ML20136F763
| ML20136F763 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Issue date: | 03/07/1997 |
| From: | Beardslee C NRC (Affiliation Not Assigned) |
| To: | Strosnider J NRC (Affiliation Not Assigned) |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 9703170048 | |
| Download: ML20136F763 (166) | |
Text
_
[fA 4>,
l 4
UNITED STATES g
,j NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 2055%0001 g
o March 7, 1997 MEMORANDUM T0:
Jack Strosnider, Chief Materials and Chemical Engineering Branch Division of Engineering THRU:
Edmund J. Sullivan, Chief Inservice Inspection Section Materials and Chemical Engineering Branch Division of Engineering FROM:
Cheryl Beardslee, Materials Engineer Inservice Inspection Section Materials and Chemical Engineering Brancia Division of Engineering
SUBJECT:
SUMMARY
OF FEBRUARY 27, 1997 MEETING WITH EPRI REGARDING NRC 0FFICE OF RESEARCH STEAM GENERATOR (SG) TUBE INTEGRITY PROGRAM AND SG STATUS AND ISSUES 4
On February 27, 1997, the NRC staff met with representatives of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in Argonne, Illinois. Argonne 4
National Laboratory (ANL) employees (contractors to the NRC Office of Research) discussed the Steam Generator Tube Integrity Research Program.
EPRI a
representatives discussed the statut of steam generator operations, industry initiatives for sizing of circumferential cracks, eddy current qualification updates, and industry guidelines for inservice inspection, leak monitoring and sleeve assessments. Attachment 1 is a list of the meeting attendees. is a copy of the slides that were used in EPRI and NRC/Research's q<; X presentations.
Attachments: As stated n
0'
/
gl$ [5iE W-o-
w qya wa+ 3e 'ud",
s
- M 98n s H ie m C
PDR y(9&
ATTACHMENT 1 EPRI MEETING TO DISCVSS STEAM GENERATOR ISSVES LIST OF ATTENDEES FEBRUARY 27. 1997 HatiE ORGANIZATION S. Bakhtiari ANL I. Barnes NRC/ Region IV C. Beardslee NRC/NRR E. Benner NRC/NRR M. Behravesh' EPRI J. Blake NRC/ Region 11 O. Chopra' ANL D. Collins NRC/ Region II S. Dembek NRC/NRR D. Diercks ANL L. Dudes.
NRC/ Region I H. Gray NRC/ Region I K. Green-Bates NRC/ Region III l
E. Hackett NRC/RES G. Henry EPRI M. Holmberg NRC/ Region III G. Hornseth NRC/NRR D. Jones NRC/ Region III G. Kammerdeiner Duquesne Light /EPRI SGMP K. Kasza ANL W. Kleinsorge NRC/ Region II W. Kropp NRC/ Region III 0..Kupperman ANL B. Lazarus NRC/ Region I D. Mayes Duke Power E. Murphy NRC/NRR J. Muscara NRC/RES J. Park ANL S. Peterson NRC/NRR D. Powers NRC/ Region IV P. Rush NRC/NRR J. Schapker NRC/ Region III B. Shack ANL J. Strosnider NRC/NRR E. Sullivan NRC/NRR J. Tsao NRC/NRR G. VanSickle NRC/AE0D
=
l Distribution w/ attachments Central File Public EMCB R/F SCoffin w/out attachments IBarnes, Region IV EBenner, NRR JBlake, Region II i
DCollins, Region II
^
SDembek, NRR LDudes, Region I EHGray, Region I KGreen-Bates, Region III EHackett, RES MHolmberg, Region III GHornseth, NRR DJones, Region III i
WKleinsorge, Region II WKropp, Region III.
Wlazarus, Region I EMurphy, NRR JMuscara, RES SPeterson, NRR DPowers, Region IV PRush, NRR JSchapker, Region III JStrosnider, NRR ESu111 van, NRR JTsao, NRR GVanSickle,- AE0D/TTD t
9
'I o
I h
k e
Il li
.j Steam Generator Tube Integrity Program
-l (JCN W6487; NRC Program Manager: Dr. J. Muscara) l i
Program Overview Dwight R. Diercks
$\\ONAl l
/
2 O
?
O
?
C O
- ~F I
e4Y Of i
j t
Workshop on Steam Generators Argonne, IL
,l February 25-27,1997 5!
9i
?i !
5,
~l t
Argonne National Laboratory
l 1
t Program Objective
=
{
Ovefall' objective of the research program is to provide data, and assess and
~
evaluate methodology which can be used to assess the integrity of steam generator tubes even as plants age, and new forms of degradation appear ~
l and progress.
l To assure integrity,'one must be able to:
Evaluate and characterize degraded tubes.
i
)
Evaluate structural integrity and leakage associated with degraded tubes.
Characterize progress of degradation over the next inspection cycle.
j l
'These enabling technologies are focus ~of program. Developrnent of these is i
industry responsibility, but program will provide independent assessment i
and evaluation.
I Argonne National Laboratory l
f
i 1
Program Personnel l
ANL Program Managers: Dwight Diercks (Metallurgy and mechanical properties, failure analysis of nuclear components, TMI VIP)
Bill Shack (Structural analysis, nuclear structural i
i materials, SCC, member ACRS)
Lead personnel:
i Dave Kupperman (NDE, ultrasonic inspection of austenitic and cast SS, leak detection)
Sasan Bakhtiari (NDE, analytical modeling and signal processing)
Saurin Majumdar (Mechanics, high-temperature design analysis, high-temperature materials behavior) j Ken Kasza (Thermalhydraulics, experimental flow facilities)
J. Y. Park (SCC, corrosion testing in high-temperature water systems) t Argonne National Laboratory l
l l
]
J
-)
k 1
i i
n: s s
Program Structure 1
Program is organized in four technical tasks:
i e
Assessment of Inspection Reliability j
e Research on ISI Technology i
Research on Degradation Modes and Integrity e
t e
Tube Removals from Steam Generators l
I i
f s
t Argonne National Laboratory
I Assessment of Inspection ReliabilityiTask 1) 1 Objec ve is to evaluate and quantify the inspection reliability of currently used and emerging methods for inspection of current-day flaws in steam generator tubes.
Will organize round-robin (RR) evaluations using commercial ISI teams on degraded steam generator tubing. RRs will utilize:
l Steam generator tube bundle mockup developed at PNNL.
i Library of degraded tubes produced in ANL autoclave and model boiler facilities.
~
Library of degraded tubes from retired steam generators.
i i
Repaired tube specimens including sleeved tubes.
i f
I i
Argonne National Laboratory j
i i
i
- I Research on ISI Technology (Task 2)
Goal is to evaluate and assess new and emerging NDE technologies that' may provide more reliable detection of flaws and more accurate correlation of NDE parameters with integrity and leaksge.
l Technology transfer to maintain a high degree of NDE expertise available to NRC.
Evaluate (a) signal analysis techniques for reliable ISI such as regression analysis and applications of neural networks for flaw imaging and display l
methods and improved probe designs ar.d (b) attematives to EC inspection l
l such as high frequency and Lamb wave ultrasonics.
[
t l
Evaluate current and proposed NDE parameter correlations for failure pressure and leak rate.
i l
Use analytical predictions of eddy current response to gain insight and l
l.
examine sensitivity of proposed techniques and parameters.
l Argonne National Laboratory 1
_________.__.______r l
i Research on Degradation Modes and Integrity Jask 3)
. w.
i' l
Objective is to evaluate and experimentally validate models to predict leak / rupture behavior, failure pressures, and leak rates for steam generator tubes and for repaired tubes under normal operating, accident, and severe accident conditions, and to assess potential degradation modes and j
progression rates.
Autoclave and model boiler facilities will be used to obtain realistic crack
[
morphologies for integrity, leakage, and NDE studies.
Structural Integrity and Leakage Studies:
l i
Failure and leakage tests intended to validate fracture mechanics and NDE characterization of degraded tubing. Integration with NDE task is
(
critical.
I f
Argonne National Laboratory t
~
l 4
w,
Research on Degradation Modes and Integrity (cont'd.)
i Design Basis Accidents (blowdown facility):
t Facility designed to more realistic simulation of thermal hydraulic j
conditions during tube failure events; will benchmark more extensive j
industry programs.
l i
Severe Accidents (severe accident test facility):
Series of tests completed at temperatures to 915 C (1680 F) and pressures to 31 Mpa (4,500 psi) to assess validity of simplified i
fracture mechanics models of crack stability and tube failure.
l Argonne National Laboratory j
l i
Tube Removals from Steam Generators Jask 4)
~
' dbjective is to obtain tubes and sections from retired steam generators for use in the other research tasks in this program.
Agreement has been reached with Duke Power Company for the removal of tubes from one or more retired steam generators from McGuire 1.
Actual tube removals are to take place in the summer of 1997.
t i
Discussions have been conducted with several other utilities about the possible removal of tubes from retired steam generators, including Public Service Electric and Gas (Salem 1), Florida Light and Power (St. Lucie),
and South Carolina Electric and Gas (Virgil Summer).
I Argonne National Laboratory t
i Kupperman and S. Bakhtiari _
Characterization of Flaws for Reliability Studies using a Steam Generator Mock-up Steam Generator Workshop Argonne National Laboratory February 27,1997 l
i Energy Technology Dmson j
Argonne National Laboratory
s L
l i
.OwledgmCH[S t
+ PNNL-R. Kurtz, A. Diaz 1
+ INEL-T. Gomm
+ AECL-V. Cecco i
+ ABB-AMDATA-M. Brook i
+ Zetec-J. Cox C. V. Dodd-formerly ORNL
+
t i
t l
l f
I t
I
2
+ssment ofInspection Rel
~
~
Research on ISI Technology
+ Obiective
+ Assess current state of SG tubing ISI technology (NDE f
techniques)
Conventional methods Emerging technology (ECT,UT,etc.)
Probe design
- Signal analysis methods ( e.g. multiparameter regression / correlation, neural networks) l
+ Quantify reliability and accuracy
+ POD curves
+ Sizing accuracy
+ Identify and assess promising techniques L
+ Inspection reliability
+ Reduce dependence on operator interpretation
+ Ability to size and characterize cracks l
i i
Eriergy Technology Division Argonne National Laboratory
[
i
~I
+
oachfor Assessment of
-l ability I
i
- Development of Steam Generator Mock-up i
- Characterization of flaws for mock-up
- Round Robins
\\
f
~
v i
t
- '~-~
--ss,'--~
' - ~ ~
N%
~-_s.-s
'%g
--s
-%w%,
N%-(
"-~._,__
' ' ' - - ~. -
'~~.,
k t
l l
Mock-up will have 4fM) tube openings
- liach tube opening will have nine t
one foot sections and one three foot section for a total of 12 fect
- Sections will contain i
}
IGA 1:atique crack i
Mock-up includes Sinmlations of wastage, sludge piles, i
copper deposites, magnetite, inplant Office for crev ces, and support plates Computer and Data Acquistion/ Analysis Software j
i I
4 i
i l
3 i
Pusher-Puller 4
i i
s i
h i
'O LTC[I t
+ Evaluation of NDE characterization for mock-j up tube bundle EC depth and length estimates from RPC, multi coil arrays, polarized probes (e.g. + Point), regression analysis and i
neural network programs l
Ultrasonic depth and length characterization from high i
frequency diffraction, acoustic microscopy, Lamb wave and amplitude drop methods l
t i
f i
5
I arid EC Res117ts vs. Actical Depth i
l i
TW Actual UT Neural net TR Plus Lamb Depth number estimates EC estimates EC array Point wave j
('".)
in range estimates EC
( cire. only) i 0-20 3
0 1
0 1-0/0 20-40 3
1 2
2 1
C/0 i
40-60 3
1 3
,2 2
0/1 i
f 60-80 3
0 1
1 2
2/2 i
t 80-100 7
4 3
4 4
0/3 i
l
~
I TOTAL 19 5
10 9
10 2/6
-8 l
[
Energy Technology Division f k Argonne National Laboratory l
l i
l 4
- O O
n g
~
394>O at O -
z en e
e O
O Oe E3 E
5 m
e D
O 2 e
m 3o O
- o<
N o
O O
O O
O O
O m
e e
m (21%) sisAleuy ese4d lutod snid 441m 48 doc pelewins3 4
4 o
am a
o a
'1 u
o n
o F
at s
m n
c o
e e
o 1
E a
E g
a c.
a o 2. -
oe ce e
- O*cES=
a o-3 S
- c. c c m
em s
a o
. Zeeoo 3ec 29 o
oaamm
@ @ @ WW N
- ZEEEE I
s a
x l
o o
o o
o o
o a
w w
m (Mi%) Atuo ao 'leN l'eJneN Sulen t4 deo penetuits3 e
~
. s.. s... s,,... u v v w_
is av i<t;etu:44 JAN-Ib-9/ SU 00 H 0C 01020 [MBJ
- lQ -
Fiiter:00F Pts / pan:80 XTrans=38 YTrans=0 XRot:60 ZRot=330 l 4 !
, r;r. jit_,J2 iM 4 400 Gl Cf
~~
Auc c r <t e k d
Diff isy (CSCAN USER i
PLOD SELECT it Ok yl SCAN SCAN g
(+/-)
+/-952 L
t i
XSCALE YSCALE
= 0.7
=11.7 t
i f.h' SCANS EOFST' l
~
O
=45
=9 N
N 1
i"ii SPAN R-SLEE
=577 0FF
]
O CIRC CIRC t
FRON TO i
[d AXIAL EEIAL ei,swi 1
N FRON TO i
- s
/
NR5. 'DEt'TI4
,/
j
/
y 0
l 6C PMse._
p 240
/
m
\\
87% Tel i
j i
1 120 l
1-l f DE.
0 315.0 b
$OVe TRJ N0 HEAS
-907.TV l
l' r
g ni is,
+ 7577 0
240 120 w
i E
l
i e
s 4
... +...
.. +..
/
e
..+..
i e
j.,
..+..
.a
... +...
.. +..
4 J
J 4
a.**.r e m (a)
, s ie*
W E
y i
.. +...
... +...
4..
In
...e..
1........+:...
4 i
- i..........:.........._..
.. 4....
4 4
4 C
2 4
6 RumeneCenpensat.p N asl u 10*
(b)
Figure 3. Eddy current simulation results showing knpedance-plane signal Lajectory tr *---Mus Sgure) at 100 kHz for a differential bobbin coil inside an inconel-600 tube with a 75% OD axial tight slot (a) without, and (b) with a 127 pm (0.005 in.) long ligament at the center.
e.
~,
e i ImW l IAN-07-97 SG 00 ROW 0 COL 0 1006 I
5:
I 100 i
G1 ll C1 l
Diff
}
r 0.00 v/d span 9 set 13 i
1 t
IVeel (MMRI IVesed IEAad
$1001 4
chan
+ 288
/
\\
i a
b s
~7 i
Laser Cut Slot 80%TW l
Ilgament -> <- 375 pm wide
<.. 25. 4 mm---------->
r 4
i Figure 2. Eddy current IJssajous figure from one inch (25.4 mm) long laser cut OD axial slot, 80%TW, with 0.015 l
inch (375 micron) ligament at the midpoint. Data shown was taken with a bobbin coil eddy current probe at 100 kHz in differential mode from an Inconel 600, 7/8-inch (22.2 mm) diameter tube with 1.25 mm wall.
i d
4 i
_. _. _... _.. _.. _ _ _. _ _. _ _.. ~ _. _ _
1 h
j i
2 4
I na i lAN-07-97 SG 00 ROW 9 COL 01001 6-li 100 i
G1 l-C1 Die 2
e 0.00 v/d seen 12 tot 10 i
t i
t i
b i
j l
. iEi l
i IVool lhtdll Need EAni 1801 1
ehen
+ 2000 l
1 i
I 4
j 1
i
(
laserCutSlot 80%'1W 4
l kgament -> <- 125 pm wide 1
..---25.4 mm---------->
l Figure 1. Eddy current IJssajous Agure from one inch (25.4 mm) long laser cut OD axial slot, 80Hi1W, with 0.005 inch (125 micron) ligament at the midpoint. Data shown was taken with a bobbin coil eddy current probe at 100 kHz in differential mode from an inconel 600, 7/8-inch (22.2 mm) diameter tube with 1.25 mm waB.
4 4
1 i
i d
i
l Ultrasonic Evaluation of Tube Flaws i
Longitudinal M lll N
Water Bath l
i Transverse L
M 111 I
/
Q Water l
Coupling j
High Frequency Lamb j
Ultrasonics Waves j
i I
h
100
^
A g
5 M
s p.
80 ma a
5 g
l 60 ;*
a LID A
IGA
-g a
A CID 40 S
A 00D e
O 4
20 m
.D s
0 O
20 40 80 80 100 Actual Maximum Depth (%TW) t h
e
=
$e E
100 t
o 3 80 a
,E ei Lu E 60 o.
e a
y40 A
a ur E
A Plus Point 20 e
Ec N Net
......... esy.Lct g
[
95%UCL o
g 0
20 40 60 80 100 Maximum Depth by DE (%TW)
+.=
~
ating Length with EC and UT niques
- Eddy Current l
Application of neural network analysis to multiparameter mp itude analysis using Plus Point Probe Amplitude analysis with array probe i
- Ultrasonics High frequency scattering (amplitude drop) j Lamb waves t
i
--.:::=.. _. --
s
+ -. _,,
.;=..m,..
i EDDYt
__I-m-
AXIAL LIZ CmcLIZ_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. _. _.. _... _
~ -
_... 'XI RI LWill.
JEZ M r. tnt Lt M 5 - -
~ ~ ' ' -
ELvuuRH9_ __. _.11.__ZIiEi 5 g
g
,Mu NURl
.m m
i
~
o 4 mDiri4 ocoptri I
ci eM ci csihn i,
E k
_.1 4
- ]Jf
,_ f wr.
r-i e
a w
Q*
_ =__ - - _
~~
'^
~-
DL_1L_ _fz ~~ '
- issn
- 11 r1
- inn
~~
'~
libb: Sbl5HCAL00063 U~dfi13:27:12 OCT-02-95 SG 10 R 2 C 61015 [I
~
Filter:lTT Pts / Scan-90 XTrans=10 Ytrans-0 XRot=59 2 Rot =136 Miic.
sLl!!
- l i
i I
h 9
)(
120
/
I 240
-o. in _
L s
i
=
-D 0.74 o.74 I
f
...w N
O I
N
-0.74
~'
I m%
P1.0 f
Axt.m =
0.551n 4
n 4
l
\\
,4
+ 18573 i
0 120 240
)
' ~ ~ - " ~ ~ ~
r L
l l
t t
i I
I i
i t
i i
^
ES 6
~
=
CC1)RT; 5
CIDSCC f
E O
LIDSCC LN
}
4 l
c 3
o n.
se
+
e 2
m e
e 8
1
~
E
=
~ '
O 0
1 2
3 4
5 6
Destructive Examination Length (cm) i
, (a.a dimumm A
&. W z 4JM..h-4duJhohee h hJaamim,.W.-'
mA.h.mmans.m em m s als. m m eum h--
--Aam-W.4-+6-e m waswm--mi-=an.eh-em-
-.--aemaawam
)
t I
i l
t l
!i i
i f
i l
I i
1 Ei 0
=%.,
l x
i i
l
~3
..z. s.
,m a.; -. ;. ;..;.g;i. up gs. 2,g~ o..:.g: w,x.p..,;. :. u, g
v..
- ...sg.-
- -..,.
c.
.;-r
.}$ -
/t,s;;,
p.-
c '.-. 5.,";+;.f -.
D
. 1:
s.
r-
. - {
g,- p.. r. >.:..
4
- - 4 7
. t y:. ' ' '
e ~'
' ', 1.. s
- 3,-
,(
p q
~,v.
l
(:;.
e 4
.;T'. ' '. ' ' -.
st'
$-[.,
f.
'.,b5
,- N ;'.
r..
g,,,
b
., - )' h. - '_'..
.g p
.h
< g ',,
'Q s..*
6
- d - ! ' 7, l
%;-h'.g.9
.,... h,.., l '. M,-
.. -.. ',$,p,
.).lQj 7.;. - '..
+
s,.;
g 1
/ -
ko
'ke
. N. x.TS %. Qi. 4. A.C. U....N s #. w.
l 1
l t
l
~
i l
t l
I e
i l
i l
l 1
2 1'
I l
i t
(
-a--..--
-- ' ~ - -
i 4
4 I
e 1
1 d
I l
a f
i 1
I t
I i
t s
v i
e I
i i
e e
i g, ':-
7,..h,
in
?.
t, l
l w
.%wm.
.e...... w m ;.. +.. % s--
t :
,p=,l]r.""j."f,, '~ ~, ', I.
~ . ' flj /]3f --
't
- 9) t g
,\\
s e
/
..- a
- 3, A
6 3
s i -
b.
D '
)
1 ii I
i
\\
1 n
s 4
l 1
1 e
v i
f 4
d 0
$j i
1
- -e.
---m
-e---we- - -e
w-e--
w
-- w e
s
+--
4
}
l
)
I.
8 a
m
..
- 6 -.
t....
5 i
.-i 1
i 4
5
- ~,
4 8
~
l l
i j
j i
?
I (l
9
.d f
1 a
.I i -s i
i e
s 4
j
-2 l
1 s
i
.xu l
t-3 4
a 1
3, 3
1 55.
i i
es l.s 3
- .g 5
4 5
h'.
d 0
l
! ei a
4 :N
! ' I ' *.".
J 4
o 2
i
- 4. *e.*e l
i O
c
~
- .. > e i
'3 i
a% 4 o 's 5 g..: g
.. ;, 3 i
- f. 3 t
,S
< :4
$3 -
Jc i.
--2 f _3
- 7 ';.
.. e i
(4s] 33 S,_s 7
1
- s a
o 4..
e
's > 3. h 9 ee a
.i I
- * "Ar h
's s'4
..EJ..
- ,.i e
,,s a, p,,
I o. g,g,
s a
e aa e
,o
- J" - lg
,I
- a. t,
l* ea 8
d I
W}
g.1 5,',
1 g,,
3 i,
e.g:.$
. y, i
(
.e -
y g5 5.<
1 l
.P.
j, 44~
s.B
~-
u 3.. ? *
,; " **D n
i
.. )
i 3
s: *
-- 2 3
g ; 3_ *;2
- r.:
g
= I1 :.
E 1&.
4 ': j n 4
1 t.
U I S .
,[e.
i j-j
- . :' o o o o o o o
)
i
}
l.
i 2.4 d,' i J
. ?, 8 3 B
- g.
i 4
i
]
2:
p 25:
u
_=w t
k
h i
I I
i t
l l
l i
e UT 4
e Lamb Wave l
e EC Array
+
Destructive Examination j
Tube 4-06 4
i f
W.Nd#- - } ' - i - -.., ~.f '),0
' 6.' '-
- f P
21 '1$ fGJ'4 W'Q.' : P'
,gl c:
l e
.4 l
e.
-s
.4 j
h.:.7.. _.:.--.........-... -.. -....
...... _... _.. ~.-........ -..... -... _ _,
u
. 3
.y g _. '..
~ -
Q
..t v.
l' f.(
- 4...............f.._...'........
d r...
i t-.
+4 i
1 ;
~4 l
f 9..,
- .sd...'...........s
....ss.ss
..,.-.,.s 9......y..is.......,,eeee.g....eg.g.es..
,....4....
h;r- *,,.-
r-w{
m....
- 3. 2....-
[
p g
{
$'r i. :
a
.u. a.ur....
2.
. ',: ' n... : :
3.'
- '4,
',..s -.>. '-, '.
u.
w y.
n, > n. d....~".,. -.. st
- s..: '
-'y g} :..g, q; ', _, ;,-
.. e '
y' 7
3 s
i 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 o
1 Circumferential Position (degrees) l 5
l t
j 4
1 1i f
4 e
l 1
_.. _ _. ~ _. _. _ _ _. _. _. _. _ _. _ _. _ _
-L.
~.
i t
i t
I i
l r
l i
j h
I 00 l
% 95% CL e
50 m
.Ey Se t
e
- 3 40 i
R=0.7g p
h B
s0
~
B
$2
............................ ' ' ~ ~ " -
20 Lower g5% CL t
t
/
I I
I I
I 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 Actual Burst Pressure (MPa)
(
f i
t F
i t 4
i f
T l
. o 1
e a
- m
- \\
o
-W e
m a.
(
og g
.e
. LO v j
.5 e
e a
u e
3 i
m
. om d-ve g
A E
L
=
\\
_ o a A.
\\.
_ m co W
3 o <u e
m d
II E
... - o o
o o
o o
o-e w
w a
m (edlN) s!sAeuy l
uotesej6ew Aq de Pepipeld O
e
- ~.. ;
+ Steam generator mock-up to study reliability of I
)
+ Round robins to study POD and sizing accuracy
+ Assessment of emerging ISI technology i
+ Depth and length of cracks estimated with EC j
and UT techniques
+ Neural network algorithms best when trained for specific defect type j
+ Regression analysis useful for sizing (as well as for predicting burst pressure)
+ Best depth estima.tes for Plus Point in blind testing were forID cracks
+ Ultrasonic data most reliable for sizing deep cracks l
+ Crack lengths can be measured with UT and/or EC i
l
.n...
,.... ~ - - - - - - - ~ ~
' " ~ ~ " ' ~ " ~ ^ * ' ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ^ ~ ' ' ' ^ ' ~ ~ ~ ' ~ ~
s 4
D 4
t' nd.
- a
- 2-
'.Q I ' l. ;l
- ' e '.. ' '
- ll-.
.y -[3.' ". s
- Ys.
_.,?,.'e.t...,~...;..,i.:,.l,,.'...c..p,s'.,.,.,.c.~.~,..,[.... < j.,.,. }f:
.?
.... ' \\.L; s., r..k-'.,~.;~-;Rh...'
- . -l 4
...k..
- w
l h,;f>v.h;. <.,.,......, -
- ? * < * * *
.'y p ' ';.
.},.,)m} ;. z., ',
.T.
't< =; ;.;
y_<.
?^
...., 4 ;;'p y _ *-., -g :.g,e ',.. > y ; ].@;, e
- l
.;.p,.,.,,;., ;;>1.g3.,,}.
