I,, 50 E5 5$ 5 $ Y f 30 ) y !E jla kfh,s I ( J. 2 j a< 1 E 1 = i e d o. is a a -x 4 1 ]a. y i a = 3: [t t ,it I ] 3,.e
~~4 a~~
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~~5 E'i' 2~~
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p ;n '.4. l :,y., o l PAPER NUMBER {g .I-The International Corrosion Forum Sponsored by the National Association of Corrosion Engineers / t, larch 22 26,1982 / Albert T! omas Convention Centor, Houston, Texas !!ICROBIAL FACILITATION OF CORROSION David C. White 310 Nuclear Research-Department of Biological Science Florida State University Tallahassee, Florida 32306 ABSTRACT Newly developed sensitive biochemical methods scake possible the quantitative study of microbes that facilitate corrosion. At least 3 I mechanisms for facilitation of corrosion can now be examined. The uneven distribution of microbes and their extracellular polymers can create concentration cells that differ in cathodic activity. The netabolic acitivities of aerobic microbes can create anaerobic niches in highly nerobie erwironments and from these niches organic acids can be gens rated by the
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activit'ies of fermentative bacteria. In the presence of sulfate or organic sulfate esters, the oxidation of organic acids can lead to generation-of hydrogen sulfide by the sulfate reducing anaerobes. Ilydrogen sulfide is capable of cathodic depolarization and of oxidction by aerobic Thiobacteria with the formation of sulfuric acid. The detection and validation of "signature" lipids in these raicrobes can now allow the use of C enrichment 1 Publicatiori night Ccpyright by thtr authvt(s) where copyrigtit is ripplicab'e. nep'oduted by the flational Ar.soci;iti:n of Corro:fon Enginet.rs with per-rnistiori cf the author (Q. lJACE ha: been giveri ferSt rights c? pub 5e otiori of this rr.anxcript. nequest for perinlssion to publish this rnanus0tipt in any form,in p;ot of in whole, snust be funde in vcsitir.g to flACE Puhti 4tions Dept., P. O.11ox 210340,llouston, Texts ??210. The rnanuscript has ric.t ycl bean reviene.1 tiy f!Acc., and accordingfy, the inatorial pfC',0nted diid the views CKpressed Dro VA:iy those til lho outhor(n) and are riot neren:oity endotted ley the Associr tir. l Piir_ite.d in USA 1
Om 4V 1 ee* .~ J . experiments.which can provide correlati,on between corrosion rates and specific microbial activities so that more rational countermeasures can be developed as. has been begun for the microfiuling community and the problems of heat transfer efficiency. INTRODUCTION ~ With the increasing necessity to recycle both fresh and saltwater, problems of microfouling and subsequent microbially' facilitated corrosion 1 become more important. Not only do microbial films increase resistance to-efficient heat' transfer, increase the resistance to fluid flow and provide the conditions for facilitation of corrosion, but they may provide the ideal growth conditions for the dissemination of the human pathogen Legionella. Simple antifouling treatments with biocides are increasingly expensive and potentially damaging to the environment so research towards a new strategy to interdict microfouling led to the development and validation of biochemical methods by i which the biomass and community structure of the microbial films could be examined. These methods can now be applied to. increase the basie underst'anding of microbial corrosion facilitation. ) -Hierobes can facilitate or initiate corrosion by their activities by at I i least three mechanisms. Concentration cells differing in cathodic activity can 4 be generated by the uneven distribution of microbia': and extracellular biomass and community compositon. Microbes can generate corrosive cetabolites such as the organic acids that are important in the weathering process by which soils are replenished or by the generation of mineral acids under the proper 2