R;. \\;
.a.. -
2
\\
,.g
.7.1. g;; -,., r v may i
,r.O..'.,...
. s ' _k; t
,, ;. 9.
..a-
, 1.:,. 3,,,,..,,. v., q,
,,., _. c.
- : j,.g.. ;;,;
i
- ... n,;.
1 c'
... ;,.g k,.
t.;,. :. m,'..
- 4.. :.
t
- 3. :a.n~...z.
- s.
' ' h?i, k l h.,...
p -
..,v
. n.,. ;-b; '!'
- n.....
2....
- h.4 ; :..e :.,
. n [ hh'ss-...
s y n...a.. e.
.....c..,...'..e t....
~,..,
e,
<^.,s,.;..:,- _. :
,$.$.'hYf
- .wN' 4,,h W N
...n' t.
3
.-..:-.N
.s-Y'.?: f. ff.0 I
w
.ew..-
- hg q khh).b.jf.h.o h,.N)k.*,.
~{f?? % h* ** f. _ %
.p,, N,,9...,....,....
..'t.,,.,
/..
s
,7 - v o,.<.,..l,,,e.
4 a E. '*.*
.;.;;.#.%M,, /.O f
.S c
s.,.":
,,.'. A:#-
f,
.a*f e.,
4..
$ i
"... 7.'.i s.> \\. t',,;.../
g
.. :: ( t +.
..p,'
- g.
r[4[ 5. :.1..% '
J-'. '.,., - *-'.% *,e.
.,f,' */;l.
f W'
.M..
.,l'.,.,.e.
r,c :.,./. +,-
- z,,
W
\\ :.
~
j.
-\\.,.y:';.. g :n :....
m s..-
.v,y ;;&:., '...,
- ..- or. -
...,><.h'.
,N,,.G.;Q.. 0..,n, c.
~,...
2 t
b L.' _ ;..Y..~ ; g ; yT Q-::': ? E y.,,,,. 9. y W'.M';;'y,,
- ~-
lQ '. '.,..._.
'-[:!,,Qf~:.9.); ; ' '.; l,,1... :
s.*-
.: f. I;%p'. -':
- p
- :
v
, Q. [*j..,. ; f;h _QL,.' b... ::' _
',*.v
- ', M
- b :;[_.,l h+
. ', '. y !. ::
. (,, ' ',;,:
? ' ] i; : :.
, 'M
[. i.:7 ;, _q :% '.-(. '. f.;, A :
% '; i.' _ Q; : s ' ' i.. '.p. ',,., l l : 5.;, ** ' }.'s~ } W.j f '@.;.r ;,.,). _ s:; v;,:l,.
Q.
n
' :-[$.;:_.,* ? * ;t. :tg'.. ;;r f' ',?. l I'.
.*o.f
.a
[..% j,..,;
.-l
-l l *.... :;.
)
7
__e.
. n...;. ;:..;.:...,.
.:......,.,.?.;_
- ,,,c-q :,..;,'.-
p.+y..;
.. ' : v ?,~. ' f,
!: 'd: 2. b. O. Y...... ;
,s-Q
.,3
,, + 3.;.
, : w _.;.
~.
.- - :x
.... 3;.
- .* j _
pru.'.... _. _..,, -
..~,
o
'J;
~
l
.. g ;;. _,,. ;-
g;.,
..,r
,*m y., v.,
0
.1 N.'.$..'.[.
- J l:.' < ' f.. ':* D. ' ';.,... :.-I.W.I~i;. * :; U,y'. $,;.. /., p._
?.;:.! h.:., - y,: ',.
l
- l l '.. ::;?'. '..: f... l'.'. :}l:.' ' I.h' ' - :.% ' ui YG
. 2 i
f
.=
, -- Q..... :,.
s.,.y.;.y y,..
- . 9,
(.. v, : >.,..,_x..::;,.:......, :.a,;__.,,.s._
j
..:,.ef..
.e
-_. y.. ;
s
- . -,
- y q,.
g
...;..v:
- ' '. 9 s,.. :
e,c :f
-. _ ',,.., ~. ;,,m
.=..,.;.
.,..._.,......*..r..
..3 s-., _, -
)3,..;.
~t..:.._
- (,
- :.,...., g [ ;-.. e
- ..,f
,,.,:. g,. :v..,_.'.:~,.
n : f.,. _.,..,
j
- .
- . _.., ~;.. 1...
s e.,
- p :,
L. ;. ;.,..,; % U, r: p',.,
l- ' ', -' [a. ;,..
(
- [ ',, a.; ;,.; : -
i x;
...;... : 3.. ::,s;_
,t.-
}
-...:,......'.-:p).
... - ~;. :.....{..;-
... : L,';d. '. -:, '.. ':
...,y-Q_.>3,,....,.i...x.,....,.. ?::y'.' i.,, '
~.1 i.
- ,. ; i.. ' t, '.. Y.
._ ;...x..c,
...a,.
- :..% ~.,,7_
' ; - <-^:::. A.. '>.. ?. ', C. : ?. : :.. (!. :m. ;
,1,......_:.'...y;...s Ev..:,,,,
.'..."s.. ~*-
...... p._ :, g -.:...
. c. - -
. _ e. ;t..po r,e,,f,,:.
- ~, '.,,,..;
- .5> : y'
- ,V.. -:t,
.,p..:.. "; :
(.._... r i;
., \\ :.,
. v.. : -... ' s. :
n
. 4 s
. aw
)
- .... d..:..
...~1,,-.
, :. t.._ T*.
g
- .*.,g:.
y,..
. :. g;.
o 5,
- - '... : p'.. ' a '..
c'
.v, v:,
.,..>.'..u'o4' (.; ;. y... -.
,s 3..
t
- - + ;.,) c e
-...,s..
)
. ' q..,, _.j.? ?., ;..,.....z.,...,,-3...,,3.,,Q
.,, u :. y.n:. g.,
.a 4
,;'. g.
- f_.y *.y.
..y, s. ;,.,. ; ; p L. '., ;;,..,'. :.p,g ; -.., i,: ;;
v
+..:-
e
,7,- -w /.
N. ;... '.
.f. 4 y_.
.,7.$. $.,.~. s.[.;.,f; _.,
- l.5, lQ':....-:.'.'. *;;,.
f.
. ;.h. ~ ;. ; ,[. - ' \\ ;','.,. '.$,$s. 4j,.... -._
+5 3,.. _,.
'. '_ / :'
l *:l.A
..,,'7l. Q[N s.
i
.g
),['s,.Qg.:.i,'_L;.l' ':. ) l*Q;Mu y.:r -.Q';.: f
- '.rj &....;,
l.
l
'. /, ;,.
3,f'
.. i; p. -
.. ;;;,s,
_.,. w, k,
., y' _ _..,
9.,.
. ;-: ;.y, :_
., ::,p, j. ql.:;,3, :,,3 ;.. p:. : w.. ; 3...,'. ; : g t:-
z.Q
'.yyl..p'.';'.' h.,
-. -j'. y ;;.. '. '.. '.
- t
... e,:,.
..... ~.t.- -:.
,.. : L ::, -
- . j, f,.,... :
> ;,.Rj.i J...
,.,s._
c.... ; _..
+...,:.
- 3 r..,
l
- . 7. l -. - ;,','
.l.,*.= ' ' %. Q..: f.<-: ;...c,.* :,.. ~ M:. -
f;., ;, -*'v.
c _.,;} s.
'., ;;' *,... c d'.y';a,.,- - - ri-
[.:., ' -
t s
- . g-
,.,. ;- og y ^.' '. i;W.;r'ef...
-e'.
...; -_;. - c.y ;\\ ;.. _
p,,_.}
,a a
- q - i.:'..>
- _m*. ;,
..'.i".,- '; -
r s- :
,l... '*. '. ' '...
.' :; L ;N;',4 ):c: v D ' f.
.;.... ; h..,,.,
?-
- a..
-.<;..-'. '.,..~.'T,.
.- &..,..,3,'..*
.. > +..
., \\:...-.l'.l.
.... -. J
, j ?'
.l' i.".. ;.,.Y. - Jl]... ;t } $ a i i. ', 'r. --
l
+ :. - ' ',.
-' ' ' ' ~, ',.* L'.
. -,.; s; ;...... ' -
v
'. - f
- i:.
}
l '.',Q.,':.ff;l,' 3 '" 1 ; } r.-i. /.!;f.,
U"'b' 'd.1.%,
,,f,~*e'-f;".".,,','.,','.:'.,;..
c
- ;.
- :+s;.
.' f, j R;:1_9, ;. 'g. <._
- .,. 7. ;.; L..: ?.
~..-q
- +
..f.,..
....,a
. :,, f e
+,
c... :.
s y_.,.
.... r., - r..+..,,;
.,;u...-.... :.,... '... -, ;...
v.
y:.
'. c.' ; w;... '- *.. '..,;;
,'.'.[~
.c..
..r:
- 9
-';4-
.s
-'.K,,.,...
.+ ' [. l.O k,. :*:~y,9 l
- lL::
- n. r. :- :-.
...'gs..,.... s. -:. i. 3,,:
- ~:
..'*.s :.
't.-
m.
6 vy..
.w.v..,.,.:.~..9,.;...-.. ~,
- .v. v, f. ;. -
....~y.
v
./,
n ti d
.i. s <w,. :-
',..;.:'_':I % T ' '. ' Y.e; 7'. '. * :. ; :.v, ;
,. f.,,.,: ',. ;f s
a s,
%*,l',,
E *d:. %.. j.
.. a s.,
'?,: '.,' '
q'
. r ;...
.;',.'!.:.~i.
6
_3.
.. : ;p.'
..s., ;,..-
.;,.,..%'a.,,,'..h,.,
n y
. j; t..,.*, s,g,..,, j s,
n
? '.;
,'r.. -
p - -;
j;.: y.t.<..
.w.
'.:.;-.. y~. \\,.,
- ,,.,
- p.-
1
.,t
' - J. p. =y
-(l }, :;..
- 4. ;. : ;. '.
'A--;
- .l r. f ; ' ' ; _"* ;'. $,.
n A.:: s.
u L;....-
s
.x'...
.-~e,..?
.,.?.
. '*;:.r.c....-
.i ::'/ > -
- 4...
7.,q.'.L
=p :,.,
- . k
)
s
' ;.).... ;,..
.'.,s':.- m,1;.-
L.9: ? :.' '.
w n.~
-:.;;G ::* : :,
a.: -
. ?;',
- ;w. ; :
., '_ oy'. ;,. ; ;l s,,
~ : 5:y;.:.:._.
im : ;
- ,, ?..;;.._..v-
- .. ~ -. ~ 4,
.y '..:
, u-
- a. y, * "
- - ~
.n
. s..l q. 9.;9... ;g.; t
- k;%(, f3 ':
[
..l, ?.
. ' 'L
- f...l%.n. R.1: a l.ll @.,-Q: W.lR.
1..
.p v...-
2,.,
L-
['.,,. T...\\
'..7
?
? j)lN.~,h' '?..
- 'c.
N ' S'
' Lj'[.*V.?.. l ':! l.
< i.'. -:
i
,M
,. W :. =-... st
..~,~.:.p,.'v.,....q',
.. Y...;..::, N'i R, *
'..?
?
l *
- i.Y.,;:;....
s,._..,a' w.y s;
. -,. + :..,.,... f.... ; ' f. V,*:"..l,
a y ?,
.?
.s..
.; [:
u a
,*;p-Q. r".. '.^...;.~-
...y-
. ; ' _... g ;;,.,;
'(
- ' :. 'l
.'u.,*.
..:......v.:, ;+ :.g'... o c.. ' v,.,'.. ^ a.
t 1*
'.s..
i._. ;
... ~ -
'...!. :,y w
- ,;c.'.,.:
t,.:
,,')',),.,,'.
p
{
- .t:.
- ".,,f..:'..
s,
..y.j..
r:: -
j>
s A'.
..-'....??
y
.e, ' 'b :.
,.,,~.*n*
4
- ' ~ ' *
. '..s -. -. 9..
n..
.a ';
- 4. q
- !: s.:
,y.'
1
'.1;y,+:
_ ', ' *c., ' 'fl.,,. <, C.e r m.. or:. ? ? es,.*. '
h : i f l :.
.'. 4 ';:;; : /', 7. 'W;, - l*
,~.,..,.:c_;..*..;:
.- z....:. p.
M * 'r;:.u
. l., ': : :
, ; : :. ) -
- s. =.;
. ~'- f i... ;. '..,4 ';',f..;
.' : ' i' L s. *, M.. ; [
.c y;. :
- sw.
. :. ; f.. ',1.>..C' ? 2...*. ?.. '.;. :...
- s ::
s l,' 5l.
),_.,f :.' '.
.,y..a...;.'
,.<*'?
- z * ~,, '
..2,,,-
-h.%
l
,: ~
A '.~
4 ; '. ' ' ^
.9.v'.:7'.. -.
"..:r^,; ';'. -
- ?. IR
- -.i
.'.'.:. '( t ',.l E' E: W' l'O,.',)i
,q u e,,.:
1-'. r;r-A:.;..:.~
=4
- .. R ri ~. p' -
s
....'s.-
~
T
'.* 4 :; ; j:.
n
. r
.s,.- : e.. s...; ':.. :...
~ :* ;
' -i. ~. '
K.,,. q;y *.:. '.:- Q':.'
s.
z.
y
- ...n
- , i s
4o;; '.. o -
l s. '.. *.i!... '. *.... ~- s < a '.s* .. ~. ?.. . (1. ':l ... I'.i,l ' :5.. [ r; ;;:q.
- l
..,.. 3,. . 4 '.* :. y ?..,,~.x:::. y. y;.. '.'s,'t[ y.: < :. ;;... 2...,. s' '. Ac..' r . - :: *~:.<., ;* : '..... V.'
- b h.;. y;!f *:'.};:?:
_&, fy:.ik \\.l - \\ ;. .-ff.5 ~ l1:: hh:' - l $ ?^ ( m f. ?.);[*l.?', ; \\.h.'..?-f.?].: *' c.
- r.. D.
y; '". ?. gi,q: W.i
- p., -. l.;;.'s..
g.'lR>..&..,.. .,.y '&; -, q.2. c T.,..v',.e' l y4. 4,. r- ; -:. .t e :,3l. w. 19 :.,,:. _. l : m..t. 3 a.;. J.% - 'l.i. ." '. ::, ;. r'~' c.z. 6 :n..>f. k...,A.;,;.:v:. u .'e, g.'3...-u*...,.a.,
- p
.. :...;)
- s...
. yy $. : r...,.. y.;... .D, + ",w ? ;' - 3,, b,,n...p R,
- :,.p '.:>i:n..
. s.v . ' yy: - 3 ..f o. ;,.. ~.r...m...c c.. .,.~..s.q ..y.:., : <; <. r. M.p..,.. y:,.. .; r,
- i.
,e. ..f.,, n ......s,.
- m. <
.t '.. ~ . : *.g v:.: _ ...? : *} y :n Q..:.-6.tp: :., yq
- ,i,...,. d.;9 ; m..f.
- i::; [v. e:{:-
3,.. . Q,pr.a: ;n.. 'm'a-2,, '.c), '.'y.. ?..* 6 .s c .~ r. .. f .g ?: : 2 '. i. '.. :: q, ;'c-C. f.,"" h'4.:..i* w c:- . a, l.31..s t;.(3. 'k q: :~ ;NA'9.yy, ' '.:...' ^. q. i:r' :A : ).','.... l
- d L
- . n
- .g;:1eh;.g :l k:;.. m...,A.. ::.,.._~; ;.,
. s:. .i ., * :: ;;.'l,9.p-Q,;U. f W;.'.:;):.,:.,... '<b-
- q i.. @'
' si c . 4:l' -
- a X 9..,,. -
% :n...'_.. ' i..:.';. 5 y..::L .c .e
- . '!: ::.i;-
i.. ; ;..., ? ;,'.-:Gl:;;l, .y ? n '}:C .;n.,.fs ), ; ' y f.c... w ?, c *:%.7 n.~-. a
- '
- '. M-: '. <
,c. 1 =.s .:. :.e, v.. p ':.t. -, *: s. s x _s.. y. J .';,..~ r N-w ^,..z-... i
- .y.. ;;;3-:.-y. ~ :u., ; g ~,.
0>. ,v.c :- : .n: .,t.'.,,:..-- /.:. ;
- -ly.,..
- r. : (
a. k:s t,A w..". :%:4. -w.W : .. f.. L. p:,1 - +y [~.7,Q.;, :4l) Q; f.... b'xq s'...'L ., [;.;' y;3. ^ -y v< .w.Q:] * .r- .t.
- m". ;. i.-l
- \\
- : -o'...
1 , i j._ r n;: jfh,*S;[,
- i l;;; l: c.
,y. n =.y wr:'Q i;Mg,.- % -;,;.f.~\\. i: p' f *;' _.[...a
- f.
f:'f:.% y;;;. m' . :. M ~. - .:!::j K_'.: j j '...lU.]... } l,',. - l: ;'.l. l(*- xg e. ^ ',f* l), j. if ._}:l,(. " u.o g.
- . :.+ M.?
' ^
- 2(;
3.l l. ' ". f:.?ld ] 'f .c. 5:-
- R
- . y.a...c.
.'.V .ll. ',,..w.. O. N..? :....l.\\ '.. O...:.... J.4.:s'..W.: ;.,.:.' (.:.',l;l:y Q...l ^ C,.:. r;.,..,. j' l T i ;,: '..::Q.h.: ~, Qy;.': l9 %,.,l.? y@ ' Y ,,y....
- .... +,-.,.:
7c. ..,; j..,; :. *..r.'; ,...m.@t 4n*,y .a... 4.. ..s,,.,,+...;.., q +..,r;-." -. :.J. w i.G.:.<je, Q; i. ~. ::... n a f.y....... ' :..~ ..e.. ....,..,,c.._ ~. 3.....,,.,-. .~..v,. ...,7..,.. g., '. n r, :'m y '. ':'.y 'y , l6 ': s.
- . J.. F r.y& R:s: :sc:
4 \\ ~ ;.,. v >. a. . y i;Q L.;;
- d!.: C * ';-) d.:. );s.3. :.c, f. * :
,.~.:.m '., :' ~ p a,m~ ~- s i.T ll ;, .,%,9:%.,~).:.,:;.~; .v :;;6 ~.J G.: ;*:,;.x :.. Y::N.*i: y
- ..3 f., ;.. Q..
z., c.. t ; ':. ',n:: s... x c. ;..v...:.,t_
- 4; l-c
...*. x,.a: w.: I as. y...r. r;-
- ; n.. f: q_. 7.. a,.. s
. b.,;; 3. ..y
- y,s; -
- . -.m. a. m...
',*, y;:it.' l. =p.. .u ..,4 1.1 p*. :. ]. ;. q c..p;s n. :.
- s..; v.. u:
' ; x..... A.;,-. t:y. v: :. '- ::p'..,.. ?* ; a ,y,. . '..e.. :..* : ;.., , : e. . * - '.+: ,e..
- 3; "v, 4..
&; * ?.,s.~..... - ' '.i -....'.Y .; :Vlf f;;' & 'f*" (.,.- }_. '..' L: :,. .y. ~g,-Q,' * ; 's,.- -' :' G:yYf lU *v;~,* 'y....,...,
- 4 ':..,.. y Y
y p .3.,T',v. , -.,.r g:. *. ;., ~, :;' ', lg l g{.' l!: . :- > :.. 'A :
- - -,,.,5...
t,-
- m:
\\ ':l,$. 'l,$ r}..Q..' ' ~.[;.Q4 <j,*,.t;cf A' ' :-l {- j,. Q..g ;:',s. s &... ..G.' C-_%:.;Ms.,,.Q: ;;"' p. J' ja;l h-f.- ...".^'m ' ? h, * ;w.,:*.. _.., .Q..,. - f.. q
- '.9, p
.s n.,. 1-j 9,z'.N-O (.'..f.:.:: o@l Mb 't -... !. " ~ y ... - em ;.~ s..
- ' ::,.:f 3 :'
, ; e [: d. Q ' ~ %'d: : .i;. ^e ;, . ~.' l' 5.' : y, f,. s'^M.y,,'h? ;:: %.l; k. .h,.v '<; j-;;n (:( .f.s 3:,C. ::g$};k l.. . 4: t Q't ;. : . e ;q ;5 1~- ~; f;. ,.,,. q. %[,.,.,f:a:* w.v, . ' '~\\.:. '.i.l ...;; %. :Y L
- 2.. q. ; :. ' '"'..u..'. C."
l. 's ?:^ N ,..r p:, m s%.z.... 3f,..%.x.[. y e g 6 7 ;:....'. :..,:,. z.y:ei..p s v. ?. q... ., q L.
- .% v c
- s.:
- ,.;.',,, q.n
',s ::. p y. x ;.. >...\\. 1 .4. v,;. ~;
- 1:
M. - . y e ;.?.,.,,, u r.,s
- p.;.,.. s.:.
~.~,:c, 1 <.
- 5. s... %. v :. '. ;,t -
.f er:
- Q..
A e 3 ;. :. ., : c. .y;:. :eg..f.. :;... - 9 p:,-..,' p. ~, ; i.:..., -
- g
- 3
.'i, a .:..t,-,...q..s.,.q._y, .,. ; j. ;; u,.;..-.,.. ?. ;... r.... - .....w j.. .g..... ..a
- -x
,....v .c
- . -
- ..a,.: -;..c.. "
t, e .~..-. s;., - -...\\...,.'s' ..-y......... ::...g :.:...., ..... y. c,. ...;.. 1..:,y, r
- r
. :, Q,..a.: ... i " ;.;_:.... : +: c ...i.y...,.
- ...-.,<,..a.-r....-
..,a ..,...,.c_v,.; r,...;._;.,.. g - 7.o.. .'c:. 3.. g ., : g.
- .::... y ~.
.:+ i;*r . n y._ ;.,..a,,. '.* . -.. m.'. s?;. 8,.,'_:q<.y .- N. * '. v... ;, y ;.
- ,",.,..m...:.-
~ -,. .~;- : '.. pt < .w l ,7 ? , _,. g :.. f.n,:p, ..,.2,n,_,;..,, . ~... - y ;....,..,~.,...;. .y ) p. ....,;*.-: :yn(:::.... ;, ;4,..
- .4,i'_
- ... s.y ;' r
- r. y ;. -.,
'. L.. ~,3 1 )..k... - r l .. : c.v.. v.,; ; ;. :._ J,;.: ; 3...,,-. _; .: ;.,:;;.. :y; 3., ; ,,. ;y.3...;, ;. :. ? c;;.. [: ;' [.?. w ,. :.. y. > .c '.... %, _. y.. C ;. : : _;.., :.; ;.., :z. .;.,..,.s- .-.;>:;,.. ; < ;.;;,r.. c. - g a , : :r - ; f .. ~. ? a:,- {&,f l,:c ' R.:;;' w(y'... ' :eL ^._ ', ; ! _I..:.:...2* _ _ '. ~.'.) '. (;: ' l 8 - - s. e _
- .
- - w,-.'.?*%','.',
y:.T %; G;l@; _:; i;
- ).,;.4
. ': ag.. ;-j;..',3 ;..[,;.la'lQ. /: f.lj.;l: M.y ..l ..};,^.N l; : ;
- <. ~ ' ] -
'.l*.; w,... :. -9.:..?..':. : '.V: ';.:,; ' y.
- - p;.;>; b
'. J :c,',. 517. [.*.. ;;' n ] :. 3. ;,.;.. ; y., ? ;_*9..,.. ;..;. _,.,..%< . i. t L,. c...: i. :. >3
- ; 7.;
.. ;:,'.;..: : ; ';:'., :~1 . 3, .' x+ ; : [ .r !. j. _- 4 T :e : V. .,... e >.a. .n. . s. ?... c .,"..'w.:.., f. -,. '. - -:;.,: '.! : f., ~. '. a.. e:p _ _.,: s.a,. .,;g.... :. ....?; e t ;..g. v. Q..'.,..,. c ; s. -:..m;,...;,,.- n ,: 5. .? :-..... :.: -.. .. a s ~;.. r ;,. : -.. l ,c; : ;,, -
- .q.. ; ;i.
L
- ~.:.'
- e... s;..
.c .c v ~. ,,,...:.. ; -.na a., ..s. ;,
- v..........,.,..
m. s.v. n.
- . yl&::n ;.4 :%,
h.;: i;; 3.,:k.. v,; ::;. M.. ?,._[.;/.'L.@.;./,. ? : y.,.~. - -, j ; ?.? L _y%. <,,. '.,._ c., '. - J ::7,_of, ~h.,.:.1..[: i-f. f f.u. .,.....,5.._ ~ - n w... a s .a.... .n..s..,. ..r. ..m ' ' ? ;-. .t., ; A.g... - ,.>.w...,. s _ : e;.g s.....;.........,..... u..,... - { w ; :. : c... :. '., : s :,.,. e6. : *',, x: ...;...+... s
- >.rc.y
.....;.. ; ::~.: e ;... '. : ..a ,m a~'
- .. :ey...... e.
......j.-c.e 6.n. ;:.;d :.. :.. 1s. .c a.:..,; .pg s s
- -. iia.. ' -
t. v z... ~. ..e, .n J.x .s.. ~ v w.G;.p...., '; -.;. 9 .. x.,. ; y>>.. y. ~.. :,,. i. s. ~.. y a.., s, .g
- - ^
\\ };I.' (? .,....:..,........;. n. ".,...h ..:.,,?.*:., ,.,p. n. ,.:.: ~. . y.c ..:....,.,, n. v. ..c.. ..w h * '.t Y.. t' l;; f f ! :,;." : o;c %:,;,,:G *f: :'.,. w. lm? l.y. m;.~(
- .a,t...w.og.m. 3,. x. c.
,..e, m.<.. m, A.y:v:.%.,..- w.n..q, w.': %.m. s, .e a / f;... g ;,. >. c.a .., ~. ~, ;...... ..... :n ~.;. 3.,...: .w :. .a , g.,. 7............; .w ._ ll. ,e ,f ': kT:f a,.....,w . ;;.... z.,.:. _ n t:.a e . :.. _ ; w _ g. ,.. ;,..l.;,; : ~,+;--,
- w.,. =.::x., m.'h....:gj,-l l.. $:.k _,;; ' ',,, f, ;..h, k,fl;',. * ?.f~ :,f ll^b;, f:3W;
~n;Y: 5,':? ~ v..,..e.'.. w.f $ *Wl?. :. J,: flR!* ' e o+. .. ~.. w-= ~... n ~.a, _ +.:.. ~
- ~
i I O
I -~ - ~.- - ~ _..~ --,.~,.. _ _.. _ _ A 1 e 'f' .,2 IN
- f N,f,.
.g** },,' ' ', $e,.T,;-Q&~ ,.' yl.e.,,*?;' L , m '. ;' i* W; {,,'~ f.f'?;_ - [ } I' .?j' _,.,..l' c'l ' ? + $.,, : ' ; j. :f. '.:y '. if( _,.i.'.; ?. O#y- ' *k.'**d'..s' ] g*'.'[f..'F " :.','N;,.'.[.$, J.',',. ',ygp [. ; f; ' _{G _ ? ' . [ * ;,(;..f - $ { ',. ',',*f- [. .'b
- .$. ". ' ' "**, Q,}j-r,1 ' ;..- - 9
). T U '..' ; k.., t '.7, '. 4 . (.Y. ' [.'[,a ' d, 'l .:', l., : y l*-j.., ' ' ', (. '3^'., f;h, '-l ' * :l-[.. ' +# . '[, f.;} f-l * ' ~,.R 'f, ."z,:l
- N E'i o rQ,f'_. :,' '., ; ;,' j; f
- ..;?
i *,q '* [ ; l:.,;1 If.
- h*h
,F '* h..'*h.* :N j$ / key-.Q .,b f *.$.3Y. ](.)., i.."E^ I. h,e l! M[i.h,[,N:. e,,[, : N'[ 1'.,. e' ' j,N., i'Y.;.- Nj s.g }'.h . '.' f. j/ ' [.. d5;.%,f Q.: g/ , 'r ,,."'.L % s.r,.:%.:%Q.y. .4 5, :,l. . y *
- y;Q.gg.R
,j. -[N,)., y b. .. s / - .i .I [,s.i k.5llj"k 6 - q ;. g h..g f'j:$ Ng i .A.)2:n.. W: 97.(';g. c. / - ev s v.. &:pw;qbliv4:f;,7f,;@'ll,- ?; e';: p y g w":f'{p :f ' :*T( m k e 'f:pf'lEL_,:,*it,s.; : p * 'G;.ry-I. Q. " ; ;,v:. : d:..; },jts, y, sj, .,.N;, Q ..,.k._..g3, .;e. , y.1
- e.
_[.,$,Mlt , *..'( '.gsl l } [' _I D.h[4' '
- j[{ ;(;
- ..,
,',..f.['.- I,s.j 7 -l,7. ,'- [ ;,. .} [Mi 'f .3~ j. .[.g ; *,(,
- ' :.. '. - l l ~.s:(.;;.,
- r '& Q '.,% '.;s,; ;;l# '?,: }':. G '.._'h. I.
h ,?'.j;:;_
- 'o ' '.?
\\( *..[ } ' _h,.4. *.;. ', '.:l r' ', Q ' ;. ;. '%,..~_h.',.l'
- 'f " *,* *}p.,;b; ' ;*.,
- ;.
.l' W W:5.* t * ' ly _',;.f ((,:e'. 'f= ' -f _*. ~ 4 '.., y, ,y. s r* - ( ;. ' *; l ,'.,:_"? . *;. 4 : *l l*' _3,L.,i,, ' - ': l ' ' ' '.i
- ..<a,
? 4 eJ .nd-
- \\
- [ = '
3...._' '. y _, g ',
- : 2, p',.,r
.['. ? '-l ;.G; g r.,_, ,Q1.,.. s- .= r, '.y ?lh..,.; .,..?.Y.. : b N ' ' ' N '.'... v ^ l. Y.. 5. ';.' k.Y....: f.. &...n l4l' ','..*. .'E'.:.]Y.. ~ *
- 0W. E $ '.',. 1'!..' j.... ' $..'. ~. * *;..,**.*;",.
.r ?.,. b. ;,".,Q;. l ',Y.,. :.'. $,A..., *...1[ '[:. _ q,. ,.y'n.. '. ' I, ?. . TL:'* a c.. $;.. : ^;>;. .c'.. '.,:.y.
- , 7 - ';%
- . y,,<. ; 3:.,
' n, ',..f 3 .. l .',.,; e:.;3 ', ,\\
- f 1 i -'.. - g.: y
. i _. ; ; ; ; :-q - .. : l,.. ::.. ' ~,;.;, *.<. *-. ..%^
- ;_ f.
...;..lL.:-t.aa i (. :,'(::,:;.f,;:.hi::Y l f,'. " : ~,. T.. }.r,,;. s~,.p.'.s . _...., - ; L ' ";.. -
- ~,..
~,.:...-...
- ? :.QyP.'.f:.f i.
.>"l-.\\
- lq:
'.*.;}.... _ :. G'*e,. ':. ',~.;-,,.,. :,,, :[N'I ,*,n...,, '. , } &',r;:l. Q : R.].'..r ' %,..D.j j. I _.... ',... [* ,*.; 3 ~.,.. s ...s.' j l l,7 *. - - p.> : : y... y:...,., '..:,, h, .,:..'.,,.',.';.~,...f..,.**l.,--<l,, '., -..;..,9,.,.,. :. ;. L. L.. '* $ g
- r. :.,;;.. J, R. ;
(; _ y.c.%,k. : y.:p_- ~; .:U. ':,. '.' ' ' ;..,r.; e 3. ". '.. ( pp ;;.... f..:, +c ':,, d. ! y (% :4, .y r q. '. *.
- )
' ?. y, - ' o m. 7.. _g .. ~ /.._ y ',,; w_ _.. ^ ', ', l^ ;. ..y c' ,3; ; 3.( : o l . :,'; ;' '.._ f:_ _". ', f. : ~ Wa..l..
- R ?.,_. :(,
f,_"',.
- .s.
~- t _..; y 1 .. R ;,,...: L.; ' E' l' .l- '? l. _.) '._ y j *. - l' 'r. . )_ ,' N ,.} r ' 4, :a... '. -:_,r Q& :.:% i, \\);' <.i ; , '._. ::':[. ~" - F _ ;: ;,y 'b.. :,
- ..
- {x v.y.: ::
.':::* '_.' y ;
- ~,.y.. ;,. '.. ; i -
u.?
- i
_ _, 'Q j;: ..y ::t.; .,._- : n ;; *, ,s ' ;[.} gl3.. f.:,; .L v: 4 A'
- x.~
.n.~. Q. :[c::[.,; _ ; ;A.,. : y,.m...m ;m. A.+ j , y =.. ,,s
- .% w:,-
- . R.;
,.% :a: :Vy_.',. "::,c y (;[y.m, r v: . :: ?, x m....;. :z=:;fd..V.L:y.j' ,.sa sey
- L
.:.,... ;_. q ; 4:. s .,..; : -:- ~.,.:. 3 ~.. - u;. ,:s. :; y <,.:. n
- m):;.:.7._..;;; ; '
- n. * ;[ '
. m :.' ' ?.i
- F,:.. ': +: >
K,.. :. t.t . ;i ? ::,%.,.b.
- ),.
h-(:yl.k'); j
- i. 9* 9
- ... '. 4 * '
- c..
1 \\.o i..l,.. ;._, :
- :. Q.; : f.'g. : :
.a .:a .,,_> ; AM -u i..:g.y _:.',;; M'.y .e..u, e
- .v:.
..: :, : ~ ; '.. f,..': y ' -:: +,
- +....x -;.;
c.
- > a u ~.<;; ;
a . r' g :. ;. ):b. ). '. v' .L T z. '. :i.,\\ p. ... ~ ..:.,, ; i .3. .n *:- : f - ^
- ,. 'u-(i
.:.l &..* ! ' .. i l l '...,. r.f ' ; {. ' '. M :: 7.,'
- i. _.... ; ;
, : j., -.,,. ' h b.*;.. '. t. '- '-) .,F 'D,, '.1,-
- ...:.- ' ::. y,'> 'r g
l ..a.- . i.:. 3* .:.~".- ~; ; ;. ' 6 ' l : '
- - l'. ?... '.*c. l- '
,.,.:,.'\\
- ^- ';
".c y:. i .....L 0.h A'.. -. _; Q e,j
- .,.'s. p
- :
. ; '.:,.. '. '..::.;'..'s ,o . \\.. ':' . ;g,. ;m':. '. '?;.:: :
- ?;,...,.
+ ', ., ~ ;.. ;;.,.,. g . i,, ; :y., = :,. ;
- 3.. -
w ....,.,., fl ,.. ( '._, ; q. - q '.,3.. q., ,.,**',.'..;..,..._..._y; ; ;._.:.3.;. _'j ::,+.._, ,;n ' :c ; c.:_ ;.,.. : ;.,: , 7.,. ~, * .3.- _7 ;,.,,. _ ^? =
- _....N.
- s. :'e..,
...s. l ,y* y.. .$l Y.:' ' .y ., :u L+,.a... ["' .q-J. .y .._A , f {. ',:' ~:^h, ;l j.: c; Y I j ?,.~ l f..,; ",.k' b.f.. h. f,'.'s.* ..),- ..[.' !.' s 'i. N ?:ll:Nf dllf:;:'-l.I,.'::f: ~; ;;.j -f. l3 :?. . ::.e -.- 5 s,,. M\\.'...l-*.-
- . -^'..n...
. ' g.;;, ?, '., ' f.
- r.. C
.. ;, :.i. ',. :- #.~ : _..s ,l.... $q,. f.,..l
- '; l;.
',jA ..} i h *.. ?. T :, '
- ,1. J.
.....s _ ' t ':, '. ;; i e' ...., 'l', ~ l ( _. '. 0. Ebl ,..;.' Y.,., h..,. < ?.f.. ,. ^_, /,3 ~ "., '.. N .-l[ i;. ". 5. l3...,'L::. '(.:l. l'Y $,?,.i, ? ; ;':-, .e. (;.
- ?
._, l ( l.'l.;.. l ~; ) f.?: ll,\\ ^y . :,( .,,,..,i ?;; :. '. y ~.:.>., ;; L. '.,. -*..,, h,.... .' t}C',. ~ a, .. - ' [., ;. ; # .( ..., ; f ].I', ..,,,; ;,vM. :..,'- ~.,.{. _.v. ': > :., l- ,f, [.$ )::,._ ' i bi.)y...;.' '. 3l.. 'l:...:.:. v.:a m ugn ,.,:; ;> +. 4 '.. ~ c r l .- v :
- : :i n.
u. ..j_O l:' _.?.5,li, &Rz h Q j.;;:' *:.::; :l ' j.y ;f ..:}l:. l.l :l. U; y.?;.;: ::li[ j R,,90t._.%'a 'l i".';: l .. g:1.. _..........n,....
- m.
. s ...........3.. .. ~ 1 ,%,..:,: g ;.... y....... ..r. , ; :. ; n+e.... ;.t.
- ..v.
v. . g:.. .S _ :..,a . -., ~.y;; ... q :.. ? - e w. -m ..;. e w:. g.m.., ~ . s. ,. u..
- ~..>... :..w : r:;;;
~. .u 1:. e c. 4... :.
- v ;... >, -.....
~. 3;.~ .y . u,:.g;; - u.~...y. ;. a;,
- . n'
.vt ~ ..w p.y 7..:; w. v.,-.w. :,;.y
- -{ :3.,;. a' '. /.;; l,,,1
~ l, ., Q ;l :. n..'; x,,:3 ,.'. f i %..? ':.e :.4 .= 3..'.'.'y ?....'.]. l ...:..3 .3..-..., l ~.:...} .~'[d....\\,r,-. _ ' ' ..;, e L l. ' e.. + .c :..._y,.. ;'. _..:.)..:.., t y . :c - _ .., _..., :, a
- ', ? I',....',[.'.'..
l,l.... .N . l 1. .J. : 7. <. y . ?. i. I.; ';.... ,'. ' '..2.. ..,.'...; i. ' l ;* .,... ,;l * .*~y
- l......i.h...,....,. ;. *-.. _
,..:... i..n. +..,..y ....m. .z;.;o.J. G c.k..... -., *. -
- _- _ y. ;. j. ;,.; a g..
- . n
- ...
- . cc :
f .,x...~., n :..a.:,. y
- . v.;
- ..._.3. ',
- ~. 7 (...s..".. ; : >
. t :._.a,.:..):, :. '. :v? : ;. ..?.... .~ - :: c .a. y
- ,: y....,;y, s >
v ,s ......... :., y ,7;. ~
- 1. ;.:. '.. ;:,. :, f.,.
.s....: . y., Q,W_. '.~; ; g.g~.. c. '. p.
- 4,
.y._ ...i .s
- r. y;' :;...-
n.; v .... : '. ;4.. .. ',M'".,..,'. J... '.[..; f,T. /y j... 7.. C. : - !c .' :. : e.-,. :(;...s J.% ; .. V : f; :. ;:.. ".', '4:.,: - f. ;' :l_,'.). ".'. C . u ':?'... a ,q.; '
- . i :..
,. ( '; '. > ;l. :. l " y l 4: 'f .4. i. .',.'.....,y's .s J f ,.q' 4 E 1. " ',;gi. S. ' O ' j ' y;E'.".'. .'.?. ?.; b *' ; ,[ h O.'. ]
- ., g
.,, ]...;[..YJ y% s;..Y ;,.7 y ; '" " ;h,'" > ;[,.'.,',2 j .'s ,.,'$2' ..'y' G '[:', ~, j'.u'.*i; } f.. ri.k.... r.. :.. d l.'..,. :. 'g' /..,, .. e. V,. '. I [ f ....,' (.[; ; *j'.. ' 1,, ~ C Q i a .: y ~. c O :<g..
- , ~..
. A :<p::= v ._;.^..w' ... r .- :.x +.
- t.
n.-
- ';.'..y., ?... b'.?Y -:. m &,' y h s.!\\%;& g!L..
'. n:; :'. v r.: s M y: i ",? l .~ 1:.r$c :... e :. s.. { "' ' m-}[?,.n : ';l'9' :'..' ; j:.c -ll}0 :;.:: :+' t;.
- n. W' A:.'8 {'.,.-:'
l<,"..- .s. ss c: 4 Ml, G. : .. N eeph...}%:lp.. Af Ql,1;..n*C
- y'. :. Yl
. :.- l
- W i
A ':, k.'. .} ' N ' ' '.. ku L } l} ';; 7.' Z '.y ':.;: '.i _,f ;.';. ' Y D. :; ;;.. ;,., u
- } y I.
Y
- y..,'
f.. ';-. _, ' f; [. w '; V1 L,, e...;;. .y S; ,.j; ~....y 9;;[. : y ?. ;, t '. l <;,:3. l.p~.[:' ,g. . 53 '-.;,,
- g.
_,y _ f .: y r
- c. y... ',.;. (;*. _.,.,.x Z,: :.;. -
.y.:, 9..,. ; ;_ _ ; _ ;.
- s. 7.; 0;
,._.,.i.~g'. I
- rj..
u; g_. ^ d:;.e.y s ~... ;, e y?[. 4.. :..;g,, '. ;( g ...;....f, :';..,..;t .. s..
- .7,.
l-} ij. .l..,f..; - l ,- ~,.;i;;,,. s. 's ) l:
- l:..I,[
.l- {} [.
- j
..g, - . ^ [. . _ l:{'j.} l:. l
- 0l:' ). ;.l.j?.,,. y...,...., ;.'.' $
- W.
!*? , jf;. ' l ' )j ) 2,i; :s k '.?f,;::?l,r';.c l :%. :.'. :n*. l;* _ N f. -l :. ' {n.. :,,. .'..*~s'-:u .:. q 3 %..- we.p.- y..., ..i{ ' j. 'I ".: a,
- 9. ;.
- 1. c
.~- e ~,z ..g -.3,3
- y.. y 4' ; : '
,~; M;.-. ' !. q. H.. :i. L,<....e.. * .o s- .s a ' : ;.:y ' % '. t.,. :.".i : % .9.:; ' ...y.s '.%.,i N _. ',', _N..;~;" y ? l Q; j, , n... - l :s.: *:;.:' i
- j[
' ' ' ?i L ;h- '
- f.
',. ':;,..',':"i. h'.. 6
- . R,
.L...' L:.U. ':;.l;,;. ',. . v$ % " e ',:.}
- Q
- y
., ::.: W A ;A,,* nb .W: ., '. ( % :- ? ~.... w d. . ? . e. < C.,.(;'.., 'l., y,.a.f&';:',b..;- '.I ');, 3. \\ \\. ': ;p. L : %... ., :e ': :. !. : 6 .:.e ..:: 3
- i
'.. :, & ;.*~ ' n.J, .3 d: :
- )
v y 4 - - V:: 'r.- n. e s $ a
- .-. w. ' 'i.
.,Q.
- -':/~ ' ;-
L: ; - ,..~ 5 ',L % ~r 4 C :.- . li ?_ y ";:N ' '.m.'.j' "l.l;s i# .'. Q.:.', :. 4: .. '.: 5 c; u .: ~~ R.:. W' a ~ ~. :.;&. :.
- > e
.g ' K.. R if., e.' Q:l: 6 i.':.1
- 5
':. p. .:.::. y ;::: My. Jb ;. 'f . u.p.
- Q bb, g"
- .
- %
- .l-
- $.h }
s..'. ~ . ;y p 's.::
- p. 4:
- a.."; W'..w :.,
( i, ;:. s j ,Y. n ;9 b . x. v.:w _f.... :,^;'.) a v f k.
- f. :
.;,.,. ;~. 3. -,f. ,,. 8;k " 4 .N < !?l..
- s,
e< a +J- . p..d 2- ..;st... m ".'.
- 3. e.
. ;. z
- q
,; U.Q &., :y;g;V.
- p k:;l ll '.' $, lf;.:&fkQ
...:.q f. .K.f ?.. Y.' " '.l. pq::Y ?,'. ?..,, :y p .) R, *. b' j ~:: '. f:
- l ? [:
Q l:h l'i.$ f
- ....'.lh:y; jl...: l N.'::'. h.,
] U:1. \\ '
- M,,* ': l ';.;G.i ;. f f
_'h;hf:kN.::3 -^'c.'.'
- /.
'.' 5: },N.. J 'N.'l l
- V O.U.~! L*' % :'. ';E...Q.- ;
R." W ^^ i W::.. ;; n :Y. ..y '.;;.<,L. ?' :v
- Y' '.:::. '
,4 ..l. ~:5...,..'h-.'.:>.- .'.e T':;.. :: s. y!g;_ ^i.m',w'u. :'6.. ' '
- . y;,... a......
h.: p%. .y r : :., ;. , c.. .,. y p :+..,. i -:-. e4. -,, e 4 e. ~, - '. :., : H. '...:. r.. _... ;: ..... _ ~ - -ni- -+ f.,4. .. :m,.,. t, ,.....-..,;...~ .~..::~n.. -. :.>~- ... '.,". : b : '.. l ,w. ? :., ;;-......,... ~ a >. t l '-c %y q.'. ';# : y J ' l. ;;- l ;;> p? ,.p l < _:. i. ;:! y' *... ',.. :.:... -c
- i:...
s. n . ':' n ^. .g.
- 3,z,.:
.' Y-f...t ',. i-p: '
- c.. --.
- n.,:
- w.,:-'
- 4 .t % 'a,. 1 Q f. . ?)].;y,4 ; ;;y ., n... :. * :... : s u.s4 u, -.. ~. n.. '_. 3... m.,. ..u:. i.. -:t.., '.... .v .0 J
- v c
q,: . n.
- >s>
f:. -
- .e I. %: ; s.......,.,
- i., e.
s p ;.* :. yf:..3.v, ;,; '; As% Yqli.a ;s :f{. ' r'v. ~, - h.'_)$f.j ';;$hy-l ^..~.: '
- 5 : ld l:l;..:5
- ....gu (; _,. J;v e.
pK l f; ?;*:l: 5 2.j'f.kE.
- N_.; l'.}&_ -
l:l%:l. ~ ::k'[G I.. -l ^ l J f. . J ~: e:x.m; y e . a p+
- w; : : 7;.u:.::w.: w c,p :..: : :.1 ;
1.:m?
- j':L
- (l. c.;. ;;..
.Q..;. '.. - s' '..; :p s:j - L;. ' - m..y. '.s. ; ....? 8 = . f.l.t G;:'. 'J :.'.':;.v.ll: y;;;;..; f'i_:. ~..~.. ' ' ;::.,:.. : '. :::. : y,, ?L?. /.M Y- .. :.. '.;_. 7. -'.1.. d:i y f l'...; ; ;... :'. y:. !,;.. ; s
- .'.. ',.
- . ;. - ;;:.,. :.. r - '
e ~.. a .y'(f,j.?;3..:..;[ lw . L.g. I t.
- f. 4...., m -J'l j,-_ ; l')
^}.? et? E I*yl 1. ;;:;!.'. y : .Y.o,...
- . +-
~ :- - Q:- .- ~;. : :. ' *. 1 : /.~......,.. .. c.. - c,; };.. $ ' ;i;l '! ' _ ? . 2;; .s' v, -. -Q l '..' l l '- .}. D:l }' h Y v' * '. :,. * &, :ll A l
- -.f l:. ?
' N (: }. ? ll: +{,. ~.l.i.:.'.':ll. 'l W ].... ;. %. q?,,,:l:! ._l a. t y .-s. r v.-.- ^ ? : -<y .a.._ i_ ;. y.......; ', ;..~.. ; + 1. ;; ; : y .. /:. e ..r t ~.,,, ;a-c A:,- .-.:.=..t s. ,.t 2 s .,.,.,E y:f. Q.'g.g+,u a ) _. :..N[,D,. j : ;_.L....',;q., *.....i%.
- 4
..l '..,fW. '. / X.!.C, : ; s.,. u. ]. V. :y':l::)., ; ; ! '.'.w,u,.. j:. lx.Q. i;.Q q [.f..t..y,.~....G.; _v.. e. .J.: - . q,....: .," r.,r. .:.. s s.:..., :. .; v.. _.. t..<.. .1 ... _ '. :q L
- r....'c + ], ; y%. y e *;..(
- 7'
.. ;-..: ~. a. \\.::. %. : ;]:., y L; Y..::v.. _ i. * *,
- 2.. *
- n ;.. +:. A : :
G.~'< '... p}:. ;., :.l. { '.; '.:._. p k ';l<.: l_ j. '. : i :f :l, }... '.,,:.': .c ~. i ~ _q q _.. _z,. :.,. 7.- :.., c.,,;...,,': _a..:*
- _ l [l, ?.;,
y,.(. _.}... - Q. b .. /;. a;..,,. y. - _. ;. ':. ;,.c
- ' [R,
- ).*-
'..c.- fj s. q' ',; '. f ..f-
- ? -
~.,.. :,. ,..y.w, s 2-. ~ p p ~; _..; ; v. ..s. c.;,y;,: -r. r g.. :.. ..w .~ ; s:r: .~r,.: . ::d ::^L. '..\\ A.'m....m? v,c.. ?-l~ {,.. -?.;.;?. 3,'. :l L. L. ,.,.,e-. M. i...v :.4. m -..
- . N; b. ; ' ;.. ;. '
- ~:. a<. 7:h...... ;..,. :~l O'... ': ' ' k x.: ::. : - -., W':..: ~ ::., :. v.' '. f':.' c ll' 8;Q;L l:.: '
- Q-. I ),.. '. G: ':
^
- 4 l:
~r ^ v.:. :* -M.
- n. -;; v
' :.. ?- !. : <.;q f.:lv i ",a;.,. 0 -' '.. ;.f,,: ^. N. ' : h. '. : :.',;a. Y. :. '.' s';slA; :"_,,','. ; V.'. ^. *' '}-
- :*: ~.
._. n ;'..., ;
- y l,.
.; J... .s.L' ... 7.;. i:' g ?.... *. :: % '.T. ~.- ;,..}* ' 3.
- ',?
- n
~~ l* b ;' i. '. ' ', I. ';,1 ; :. C.'% V' *- C ^ b.' <j:
- ?i '
m' :::. l .C,;. '. 'R !(g ; ^( {. '. ' F,. :,x '? :;. >- t ':l.?,.. :.*. o... l
- ' i
' 3l; i ;
- --p 2
ii,'0 '., ": * ~.:
- . l h. ;'f Q' :..,...Q^ -Q,. a :l,. ',,:::} 7'l 9
- O.,',.'
'f.
- s 1 :
y',..e-.,- y + '.a .-, 4 - t,. '.. ..;.,p.- f) * ";.', A.. );] _..l.'_.llQ f ( l J. ;;f.5l f:l;*. l;&;h.l;}& ; 'I i.,: ' ].)'l' '.l :.ll.Q:l y'h:ll)R vf..Q:l:&,4 : ',' w ; ' .]._;.;b_ :;;:. g:~; h %. f g'g~. y' ,,-.p s^ l * .g..
- .....;;. 3 _ :; e.. j.: ::y g,.. yl,..; *,:
m - : ' + j g:, ' 4:...h ; :nej:).=;).",G. ;;-' :.} *:.Y;q. f ::',,: \\,;[ ':. ;.: - ^n. v ? .:- - em~ r. e +:;o.,: . > w: : I J i *
.. ~. - ~.,, - ~.... _ _ - _ -.. - ~ - ~. _ _. _ _ - - - - - _ - - _ _ _. ~.. _ _ _ _ _.. e e e
- ' : ?
- ' 'i '. s;. /.m.,.. 9.h tl- '... : '.. ; ? J ',,,, C..,). n d:* i ' ' 3. : '.f.l', Q' : ' - ,c . * '.s '. :y t
- '.tf, y:,. n ):,j:. ':n,;- ( #: t W ' '... k. j. '.' ;._ l ::Y..'.l Y,9 3..-l.. E:
b l-' <. '..* -.. y n ":: W ' ;.. w. - ' m. .;, ; ;.- N?' '^ i*'.%L '.* \\. a gl ' '?,'.y. :f. '.:. .'c ; D '. . f '._f. ':; ~ .: 2 l.. u:...~ '
- f *,5'.?.ll*.; *
.c ;.1 ' ' l' s' ;,..? l?.