] 1s 2r .s conditions of growth. The sulfate reducing bacteria generate hydrogen sulfide with subsequent cathodic depolarization and metalic sulfide formation. tiith newly developed methodology for "signature" lipids of various _ physiological groups of organisms, the microbial ecology of these organisms can be studied to provide a rationale for countermeasures. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE A flow diagram of the experimental procedures utilized in the study of microbial fouling and corrosion is illustrated in Figure 1. I Patchy distribution A coupon of the exposed surface is recovered and stained with aqueous acridine orange. The acridine orange is then washed of f and the relative distribution of intensity of fluorescence measured with an epifluorescent microfluorimeter can give a quantitative estimate of the patchiness as the specimen is moved across the microscope stage (1). Other coupons can be fixed with glutaraldehyde, dehydrated, coated and examined by scanning cicetron microscopy (2). A typical micrograph of the fouling community ' eveloping on d titanium expopsed to seawater is shown in Figure 2. Lipid extraction The camples are extracted by the one phase Bligh and Dyer method and af ter t inducing phase separation the lipids are recovered from the organic phase (2). The residue remaining after extraction is removed from the surface by abrasion and analyzed after acid hydrolysis. The aqueous portion of the lipid i extr, action is also analyzed for the ade.1ine nucleotides as illustrated in Figure 1. 3
.L.~g-Ti !,I. Y #- Ey, f TI T1,U : . Ef fec t ofl Diofilm Grow th on llydraulic Per foriuance f KEY WORI'S': )}j_otouliny: Pr ic t iona3 'resis tance; tjydraulie Encigy -Lonnes: Microbial'Fil'na, Pipelines, Slinc Lavers, Wall. Itoughn csc,. Water Supply l ADSTilACT: An. experimen tal investicjation of the deleterious ef fect of microbial siirne layers on the hydraul.ic performance of water conduits is presented. The underlying mechanisins tha t lead to an increase of frictional losses in the conduit are explored -and their relative impor tance is discussed. It is - i. shown that although the slime layer --is viscoelastic and filamen tous, its ef fect on frictional resistance can be adequately represen ted through an increase in rigid equivalent sand-roughness of the conduit wall. L.] Huet<w %~, Asc e, los (N Ys) pWuA I ff 733 - 7(/(,, ??do. 4
7. -y. Ef fect'of Biofilm Growth on Hydraulic Performance By B.-F. Picologlou,3 -N. Zelver,3 and U. G. Characklis' . INTRODUCTION. Biofouling-in water conduits causes pronounced increases in fluid frictional resistance. The resulting energy losses are of-major concern to the water supply and power industries. 3 Biofouling is a general term referring to undesirable effects'due to attachment of microorganisms at liquid-solid interfaces.- The microorganisms produce a polysaccharide slime layer (5,6,8) which, when formed on the inside surface'of water conduits, increases frictional resistance in flow systems re-sulting in energy losses or losses in pipeline capacity. Deterioration of pipeline capacity attributed to biofilm development can be substantial. Seifert and Kruger (14) report a 55% reduction of original capacity in a 50 mile (80 km) long water supply pipeline 23.62 inches (60 cm) 1D due to a ~-( ) thin slimy layer approximately 0.026 inches (650 pm) thick. Table 1 documents other case histories of biofouling in water supply lines (3 ). Biofouling is not limited to microbial activity. The term includes the interaction of the microorganisms and the slime layer with both the chemistry of the solid surface and the bulk ' Asst. Prof., Dept. of Mechanical Engrg., Rice Univ., Houston, Tex. 8 Research Environmental Engr., Eutock, Inc., Sacramento, Calif. 3 Prof., Dept. of Environmental Sci. & Engrg., Rice Univ., Houston, Tex.
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..x-g- ~- ' n... 4 .o. . TABLE l. ' Frictional Losses Due toLBiofilmsData Summary from Case Histories of Closed Conduits Experiencing. ~ Reduction in S Conduit ' Conduit Design Flow Biofilm Thickness Diameter-Length Conduit' Capacity (micrometers) (centimeters) (kilometers) Surface. Reference-(1) (2) -(3)' (4) (5) '( 6). 121 in 2 years 800 105 13 Cement ( 9) 231 1600 90 13 Concrete. (' 9) t 16% in 3 weeks 3000 90 41 Steel ( 1) 55% in 3 years 635 60 93 Steel (15) 3.5% in 1 year 36 2.5 Steel ' (' 7)
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~~1 micrometer = 3.94 x 10-5 inches 1 centimeter =.3937 inches 1 kilometer .6215 miles . i = i l i i ~ ' - u~~
=.

t..
fluid._ These in terac tions can enhance some of the more commonly known-fouling phenomena such. as precipitation or crys tallization (scaling)~and corrosion. In these latter cases, the wall layer attains a much more rigid s tructure and the pronounced increase in frictional resistance can be successfully explained by the increase in the equivalent sand roughness of the pipe wall. In the case of microbial' slime layers, the situation is more cons plex. The thickness and morphology of the slime layers are 'm . J7 functions of the operating conditions. A change in operating conditions, such as an increase in' wall shear stress, can cause significant changes in the morphology and thickness of the bio ' film, thus changing the value of the equivalent sand roughness. In addition, the viscoelastic nature of the slime layer and its filamentous morphology suggest Ehat perhaps additional dissipa-tion mechanisms contribute significantly to the increased fric-tional 'resis tance, cons equ en tly, description of the biofilm effect by a unique value of equivalent sand roughness may be inadequate over the entire range of the operating conditions,
~~f.,~~
u The purpose of this study is to explore some of these possibilities. This paper will or.ly be concerned with microbial slime layers and, ther efore, the term biofouling will be used for microbial fouling anb the term biofilm for the microbial slime layer. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS l. l Only the salient features of the sys tem employed are given l here. For additional information, see references (16) and (4). The experimental system was designed so tha t impor tan t
E o E x. 6 j Reprenard from Volunie 18 of DEVELOPAtESI IN INDUSTRIAL AtlCROHlOt OGY .4 l'ullicorwn c! v:e $< wires for l*Ju sr*ual Sta rvHolcs.s 1977 Cll A P T E R 48 Control of Microbial Fouling in Circul:ir Tubes with Chinrine G. NORRAfAN, W. G. CllA R ACK LIS, AND j. D. DRYI kS Dcpriment erf Em ironmentalScicnce and Drgineermg. Rice Unircrsity. Houston, Texas 77001 MKrobist fouhng is a major cause of energy loss in mater pipchnet, heat enchangers, and power-plant condenters. Chemical control is ususity by chlorine addition. New restrictions on effhrent chlorine residuals require that chlorine bc added judiciously. The work described is the basis for a methodology to determine optimum chlorine dosing rates for fouting control. Tubular reactor experiments mere conducted for turbulent conditions (Reynoldi number I),000-19.000). Miciobial fitm thicknen (T) was moniioved by electncal conductivity (12.5 pm) and correlated utti sith increases in frictional resistance measured by Pressure drop (6pl. Obserted op was significantly higher than predicted based on reduction of crotwectional area asailable for flow, and 6 p increases of 200% were observed for T>100 pm. Chlorine addition caused partial film removal with consequent increases in ef fluent particulates. A mathematical description of rnicsobial film grom th and its control by chlorine is offered. INT RODUCTION Microbl:1 fouling is a major cause of energy losses in water pipelines and heat exchangers. Thin microbial films attach to the inside of water conduits causing large increases in both noid idctional and heat transfer resistance. Characklis (1973a,b) and Norrman (1976) reviewed the literature concerning the effects of fouling on frictional resistance. Chlorine generally is used for controlling microbial fouling in such systems. Ilom ever, both economic considerations and incieningly stringent environtnental regulations require a systematie understanding of microbial foubng,its effects, and rnethods of control. This paper describes research directed toward the following objectives:
1. Development of a suitable apparatus for experimental determination of frictional resistance u a function of film thickness.

2. Determination of the dependence of frictional resistance on Olm thickness and flow

rate,