- ., l.
- : :, + '.'. :
.,. '.; ;,", _ ' '..I.. ' ' ;,. g:', k:
- ,4l' l:
- s...
- h_ *:' i.?S.Y N ) :'. b: '.,sf,.'
.'(, ' ' ' ' ;% b, ': " ] 12 ' f. T'9
- ,;. ; )?.,y',; ','..;,- '.. !: 'g. h'i '/ l' *
',,l.. .. _..l<[..
- L
..;,_; y l : ; Q: ::;.,', ",'.s. /;'.. '..
- v. 3
..'L...* ,q.,7.>, ' 's :[.,.1} * ;:-l'.;, y.-.ll ='.y._.- ,.-_. :.:.,r,.. -
- g. y..,._:
'e..:,:; ' Q
- L,
~ ...y 1 G . f. P, ,.1 s (..: -:; '.: :. p.: 9 4 s.
- ; i. ; 3 ' '.Y
.*,'% '.'l ';S I ' .,, f,....,.' ..u '. _? ),'ll3, Q. yk.f'l.l'll..y, ij$Q ^ , hl.., '; :', ; ) f' $ ',.l,:l V;^-'.b' &,,ill.'. '.'ll,?'l l? l:.i; :' 2 -[.q ' * ? n, <*;. ?. -l, j' $ ?' ^..A *;, l l# , p'.;.,.., A.n(w..;m}n,:.w.y. g.;i. : n.v3.s ;;.n.n :t.:.;..:y.a c >: ;y w.:y;u;9,. r.c : < t., g... c..s : ;, .. m.n. :'wx g w. m -:,.s.w:. a 4..;..^' .pd.~. : s ;.cy,m.: ;w.s.., e.1.. *; r.7.m.m,, v.. .; p - :. ':. +.w :c:m : mo W v-ry ', u.' ' : - -... y ;.: *e,\\ h. ,d., f f.... ;,. ' rb; ;_ ':,';[. ;,.i. '....' yl. ': } I,'?..pp ? ';;!)...,% ' i. L.y ..n.v. -L. '. : ' ).
- 'l LL,
- .c.
4 j.. l C. :'.' ' :^ :;r ;y Q Q: ; L _ '._.;r.;'._ :.,, '.' 6 a : '"
- O*
- j.. '
..]'5 'r,.,,.M*. '.
- ,-l
n, <; ' Q;, : ] > ;,.j., T.
- ;;.'y'..% :,l.^3'.% ^ i ;
L^..:.
- " ' ' ', ?.*
A: * : ^ ,n., ' *; :' ::. :',~, ' _. :_,,,g ^ '? .U- .: :.1,l.Q j.'),. , :.; 4 4.. ', a_J, % "... e. t x.' ' '. ) v, :.,. ; :.' :::,. _, J s', *f, ', L ? '.::: aq ;,l'.hl,;; f'% j :: N;j }.. y p:'!.,'Ql' Vij ; ; ..'f_. :. ;:. 3 ;- .,t.l. y; T '.,1 .Q .?
- y s-
, h '? "..:;. ; \\, -. ;. n..m. )
- /;'d::l.:l:
.'. a.,.,~. :. r:. i .v.,;.$,',,,),8...'..+...-1,p,.;. j. x~ !.7...(...:., ,f., . m3. - q, e..u..a. p ),...< u.,.,.=. n., Y.,. j,,3.._ ::g..A.. :..n -..:.,-v.?.. y h o, i .s e. .v ... ; i. ? na.- c. :; ..,.W. 4 n 9.. p.: 'v <.;; _ *. i.;c.1,. -T; .,.f:, f ......v-s - n.. r;7.;,. ..a.::.
- 1 -
.. - ~..}.',,..m[ 3' ;y';y.. r.;,' z / N, N,,' '.. --.:^ .i ;.,,,; f,. ( ), '.,:.., t .' :. o ;. : .n [.Q:k;,,c.,'_.? }., b.k. t ' f ','f1*:).f. h,k [- . c;; [ y,,.: ~.y, g ' _ t.;.,,._,g :_. :.,q ', j.: } ' l:4 4 .;.".'...,.v ._v.t %. '.s.. p, .;f, : o~ ... -lIll. .s*.y..:&
- i.
, \\ ^, _, i : i. -{, [ *f.. h",.h '.'
- '[)s
.... [.\\,'J.J :. l.j a 9 4 .? 'd. 6 i[; '. l.. *_ ': *; : '". '.
- s,.
. ;y d N )l{! " ',[ll* l ]., _5;$ [ .. I.'.; g* ((. 1 ; l. 1,\\. Qs * 'R. N ' :j?,'K 'l ' ' Y' 1: (f ;'; ~, ~,._', ;, ':, '.91- ^ , ;Y l .i '. . t l ' : /,..'; - q' It'.:{h
- ?" 'L.
$ :.G'.,.;. ' l.~. ;:b;Y,'?.?..' 5_Gi *,. ; \\.'O
- l '.. k y ; aL 6 :
Y ,1 ^: n.), ')':- ' ' '. ^ - . ' Q:.. %.:,. ' ~. ' ' +. ~+' ;' c ^v ~: ;: ;-' T. V.'l > d*v, '. ' ' - '.:l:. " Y 5; E. Y' ' ^;' '.' E.: Ni' W:YN ;?' 2. ":* *& '. I L : N . l- .?S :'.Y ' '. l.:;... :, ' ' '.L i'$$,1-ll m. n l
- '[ ',',. f1
'?. ,. }:! ^ ' J -[. i i..';-. -.\\'E I" : ~. ',f.: { ~' .d . 2 '.'i ' ? . 3
- .+.,.h %, p}.
- ' 3..
'.- b.:. ,' * -nl:, '.: ~.' '.':: ::: .,.p, s ' ^* .'.. f.: ,n .. @t ' 3,? ; : i. * ! ' '; *. . f,;. b. .y:.:2. 2... :... t .s , ; f.p.QcyQ .s.- ,..;., ; ' *:,;....,,l:.. _,...'J'- _.;*.'...: ' ^'-. j. ;_. : c.,.,. s. i ;.., ' *: ^ j . ;. ;,.. '.s ' Q'._;.;;_ et '. ' _ s; ' '.A c.,. ; ;._.. j
- t.
- .x..
- ..y.
- t..
4 ,...2 .o-
- ..;. y.
.. ~.,. - x,. r.'.. :.:.
- e.....:
7 ~.. 4 .....n.,...:,..,.... . f :,*,. j ,,,V' 4 i~
- .'-,.-._g."
.[.~ + g i .. [r, ~., i., s A y., p :.. 1 , l} }l, l ^ .,,,. _ ?.;q k_. .-.. ' ? :\\ ^ : '
- . ; 3
,-,ll_ \\ , {;[' .';: ;i(:..{..: : },'. ; );;,V, \\;' '.fl N., Q,; ; LY. ;.,..;?.:'},. :. ?.... T l] 7 y. Y ~ ?N~. I".(:h ?l'.;fil p,';. a ,.l~. v: ' :b.V ' :; l t i,. :.1.,. s- .Q. ,['_', ~,,',j_.~ , ': l: '_,,L< > - lf. ' s ' a.s: ,t '.,.y..l.?',- ,,... l_1, 7.,,; ;;. ':y.::_ f[r
- ;.y u'. -
.. V 's ;..,,; x. :... l ..,. f ; 7.,:. ' ;. ~ <; :.,. .s.
- y
- . -\\
- q
'1 ~. ^ . i; _' \\. N - ' ';. ;. _:j,:,..o ' yI[k.l ?,',- y [,.:h.),;Ih { fi ,;.I; .;7.- 'fl- ' f, *, ~- s , [ ' '[,. ,l [ * ' j,.. -
- ' _. ;[;-
^ j -i [ ': }i. R..l;a r i;. '.? ' ' '. ;,d; l:.i. ,~c'- 3 ;;;;, l . t _,). 'l *;T.. *;l'.:. _;maama%,l 4 ! I.' *, _ l ' ^. '. _:,l, ..Y y - L ~.) ; * :. ..l ' T ^ j ' * ' ~, _.,.. ' ;.h : C..j': '_ ;.). ,G. _ _.l^l;. ?'_'.)v; N:'. ? Y': ~ j e ?. -l'! ^ : fl n I
- .,k,'?
,;, _ ';..;.l ','.1,% v. q, s (. z :,.. 7 {,) 7 ]. g, }'. .; c. ', ' ' [' [ ' (- ;,:f ,,,y p ) g .q, _g _,c.....w.
- '.3 l
J J,. j; '. j ) !j\\[;,. *.;.....'i.*',..- .L L ' _(( L',: j ' ;f'" L.
- ,_.n.- '..
- ~.mnw;y
.:.. L: !' q. ..i h'.,, g. l;:. } Q.'_.. ;- (
- s e
' : ;.: r.
- M.
- yf
- ' V.
V_ : x . :, ' !'; y [W, '. 4 ' :. -lI '.; ',.'* ; l'.;;[' l c;;:. L:".. _ L j.,:: '.' '. 3.
- :' f% -:.,;..
- .; i
- .,, ya g..,-
. :n _ :. :. _', a,
- 3
.k' +... -
- n
.. h :.:. 1.g. -;;, ' ,,3'
- ,.,5
._c .[: .r. w.. '.;%.;., }.,. .\\ ~* hg'
- 1,j.4
[
- f..
. }
- 7 14 t.[ ;;
5 ~ A S:' ' )
- u o.
~
- . - v*9.
- . ;u
. ~.: y :{: .l & r-W' h &.. ". '_<; l *v. ^l::, '_)yl '
- l..,. i : :.~..,.pl 'N ' j ? I ',C ".
.:!:L-- .l j -...v.--:: . a, .;- a.:: :; ...a. .. ~, ..'r' \\ f.., :.l-n..h'.1%.W;[._ l l I .. + Q.;;.,..;;; s..;..*. , :. n -._ e y _. . =.. g.- '/ '?.:-. :} f.m ...,;z..- ,r.,,
- .
- ... _ s., -
i- .. n...
- ,; %.[ i......,
..i .s- .s .~ w.. y -')Y;.:,lJ._ [)w:. &.D.;; . :;;..- : );' '.}, ' !..., :.:':; i;;y '. ..% 7':: ?. :: =',z'..
- l
. ' v. : .','.;-~ E l. '. ..[, j.. ,. ;...":,. ; ~ t. ;
- ' Q.y.l ?,:
? ' :'
- y.. ' ;.
- _;j;;...'
b..,. l i. \\ _ T [. l. '_. 'l
- . %.[;[ ' dl T '::
- f
.4 fl f'a l ((.y;;;. .'.[.. ];.'G .:/...
- 1 r..._
' ;. ;.. y '-., ..A
- c. :
m. .;. L_ l-j ( h :.': :.',j..,.. '..*H',.b j l' _ g}.. ir
- ,'.' [ _ '. l f ;"
-l .n '.:l; ' _ : i p ' ; ; ):. - ..;,'. ' ; ll *.
- }.
c .~ (;'. l );..,L. V - ; >./ ', w_.
- ^...
._s. _. ;, 9,:. _ _ ' _., j _.,.f.f.*k.',,, .rq ? -},. q:.. _ _ ; y(; y___. ., f ',:. p.:,':: v 3y_ L.'n v-
- 3. ~ :: :..
- yagme.;. ;,
- .
.,; 7,; ;.,_ ,.; (: y .;.Y: pa .,, z.; y ' y. _.;; y
- .,,, j
- .?
... ' ' _. w% .( _- .p_ '..:' ' ' k' !; .;;...,..: '., F., _ 7 ?. x ;-. f. f._g:, y. - y,: ;*
- q.
- j .l - ". ;..,.-
' ]-:.'. i : '.,. l.?.. ; . : i. .e < L; ' ' f. ' l* ' j'*, )..(
- j. \\ ' '. ; ' ' ' '*-
'l: (. : L.. l ... >....'.~ : t;, %..,.. - s.'....:' '. {G v . ; ef,,. ,[y ' :.,,' . l.l ..h.. l4..
- . _ i.' 'lf, ' ' ' ',q
- :;.l.~..'., ;.
l '. '. l,1 ..f.~. . %. ':?: ?.':?, J....; b [. I b'.,1 '. ;, .s "'., y ..y,.. )'ft., -'y . ' '/. ; ' :. ,.',': y, - &.[ /.; >; & >~._;. l ' k:y:..;.. _. '1., - f '; # h 'I f l:. X:."- /., .: y '? ;;;T;J ,b, y:'. '. ' W:" ' i .w^:y:%.,yn O...L, g i;3M:.c?- j ~.v.. i -:.a. - -.:. ":. ;.{ .i . n.; ,); a. 7.. . w.. n y :.; i. ca - 5 ..:.X. V' c y.Q. ~L;>u ... ~ ,e 2. W;.?.. ;, y.nm:.:. v ..~ .:. :L. y,, 4 ^' .h' ~ .;., *;.. ':3 as . 4.n.,: r . :. : %.; m:'n._^ % ::; n.n a.;1;. .dm., :b., & e. J:. *;w..v. 7 '.::..... : x:w.. y 9 5.:}7;
- a
.y';.s.. ;; ::.. : e $..... f w,.., )M:;!l Q .. s,w y... :,. ;. :. 1. .c-3 ;?. : W..., <. 3v.,;; l[r..a:.;.? [3 z
- 2.
- ..s i::
f ..p.:;. q:,,,.[;>.x - _.y - 4 Y :.V., ;.:7 :.3,. . x n... - .y y ::w(;.... v
- , :. :... m.......,,. e5 y.::..
.r . m...j..,. ;. y 7 %,. f.%.,..vp;j <s. ,t g.'
- y g;,g,;n
.g c e.,;, .._ L:. ;A:.r W. ;..:q v, g: - n .,. j : - q: . cy.. i.yl. . ;. 4: .._, J. C . g 9:.......... :. -..... Yf %[ _y
- l,.; ;g h; !; ;
- .';,;;.;.ll.
... l::1 L. -
- a:
&.';: [ d.l '.f;. w: 9 l,
- h.,. ;, ; _. :
', $Y ?.h. lf'. _ f.l:. l. l.?. _k. :.:k . n.,l' $j h ~. w. :..-,: '..c. ')/k Y '3b,7 ..MN h::h. k[) 1 u..., . N.e. a. :. (N ^I. [. ~: n. ~ w:
- .N
[.; $ ... w: :: . s c :;; .k.h.hk
- U.:.;,:e 7.%.~:,
].
- v.. a. >,..,::.4.. i
.s.i. c - m evc 3 m m s:p re W A: m -n. ::; : :.s'.c.p: y -. 3,... a.cw:? :.
- m.,.~ >
.x w;.x :.,a&.,.. m. c: :.. 1 ~ / p.m a a a. e. %..... ; v.s.: - i..t
- f, 7... >
.:. :.. -G
- n
- .,
s w n
- y-
- -n ,e = ',. '. n.A. ,. v..;v.:....:.. ' m .q
- .Q,
- & ": D.. y.- ~~ v..;.::7.a: :4
....+ a ~. ..,.c.s. ..-:+ lq e. n 4: 'e.Q 2". : ::. gr:. Q...... -
- g
.g:. - ;i. y b:: f,,. ;;; q.f. :h ~:,..; ',.M Nf%gh,.. .g . s. >:, p:." ?.. i '6 5 .$;\\fz ::'_ M. - - 4: p.:q::. 0;f. f. W:.-W:"ii'h:$_
- .3.>,
[ ..: y :. ;-: ...g w .. g, ..g ; :;y g.<:. m & a :.t.. ;;g.&s.m ,[ .w n..,2.' .f b 3 n,. w g M: +r;> w.. gn. m.. ; kl n e:
- s. 4
.av - g .y ,:u 'j ::'c.
- . n.w
- .
1.m;;... ::. :., ~w. e ,.w t.::~...s. :y. xi..:..y+.,. .t.c.x,.~. ~.~,./. g +p" c.. s..w e ~. .,v; .,9 . ' ;.;;., 7.- 7,... g, :', .j:) ^9 y )g.:.,:Y :. % M.9E.Q ', ,... :i ;;:.b:: -)
- ...l-w
- Q~.
4l ~. i ll. ". .:x. V.,.. ...p J:
- a. ::: :.>.y o ;.;,. -
- :. ~..
Y.[?[.lf.! L, n.'%,. :).
- E
- lJ..., ll.l., i *,.
f*: gy ?]E ,(* Q ...c: w. ..y ... J .[. \\ %T :::, y,[ m y. :: &q.. g.. .. _ ;..e. ;n. y.. , :. +.
- ~.
\\;s u- ... 13, s. ~ ~ q a:..:, ~,y.:.,u y. w.~, .;,. <x.; v x.:. ..?.y;.
- w e
3 y
- 1
. e +: :
- e y
- u..:.
4 e. .;i ;;7: W.
- ~. -)
.;;q.,. 2 i <: '. r;:4:,.,. ;.* .o b. k ..k. Q: : .c' 3
- .
- ..n... y:;.n.q..N. l..
.. n : ~; -y :/., _t,'. ;. L ' f _ - .._.%,q;..
- .':a,
y'.s... g QM v: :.L.:........ ,r _ .R -o,, q, .,[ y l (,: _ - *. -.. h f. 's* . s.~ [,- /
- j
[ ] x. .'l..'- .sf. ;,.,[ . l, .F.m ..c
- .u
- .. w.r; z..,
.: i ,. : c,.,., ...~ .....,. ;;; r.. -
- .\\
.; Y;;:. ~. ';. '.) .,...u... ' ;,,. : . c,.
- s. r. _...,.:7..g ;..:.
,c. + c 5 :...;. ~
- ,:.l4.... :;.;
e.....f... .;,,s..,,.,,:,..,...4,*.s;.3 e.: a ,....,.f.t i,.. :.;, f..;... s., jr.: e,...,.,. . s./.? e.....,, ' ,..,'4.- }.,,.. g ....y e' . g. 4L :.. -
- .t g
,;..-.=. s .r. e ,e c. ., ~:.. v < _.. x ..,m.. .- op..: .z, ..p ,N '..,.f., ; O. e. ',:*..,.f..' \\ N,* '._,*!N.. ......R.,........Y.o..- .* + .,a
- 2. x :... _,..:: x.. '.
,s. ~,'"..l,_.3c...,.. n...... :..... n.c.2:~.,.,*.>.:..u.
- ..,'"a 2. 4; : r. ::
- y t,.:. -,
..: ~.i. c.. ' . w ...m .y a... , : ::.m. : w........ e> v - :,. ;.u,..
- . w.
- 1. : -
v .x. : r..<..,..s
- C 8,' *.,...
,y g ,.k* 4 ?l}.j.:@Q. m. # t m :i;:.:.! Y;;hv:.%;;..y;:w:; W.;mm.J n' :I.i..O'.. ::n. 'e.: ?2 .w. >. J: : n .my g >p' g.V..p;o.::; ;; O: T~.l
- m...n% : 'in.f*g:J. O.
i,..;..%. e.4?:.?. 6.Y.:: ng .. ~... y:...: 1. a. .. v; :.e:r.. a q. 8 + & % [ $+ 3f.'.^.D.l.5; ::., ~. a.,:,G,M :J:Ol:lj;5m: .y
- ..n..
- 3. y.. [w : (.?Q:c.W;.. ;&,J..?..v. :z.:::: b.K. :~
w:- .'):.': l?.7 dh. 3, ;f~...E.J. -::,.:b h:y:.L : . i: ;:,: .,. - '. 3 ~ '*::.. ~. ;.. y '+' ~ ~ }' f :" ).. L. :: j .s v.'.: ,x: -a.2:. . a :: us . 'g. _.. (.. :' i :; s ' 7': _ >.c_. r : e ,....;.._y '[' ..~.u { J; '.)) I.'; y.". :...w;..p' : : a.:. Q. > j _. g. p 3 [.f. :., '-i:::Q Q; k " ' ~. y[_ _. :; n. _ -y .1:f.; e i ,. '..- W &. _;u;. :f. r.7. :V.l~[ W.
- 3... gy:Y :(,v
..g.: 2: ~..) % "'. J. :..,v.L. L:.q:g.b. ',tqNT[.: %; i..R: V::; -6,O. ;. ~1;%:n,.:.; ~=:u: ,'t ^.;. - u ^ ^ e.....'"
- u.,.~..a
~*
- ; ;,
- b.... V;..' ' ' A.
- % '. 'h J. }
d ' ' ' * - {.,f."z,?; ":,9: ' l O: * ; N'l-.W ?' C. U Y. ,...k*, ' l l. - ^ ' ' ' *
- a.
.. : !l ', ',, ' Q **c' '... l ; ~;l,..,.
- ?-
J. $$.:l [;,,,-l" rt, :l'? N.',b l:I ' Y.: $, :o:& f"::S %::'. 5 C Y W' ' ' l Y. W - l.'Il.Nl "O
- A ' N S.:
i 1 e
I l I i l i m w l l! l!lgli[gl iia + w l l m e* 4 IIl i W a l s EEi w I o w I e m l e ~ B _ ~ ~ _ = ; x m ysEEi =sa + i l i!: gs :g e=; 1
- I
- !l s
i l = s : p; ; w . i _:[
- =
n e li l l ll 1ll l - EB1 a = E 1l k lr l e 'E l l l l 9 l l s ~ O O' s E \\ ~ A~. g r ,l; _ = _E_ .I .I. 4, _15 0 1 1 11_ 0 1 E _!E 5 s X
- =E;
"==== i e ; B = Ei; _15g !l = e ll w ; = E ;_ ==== = ns ; es ; g =- Eir Rg Ei E=
- ==
- =E; R
!L e;;g=
- = E;_
== P , ""g"*~= s;e E 7 r = =_ =_ Ms ; 2 _-Z__=_e.""" .== k
== _ = g " " _ = e;2 = s ; 2 =- ~~ m s;2= m e;3=.. ,_:.e ~s e;3 i "s 3"a g*gg s ,g ocra + r c m, gl[ u es m ~ o^ o log o l 5 f I. '.
, CE hthh 4R4844.E6 % E b = 4 4,h Q hh6 h 646.M-44eMMMM4 MJNWDN- - - - - -
MNohMhNNAm pem h-w hE smam W 6 EEMEN. MW.,Nhw mhEW.
--N-N ANw hm Mm mm-*mimum - wwmpemm%pw e mz.eAmmehm 4 l 4 m .A
- C f '#%g, bo.o l
j L' rr, NIS.o I \\ / s kj% l N e N m ' m'%,,' i Q.:.4's,;R yud / / / / g ~.',;,.... ~, ~ +,, a ' O.o t-n. te, 14 ly
- 'ao is
- IJ r, t
i ~ 11 e %s Ps,,-aa eng
- .4,m* - - _
'4.u14.4 - m mme.e mm amm.We d.w m m w o mm.he sta & - map p e hg4,5 hhhd& MMEM e 4 e i s ( i l i 0 i u / l o i Ob l S Ob C e-C g Y. l G .E -
- c. - c n
h Y W. A 3C 3C .. e, e. - (j Il Il U e JZ C 1 a / 4 h A \\ \\ v. , 6 i MO a-- s -r a i ~mc E ;, p 4 s, g. C ~ \\ d \\ v _. o = i ~ s u o\\ H C ~ l Z aN x - e #: u -\\ { O e, v 6 e i.! oo.cll g e-ii a c s r. + ,e 1 i ) \\ ll c v. 60. C 'O ? oo 4 =- 35 E \\, / g W o .8 ",,: n u s f- - JCh l .b_ c/ \\ Es s s< o 4 1 j / 1 j } t l 5 i i 8..-.. m
-w a..=a-amwn mwaawemmam mne no a mmp m m Am-am m.4 A m e6 @,,m, +We we Jule_mmAk ^ " ' 90t A M hMM m 4M hi ku.4lt4 5. 4 l x -j' s \\ \\ s \\ N O g N N x 6, O / ls Y Y \\ j h \\ N x N N \\ \\ \\ \\ N \\ s \\ %\\ s N N N x N \\ \\ N N \\ \\ + I l l. l
s \\ k x x \\ i f O s p' / / Y s +' \\ '1 N 'N N s \\ \\ \\ t l
ys:.w.e a s.e-- 4mmeme mm.4 4 m mw m m hem 58-N5mM 4N 4w.s aw w Asr www m m 34a L35 4 I I i 4 t e t ...m. o s i j a J. 2 Q f% i g = l n w 2 o ~ l h E S N o E1 l C -O g 3 f 3O C. l L, e.c 6 g l MA $4 C u a w .*3 .,0 c N. l R ,M - ~ .y ~ 1-* w f -J G3C l O O l
- "O g 7.
= t J N 1 l E e3 l} i =. l es a
- /
'I N m:R .R i 1 .c s u. b -l 3 C ( 1 e M [ 1 4 ~ c h' O c. 8 , 3 } 7, ' c < x 4 a i o e-E f-Q s Q 4 j a s i m. ~ s u .s l e +, - 'd <.n ,~
- r f
e .s ,u s.r o/ .s .\\ r. n i t i T t o, g -- g c 4 .n ,, w 8 4 Ioxwl saucauco *womew o i tox/xpl amuoduce seeee .i s 4 S s ...r, - i-
l- - - --_-_..___ _ - __,_.____,.____ _ e l l l l I j i I l l e I W l i 3s. O L"O I O i "O l C-V I w U l C O
- 3 1
C. L-A 1 3 l y C N g e C O Q l y-0 o ir. C5 i
- i' C b W
C j -e== rc l V. 4 C e -k k J i i i sg 4 j e 41 C'4 '.e "J .e A - G y c ~3 s a y ~ w A-A 5$ l r==
- v. a. n I
J M 8:k f [ f, o /' 3 / - /f L. 'q f -l l c cs 3 8 i r *a-R- "n; ~ E 4.e C , t e. S t r t B *
- ' '. g. E
?. c f. / p C [, ~ G W 9
- E
~ yf y,, .g ef. 4' = O e 4. i G r 4 4 4 ~ . e t. d -er ^ h' b E b O h N o g C O 6 O O C, C QMM loxtol'maumhum**mou t G M
.- = w m.assa s.w ammem mae msw A&M mais m.s sg.3- - ^ - - - - - 6 1 e - C j ~_ i j ,e I y-r +
- ~
- ~_ l r .. 2 4 g C C tb b C - N C OC
- r1 C C O
'Nl. h. C: an c. ~ -b I) g - *=> w I 3h r. 7. - ". gg tr, - C - 04 T, ri l Ii-C -~ ~ Z F. 'I
- r. )
e X y ( N Cl - C ' l s rl. s n, - Il ll 1 e gg ~ V ~ g; C we C - ~ C Ps ' ~ ~ } s i 'C h.'
- n. 4. c : - -
^. .s c e s i 6- ,9 ^ J. ) X y, s +-a n f h h_
- ~ 1 CJ C
.C
- ~ """
a._g
- -~ ll ll ll 7
~- ~ ~ ' C. 'C ' 7 %. d 4_ a u a. s O O $ 1Od N UUUb s. a b -Y l t i - ~ \\ ' O l I [ - V I w I = ~ = O I = [ U-i i }. t [ N i Oee ) Y o, -~ f .m M N O U O4 - . (f) s [ 1 .m i i s X l [j. *J w J r7 3 =: / - O-q o i V 1 % V N = v -s m t ed - i l s 3 1 4 \\ i I i l P j . -. =
--_,,.a---,w_w--wm. w--wv.awwa,e-w-w um.w m. w mm m a_wsmmaga mmeam ys A 4. # -.694 S M u m &A^ ~ .A.kM M k& M4 L 1 4 i I x \\ \\ .\\ t \\ v \\ A \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ o. \\ +> \\ ~ \\ \\ \\ \\ o \\ k \\
- 4
\\ t 0 s l t \\ o a o k b ' \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ S, \\ O g + \\ I \\ c.$ s \\ \\ k s 6 k \\ A" \\ o \\ o \\ t s l ...w .w
1 9 1 4 j r l i, s, i j l i I i 4 i I j f c i o .*i E 1 l b ..], bb C l L 4 j C 2 t 9 E j l C x s @2 i .3 j C c 48 :: =_., O .;. m y.- K.. y C 8 g c% = w ') 9 3 g x e o o l T forwl'wouadvoc eas=*u "3 I C OL s - x,.c 2 / n ag~$- x 2 M C ' e_t .w 3 3 ll3 II /.. '"~ es g g - = ' C $&f i O - a - s. o i:a< c w a b W '.h O ~ I -g -,g eg ~ E-W o e -~ I E Z A c Oh x e I g 3 3 [ - d ~3 \\ - 24 / -54 / u ~; a / x \\ / H - ~ ~- s i c \\ c h i t nf a W y I w A 7N I i O i 1 ~ E 3 8 g M2C ; $* c o a a a o o g.% Q lo%'Xp] *wouoduoo aumee j o e 4 W
i ( I I k i 1 l t i o i I i . 8 ~ o l i . 8 5 c i i . 3* 2 i , ' '. ' ~., * .,i . e i I ' ~'~,. s i 3 i I q - ai 9 -G L - e I . g 4 li - E= h 8 3 U 3 g'I N O e e o o 9 9 9 l loxoml amuomo My l F I i i f'8 lCTx a e l t i ?. I ) jis' .4 I l l t g 4 1 I 8 8 3 8 o 3 8 8 f o o o o 9 9 9 e v 10X W1umuodneo q J l e i 1 4
i i en k+i \\ \\ 0 k S +. \\ \\ \\ 5>1 i \\ \\ t \\ o k \\ +\\> \\ \\ \\ \\ o. O O. \\ e O. f n- \\ \\ \\ s i s \\ o k \\ I \\ \\ 0 \\ 8, \\ \\ 5 \\ \\ s \\ \\ \\ \\ h 1 l I i l 4
-w -w--wwwn mw se,;s ma wm.- mm0Mamm memM.AMA-- = ' ' " ' ~ ^M-,a-6, t f d c s 4 l l \\ i k y
- J C
t 4' O l YC s e-g r 3 _O O = m S9 r J U MC \\ ~ h' H 3 c j _ m X g I O h3 [ o & ~si l I Z K2
.
- f.. -
8 it o% C 3 c 2.O O M vu 4 l a b l d e W a m C E O d l Z f w. d '. I Q 01 - ~ n L i O.^ V t A l . w tr. Z& l !+ .,,-.---,.,,en.+. ,e.+- -,e,- e, -w- ,.-,-m e--,,, s-
wm
w-_-www--=as w.
.w mm mm - -m ms-A,' gMSM AM.M48 n,.hk 9M A k Mmh _ A I I l l 5 R, I v I j i = N I I l - s 4 )' i e T h 5 E 4 i 0 d + I l u. s .os \\ 3 j ^ E ii h .c l h .T 3 i t . s C f .O.ald - ~ o e 6 mu N u . 5 ur C-9 e-c m c u Ob 10X'XPI'W W O C3, bYD & t . }}n ~ l ? 3 = .- o d d > 's ^ocD t-t C i & g 94so f ll d [ Z *"" l C w l C .8 0 r 4 x = 0 0 .D E . s.- H _, i m O 3 g N E s-s a 3 .c --s,. ., oo V E, s o n I w a 'c ~. z c b to g .A c, man b Ev s g ) s. Zr y g 4=.a 2 n a g - (oXMDIO- ^ S *woow 4
e l l l l C g g 3E ~ 3 i_ r f~. l i O
- m. ; =
d ll : f H l .3 $L '~ ? [. f.5 = 9 5 C d i
- b l
l 5 h k, l I 55-J+ f s.s W U Mqf N IgEE h S.s ch e i i ~C 5 ' N,i ]EE 2 h d r2 E= l 3 ugl gn l n c, rj y l ~ Su l 'l 'C ll r Q L C MC C %' t, $2 ? c3d ?= . Y / CQC j - ~ E g k
- f. Gf l
~ j r. h h ~, l n l ~ 3N! 6',- fo$f E 5 g= c y E o e$ E '.J l 4 el { 1 w 1 s =.. ~ O M c.- I.: L .3 g ~ tab s i. Il li '. j 3 .,-v.
l \\ l i I j i y a a i s l s l' N l i o 9 4 i je 3 o y g - l > O N s C o uy C-C C C d -a? weg3.c + -o i -D c m.c x a i o .c -n r g uQo = g p i. .../ 'Jel ,C M C / l ./ 5 4 x ,_. = n v r c. ^ c- -o.y [ . / v at 6 s' .v. -.c ./ t 1 l (( l .2 oc s ) 4 = u 4 I = r =_ - i '. ~ 9 8 R 8 S S 8 R S ~ p w ecump s ) \\ / / J l e 'l C ,= 0 =_- m p eind m =. , =^ y 1 = U I = C N I l.- d f E 6 .== i e!. c3 c. Z vCCM r l p m -c j Z 3 C C4.O ^ O :3.O 4 = eL- -a oo ~. E c 5-* O C.c L +- o-R v a 3 ll y = oe w k 5 f. -O I 3 E i b -( ( -6 l } -u 30 m J 4 i j i i s-i ? E 8 2 3 3 8 R 2 ~ ~ 2 @U e 4 e i .~ . -, - \\
l l l t 0.s 5 ui n u l u l 7 h# 1 N2 l .c m m - .C C 'J X. i o5 ~ C ~ = ..c Il O W ~ ] gu C3 % j j c._. - f % l a .c e3 D l 1 l a e l l' l r C C l ) .C .O ~J l C o.2 # W us fC 3, a C E s J. n_ eg ' c~ C E sc O 'J G$C 7 l o x- = C3 l + j -r - n 5*c" u c 7; X.9 g p^ ~. s u -
- : - - t ox.-
/ 1 ~~ c e C
- C COC O
L w. es l ~ \\ N C
- o. v
, --- A Z y 9 M d- .ou u n v 5 .c c 5 -t _C u.d s~e ll y es u -~ ~ s 3 3 g_ 0 %" 'E CC
- 3. o d. _,
4 es es O _I-m 4 c C d %e '~ 1.: y s O Qt O N /O-A, g spi .s .J es. ~ J U l $a 5@c C s::, 5 5 ~ll V .M 3 es %. e ^ 9 60 W I ._._ ___ _... _ IN-
W r
- d
'J s /s n_ + A ^ O O .x. / E o x w U g e. g .J +. n. y .c 3 VW +. r1 y l O O .= 1 + .c m ed g g 9 - .D 'O L.- g$ 3 x V ~ w U f
- / -
s .~ -+ O r y, ... +.... .D $ ,y M h g C ~ ~ "j ...i... .. 4.. Y ~ V g/~~ g8 -+ Q -O N D .~ -- 4.. _.~ y y 2 f .. +, gy 3 yQ w.c cD.5 ~ O g 2@ g 2 V W N m + t... ... i.. ko OW u i... l.. "Z d. C -s . -L c Eo d Am 5 .c j
- t.,
N " -Q b ) b i@ FV 2 + 0 4 6 h s
^ M V Fu .2.2.aews,.4,..AM.,g,4d.ga,4p.mma. ww.r m pu-M.Ms-4sammw-w. w- =mw_w.,.i.-w.-ms..mw%a=e-'-e.-mw---ww---- r h e
- .O e c: oo.
O m_- ...L 1 O Y / w Q y f. 'J ) O,, ..g...A.,-. Q V m a s ~ r 4*. C.o 5. m ~.\\*. ws d 3, y ...,..g... p~ 8 o +\\.. Q* U "J 3 gI o e ,........ k 8 ' e, d V & Q ---a Ye Qh m Q -. Y ~ -~ E a r y l ~~ N ~g ) i 6 a f n 4 C ) 4 p.5 ? i ,, -i W p \\ C 1 Q.. t W .m g l 'f U } f e-v: s ,7 h 2 \\ U s I i
- g. o j
L w O e e w b 1 g% ,..... j.. 3 4 j
- ~
E-U l "y }o Q Q +.. l':* . "U J j v 8 j. y 3 8 ~o 4m .>Q 5..... 5... &....;... g g o o 2.=" $D3 v i i i i. O e. 4 2N 1 P 4 - - -. ~ ,r.--,,, - - --
. - _ ~. _. . ~.. e e 5 ^ f D i' g
- o..,>
\\ 9 1 j 'J / -~ t D i W "J ( OE I s l ~ C \\ Q 2 p ~ c l ~, o 5. / A. O N 7 o w' O I e ._ s b 2 i ~ =.- O -o l / E ( O C., M 'v ? t I "J J m - / w =, - / ~ ^ O K i v. "O Q w a - f,, ei \\ .; w I O l - ~ l 7-C a es hC 3i E \\ q-D w U 1 u .o cr n o.c 5 / w o .,C e ^ t l W w oO v r C M 9, E """. w C j UN.d C ."J b i r % y 3 - xv l d O O "- o>C u i s. y CL u - U 9 j +e W :i a r r' ~ w = 3 sc_ J oC u o O y y} C en m 4 c3.u-i D 'U 4C I j i s 4 l i A . g _.. 1 l 1
.C C. U V O 5 l p e 5^ r D CQ m-d - d _5 ? 1 3 = . -J $ y 'y s ^
- s.c.
J. / -3 9 6 ~_ E u g-g- o c v. t h C <C.c q) eG = w 9 U % y th % 1 5O j -"d oO > /-
- O j
U 1= W *i l .\\ 4 '"3 E. ]$ l 3-. y ~x yg /$.3 U 7 ". c ? (). _. ( m, O_c w*a 'Y e 6 w
.x.-a..., ~a sm.--.,,-.--~.-s.~~,-,,..,_,--~~n,_.--.- 8 4 c s i ( 2 .d 4 l =. a J j 3 s ~. N W l men. W M. p I u = = 1 = -- u, / a
- I.
.j c, '~ ~ I 's 2 ~ / ~ M .j ~ g ,g) o+ \\ m f / m. O ~ "- - C A eJ s - ~ / r ,.)
- """" K N
= 3 e /. I D W 1 w N W 1 m M / as t ~ + O ,e e f-...w x _w 6 e2 C c. i k m 8 M 7 2 ummumme .+ W } m se 1 1 n. 4 I i t t 4 1 a e N j e h 4 k l 1i
N 9 s m U3 E
- o t
o 3 55 s -t t C 9U F. w_ f C Ye s m. ?3-d5 u n a y=-: s n = s g ^ E g f. E _c ~ wC ~ ~ -T CL o. _c "3 o s. e [J $> B C C W y ;- z Q.f Q n k e. L A e s = v f A .m/ W ' ~5 h- $.f' v e N _h a C c r-Q "/ g Yr O cl. a w ~ D D 'C C EE g'C y e3
- >b 3 U xny c
4 w s 2 'g ~ s UC 2 co s .c asmet ag. D """l1 W c n O a u e. l
l-i + 3i' h l OTSGIGA SIZING BY REGRESSION 00RREl.ATl0N = 0.81, RMSE = 8.5 bQ.120 l 8100 E u - - ---- -- - -- /4/ \\ O 80 - f l g. ......__..__....._._.y.,... j p q.
- y...
m }Q ......R......._..-..-............ l y' F. n O 5 5 5 5 F 0 20 40 60 80 100 TRUE DEPTH BY DE - (LinearFit) 9
l. l l I i i LABORATORY CRACKING OF SG TUBES i ) i i i i 1997 STEAM GENERATOR WORKSHOP l ARGONNE, ILLINOIS FEBRUARY 25 - 27, 1997 i i i i 2 1 1 Jangyul Park Energy Tec1nologit Division Argonne National '.aboratory a b
LABORATORY CRACKING OF SG TUBES a 4 NEEDS NDE Studies Pressure & Leak Rate Testing i TECHNIQUES i Accelerated Stress Corrosion Cracking i Caustic Solution f TYPE OF CRACK GEOMETRY i j Axial and Circumferential Various Length and Penetration Depth i 3000 PSIG M M VACUUM PUMP -D r-c an ,q $ pggg h' 4, i. GAS N2 l ?N l J-o S h, i / M ML TEST j y SOLUTION HO 2 ,,,'/ "t J n C R.D. .p. g j h DIAPHRAM i i ti HP PUMP 4 DIAPHRAM i PREHEATER HP PUMP h BACKPRESSURE REGULATott p DRAIN l Fig.1. Autoclave Systemfor Cracking SG Thbes i s 1
i e l l l t i i i i i l l i f l l!;A2?ln&'% '$i ^ ??M
- .e g-
.. < 0, c - l q. zw l A.,fd'?' j
- p. m,..,,..... ~~
i l l Fig. 2. Axial Crack of 12.7 mm (0.5 inch) in length developed in Test l Specimen SG0008. l 1, s l o y I s t 3,s .A l 4 i I a f 1 1 i Fig. 3 Scanning Electron Micrograph of Fracture Surface of Circumferential 4 Crack at 21X. { i 1 2 l 1
i l 6 i e l f a '.<%y Ys. ~ ~ ~ ,f' r m ~ y <f ~ ~ Q s j ) - /w [& T '. \\ j~' a l l,. ' 4, ; l .1 ,.b;r s ,'Q " n1% g 3 s %.I l g i u \\ l e i ( l s l Fig. 4 Scanning Electron Micrograph of Fracture Surface of Circumferential l Stress Corrosion Crack at.150X. i l 1 1 l i i i i 1 1 4 ii i } e f 4 i 4
1 o !i i i RPC: SG00HCAL00002 THU 15:39:01 FEB-06-97 SG 00 R 0 C 0 1032 = 0 = i Filter:0FF Pts /Sean:82 XTrans:4 YTrans=0 XRot:60 ZRot=296 Iq am e.q! m !G " ? _ l6: 200 Gi C4 j.' i hl DiFF i 0 k CSCAN USER < PLOT) SELECT 7 l .i+/-> l f* SCAN /-8S: . tI ~ I p!CALE f.=_SCR$q 0,.j=2.8 4.51 a 1 ~' i SCANS (T-0FST j =113 i =0 t iSPAN -SLEW j 2 []=216 0FF 5 a t 120 1 4;I CIRC CIRC l ?! FROM TO a 96.6 g RXIAL AX1AL j NO MEAS FROM TO i [ s + 10390 A_- i 240 120 0 0 I I 4 w, I j RPC: SG00HCAL00002 THU 15:44:09 FEB-06-97 SG 00 R 0C 0 1034 = i _]' = 1 in ter:0FF Pts / Scan:81 XTrans:-6 YTrans=0 XRot:54 2 Rot =286 la wi:nwa:LJn 9 100 C1 C4 Q: l \\ D st h .[CfiEI i USER j gL ikPLOT) $ ELECT m i \\ tm.__- gy-g) i{< SCAN l SCAN umuB " */-) "/-es: -.f XSCALEl YSCALE y : 2.8l': 5.3 O 2 ? (SCANS T-0FST i J :83 =0 ~ R-SLEW SPAN i r -7 0FF 4 3 ~ CIRC CIRC FROM ! TO i 293.3 RX1AL 'AX1AL NO MEAS FRO
- TO
,. ? %, % v',', N., % ,1 y NNN,* + 8118 b P { l 240
- 2C C
T/ 1
,F r. !~ Overview li l Steam Generator Tube [ Rupture and Leak-Rate Blowdown Test Facility l by i Dr. Ken Kasza l Argonne National Laboratory i l Presented at l i NRC Steam Generator Tube Integrity Workshop i February 25-27,1997 i i i 4 Hosted i by l Argonne National Laboratory i b j i i i 4 e
' r.,. I i !.!g i j Overview i, i Steam Generator Tube Rupture and Leak-Rate Blowdown Test Facility i by Dr. Ken Kasza Argonne National Laboratory i I i 4 i l l
3
- s f
Objectives: i e Improve data base on SG tube integrity and failure modes i l
- Determine flawed SG tube leak flowrates and l
rupture characteristics as a function of prototype and accident pressures and temperatures i e Determine influence of tube flaw and support coristraint characteristics t l \\ l Test parameter upper limits: (covers MSLB conditions) i l
- 3000 psi pressure differential
= 650 F water
- 200 gpm i
e Tube length less than 35 in. s 1 i } W l
~ I l i Vemed Pmeewe Q 7 / h l a Water Storage & / Gas preeswiM Cordeoning Tank Bldg. 212 H-wing s BlowdownWeesel HfghBay SouthWall l i 800gelLow Presswo 200 golWater C ] & Terg. 3000 psi at 650 F f J J / i / / / f 100lw v1 Vented Presswo l D N2 Cover ( as Back Presswe l Thor nel Pump Tank Fa m l FM3 V5 Test g Noise Supressor T h: 3. ...... - M > U. .g mTe . va ! W l , n. l i Load Cats (3) Flawed Steam Generator Tube Leak-Rate / Rupture Test Facility : High Flow up to 200 gpm, Pressure up to 3000 psi, Using f Water up to 650 F ? i I l ,i
,t. \\ l Facility Features: i e -Large blowdown vessel water inventory, invessel l heater, and trace heating of pipe components i ensures high flow rate capability at stable j temperature over long duration l e Ability to distinguish between leak and critical unstable crack behavior l e Piping and valves are sized to minimize pressure i drop between blowdown and test module vessels l l e Manual or computer controlled increases in F pressure differential across tube ( programmed ramp ups with computer control ) i e Downstream back pressure regulator valve i controls tube secondary side pressure and minimizes nonprototypic two phase flow entering i tube 1 l e Two methods of measuring leak flowrate to i improve reliability ( turbine flowmeter and blowdown vessel load cells) 1 i 4 i i i
\\,. ~. 1 t a 4 l i 1.5 in., sch 160 pipe interface 1 ports,2500lb raised face flange N ~ p ting lugs (3) lif oo 4 1 1/2 in, ports for h instrumentation ~ support leg pads (3) l 2ft. = = i i i 4 U 2 in., sch 160, water supply horizontalline interface port, j heater port; 5 in., 2 in.,2500lb raised face flange 1 2500 lb raised p, face flange 4 Argonne Blowdown Vessel i l 1 ,r I 3 i 2 i 4
y.. 4 ( 1 4 2in. 2500lb orificed 2in. sch 160 pipe 2500lb flange flanged port nominal 40 in. = 2in. 2500lb orificed 0.25 in. holes raised face flange b j "~ j h flow T \\i;i I '~ _KI L F / 4x2 concentric 8 in. sch 160 pl / I n sch 160 8 4 concentric Sin. 2500lb raised reducer sch 160 reducer face flange blind raised face flange with 1 in. l female P-NPT thread for Swagelock male tube connector, bored 11n. flawed steam generator 8 in. 2500lb blind hole thru tube flange i i Argonne Test Module 4 4 4
i r I l 3000 20. E. i 'E M s l 1000 t b b l k l 1 1 l 0 l 0 0 1000 2000 2213 3000 i P2 Psat O 650F Steam outside tube l water outside tube Test Ends Test Starts Behavior (cas'e A) of Flawed Tube During Leak / Rupture Test In Blowdown Facility: Supply Water Conditions; Pl=3000 psi, i Temp.= 650 F 4 i i 1 1 i i 4 4 ] l l
l 1 Model for Predicting Failure of Steam Generator Tubes at High Temperature ~ l 1 by i Saurin Majumdar l Argonne National Laboratory l Argonne, IL 60439 i i 1 i i I Presented at the NRC Steam Generator Workshop held at Argonne l National Laboratory on February 26-28,1997. l Argonne National Laboratory { i t
o i 4 Outline ] l e Objective Low-temperature failure models for steam generator tubes f e axial cracks i High-temperature failure models for steam generator tubes e flow stress model creep rupture model I 'e Conclusions i l ) i Argonne National Laboratory
2 Steam Generator Tube Integrity Program Objective (Task 3)- i i e Evaluate and experimentally validate models to predict leak / rupture behavior, failure pressures and leak rates for steam generator tubes normal operating condition (288-320 C, Ap.= 1300 psi) design basis accident condition (s 350 C, Apusm= 2560 psi) severe accident condition (> 800 C, Ap = 2350 psi) I i i i Argonne National Laboratory
~ Low-Temperature Failure Models ~ i ~ i I J ) e Single part-through-wall axial crack s Uh _ Pb p8 = m Rm m i p p where m = hoop stress magnification factor p t i BCL Equation [Eiber et al. (1967), Kiefner et al. (1972)] 1amh rn _ a i P1g Argonne National Laboratory I - - - - r
w -. -. -... - - _ _ - _ - - - - - _. - -. _. - - - - - - - ~ t High-Temperature Failure Models l b Single part-through-wall axial crack j i i e Time- (or rate-) dependent deformation of ligament j i Flow stress is dependent on strain rate e Time- (or rate-) dependent failure of ligament { i Time to failure is function of applied stress j i I i I i t l I Argonne National Laboratory ~ 1 l f l i
t High-Temperature Failure Models Sinale part-throuah-wall axial crack 4 e Flow stress mode' (lead-history-independent) i i Uh _ Pb j p*= Ym mp j where m = hoop stress magnification factor and p 5 = flow stress at temperature determined from tensile tests at representative strain rate l In an isothermai, rapidly rising pressure ramp test, psc represents the pressure at which the maximum load-carrying-capability of the ligament is reached. l l Argonne National Laboratory { \\
i High-Temperature Failure Models Sinale cart-throuah axial crack i e Creep rupture model (linear damage rule) .t r dt l _3 .o t (T,m o) g p where t = time to creep rupture at temperature T and stress m o R p i Unlike flow stress model, the time to failure tr is dependent on the history of loading. l I i ~ t t t I Argonne National Laboratory
o ~.I Validation Tests for Creep Rupture Model i f e isothermal, constant pressure creep failure tests t Tests with deep cracks (290%)~ e Ramp tests j i Constant-pressure temperature ramp Isothermal pressure ramp l i e Tests under varying temperature history i i i i l l ? Argonne National Laboratory i f f
3 I Tests under Varying Temperature History l l L L 1200 N I "' ) ,.... s.... s.... s........ s.... s...., EPFu rany 650 2 - ANI. simulation i g 28.24TAnin m: I ~ M SirmAntion 1.75TMn [ 600 f g c i 7.5 t u n Io i 1080rMa e= g g450 : 5.37 tun f i 5 7 3.75TAnin [ F. ~ i = ~ i = s 200 8--- 8-8- 8-- 8-8- 300 i f f 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 180 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
- m. <*>
nn. <+> l I INEL ramp EPRI ramp i i i e Pressure held constant at 2350 psi for all tests. e Crack length 0.25-2.0 in..with depth between 20-65% l Argonne National Laboratory i i f
i Predicted vs. Experimental Failure Temperatures t i l 850 850 g ~ g L Open Symtml-EPRI Ramp L Open Symbol-EPRI Ramp l e Fmed Symbol-INEL Ramp g Filled Symbol-INEL Ramp j 800 o 3/4 in. ~~f---. g 800 o 3/4 in. ~-~~t pi~o-' ~~-- E o 7/8 in. 8 a Unnawed - E o 7/8 in. Unnawed l O [ Tubes b I t 750 l-o , e S* Tubes 750 a .a t if d 700 700 M 7 t-- 7 s i E E E 650 E 650 I 650 700 750 800 850 650 700 750 800 850 Experimental Failure Temperature (*C) Experimental Failure Temperature ('C) by creep rupture model by flow stress model l i e Creep rupture model gives better predictions than flow stress model consistently. ~ \\ Argonne National Laboratory J i l
Conclusions ~ o Existing flow stress models can predict failure of flawed steam generator tubing at low temperatures. l A new ANL correlation for m, with backing from FEA, correlates data for p I all flaw depths better than the existing ones. i l e Detailed FEA show that a tube support plate spacing of 0.65 m (26 in.) or less should increase the failure pressure of a tube with a circumferential crack to a significant fraction of that of a fully constrained tube. e Tests at high temperatures show that the failure pressure at a constant I temperature is dependent on the pressure ramp rate and that the failure l temperature at a constant pressure is dependent on the temperature ramp l rate. Flow stress models cannot predict such a behavior. j ANL creep rupture model un predict such a behavior. [ i Argonne National Laboratory [ i i
j Tube Removals from Steam Generators [ (Task 4) l l 1 1 Dwight R. Diercks g\\ONA( a O ? O ? 8
- % yof /
( IT t Workshop on Steam Generators Argonne, IL February 25-27,1997 s Argonne National Laboratory
P Task Objective ~ I rThe bbjectiv'e of this task is to obtain tubes and sections from retired steam i ~ generators for use in the other research tasks in this program. l Work to be performed may be divided into three activities: i
- 1. Review inspection records and other plant data to determine appropriate tubes for removal.
l
- 2. Arrange for necessary on-site support services (radiation control, health physics support, power and other utilities, etc.).