3. Determination of the effect of varying chlorine application rates on film thickness and frictional resistance.

4. Development of rnathematical models describing both film growth and Gim destruction f
by chlorine. i MATTRIALS AND METHODS System description. A tubular reactor was used for reasons of dynamic similarity to full scale systems. Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus. Twoloops permitted simultaneous experiments at different flow rates. Each loop contained a rotameter and separate sections for nim thickness, film density, and pressure drop measurements. The entire system, including test sections (Fig 2), was acrybe tubing (1.27 cm 1.D.) roughened to ptomote microbial attachment. The tubular reactors were operated on a once through basis during chlorine addition. SSI
SEABROOK SERVICE LIST - ONSITE LICENSING BOARD 100 Main Street (Sheldon J.Wolfe, Chairman J.P. Nadeau Office of General Counsel - Town of Rye 'Greg Bery Amesbury, MA 01913 J US. NRC. 155 Washington Road Office of General Counsel Wasinngton, D.C. 20555 Rye, New Hampshire 03870 U.S. NRC I Washington, D.C. 20555 Dr. Jerry Harbour Richard E. Sullivan, Mayor
~~By hand.~~
Office of General Counsel City Hall Mr. Angie Machiros, U.S. NRC Newburyport,MA 01950 Chairman " By Overnight Mail Town of Newbury. Washington, D.C. 20555 Town Hall,25 High Road Alfred V. Sargent, Chairman 'Dr. Emmeth A. Luebke Board of Selectmen Newbury,MA 01951 l 5500 Friendship Blvd. Town of Salisbury, MA 01950 Apartment 1923N George Dana Bisbee, Esq. Chevy Chase, MD 20815 Senator Gordon J. Humphrey Geoffrey M. Huntington, Esq. U.S. Senate Office of the Attorney General Atomic Safety and 1.icensing Washington, D.C. 20510 State House Annex Board Panel (Attn. Tom Burack) Concord,NH 03301 ' U.S. NRC Washington, D.C. 20555 Selectmen of Northampton Allen Lampert Northampton, New Hamp. Civil Defense Director Atomic Safety and Licensing shire 03826 Town of Brentowood Appeal Board Panel Exeter, NH 03833 U.S. NRC Senator Gordon J. Humphrey Washington, D.C. 20555 1 Eagle Square, Ste 507 Richard A. Hampe, Esq. Concord, Nil 03301 Hampe and McNicholas Docketing and Service 35 Pleasant Street U.S. NRC Michact Santosuosso, Concord,NH 03301 Washington, D.C. 20555 Chairman Board of Selectmen Gary W. Holmes, Esq. Mrs. Anne E. Goodman Jewell Street, RFD # 2 Holmes & Ellis Board of Selectmen South Hampton,NH 03S42 47 Winnacunnent Road 1315 New Market Road Hampton,NH 03842 Durhun,NH 03842 Judith H. Mizner, Esq. Silverglate, Gertner, et al. William Armstrong Willi"m S. Lord, Selectman 88 Broad Street Civil Defense Director Town Hall Friend Street Boston, MA 02110 10 Front Street A:nesbury,MA 01913 Exeter, NH 03833 Rep. Roberta C. Pevear Jane Doughty Drinkwater Road CaMn A.Canney SAPL Hampton, Falls, NH 03844 City Manager l 5 Market Street City Hall l Portsmouth,NH 03S01 Phillip Ahrens, Esq. 126 Daniel Street l Assistant AttorneyGeneral Portsmouth, NH 03801 Carol S. Sneider, Esquire State House, Station # 6 Assistant Attorney General Augusta,ME 04333 Matthew T. Brock, Esq. ( 1 Ashburton Place,19th Floor Shaines & McEachern l Boston,MA 02108 "Thomas G. Dignan, Esq. P.O. Box 360 f R.KtGad 11, Esq. Maplewood Ave. Stanley W. Knowles Ropes & Gray Portsmouth, Nil 03801 Board of Selectmen 225 Franklin Street P.O. Box 710 Boston, MA 0;110 Sandra Gavutis RFD 1 Box 1154 North flampton, Nil 03826 Robert A. Backus, Esq. East Kensington, NH 03827 Backus, Meyer & Solomon ~- 111 Lowell Street Charles P. Graham, Esq. Manchester, Nil 03105 McKay, Murphy and Graham
on ug ~.f o,j - UNITED STATES NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION G i E -. WASHINGTON, D. C. 20555 / liay 26, 1987 MEMORANDUM FOR: John Milligan Technassociates FROM: Emile L. Julian Kcting-Chief Docketing and Service Branch Mrcok EXHIBITS *Md $
~~SUBJECT:~~
Any documents filed on the open record in the Scaberql pro-ceeding and made a part of the official hearing record as an exhibit i s considered exempt from the provisions of the United States Copyright Act, unless vt was originally filed under seal with the court expressly because of copyright concerns. All of the documents sent to TI for processing fall within the exempt classification. [ d b.pW 4 y -}}

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