- 3. Arrange for removal of tubes and tube sections and for their packaging f
j and shipment to Argonne. ( i I Argonne National Laboratory i i
.s I .I Tube Removals from McGuire 1 Four Westinghouse Model D-2 steam generators (in service since 1981) to be replaced in the first half of 1997. Agreement has been reached with Duke Power Company for the removal of tubes from one or more retired steam. generators from McGuire 1. i Tube defects of interest specific interest include: l
- 1. Circumferential indications at the top of the tube sheet.
l
- 2. Axial and/or circumferential free-span indications.
I
- 3. Indications at the tube support plates.
j i l l ~ Argonne National Laboratory
) i s l ~ -\\ -l Tube Removals from McGuire 1 (current status) ~ 1 i ,.DykeEngineering and Services, Inc. to provide on-site services and serve as overall contractor for tube removal activity. Requests for quotations for i actual tube removals have been issued to four potential subcontractors: ABB-Combustion Engineering, Framatome Technologies, Roll Royce and Associates, and Westinghouse. Responses from subcontractors are due February 24. t Actual sampling will occur between about June 15 and August 15,1997 at the mausoleum used to store the retired steam generators. l A preliminary selection of tubes for sampling has been completed, with ~ tube pulls and tube sheet section removals planned from steam generator ~ "D" and tube / TSP samples from generator "B". The final selection of tubes and sections will be based upon the results of NDE on selected tubes at the site plus a consideration of the relative costs of the various sampling j operations. l i t Argonne National Laboratory f
i ~.l Tube Removals from Other Steam Generators ~ Discussions have been conducted with several other utilities about the possible removal of tubes from retired steam generators, including: l ~ l l
- 1. Public Service Electric and Gas (Salem 1; Westinghouse model 51 stearn generators).
l l
- 2. Florida Light and Power (St. Lucie 1; Combustion Engineering Model 67 steam generators).
l i
- 3. South Carolina Electric and Gas (Virgil Summer; Westinghouse model D-3 steam generators).
l i I f l l ~ f Argonne National Laboratory f
!,;$ A... w'iYf3f Ti ?)
- T.f t
'$ f ' j e , (9-- i l i n .[ 4,ny l I EPRI-Industry Presentation t SG Status andIssues Argonne National Laboratory February 27,1997 f i 'I 2/24/97 1
= + s(EBjd<sd$i ~ ~ ics miv \\ duction D. Goetchues, TVA us of SG Operations C. Welty, EPRI i l-SGMP Rule Support D. Goetcheus Crack Sizing G. Henry, EPRI ECT Qualification Update G. Kammerdeiner, DL i i Updating ISI Guidelines D. Mayes, Duke Leak Monitoring Guidelines G. Kammerdeiner n Sleeve Assessment G/L C. Welty [ 2124/97 2 i l i I
I 1 l j t l t .,,_.,.,,p----" ~ .r-
- r. r Tr
,2, i Status ofIndustry SG Degradation i i I t Chuck Welty EPRI r 2/27/97 f i [ I 1 I I
SGMP ~l 1 I i m,# ,~w I I l Specific Goals i - reduce capacity factor loss to <2.5%/yr i - reduce tube leak forced outages l - manage replacement outages to <100 days i t t i i I i i h l
RESULTS/ BENEFITS ...r m -. r r rc u y ;.... f - General i l - Effective management and information exchange structure i developed - Industry-wide attention to SG management t - Specific - Management options / tools available i - water chemistry - guidelines, treatment procedures / processes, models - inspection and plugging (Guidelines, alternate plugging criteria) l - repair and replacement f - sleeving qualification guidance, improved materials and desiga i
t RESULTS/ BENEFITS (cont'd) ~ i s ,meprps,u.si C: iW4ri ~. - - Measurable /Quantifiable. f - Replacements - at least 1 avoided replacement for most recirculating SG plants ($100M-$200M/ replacement) - high probability for no more than 1 replacement f - manageable evolution (outage duration has decreased, radiation l exposure has decreased) i - Capacity factor j - average industry-wide loss due to SGs decreased j - Tube-leak forced outages - number significantly reduced i 4 i
STATUS i ...u , u7;n ~; ' - 'a.'; t ssu r - Some Damage Eliminated t - Denting, pitting, wastage, sludge-pile IGA - chemistry control measures - U-bend primary cracking, AVB wear j - in-situ repairs i - Some Damage Managed - Low and steady rate of tube plugging, causes known l - expansion zone primary cracking, tube sheet IGA - Secondary Side Stress Corrosion Cracking - Not currently under control - Molar ratio chemistry control arid inhibitor development j work show promise 5
i STATUS (cont'd) I~ L e i muea=s c
- ... nxem
>- Replacement Units - Minimal damage in units replaced to date (>12 years) - Much less susceptible y - improved tubing materials, support plate materials and design, l thermal-hydraulic analysis and design - Improved SG management practiced by PWR operators - Improved chemistry control I l 6 i f
Stress Corrosion Cracking i. .nn =.sw,, _ i I - A600 Susceptible - Chemistry measures - marginally effective - Stress improvement measures - tirning dependent - Function of time and T - more as plants age -SGDSM - Technically defensible - Regulatory "model" effects - e.g., France v US I - New issue - large' # of potential " consequential" leakers - Economic Decisions - Utility-specific - some will continue to pursue l 7 i i
l I b TTS Cire Cracking ~ ~ l l t l .we s Westinghouse SG s (US - still in operation) - Part Depth HR, MA A600 (8 plants) 3 - I has reported cracking - 1 tube pull - Full Depth HR, MA A600 (10 plants) - 8 have reported cracking - 4 tube pulls - Wextex, MA A600 (8 plants) l - 7 have reported cracking - 2 tube pulls i - Full Depth Hydraulic, MA A600 (2 plants) I - I has reported cracking - 0 tube pulls - Full Depth Hydraulic, A600 TT (16 plants) - I has reported cracking - O tube pulls l - Full Depth Hydraulic, A690 TT (4 plants) - none have reported cracking i 8
r TTS Cire Cracking l ~ l l t [ c m-- . a...,, - CE SGs j - 14 operating plants (1 is a replacement w/A600 HTMA)) - 11 have reported cracking - 5 plants have pulled tubes i 9 reported leaker outages in 4 plants (7 in the original Palisades and Millstone 2 SGs) l Plants w/ Extensive Involvement - Doel 4 (Model E), MY (CE), Byron 1 & Braidwood 1 (Model D4) - Tihange 3 (Model E) to a lesser extent j - Doel 4, Tihange 3 have A600 clad on secondary face of TS - EdF Experience - Extensive MRPC NDE since late 80s j - sludge pile region of 900 and 1300 MW units j I - 571 " indications", all plugged, 84 tube pulls 9 ( i
TTS Circ Cracking cz.m:mLac.i = ' t. Qualitative Observations - Phenomenon is "real" - Understand Fundamental Cause l - Alloy 600 is susceptible to SCC in SG environments orientation depends on direction of principal stresses ) = Experiencing an " inspection transient" I - to be expected improvements in NDE f - circumferential flaws are more of a challenge to NDE operating with a material susceptible to SCC [ a - When stress conditions exists l i - chemistry and temperature can aggravate lead, high t-hot, etc. I = 10 f L
25 - v 20-u h 9 l N -fn. is-2 a hlf g i s e 6d E ,i,; -y.~ sg g g.. , so_ c' .8 i l + $h5 i~ h TIII lg h - gl !j - f, fl - 70 $' g T ff
- g j !; -
pp pp p vg 5-4 ! l { l8- !p l i D I ; A d b, L,1, h ind('$). I,hd 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 Year Figure 4-1 U.S. Steam Generator Tube Leak Forced Outages
8' ~ fird 7- ~ $h!f 35 g 8-g @(g{! y$ i r g-E, 5-p$sj r s% i r i 1 M _a g is ' l g ['Mt 4-ti 1 j ' I a (~ L d Vg .y (g[ }3 K[t j -y - ys y;_ 3 3-a a n m P I - e - h - $?-al - I
- j F'f g r e
i Ed( 4 R h. i l o 2-i m rl 6 I h p g ~ a c l l l l 1- ~ j .l ~ 0-i i i i i e i i i i i i i i e i i i i e i 75 78 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 Year i Figure 3-1 U.S. Capacity Factor Loss Due to Steam Generator Problems l j (Including Steam Generator Replacement) l l l
1 i was r we teer*~~~~ -- -:* ~ M 1& pgD4iss g@FEf d ilE 7,W gg(6F@$ g t sw+t J! gg.,. w2. gyW a %n g= sg~^ we 1 gfhss jW:L w %g4%'e. 6 he MM %, w mb+4 rim weg m 4 sem .zw,;. J !G ',% A jg? m '5f.dsWW,;, -@m, s syf?: i W;fEtisp'9 s. w" N i :. m w@M.!%g l g ' 73 yJ gsg e:,.9 6 >W%p*q ~.- 4, y& ' %sMg;. $gy$ .., %8 '. Rst d C,v4 e m ?Nij. k$ h {:. ~ y "s 4gg g ' fjl Gfnd$ O 1 Ws j me g a mQn na. c "wpw m e b gd 3)Juw%s,sm, ~. e M s %wdm 2, ~gn ' g,m s%mus - nw% aiwaqsp a 5u %gruw s a sc ~F@- g is&m&g&r+g-B fw a w x t a .m : s mgr i ~m ase P. Sh@ E%@"$ 9c %g le@gh,n m(g f M? H /MW Q A p-g a 3 i Ak% A M M M t y A p &s w u pgM'g'st;nM"kh; n.bhw:k: o -'h'"fd Ha v%...g 4 g m e we @g ' ~, :ss.27~ DgNe%.s.s!#R W@@$r"ndM M ax kw:$wsss:. s i D iLxif ~. 5 GME # C eM !$ es9 e p a 4 wgy?.' 'gy en w.$74%e. gggan % ~p a m gmy u W m m q u y;g?tM d?4 O P h4 ?M Ms.y K s ijf medy 3 sgr.es, h'm55-W :x; sum yn g isn - gy{y.$c:.wausWA 2h W W E 3XFiKJ% i$5%ymu@se M 3ij @L m m$3'8s< um am,ga s m R! = j W W J$g$ gfMM% 975 9 W SMBH ,8 es ggem PrfM5 dAS yse ~ g $am%e INj M i@ %Mc 2%@$N 6 r 3 4 A e a $w$hmits m ~M L d * % p % *; u u l;. Ly e g v4wys kW"er; w w g D w% ~ + e "M w *g o ee4 s1 em wghy.s : ^ 9, ( m i w-wMTff;, E g N uy a w =g to gjjPV*iS*ji. 's:-. $a. W r ' ibs-u "Fs tye m i pfg {vagss uge@g $ m ! "mam.WFffit e* t Sr D . R':}h. 1 j mm,,. SinMfwa a s Ng$gyd hpggiN T W MS.iN w+g!v.s(< II :med %jf.,e S +gy:5 mm % s ~ g r 4-o n me i $m #up x., pg 5 04.,31$y u u I d!M@Ml 5M iD,s1 d dbMM$W Af#*"3%,,hWA J i % "W5*& g. IFa#,J,5cW" ~ O h bms7d u e usu sem ye w g w".%hn.s c s e ses in Rhpj di"s T~ e n5%qsg 'O 2.n 4M Wy i M R*igdjigll%]lb P= h4.. 5 g i@Mhu n N s d ea.il...la%'~ &wmm,;::BW me w+ pw ~ rmb :w - 29 C y@p%m,@w$mM M.4,46, ',%g g e n a m 2 E f
- g 4
L 4b91$% wmwMy 6 :," er . a n o m p J@W ~ sygy@g!Wp: $ 1 Th L. - ;p:W j w Mb q=$dy si.#y@dli:p r #ii ^ ew Mn4 st.
- [isibdi O
] N$ dih M yt h.%g kgym:kff +)h n,.a_ 95%. ",ys?: %Wt'is?- MN;p$$$fMM,N.. m< 9 ghbj . ; wyge <w*+w. umo w _. g. w-wp uis< >. aM "$$M 1 n-4 L. j ', @ * "ww 9L.r -... ~ j E d*i. g b *u ?eh w@ iN g m dh m~7pv?Lt w ~ ~ ^ se@ msds >nse as-n w ss s m $g:;:.ejf MfS$1 i Tdff$$ la EEM% R ? b p< '.ts, M: en .xvn;; ~ +$s< e s n w= es9+.H. smg l $M:jf81Mif %r,',..:..;~ g!M:# e 49 AQ22Ih[?;V?4 !$:. t: . Mhk 5 4 &;[,, T Q N'MOv.b Y@ 5 E-h i ,fk.ss<i QMf { h$$d$ bidINNNNN$@fe $k N g unum wems.. m me. < wee- .,--a i i i i o S S ,o o o o o e o u o d d d d d d' ti 1 pe66nid e6e;ueo;ed )
_.~ e l W3p ^ unsusemummmenesmusmuumme x WNM S <p'gM 9.y g.w.D.u gyw ;;:M e:i "fj;?:.6'-
- j
- t. ciX.4p;tswgyL,s f';figsyW i
- ?
- x.. f e
w h. f, .. sw: y 94 + .q
- 4.e i..w;gg:s,n s.:n. hgt:#3W;N gai;.53!@bf;;kkW 4 "s% E;iss:v<$ ',.'j.y;'?NN.25, is ge.&v
- !U.h.W 8.5@~T:h 9l?Mk..?k1kkij$.h 6
W W ^ * * '* * "'*' O ?
- y.5;s/
sf P f4hl;! fe 4.a.N$gtMli .MMi:liM :548 n;:x [J :hj3g33MM ]k er SN!: $; EEWS?. : A: [INih W .f d-k $ ii ? f 'j$ N W ? i' M k. $$-[ J $# %5.; 5"$5 !F5M; idil !:; JJ:s 5tt:19,%i:$ hMjji'? ND[M?fq 44 .) '2 .'I,, J..:g. ehy;:;~y:s :;d'4?p%y ~,, [+ '.ichgI$. % g.5. . l<4;vffc. A 9@jf t44.?;;}. 4 9%:p.k ,,P:, &t :t F p;:y~X $?.::<c. y:i$:h.jgjk:s. 7.. tf e-:- S W p !N. v5 vfw ;f M.:g.w.mn.dk'hY;k.:i$t 'I,'"w^ g*' .;:45. h ",p^N yh : WN4dit M.xji$,iv;::dN?,lQ.%d N,%M g Up$$Yh N.51$iN(ibj.f; /$N
- 54
- sgsn,/sj; s2
.13; rc 3 ss; ' ' " i %3frM3(!;E,[4p>..;i,2j
- v.,y. Ih..,.$i f!8 f
Jh 35@ 5 m. $j2 f',, himp$":FM<st: @,. x<- :s'l, %g ^w %.u {i;M:m s. s
- 4..~.?@!:
f .Mi:Q2ry 4M ' @.,:.. - 451 4 kf@4.ps naz$$8.:#;;;0;'t24x : A.;.da;pi'dS;NI.xs % F$gg; pt: W 's x F:#M h,. rFjj <l0h sG)[gif .q', b.!; Nja[;6!(k 'i ? f 1. Y;, f'hi[,f,.M g;g ).
- Ni
%fij #! 'Mfyj Ydj$h f5k '.MiTj$3~j ?' hi Mfif.if7 3~f ' ' Q, g 0;i';.!4 h.:?ijI[j'i?415N L;jViMhgt;VjEf h ISM 95jhj j [u 47[jh k]9vh53l$$kWk.4: S!!'d# F dfh5k: ) sifUi j [.8!9 ( 9sN;b:v;;s, est: "KM>Ni::4Pi CWhivEs:x%mu4E
- TipMi f!:,57 J
T*D $, & Tig;gvng'9F'.vI5;lq; p;sf%.g;;()g:qy;/. i %sjMis7h;M. lM ['<;i s'i
- g.g:j -
"5, yp. ' ; 5.. .tdMmS $ hsi
- 6.. x4 j
3; p%y%.jjw;ps.gtyw,. g,.f.,s:M:gX
- ySq:dl@S&?:7p$q'g.p:k.gp;;; 3 k
bg.,---' p: + h:ri , g v. w 49 94
- 13
'x.i,,,.y.b.c.xg;sEg p.y. p;f g;;;p g :,, . ;;;cc e,. p
- sys.y.,,1(h)fii
- u.
k id' > gn;@g. ikI bE;@P'h;$%;% j;4)s h"s;;p.0$EF, j94;5kikhj]5 Sk 3 $im;misi.'5. x!h., M' IfjM w - y. mp%, f k! hifh. 'as )5Mh!hkk_ n n :3'
- s,,
$il k ihi hhhNfM$khhh TOM: d
- n5%
$5 W*;*NW#0'SNM - = WiMS c4c.k[K353<.f [,5 3M@$'.:.ihh:.h hN ikkiikY.Nhhh M jf. 2 ff#
- i:i:?;# TEE #9msu6Kiijin$MM$ t@,[5f(pd,igAtht)
E ',yf.N g!yi &M 9 hNl55 tim'4*AM* $hN T hd? 4idilij?%l%Fif: 19;*S$::i[F"MN:'cN $$j%%h d,u.MMjp%4h.!!M: F##S'*:yjj; ifs;:hth'.E6 Ei!6: %;j#':Sw^didk,p; 41 $Cd*# h[{'iM: f: s??.b 4;'$ S'5b 6 IY$$.Ns.Mky $.^j. M^ g EdNh f4N! NAN $sts.!$I f5jY. 7 M'];4 ".; pjjjjgj{p: Mh: k?f:N.$i 84: h$3f;$;Qhs, i.. g !:!$fjsg.si, i s< ggjR A y g$:3[t;;i.g' tNtig: 4;::!j% .fs i W
- J,s?
' jj;h4$ h; :;.p.4M2id:si'd:{UV 4 $.*'8k:sf'p:gu3i@ji$1? 7p(Y:Ypy.37 iMffEpj,.Wid ?5 iMs$s Df: gM$ j. Ns;9d?f {Q,fp'3M ghvoW.: j;g'/ Xpt. e. E'f Mk i@.IN!!(iig T@'h. !k"!@$hS!4! 28M53535 :?55$:M;:i:h G%% %J:" jd 75f4j5S[;74kSdN54MPE. 2@.j~4333bjjh( F 2 D5:MMDji iiN. if ' 8 .:s.$i!?h54h '- $.1%#Us[T,.fM,y?ss. g MhWME D sw, $$p F MM'tsk$7c.3:::M' $g %..us4p:.j;MW g.E$,4.s;g wh545.:$1'!..a@;x. sis..,. q,.L $.. : m . f5 J h,,fy.s.4g 4 em. tuu rm .wr5%g u.?ft::d4 prv:aie:rS**s r:% '? pag;Mc~: di. g n y9 3 eggispi:umm h PW@m%j:- 87, 9*IE+f'.5sW< M..lM &. $.MS$ $~ $P[xW = i kW9.f 44N $ER6ih R d5k.. A:s#A$sA u$ pep:9we[c?$ <fjj'gsrd, 6EWWhi
- y%,+:g;K$y,M5?i$~>
gfj' $ugt
- ?j989q$g%:53'Mj$#fN w$$:WN#tx:Ni:.kN.;M 7 @*M: {$Eidd E P;;;ijissjg.
Ng1
- 4 3Mjti39-f*
a p-bE g e sWS %n@se.3M 3%wi W<s!Ei8i: u;ge;4. h hf+e e!m. gg i 41 5.g e. .e.,.:,..s-g. i. A .,,j: tsp.muas:.wy s E-3 s.4;;; g !:.".i
- ~
u %v:, s r,we4.g.W j ....jg.s:s;: ;gigg*;;f.:it gg p,x<x wr .w e v gty;. j 3 !$wng;.st,> 'p P.3 #,NQ<v%:em7:7.M.: he vw:e > 97.itr g(g'. iig ? p* q;$,:g.gggA. $5W?%gg.j;S:Xbw[: , 4;g': m i.s.[s.,gi> g
- S.n
- s "g"JA.:49g; M.y:ij.
ui g. . e7+ M 's.;;.:.S:j.[N*.D. 8t ! ww Si^* I' =. v...geu. hjjd+ii%..g:x<g .v M5. z.nX .N g<N8N.gggjty.3 w.g;f.$ESTJ::t,., +'i;Wii$.q$, '". ' %:,. x w e N t y[iY!$4 ppp;g g;4M5 h j
- %W@.-
si!yM"iW5 *Fe8* '$,4F*i?xzM . if w m.jj$:'(y tfj s{ M ~4p=w5 +6.. ;E::in.ix?.q. .s.1/an~nx,)f.ge:.., : 3 ^M4"@3.E:.g ., 5.< L aj w, !*krt: .w @j5f*N%idsD%di,.. f%M., R ys x.
- r v
e a <~ gg, Q
- M xwg
)g ^fiMCMEfN'$M*s:;@g.33i' FMs4Sgx g,S@ !'D p,,
- 4
'..v.-- / MjsF025 3 $$f !%s.!..:#f4NMW%;G'i.,s:+m.;s.s... ikTNj$:iiD %g[sbh im ~~ P dw
- s. :ipyfbT4if:ig/is'i#;A g
s:i#tM99.. A:#i!E:<. . $g:s.s:!3p.a,.sa ^ gt+x:E:JdMey%PiQ
- "M sufijWih s:- R$4*M. 30w64e4%
Wi
- i% ht.s,s
g 3 N f;Ii5f ^)wgsaiews;istsi!!Iis fd%r ye. @.wiQ jf 5i.44 , t. ym. s...s.,,i@e, " rgtp., i O v .es..yp+;tgx n if$q,j,g,;<gi$. .r & . s: g s. ..,..,ss..,.k:.::. .gst y. ....p,, ..p 2 ,.m,;ssxj g y-m t F'F',25$i[. se#5@yr;%.p 3: 'sMt.h':'ii$b:ti.^ j dif, 'i!i(
- s
~Rn:. ]$MM. ' f = y p.
- c.,..
isq# ge.gs.t. ;(. 9358,gm 3 j :g)g; h uppm p %:E W.gg:i;% 1,J '- s n w m Ric pij.4 hgjga:f:g<p<y ) 46.t:;v R36.:w 4em , fit Y. 4:: L
- F;@t <c,..::g;liiM::;.w.h.
mup;t.w KfXg.p@'%@g w$.p.h,.: Q . h'f.::::&.uy<ps:-.
- 5N4N I 3.h...v.v':n.".kW(.$D:$..:k.50 kd.![ii :)
~dd[.[ '*i$.:fNiI::: h:<t
- $'I5
.$5: O:q:$j N >J -.j u.v s 9.
- y s:
x-c4p:.; N e:eNM< ;g: 3v .+av.:. M. a
- gs.
g eyyv NE a N w.gv -
- ece:EfM:alg i3qq:pxws$mu<w,c:q s 2 5$NI... g.d4. g.p.
w.-,.it3$::W;E.-M gs)$ ' ..ww .v
- .x h
8 I k'h,.;,d:: 'b;pp[.v..y UNE' ww$!d5EFif g% .UAs2.'vE!!!fiMh3 T$Ni$s$kN'b M ndDN'* 35Y M 5 $ 5"j $< NiDU T N g o Q,>{'%y:f.'i$2y g8?p:t:.n:$ N di.5iid.Q+.A.:Mw.sg E:i$Ff.4'?OE ^!$
- M}?
ai-$. ;'if51$s%<p5Eii qq; &n.mumxwi q se v v x C 4:vQ<RiFii$jyifstivi Mbe3 :6Misa
- leWi?MT:ZiW).
3w 'i'6N9M8M.:90t&$ <%iEEr!5i:3.dd:f%"l?$5.: 95:55> i':fAh:j$$NMP #+6:' 'g;ggyi:;:#: @ 0eX%Etu; J .jf 7: '95#.43:j: U;S:{'{9"!Ai'..m # '. r-#pM:J ' :g:;-'p-M.m :.;i{9g+p;ws.,wi~ Qgww.sp%;:+5n:.$gis -8:be O 9:j$)J$.jfN!jf*[fi$$j R:YDsMgy ;$.g;fij: ")+
- ' $..x.gf%g&iiM.,g:;g,0;,.i.45:.1!Q i.,fd. rAl%QS$
F: /3'.i$' ' i 1:4 8:.
- {'d "c,.g.d.; j m:
j ' :,,y4W E^ O '4 N"%:g:fasISM5's.p^:gj( x3 k:sf gsq d M5 ^i p$ Y y.-- A 'sh:% AiO &'wr6 0:.jN n :cw;mwwg => x.au e v t::w< m;m. .s he mx+w w S+ S YNi ' ~ Tlhfs$r,s d['M=h',: g ~$:#E@OffM"!5.N($D DNk%i15$ ID[$$" 3N d [$D $7 i.j@ty<$;hpg,h[i y;^+<,"Ns#:;p:9. ': w:$.gud.j".f' :: 857.[ 893Wn wb(w k $Y:$hi.78E3MM'v[.9 y ech-~'(v.m:i.dMMr+I+:+ 5.ii$ijj 3fE.^
- x.a:i.o:yN";3.fe :9:pf:5 w.:.he.':- wx.j xhu t<g<
.vc+hh!N:Nd.h.g";4,.0
- g,.,v.
.,,p,. 4.w /M p c< %., 'g,.ifbg (t p+;:, Jh,Y2@y;id.+h:.44:E [M'$ish.jjk;,v:g: <:t02 .uv any .,..s w11: 5, s .-,. pw +:< .a:y. yo ?d5Y. 1: wry. NU.h.si,!!.i 'q.iE. 15 $'[;i.y$5s M.7:S.ENi?N$.] ' I N 4 fhn.((U,~'y. [i... 'N4;$,7h..gs
- 54'$<if M;s s.
's:h.jgh"ma 5 gtyj s 9 vg?:y v g .:I ~.sv7p iN NM.yII?N$M3R
- 7,:
r.f...w-Q3,pss,i.: :'
- FfvEii:S. g,(?,htiiM,!1i'
%:i ; !.,;. d s >w ss.. y; u 4 m@djMs.'4 T [s[y s~ M px%yh: 3 ~@.. s. ~ m.M f hp?[ Uh!:df M$:! a:Miw:pc i ts; @ ad%.> M. 4 um mgggy;m% j p;4; d. ad~f..:w:F gg mge, #y@;p,%*,4its9sfr-x fg>J d,t n3sissw = s .h'y:ihv+m:tm;r >w'$ss tM'.+ifMGd s? 94;r*m:( W:E:se fj sw s%e5?n f "f.swi;.Md'5?qwgjf.t f(..g4.s<pW<s:"#,w;@:=,n#7 k_ys sw W;x..., s - :g >;s. 3p :"- u pip s .htMt c:.:.ed - inM
- zuxm.c>rw;ss i
u'En.::utyg:ts%utwir "st:stFM. t2 mA gl V wtnsg: isksmssm$49g: v yh,y'Qimm;jpt:
- T 2+
myy A s;$x::7 f.a ;+m,.+ :#:Se L;$s6d&*$.N@.e::
+in.Mni$A:y:Mys*:e ;Ni$
sE
. zv&gsyd $.e;;ss;.,s
?!i r Sk Mi 2
-s isips".qsst. haw 5d;.wam est m:wss.aqi:s:y tmex1 meg m
,g j
gg o
w ~ p#m.a.,
a s#es % e.g$.v.3 t.sa v,,ssmewg wwis ussa.:o., w. h. w.-~ p eE h u w x; e
s 4f"b w +sp; ; rewys:>w - vge"m*:s*
e;nn. w ~4u.
y:m se ;;<
mmas q sx,<:
n+:*s o ers,gw ma w*_u.., 5e% ue
, m
. ' +
.vi;g?.<N
- r.
>4; meet.4 aw.:ye e s %. v - m w w, f ['N"'43Sdis$35%d , s>y ev~ npg y up jd~:M8P
- RM'm+.{-+>:4Ms fs
'k' ? iM[i M'g&e'.$5*.$N@# cie/"""::gijg:d":Nb Dj#t E8N!i%&$ d.f4' Jh'$t's+xf 'Mt "*E.8 b:n dw* vJ -.*3$i k[MJu+7g2:r?!3
- d$
ggge
- K k
>dipy;;+Wjpiw4g3 :!y 9i no-M%ungew%e&TM%eem. \\ c 5z N$Msd: p$h ap%W w te h r:~stes [2NTN:sMis457ON$ s v msv; : uwsa Sk' M N M$$$h$$$N *r ~ N' INSN, h;'M 191 15sTi?3 Mis $ E :. i s K:4.;& y n st ><:xssn 9:w+ e .dsMsQi{gi<S 90sdn3n0i?iWE EMSzt. f M :fisE5 } 75s.wn;.xq; jig /CN$g ya' pr skmssxvi; up'; ~ msass fes g;mwn . st*s' f9e;#b; m'^yus,v.cwscw< xw::h;U::: ccums;.,:h,; y"s^
- sus
- si ev.sud;.w';. 6p#2R..:(41; < vaf4:#aiN
- w:wnx P#sgYt w >;.xes9u., xmxg.<..,i iWM /
-,fr *E W;:W ) .xpg ;< iib. w mEm w 4 mme ww m enmn w,ume see% os 6 6 6 6 6 j A 0 o 6 o o o 9 O. N. w=. ( #. o o o o o o o pe66nid eBe;usoJed t i l l I l
}. i f':$*i ....m_.. 9 l-Vr, 96 l ! '. :j...jOW.M EN K!!'13ME!EE!G E'!"1M9E!!M@7ESIMMIMl!!!E!!E!I'E!M \\ t: ;s; ' v.y .: 4_ ?g.. 's -$ e ga
- t. 5a m m p ar - m -
' v6 j {N' ym m gg lY3 E sammmmmmmmmmmmmmrmmmmen khk f j EbIhmmmannennummmmemappmem 76 i 1 L6 N. -db.ay. - J "T*""" a A spe a a I. smmmempammmmim ~ og i l t l g 'l t .1 l Cn 69 y, f he s m w j g m mmmmmmemamme g f hk.mmmmme mesamm \\ ., 'y S ' 3 .x .; y fg
- s
. c ;gg. amesenstemassess t a: e. u ~. _g gg p nJWhi.' mammmmmmmmma 4 1 E 8 se i g e sammmmmmwnsumers - D. ^~ 7-c # m. A nammeermaamens 4. C9 ^ is gAwE. mammesammanmemememme Jh
- ze
~ ~ ' a-g ._,. -mmmamanomma gg smaammutmassammanasummass .~ W apest m iisiEglL M EEh; 09 8 8 m n N 8 d d d d d d d pe66nid eBetusoJed a 1 i i l
m,, _ 5 BM! t p 4 3 4 1 a. hl ~ l l[ $!jllpliWi M rg bdd l $ ^ g
- 3 n
%gI.piei$$ U i. M_ e i$j. kt,E. . M U i; . -( '. :. g;( g pq % 4 y= g ww - 4 $am. 7p L ^ - a g piig w _- -mgg W#% w ww
- g. :'
s
- a. --
a . vi m - ___ =,sawmax me mm _y i 3 r . f( g Dh M r$ l n saa%we& A-w.y.y p a e.' fillMil illnli E"_- DEN y kb ~~ ### 2 2 Q= -g3 %U }e 2.; m , r n b .f
- j g
$jEf ti mj - x - a a a d!$b % a: - E aL %e- ,g
- 4. W i "jM g
$Mqgi 9 %M P . ; pqg%k ! gp==,g 7. 4ch y gy ^- u ,n ry i n j)..f'"d2;Qgsf^ ?".:- 4l
- w gjur
- u ag
- g53g rE
-,A W: 6 O a ~n @ a'! Q-s m ? h=~ g w
- k. " _ g.y yd ;*
l m.,g Qy e
- e m
= 4 ,a
- h matmeam
- ; - m yih.;glN a 5 _s ~ f%[ ~ sg. pg m g y. Ag fhfhlh. $mm k mp% q. gg e M hhdhEj. ES gi!! NE , "fi h<ow: $ .\\ higgie._ b'
- s gggg
.,gagg 3 hh h M-y ig" a q $ "~1 : ~ 1 jp ' # $$K ~ faA@bspAs M,
- u m'
2 4 4. 8 e w p gt g gwq c cm m. a gyg m w. g< I 1 hk v E ,,.gafgn gay.~aam, %m musnw. .,w. u MiqW$@n%y$ h 4 *R "W$$s # .M64 tw n* WL L_. .t - e 1s d $d 1 h n. wigg$ge@MW)m# $6M E3 Lp 1' @h. ;.. [ mqmM. E M m Wr , ke n m M; ' Ou*n%+g@E i e_ E M 4 wMMsdifsWM 1M .. ?MM? - i gly Hm.. j=M#: b 9 ?. . as n My w w@ M 5f d ga w, a# G ;qv' u s a
- g. :
v n njg ? : J.tQu in. ---@a. i p: e -.ga a. mp - ms amm k nw ww !!$4Al?$we &@s@s'NaD[,N P. 1s...i. p W{ NmerM M
- ,-. fjjy sg Z_",_
N
- rigNE iMPhest. 4
.. esyk N g 5 E~5 :P '%ws@c aaT z. )d _ t!M._ M;aQR *.%$ $2 - = - % %w$ % WJ${? er ex. 1 h 4i m: pl4 M i M pMidt:y #@hm 6:. ~,ymy-W5 v% i W we m wm 6m :s <kp e : n -+ iM HN$ NN!$5 M ,,... A(h7.,,awab hg. e 2 n n ..id L .Y g M W g mJi p y 4s "1 wi r. 8 - .h %g
- w$nagW NkN.
D?kdbNMbh-Lemu g w - - w % % am e w w w w$w. w w w 6 6 4 6 6 0 o o N O. T. O N v-e o o o peAsels eBe}Ue3Jed
1 1 ~ lE& iMbi$4%E;&YiiAi$d%R ?EEN:EN$Yd&WiW?' $NY<$5NkiN'N'&5; 0)b$Yil}Y;hWi[ ii.f;$G."$',b.f cu.: e \\ 4m e v 5f. g g;p q~m n i dg gy hy g '*~ qqg ggggg - gy e p-L em w d g';p ~' 2 ., @p;.u@xQ.w za v i d y ~~w a s'lq wr
- )
jj y Yh il. hi,
- Ni
?hm'sgQ q % _ w *i g n; k & ? M PG-aggggm n un. ~., s A m W4p!. 1.
- p.11 mw me
~e p? 1 m m_ 1 enA4g;c pv%4L + i .. g4g. g&n; n a utenm.r$?$ihti %yAYq"x"d!;'u'
- s w
t 3%p ! in a a+xy p;wii di u ngg t; l%c 4 ?cPMM W Em 1ggssut$ga 3H& bad"t %s: a jig gggy - 1 2 m M+ m . m it %y Mr*; fli1%mxmWgb $ngghihgf g v h;tyif ]kikhy 9dhh"% $w A N l x N'::u,q,a y ayy % r up' th m g g a - $gg;e &p9ksk hff _ g>..,vmyg - g$j% i 73 syd ".. x4V' bdff: na . ~~ ?~.w~g*~::. 1 v4 ?E g-e w W rn + @@7 4W Sb;.; F 'sz" Sjf hag;ggg $iS,y ~:.$ s zuw ssma e %g p - _5 gyg Mkw ?* '#.;Mk. 4pr guyh@et D el x asm .mpa;gn E e e ie %e es mw me -a "x' - a.t wr >W<h. h,'&wg= m%j~j h whm ; w mx 1 g* wfNga mes e 1 e w%*Mf ' NWQ fpw esp w WW lr &JM ?w w c?b'i@t?N ? f "9A @a q$ T, M,$$.J^L "& n ht!! 1% ? = t % wag # ejR reg99 .g W R p $%4Fa p: w% nh www 3 3 mm ~% %$75 erm'@^ i AM;? ' W c
- tsdW hf ii
- ses s+ 4 w w#.J,L a
is Sos apq q+u.ku %3 ei. nny> w w. .scuMW u 7.9'.,27;so ;~f[4 [Lfg~yr:w%g.~ f.,..t m: gsg %jy;yd ;.: y.~szf n:*:: ~<ns q:; %d23K.k j hguys . nun mn w ur +as Eg gu.0, w .Sp.w) p; 4pmn;9 A SG W:: ';; O g ..M h's;;M+GiiW,: h"ysysyb24/sE uws zum Ml fE Sjrg ?fy.. ~ c
- Fyw$y m.g a;
sw g y g i y N$ v 4; GM;j@$:mg;j 4F jige, g@m - gl CD C+. M.Fq$@%lgiNin:$=$$ ih m,j+r$ymyg :nm" as g WJi5 E s p4 di 4" m& gam & m ,mesm%* if'"m.sy-a p xx &,g l d a, 5s ym si s r. ni; s' SUS m^Ys2sgj.g i$p $sF +jl g jp" s ~ 4 e 4 N$. -yW if] %3%ji2 pid% 305 \\ =.a 6 ffa Ax v?" "' 'l"_ " M;l%%% - g R y
- ff %7556.e m
inj@QiM A"i+i!?gkS. $f^~iMb 1' ^* :s%. . %M w zet > m ma em -~'tb k D l p:ps h.s%W ~ 6 pi Q.g. s; ~ im W.$.jns;s yl u,y M.. g j ! i ~ rs ~- ww a.g 3 ;n w r w b$ gw~ N y Ak$zhh $ ^ $i NM Y $?h n k O .?b h !khM~m$E
- sg?mfgW g&w+lEEN hkh ik u,w %
h. d M T J
- M -
war % 3w1 x w n n we L q %magpr$.>g a nu g s sa y r n ~e n e pm am; u F M.M@m" r $miY * . e E vm w Wi msm g gww n e p@. ~tH5Mfiq jWa@/6&M E m.g g% k p4M b c = T ata a 3 Ws M9 F y-4 s.e.m M MikNh$!Nhkkkh$ g-mbrE s. m M O 3 PMMMM$pMMM F a _W pc Meh avdi MMdpiM es w eg o m a phSjMy;p?&s Ms, 'J3 udMW emest
- VQ 1 ~ w ? @c4i
~ n ru.~ W F~ s + * @%w w% ifpes 1649 e %g$@ geg s W%pwig m e 64
- Mfp i cn F M W' n & #s@45E i
$Ed ex M ge"mb 4' mum NWw_W-e g-wfib?j$$ymj p %$gj@$? ,ihpG%pdMi M 2 M; c ac g-3,, o w. i,g. :p knc,.x:, nm, n, i, g.j-(*)
- r vm ynM
- ssasu es
- u~
v p Q av 4;xt@wi@sqs;p g mm!/MV Ond:n$
- w.ip;;*.
gs 4 '?* j,j[i([ Ddf4n!!MfR$5 F3W1MMFddC s M #$p;ys[ax. ' s7,P. &m rj a e m a v a = ~. m. p p,,~ .M$.!2M ~ O,. f Gw m xsp w;E MMIS[Aud!pg y p,p@IiE! y$ ;ps,essbiNNinNg i g e r ng4y%p@w qipf". gs4f,#1 4p.Fsi gy$N $ lend lE! .M N edM www WMrenw@hW m mnm w M L taw ^9M;g =~mwmW - AE M d @s a,f.d na Am 4tw n rN%eAmg a4~ ' x 4 n ,7 w$s a x' ' yg,a n~c hem I
- f;g ~153 L"Y s IEs
.MH2ns 4".g ~ s 7;4j;p@hmtR N~ ~ a:2 sq$2n M .~w Wec m2s a ungmm ^ w is isW%sk$r'] Msg n s:fi5sjQ a-A m i } Ni NM
- ,8MIMN M~M<,.~N,5.$6%. ;d A
..y@i. x e je Y1%%e;.gs -p;; y4x3 w n;4 p 4e w hs ~.cny g hm m p4;mm .O v \\ Qasm4mekwwmswhkx*m;;t#. ~. umwsnw .%ww*. v.xskssww 4 i i I 4 d n o e4 c4 d 6-d e peatedag e6eausoJed J
4 wu rugg = ,M. 96 p-Qit:s .,s 4p%gm.n - Jggh ? ~
- mw m:-
.w y gg qqyp;
- yss
.. Qymwu sunnem.wup 9 1 um4$n
- gag haw m
!!e<d tgys nzm. '= -S--.. w.m ~ tj. ? 4 ,J ? ~f g ggTy*%g v yf -- :?,VWs3 .? ' iy > w u m p w ' 9 4,13 [ pp ,p, ,g !g'- hdy $p: >.3.... u li wai {5 - '7i is,,, '.Jg$ g; y p$iki rp 3 _ _. m w:. ~ y .~..,? ',...., ~ ~ <t.}. .+ }.. Lag -[ ,i a. n{iP' - " **WM* -m l fr -ii 1 sA $jg;p:ns ,g )
- o m m e >@,
(m 6 *%g m l 1% :wpgg w 3 e M) o d.,;; "s u igs.m ;ngenn 36 'seu % b fj g: d $n:i f3;?pdg. ;sen;%;mw;sm. hh,2;.dYbiEth y. 9 d
- g. Sygg3M
..m g.!pyjm
- &MMW$y :;
g p zz %; g,ttA d% .C g 5 5N"iNENHW3ndWR = " Q g Whs$5Eh $e:l& h 6T4Q.,,34 5 V ..Rf~:s N :z~. s 3r i .yy;g g ?.Q.js - 5 U4 3 ea dag gy, k f s k;:. s e fj%' bis tihjM ] b ik b bqBi" (WC. A ~ 5h W fkkf'. :e!!h*S'5 ""^""O <;ft:she%; /x m w;e x e +ss y W ,s A-- pa e !sig N hh'5*m+h~g.. !? pugjh j st-ug..,7 as =:%g:: ~ y.W: p$e$fh.p : a g%w;,.k.M. N{;{sp$e:isii' a m ij iw 4 y p Q d'E dhij jiy ag a + %g. s -.s-m- os
== gj~g g pg g4 mg g i g Q
- p ?
. L <ak w MSUMmuun.fm ysv msh k@my g I.:.4f d Q %(N:pMM d,g .st: c:, g. ; g;;ppy /k '. ~ Ai W I h .;2imi gg ju ijke 1+t; [ NEm5LN A ' ; a x i: h;^<:sigjfigyd@R.,3:f. ias. < N ' s W@Tjb smgur O q%m;>M25:x:g tj fdjjZM j
- u,
..uwme, s~wgW; g? w m. n.- ~ 3inue;, gs s: 55 Y S N M "sW iY g $c>se;u 'E - M E O
- p * ?G"ad usit wi t
!N w;g & .i e N T fif?J4 ' ggji ~ a
- A3 -ay
- !hT4si:L -
99 s 5m 9 $$Miy 'l ""f #fL % % 3.n$y ffc* i Sib :$p;.g! :Nsp .F = i -4 ff~fi;i%. $. W ' #~y ;;;L
- u.>
u w., 3
- h M,
), u+m ue 0
- Ni
' W.- O!N' N2$k. bh f Y h;, $ " h"4%hkh ?d>w55*~ 2-en " ~ ~ ~ t 3 usam<sfe de> s: - f?g t:sw #4jg M.wadh In c 44 4 ;:pw? 7 y;- ~ uiw:p,j.7 7:- %4 Wi< 9Msu"5x 'M WhsN N Y- ~ 7, Q@. hi;)hN A$$i;;;1 $
- 3.
- #5 5 kN '.h M- ? .hh. .hh 1 'S::sjpgg4 *"; h .;;g eep ~ #4igrd: grMjig $5NIhf 4 P$ hf 35s f 5h M is%:%@:!M:fk x i fii{T:i+h?' $sf#:?Mif 4EiEMS ?#dWW : sjr[,y s*cwd@k N!?6 Mi?i! 'h:n %:1 4::4 4 :s @ !85 f%m" 9 dhe wyg?kk 4"' ,Q 'eitig M: @gi!$$ M -l% QU$kf W* Tg@@gQ; ;g pgh $9 umf SM II. ". : $% i gg gyF kge : e as ~x h: BM _.
- w*
- d C
5 4 v ~# b $r $g - \\1 f$ kyN:;nggs~Mh$ h II D. g-gG $isk< Y.'I. - M N^Mg tiWsd$% 2miis,NE U ' ~H i ' 95b pg O w~?]?ngg.k sp.$ .. n ~~ J y '<BWh isi::i2$5 hfiN*:$58 G
- )w %
..4 &' ?NNi A;;%sh;cswww pp@ip'e?W $NQ 's Ps*$ g) R.
- N iWiW QL C d S { di eg f#
i.,iG $; fta.{e: T:yh$g@y? 4 4 N n y*g g.} ifH. ML ~ Sh WS fkf?' ' "Q&y lbd $" ?"> Sink k i gg "wma & &.$$ih d M k DIN *b 8 IJ r a %:nw 5@I U Lwv U$a
- di%e:dc;1siiW~+;.; S hM~-
>m n Lr. + G . M;ii%".es A:n .,. m in f %%ifi% so w; 4 Fi tp%els;fewMpsy V + 5n ~~,.:.s g
- w$hbh$IhMNb hi$h
- k. e-d g b$ h k w ~ meu~'
he II. 8d .h&.Rhy me;;pY.;. :asems?v:ef.. ~3?jfym@h L Wi$$5;9pj:. L suw :ee:.u+ + $N;*Nn.I.:e wp :;MWs '$njg &g:4 %sse>q:;q &%g.$N ~ ' %^2xmte$$ 1550A'h?Tl f%;tWM'%7%
- e 5
kj UE %iisN&i.id
- %gv#Q:@we %
S!p c ##? $WiFitS/2it-hs un@.1ww.um.n::e n-M:f ffid E@MM(s4"' U: fkid $ildj7MR tYj j#M!V $ F % nkmx esu sA:gj:nus:$Nik.g, }i@ap%f.?s yggiWQ:m %j&@7W;ii< 4 [9 h,;; 1w p 4u:n143i+:gwd:w:n z: gyiip hi:iw ag % iW. %j k :'1154?55 % l, A,-w v.m.w.s-Mgjlv'y % nnem{kWm: d nnkiQ%. Um 4 wn& Q'% 2 M e m u ' ' ~ S@ 4~4%q.jXgy& qq?;;gi:ing=% a~u #MW W4M}?k; usm j gy vai nirfh MW%yn. pp.4 r MMW i?? ~ m -: = e mmuse mmaa e n eum a medwmes wm m a 09 j i 6 6 6 h h U O m O O O W t* n N N e o. u d o o o o o o pe66nid eSetus:ued
e t 8 e 4 ~d..%D8 gar $.
- ,Qs.2v:-i I,,. ;;.'
' ' i f...%. ' ' $.1 ;t
- ~,. 0b? + :'. 0.
O [+ '7 14 < ^ 'f ;, _ ' 4-+. } ~ ' ' ', ; ,,.y.p.,,
- .q 'J-),;
r'
- { %' =
V< %U.L% Q + V"VW,,,,, f q ..'k .d. J ~ ',.. v :[' q p.4., l ) g..P. g .h. ~. : %' W.a.[/. ( h .q ; a,,4.';,.:n y, (.,,. wm'r+9 hr. ,. y. ' v'< <w %....., ,.4. y >s o q+ o..., / i,)
- t 5,.
- r..
u d. .. I f9 .. h: ^4 j f i ^I I. \\Q mt19fnQW %l@W##y%%gYV e
- y 9 g n. y 3,.g g g g g g g 9
.g ,; Of.
- f. N,.l[
.*.,') ..+{fh$ ., *W -f ". s, V, '. ^ 'N'*' l ,fl ; (' y .rs+- r.< ... fy,( - ~ '.gt4Q y m.7.y qc- [. j'g n.+,...r.. ])j i yN. [ 'b' ' ((y g O 4+ :QQMy]. "(phy '1 t.h N. f <4(^ '
- s. 'f
!, ; Q .DJ .( %g[U..d;'U..['@yj@ ki M N ( .) i b. 3,' k O p?. 'f ' ~@g y &'] f,, & f _ 3ww we' :' hvis W. <I2b pM.-h gy. h-P ' ' ,yg, M a e
- c. <: l.y
%. P. IM v"48&ep.' M' :q .r:- ' G'R<o s.P.5 N'$ ' e gne i O IP 99% r egN..w Y WP? Y E$b V hk w % - O h?b?'
- p i
5 ~ y g b ,1.1 h f b: .J.*':<.A. 4 4 3 >t, -'.?" fk' j 4% s ^ : .,.r; O g i;.. ; j ' " '.H.7 g 4p i ~ ~ EEF7dM!i!EEll y e 074 u O ?% h. n,i O
- $4hg,u V
e' N
- 4...
ce 4 a o j hph g ['.,d%g Tj ( f, $4 g s g ,...*'p'p<* hk. }l% 4 y(.fk j h <,., g , ]:;f. q Nto; y..e' Kb: - y 'i. h,.g, } % f [4 .Ur 15.. e.. n h.).. S l$ S$ h. )W W$& xhg,h.5(y ?h?f'lI&.' ' Q ? g N 'Q,
- za -
M '-: ^^W. , ^ h :' 4).<.' h t 2rd st p'. -= 1 k .'T h [. .f/ g.N g .[ 'b h b ^ ^ g e '4ia ,.-Q' m tN l A: ' % y 1:L 1 g .,W ..) 4.w fy' g n Ms,. i FrW ' w - ?.;d.ky.. w... y w. 't . 4. [ v ,a d. 114MdM.. 4 m M. g J
- j...gc ggfMjf*q
~ g g. l 4@ Twp%&4.+ #hWYnhaA{N4Wf27A ~~ ~ T2 s - '2% W3 dw ap MW;s s.o fan ww W Wm n
- $w$;pha.4 y.qyu gew&w%puww%# -..
e e e q;pggpgb :mp wwqggyh syqqw ig4. ag A MMMb gnygg m$$ wrgm$ waw#Mw is p y a" . ? DAnc, c e W% = 2 S&s dianiM ushdtcanmidha,4Elsd* F, a e i L o L.. 80 ms=nememreamsmammemassGE:EmmmaarA E N N 8 e e u 8 e M d d d d, d peJtedag eSetus:ued
mann,em minemso muuamm mamuna musww - mau $&,Q'CQ$ A g u$s.sa f.' O,~E $Fi m m o t. lq, a p-_m' -w swe l g pw m _ - m m s m n I l M .ea,-c . asw evm r ty e c - r_ p L g mme - J .7%.18 If, Q :p14. h - e,,, j 's! ^ i -4 3a n
- u mfc %q,,;q,a. ;:g w
2 >w i - n *t nm?e w naa n e pug Ag-n Y . m% mm an n qs. w' aw$iiF @ e e ' wis.:s r st e p g - 4;ti i f3
- pf. iM- ~ gtyngsi%h -
0 ;g l i 3
- w. - < yggg
_. 3 y N ' ~w e 5 g t ljf.qw ' g p un.r. -4~ ~ ?"g: gg, s-g; g,s - g y" s ymi b k
- j.
e , em . Ag c p hg. mn A g ; m e..aw m ~ w 5 aswy. i Ry z's<g:,, ' n *W%a-NQ > :s sa 3D;ng.@m g :;. m:n<cee m . v.%%~su M @ man.,f " rap'mp_n ~ 4W:
- V s
Mw #e9 lii W;,,, M 8 fS 3~d U
- s@Shkh 3
$$JjM M 1 NM
- Sid
~ amu-n a; w an n n h%5hh. b $e;. i Ij O O m,:< % @ #.p +.r %wswn-np g.;;M n 56guW in. @ph*diga!Sk. #u us. 'd& v ugyg m%y% & d Wi y om482n & M5 r L r WaMMsgf W ggwu g edh m s mus;m m m e 45 O Hisad 'w & r nhxw
- g'M$dNMNk.,, tu *wpmcg.3 [N:eN NNh.d.<. (wl)
$UjN M M k f8 mu;u. "o gged. $.h.j5Nd$N h ,N$$N . qsmg hh:tma-~dykux. wW,w e :sp 2 n it w y> m. mgy. %kJ.Nkk h N $ p$ k,a>h,re h: f-ysagg e k> w nWw ; s.m a ag hwhm. svam_. n ss m w, ssyyg' s w" m ux g ,y,5fjg ss%*iMjp?i gg f g *9%ws rf 1: sym~y :: s.:; qqp.e:. i..gyy,g v;,egmenimpsy,z-O k" ", y 4 :.K, y gigy:m s:q~,y +a y. m;x ?%cks: jgt.,w.y&g p 3 my @h!@ i TE ~L . dig so ~ m: 8 4 . = ks v wgm u,. b d B %g o[h ; h,t %s %g m% !ai k.. h:s k N h bb
- h fk Nh UE!
w i% b:is4 4 %< fy%bq%~t-dG. SM'n%11 C95: 3i'j~pri sM #v w w x u:ga p6MDiQ. a a o s w e b ~ y ers; ukw JuiFGQK,$a dau> m 9Msys tuspjg.. '9;sN g m e.is:.MMtpu.3,ci *p;*em: 80 ge s; gwe u > :xyg msg p mss hv:m,,w m,.
== ,. Mg a._g.,.h sw w%gwggg;gf$~ A se x
- 3 m.
we aw&sw B i%$ (8, "iS Tifih?$i?M.^Q: g w ns-n .$p?ik; 2h"['L%?L e D Rh t g}s.., 5Wf.,f i f M2% E -* .,f }.
- Zlw.
M S-.
- ss' A yi. Tp ;;'~~' ]L12
'hupry@m:sifigu% ssew#'s".js[""'MEj 5.M: ,3 V :.:^:#.N%%C'~ *' i-n; (5 . pY.y, f#g';n:: M-' j:j 0 WW::57.I$ b= 9;j4+ g y, ~?% '*K+Qe V ; W ~sr. wax & h e;ga'4j:i.>i dMAth 80 %s&@N :"s~ MdM N&g; s g z ..k~ 4W4' ' ' N :b QI 25dh.,,. : MiMhah%I. sip $ F ~ at ~- ~ki: T. a e.m mry D. N - i ig m & UM?w&F ?.1 i;I.?2in
- f>WQ"MM?,WMN:ME
- s
~s f l D 6an M p g:jy%w Taidq<;p;umEpe@ A vn.,g is :~ f M s5s.. e ' TV %%%277% 'qpk_g)'p(y! a6 7 ~ O7Nk a Meb:cs* #EF b'T"%W 7%k;G;N j ' F h: h 4 @ 243 S ii W%sM \\ llasa :. y i "hthF:jMSM;W % T r m .7%54 E p Qifugic;s<:Jmi.m 7 % mas: A i aalm 4 g gA:e.Mrdg ',e = p M M 4;: M "r sr b"' murs @i. #;V* sd:s ~Mgi / 3 ssgu;WEsiff-i. iM e,m e ngsg%hd".i G T V Q s 23 - iflE f ac p @m a g,~p eug- - ww y,mq .N O..- E ;a SE M MN - %j A sg. w IX:h'UWs@mh5Ni?M Mild 44 km. & waw !!S W i f# 5:E MMMNiEd ^"S$5 M:WiMN
- W
- iimir.eJMisica "%;<i 9mkitfrim$ Dw<?ggjgwst.v.
pupmim : gig?hpyh?s,..n.,..,. >,1,.... m m : y eqwpMtik 59;J.ylw&"Wir.at&%:uy. J g;a.;+. gj;s;r:fdir M.;p uG M9m %tute RiGn&n! 4 F 13.3 Mg R so ? e +mr!:cse:nw +;; ,,,j ;iW. EO,,"_ "> i. t.;j.; b,$:iwf4p: py. - u a'hv~f;h[?.7. m. .,.,,,hjpd..'yp 6 z;; s :: Sw csM.E 4f. ^ ' $:$$. NeGWUGM ~ ~u k q4h ys.!;9:N;? g ps w,5%..e..grt f.y51" fn$a'Mjjdygi: :(j.,7 ean ik j:. 973 s a :;'c.4Q l d = y t
- g. m.m ;~ g m.
u s M% gam @:< .a.>,.y:t com.iigLa s qp %iac.q,yi,y ;?dM+W.n%M. if .,$a.,.%,; ymi$ W<.33... g ig s o s.iftik kni!,1:"% vt p -m m %y n" Msn 9 +,
- sOgh
'hiQwfWN W jQ ,,s 3:s M K^ ' '. $.=p WW%g7 sr,%@fJWifSp 2ase4*5!...m $${u iJis,h,.35tp :b~ : h Mig EO I g jn ::D.s<.8 5m,n?,.. IMjM: ss.i M 4m!G t ~. en M,f@wp. ,fM)
- M *7 N4:n b. 4 cs
.f Fw% .N g.n: i u nam Rmama -aa.-m a wwszym a www". o
- Mr%MMEC h
%%s e? MfLpGiT~M$uee41%a%?# W~nW w 4 t A m a m A[ %%fEQ$r dwmmuw wwnaw f,f $jQi .o $ irf a m'isnm%?d::MQS;s;f h m mm.a.w,.my wr%en w!E.sQ 3 1 e atamdes >= r mmc wn u ? mqwrau-m w ii:d:5ii E6%: n x ~ wm e. wm e%muwer even@n - - 1:u i c l iN 6 - N M I. msee;,.:nsssm~b[v;; isswmk s ' 5dNNE4 kSNhid'fe D
- a ~. utsm b wm~enks s.E.w su5#
.t rifiss N mm idyn!fPem W"s t!NT2 psup u;pmrs umh; dhus c wm meum osTfiNMI: ~ D>p%mme' am$lN@mu.usn IfiEE@3EN5 N ENN Wi N 4 E gg M fESl@4 o S m my m %g % gy-Murnsw;gs =a su umemm waspy we o^ &.c m#hy#w @itdinhyg - i a erstem h ft5 "M.e & gem %.d hy~.1 %n~g w h.. m.4p :%y wu gupe p ~ ig n m% y> w::q E, a <n% g g M ymr, p *3., 4.j E,# a
- sm.as.ucsp;@ Mise W. awu su u.s o
g J*qmss3yymm. mSiH L e:esshe ep x eAsu~ e W -!TW E g ~f4j g ?##N$f? ??E +@#i!EHL;f$ tasm s .x ? mW 'fMW*25 RW*^ 2 ~M., *F'""' w i g ?g Am %g? mtp %g%m y"mn c wn m n* w~ a aa g ~p & w% m g - W
- pen a
a %nmi mp g5 ~{yrnt >~ > " %v "%%%mmg sagg&Mgm%
- t 'Nmv&%
0 .;Q.. L:jfs$% AWtMNw* 9 i ?M~ciCt' ut air 6 M;&%sw l mw mWmxuaw,' -i;Nht w w m u d %. YC%?W ' WsW2hWM
- MM Wilthb%*P WN?WMzw,m?S1 g
es O m; nw k waim, zwd ao n;n \\'4'f9WWsM4sA:::1gAqmg4r441M:wss'4%^qssh'fisWWW@@mWWs'staM%G?4444@44N'+ tim:. 4 4 6 i i 0 8 o o ,S 8 e. n. e. o o. m o o o 1 i 1 peJiedag e6e usoJed i i 1 i
I l l ~. l i I f i 3 1 1 11 1 .....: w nrin v
- . ;, u,,a.-
I i EPRI-SGMP Rule Support l David Goetcheus t TVA, SGMP TAG Chairman L 2/27/97 5 h I i 1 k
1 Rule Support envecc:w- ,0.n.v nmn - General - Technical support for NEI SG Issues Working Group and Task Force - since 1993 l - numerous reports submitted l - NEI"High Level Document" - Industry awareness - periodic SGMP utility advisory committee meetings f - Decenber 1996~ meeting for senior managers - February 1997 Wokshop - experiences with condition monitoring and operational assessment b
1 Specific Items ~ ., pu ;w :g~ r -wr :, ISI ) - G/Ls, Rev 5 Validated techniques- - Tube-pull database Degradation database - Growth rate development Std ECT acquisition - Loose parts /FME guidance Leakage Monitoring i t - P-S Leakage Monitorine G/Ls Repairs - Sleeve document Repair Assessment Chemistry j - Secondary W/C G/Ls Primary W/C G/Ls 3 [ i
l r .( Items (cont'd) ,,.a,,, a = n w,., ARCS - Protocol -DSM topical reports j - ARC guidebook DSM database StructuralIntegrity/ ARCS - Cond. Monitoring Assessment Operational Assessment l - Degradation methodologies In-situ Testing G/Ls l - ISI sampling Tube pull database - Leak and burst correlations Leak and burst testing G/Ls - Met analysis G/Ls Risk - Risk handbook Remedial program assessment [ 4 t
1 Items (cont'd) .w m v ~ ~ > ' 7: :-,,.i.. Reporting Requirements - Templates Condition Monitoring - Operational Assessment 90-day Summary Rad Consequences j - Handbook i Management i - Self assessment guidance - INPO - utility 1 - process - resources - QA 1 i
CircumferentialLPrimary Water Stress Corrosion Crack Detection and Sizing at Expansion Transitions Presented f at NRC Workshop Argonne National Laboratory j February 27,1997 By Gary Henry j EPRI NDE Center
l ~ ~ Circumferential PWSCC Detection & Sizing
- Approach
- Objective i
Process i Phase Technique Specifics 1
- Phase and Amplitude Technique Specifics
- MetallurgicalResults j
Eddy Current vs. Metallurgical ~ Technique Performance Measures i
l l l Circumferential PWSCC Detection & Sizing ) 4 Approach
- Rotating plus point coil @ 300 or 400 kHz I
i 5 Pulled tubes 11 Laboratory crack specimens Determined technique POD @ 90% C/L Determined technique errors i - Length j - Maximum depth l - Average depth (360 degrees)
~! Circumferential PWSCC Detection & Sizing Objective Determine the system capabilities and errors associated with PWSCC detection and sizing @ expansion transitions Determine if the technique is repeatable analyst to analyst l If technique meets Appendix H requirements (ISI Guidelines) a " Peer Review" is performed Two techniques applied i - Phase - Amplitude based on phase i l
b ~ ~ Circumferential PWSCC Detection & Sizing Process ~ Acquire all pulled tube data available for PWSCC which contained Plus Point data Acquire additional laboratory crack specimens sufficient to meet the requirements of Appendix H Select samples which provide a range of amplitudes, circumferential extent, and depth (the metallurgical truth is l unknown samples have not be cut up at this point) Collect data using the same parameters as the pulled tube data (frequencies, cable length, digitization rate, rotation,. j and translation speeds)
Circumferential PWSCC R Detection & Sizing Process (cont.) } = Develop examination techniques specification sheet defining the essential variables for data acquisition and analysis Analyze the pulled tube and lab crack data per the I technique specification sheet. Results are recorded and plotted on time dated graphics This entire process is repeated for each technigde being applied.
Circumferential PWSCC ~L Detection & Sizing Phase Technique Specifics Establish a ID phase calibration curve based on the " Axial lissajous" this is representing the data as ifit were collected in a raster scan rather than a rotating helical pitch - Rotate the phase such that the 40% ID circumferential notch is between 10-15 degrees (circumferential flaws going up) - using 100%,60% & 40% circumferential notches on the calibration standard i i f
i Circumferential PWSCC I-Detection & Sizing Phase Technique Specifics (cont.) i Establish 20 volts normalization on the 300 or 400 kHz i frequency from the 100% circumferential notch Establish a maximum span value for analysis (40%tw circumferential notch is 1 division) s The flaw profile is obtained using the phase curve measurements around the profile at "X" degree increments { i l t I
9 h i ~ ~ Circumferential PWSCC Detection & Sizing i Phase and Amplitude Technique Specifics Establish the phase curve as previously described Create a process channel for 300 or 400 kHz t - This channel will be used to set a linear response back j to zero based on the as measured phase response of the maximum amplitude point from the axial lissajous for each circumferentialindication l i i I
..y Circumferential PWSCC Detection & Sizing Phase and Amplitude Technique Specifics (cont.) - Example: The maximum flaw amplitude measures 1 volt peak to peak and 50%tw based on the phase analysis. The process channel would contain an amplitude curve where 1 volt = 50% and extrapolated back to zero. l t The flaw measurements would be conducted using the amplitude curve peak to peak measurements around the profile at "X" degree increments. i i
Circumferential PWSCC L~ Detection & Sizing Metallurgical Results The samples are polished by removing approximately 0.012" around the circumference of the tube i Measurements are taken and recorded from a reference 1 point Each sample could have as many as 200 points or measured j Process is very time consuming i k i
t i Circumferential PWSCC -1 Detection & Sizing Eddy Current vs. Metallurgical Metallurgical data is input into a plot routine and plotted as j a dashed line Eddy current report is scanned and plotted over the metallurgical results voltage and percent throughwall may be plotted. Eddy current data.is shifted left or right in an attempt to find the best fit of the data i Data fit is determined by the correlation coefficient and RMS. error i 1
Circumferential PWSCC Detection & Sizing Technique Performance Measures Summary Phase Phase and Amplitude i POD @90% C/L>50% .83 .83 i Max. Depth Error 21 % 10 % PDA RMS Error 10 % 12 % Length RMS Error 21 Deg. 25 Deg. 39% (20 Degs. arc length) Lab induced crack not detected l l Conduct a Peer Review for Acceptance i l
~ Circumferential PWSCC Detection & Sizing POD Chart f PWSCC CIRCUMFERENTIAL CRACKING 13/13 0.90 -- O.M -- 3/4 >g. l o.70 - J $g >5 q g i*h J. Fit ueco e sosc/L j02- .1;i s' f s arraction Detected b' !0?Y l f, 0.<o - s g 0.30 - l 0.20 - q. 0.10 - ,g 325-49% 502-100% W Thruwall h l I I
O e Circumferential PWSCC Detection & Sizing Maximum Depth Plot Pwscc string atax Depth Based on Maximum Amputude Signal / ^ l / -mar / pe 1 Y se /*. + 2 0 [ i m n to 23 m e a e to a m un W tTruti r
Circumferential PWSCC ~ Detection & Sizing Circumferential Extent Plot PWSCC Circumferential Extent Based oh Amplitude Sizing an i v-"#*2Pog "2 = r ausg.g.4, r, W 4 I ./ O o e sun m an Met Truti(Degrose) i I
Circumferential PWSCC ~ Detection & Sizing i Percent Degraded Area Plot Percent Degraded Area , Based on Max Amplitude Voltane Normalization i " J"n3!" 2 ""S,frio '2 B* R b" / s. s /* A ~ /
- I
.y ET Truti i
J Circumferential PWSCC Detection & Sizing Tube Profile Metallurgical vs. Eddy Current.. Flas Profste for Maine Ymeme Pulled into SNS Based een lies %Istude flermelaxed Walteen 400 kHz Ist Plue-Point Pld5EC Flas Lagth Degraded Area a 24.142. Length = MD 4. etK e 12.89 ET 3E0 Boeree W arwe = 24.752 gene Berth a 3et CEF e 0.70 Flew Largoth Begraded hem a 11.98E Length = No dee. Dta,e 0.7500 350 Bas ee Degraded Aree e 13.583 nos septh = 3er Isett = 0.0e00 ..... m Estsamte 100-I .0 - i' ge. riu I i p e.o* ..** ~, p s.,,,, ,,.e., 'n,
- ,s.4 1H PD
' Ctrazeirerenteel Extent (decrees) 13:18 07 6 (war 12) t f
\\ u \\ o =. si' "! gg .1 j r ,f f,L%lb' :':,f*<5';d di ,=__,,f 4 I My i ? t ECT Technique Qualification 1 Update [ I G. Kammerdeiner Duque'sne Light, SGMP i Issues Integration Group Lead i 2/27/97 f i 2/24/97 3 l t (
l NebL ~\\ gfe0hT Update = i i!i6f53 EPRI performed ECTqualifications in 1992 in conjunction with QDA Program developm~ent
- best available representative sample sets used for qualification a Technique qualifications are being updated
- additonal data available for laboratory and puled i
tube samples 1
- on-going effort to upgrade the quality of the data sets used for App H qualification t
2/24/97 4 J 4
B u b {hg @jl Update (Cont'd) p te has identified two previously qualified niques that don't m'eet App H requirements for tion-specific OD IGA / SCC i 80"mid-range RPC - TTS expansion transitions
- bobbin coilprime/ quarter mix w/i open TS crevice Ithough performance to App H not demonstrated
/new data, nothing suggests that either technique 1 could not detect structurally significant degradation i
- flaws " missed"in update would not have challenged i
structuralintegrity 2/24/97 5
x i5 k <y ' Update (Cont'd) i sults of technique qualific5 tion update were ewed w/i EPR-SGMP Utility Advisory cture SI/NDEIssues Resolution Group
- Issues Integration Group
- Executive Group EPRI-SGMP members formally notified of the chg
' in qulification status for these two techniques
- TAG Meeting (October 2-4,1996)
- letter on 10/11/96 provideig details of the update results and recommendations 2/24/97 6
? j I
?, 6l .o Update (Cont'd) ~ cw l Y ! iftN I! EPRI-SGMP Recommendations i
- avoid reliance on the techniques for detection 6f OD IGA / SCC at the specific locations identified
- alternative techniques are available i
- each utility should review the supplied information for applicability to their unit (s) l l
maar 7
l. i k 4 4 ISI GUIDELINES, REV 5 A STATUS REPORT DAN MAYES DUKE POWER CO. l 1 's 4 3 j. NRC Workshop } Argonne NationalLaboratory i February 27,1997 4 4 l 1
- l.
i. DRAFT l 2/19/97 l l
SUMMARY
OF CHANGES THAT ARE l ANTICIPATED TO BE l INCORPORATED INTO REVISION 5 l OF Pl?/R STEAM GENERATOR l EXAMINATION GUIDELINES i Format Changes l . " Tube Selection " in Rev 4 was renamed to i " Tube Sampling Requirements" and split l into two sections (one section without the SG Tube Integrity Rule and one section l with the SG Tube Integrity Rule). . A new section on Steam Generator l Assessments was added. i i l 2 i
l
- Sections 4,5,6 and 7 in Rev 4 (Data l
Acquisition Procedures, Data Analysis l Procedures, Qualification of Data Analysts j and Qualification of Examination l Techniques) was combined into one l section in Rev 5 (Section 6 - System i Performance) and rewritten. . A new section was added (Section 7) which l summarizes all the requirements of the guidelines document. l Section 1 Changes (Introduction) i l Additions e At a frequency no greater than two years from the date of issue, an ad-hoc committee will be convened to review the guidelines document to determine the need for revision. 3
l. l Section 2 Changes (Compliance i Responsibilities) ~ i i Additions l . Management Responsibility: - Establish a written program for steam l generator management consistent with these guidelines. I - Establish and support a utility (in-house) j steam generator management i committee. i l Examination and Engineering Responsibility: [ - Perform degradation assessments, l condition monitoring assessments' j and operational assessments. - Perform self assessments on the steam i generator management program. - Prepare for tube pulls if condition j monitoring or operational assessments so } dictate. 4 9 1 i 4
l. l - Prepare a secondary side steam i generator integrity program. i j . Verification Responsibility (formerly l Inspector Responsibility): l - The utility's Quality Assurance organization or a designated organization ' approved by the utility shall provide [ surveillance for the SG examination process. i i l Section 3 Changes l (Tube Sampling Requirements Without l the S/G Tube Integrity Rule) Additions l . PSI requirement-A sample of abnormal conditions observed during the baseline examination shall be examined with rotating coil technology. . Clarification that all examination i requirements apply, not only to tubes, but j to each type of repair. i i 5
l
- PSI requirements for plugs - 1) visual verification following plug installation. 2) a l
review of installation process parameters. l . The critical area is defined by examination j and/or or engineering evaluation. l . A 20% margin (buffer zone) shall be added to the critical area population, provided the l critical area is not 100% of the tube i population. l Deletions 4 l . Technique. column removed from Tables 3-l 2, 3-3 and 3-4. (Techniques to be listed on i EPRI WEB) i Section 4 Changes (Tube Sampling Requirements With the S/G Tube Integrity Rule) . This section is entirely new.
- i.
l . Without NRC approval of the SG Tube l Integrity Rule, the requirements in this l section may not meet the minimum applicable regulatory requirements. j e The PSI and first ISI requirements are the l same as in Section 3. l . The frequency of SG and SG tube i examinations are determined by an l-operational assessment. l . Even if the SG Rule goes into affect, minimum requirements for inspection l frequency and sample size are still j specified by this guideline document. j . Sample selection, beyond minimum l requirements, shall be based on l degradation and operational assessments. i } l
l. i. Section 5 Changes (Steam Generator Assessmentsb i ) . This section is entirely new. = Four assessment, which are part of a l comprehensive SG program, are discussed. j e The elements which comprise the l degradation and self assessments are l provided. . A brief overview of the condition monitoring and operational assessments is j provided. The details of these assessment l are left to higher level documents. I i l i i i i i 8
I Section 6 Changes LSystem Performance) i l Deletions i l . List of Qualified techniques. (To be listed j on EPRI WEB). l . A description of the benefits of performing i independent data analysis. (To be-placed in Volume 2). l Additions i [ . By meeting the requirements in Section 6, j the examination techniques used for the ) [ field examination will be considered " validated". 1 3 i e Copies of qualified Examination Technique Specification Sheets (ETSS) can be obtained electronically via "EPRI WEB", e Condition monitoring and operational assessments are directly tied to system performance. J 9
. A documented review shall be performed l of the qualified technique's tubing essential variables to ensure the application is j consistent with site specific SG conditions. e One or more tubes may have to be pulled j to validate the system if the data set used j in the technique qualification is not l representative of the current field conditions that are being applied.
- Non-validated techniques may be used to j
supplement the use of validated techniques. Technicaljustification must be developed as a basis for not repairing j additional indications detected by non-l validated techniques. j e Specific requirements for the design of rotating coil calibration standards are l provided. l . Voltage normalization requirements are j specified for both bobbin coil and rotating j coil examinations. . Qualification of data analysts shall be i performed on a blind test. i 10 i
l. l e Computer-based analysis systems should be qualified by conducting a performance j demonstration program similar to that required for data analysts. l
- Process controls shall be established to
~ improve examination detection probabilities and sizing accuracy and to 3 minimize errors. Requirements for communication, data flow, data quality and j software revisions were added l e Requirements were identified for j optimizing human performance of SG i examination personnel. l . To improve the consistency of system j performance under field conditions, each l primary and secondary analyst shall review l their missed indications and/or overcalls. l Disagreements with the final resolution call i may result in the utility Level Ill or his j designee reviewing the indication and j making the final call. i i 1 l 11 4
i 1 The site specific analyst performance l demonstration shall contain plant specific l indications in sufficient numbers so that the desired statistical confidence levels are i established. (Criteria is provided to take ] credit for recently completed analyst j. qualification on similar degradation which is j considered representative of the type of j degradation present at the specific plant to be examined). i 4 I i [ 4 N s
j i i Section 7 Changes JSummary of e l Requirements) This section is entirely new. l All requirements of the Rev 5 Guidelines do.cument (Sections 1 through 6) are identified. i The purpose of this section is to provide a l conven'ient location in which to reference. l when verifying guidelines compliance. i i i i I i i ) i. + 13
f 'il s ' -kY _ ' ' i ' ' '., L. ( s e r i hk,bk(q t I PRIPrimary-to-Secondary Leak Guidelines i i NRC Management Meeting 2/27/97 I Greg Kammerdeiner
l I j .r ; W_O. RIP-S Leak Guidelines Il c-19 9 Report (EPRI TR-104788) - May '95 j
- Objective - develop industrywide guidelines to reduce probability of tube rupture
- 19 Utilities represented on P-S Leak Guidelines Committee t
- Guidelines sections
- recommended operating actions t -leak rate calculations -monitoring methods i
l i .,,s. 5 hk%.* hh lway' anl:i RIP-S Leak Guidelines 555l? Industry feedback indicates general acceptance /use of P-S Guidelines Final Report based on experience and knowledge
- guidelines to be updated as needed
- never meant to be a " static" document x Referencedin both the HL Industry ~
Document and draft Reg. Guide t i I
hs ~ i"fMC, RIP-S Leak Guidelines i t QM9!!i i Following areas corrently under review
- review of 150 gpd and 60 gpd step change recommendedlimits
- calculation ofleakage using SG blowdown Use of Kr-88 and Ar-41 in SJAE leak rate calculations i
- frequency of calibration and source checking for N-16 monitors, in-line rad monitors and SJAE flow meters
- multiple SG leaks leak guidance for modes 3&4 i
4 ,; ph', s[' Tf;.;
- Bt RIP-S Leak Guidelines
.i p j 'h $ Proposed revision schedule 9/1/97 Complete draft rev.
- 9/15/97 Draft rev. to SGMP TAG for 1
review / approval = 9/30/97 Draft rev. to SR's for review / approval = 12/1/97 Issue Final Report Rev.1 i ~ [ t i
- n.,
![ a,m. I i l Sleeving Assessment Document i l i Chuck Welty 2/27/97 \\ i i f I i 2/24/97 1 l t I t t'
as. ^ ,%)v%*n e t ve Assessment Document i @g "PWR Steam Generator Sleeving Assessment Document" \\ l
- EPRI Report TR-105960, December 1995
- Preparedby
- SGMP Steam Generator Sleeving Review Committee 16 utilitypersonnel-representing 8 utilities l
- 4 EPRIstaff i
i iconsultant 1 - significant involvement of sleeving vendors l (Westinghouse, ABB-CE, BWNT/FTI) l t 2/24/97 2
~ j+d'[ +,y,w$%) '.. i .x je Acument(cont'd) \\ Mai e Sections i ntroduction - utility-specific experience t team Generator Sleeve Designs - detailed descriptions Steam Generator Sleeve Qualification Programs - vendor-provided - Doel4 independent testing program l Steam Generator Sleeve Inspection and Repair - generai and seeve-specific information l Recommendations and Sleeve Management Plan i 2/24/97
l N' ' i4 I k - Jl ijh? %g)ument (cont'd) 'J i tag Recommendations
- Use previously published procurement checklist
- Separate recommendations
- sleeved tubes in service - considering sleeving L m Need to update
- Reflect experience since 1995
- Kewaunee, Prairie Island
- Reassemble committee
- assure vendorparticipation
- Complete by end of 1997 2/24/97 4
m .}}