ML20136B409

Human Factors Review of Nuclear Power Plant Control Room Design

ML20136B409
Person / Time
Site:	Crane
Issue date:	11/30/1976
From:	Gonzalez W, Parsons S, Seminara J LOCKHEED MISSILES & SPACE CO., INC.
To:
References
EPRI-NP-309-SY, NUDOCS 7909050349
Download: ML20136B409 (37)

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lumen Facters Review of p q8"

!uclear Power Plant EP N SY

ontrol Room Design Project 501 Summary r% port Noveml>dt 1976 tyWordS; Control Roos.. %gn Control Board beugn

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f HUMAN FACTORS REVIEW OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT CONTROL ROOM DESIGN 6

JPRI. No-309-SY

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(Rosearch Project 501)

Summary Report i

November 1976 t

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Propered try gr" Lockheed Mesniles & Space Cornpany,Inc.

P.O. Bom 504 Sunnyvele, Calif ornia 94088 Principd invest:getors Jowph L.Semir. ore W. syne H.Gonaais:

Stu t O. Parsoas Prepared for Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hilfriew Avenue Palo Alto, Califvtr.ia 94304 Project Manye fland:Il W. Pack I

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WTICE

• r.is report was prepated by Mkheed Missiles and space comyny, Inc., as an 1 ccunt of work sponsorta:1 by tf.e Electric Fower Fescarch *r.stituto, Inc. (Er EI).

Sett.r.er LPRI, merJ. crc of EF AI,1.ockheed, t.or any person a:t ar.1 on tarhalf of eithers (a) r.wkes any warranty or representation, cypress :.r tr pacd, with ter;ect to tne accuracy, cec;1eteness, or usef ulness of the in.*ormation an-t a a r.cd t r. th is r.e po r t, o r tha t t he u se o f a ny i n t o rma t ion, a;,u r a t us, me t a:si, or process disc.losed in this re;. ort may not inf ringe privately owned rights:

cr (M ast.umes any liabalities with respect to the use of, er for darmsges re s ult a n9 f rom *Je us e o f, a.y in f ormat ion, a p a ra t us, s% -J.cd, or process disclosed an this re prt.

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how. ' factors s St.neering as on interdise:Flarary specialty conceste:m n influen-cir.4

.r.e des ;. Of ec,uiseent systems, f a4thues, and operatact.al er.~c=ents to trca::te safe, efficsent, and relaatle cperator ;erformance.

asi+:.I cf itw representative nuclear Iower plar.t control rooms were eva ated Tr.e 2 a.ac. f ar. ors

• est.; r ch n-TAW as a checklist guided chtrat2on systes, strrac :rterviews wit; c; craters a.d tratr.ers, direct Observat:cr.s of operator beha1rt:e

.. tAar analyses A-J rr:cedare ycalutaon, and histor2 cal errer aralyses

• he hw f attus aspects of des ;n pra;:1:es are allustrated, and adt.) >=prevements in ca tree ;;a:-ices are s;;ys ted.

7.e stv.y rocceewnds that a detailed set of a;plicatle S ar.ar:. f.a.:tcrs stasi.1.ris be develep d to stimulate a unifors ar.d systeratac ccr.:ar. ix

• stan fa:t: s in desa;. considerations.

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iie are ir.debted to many i-wiividuals and organizations for their assistance, guidance, and cooperation in the deuten.,rx) executior,of this study. Sp sial thanks' are extended to C. H. Kaiz, J. Barnu:n, ?. Ahern, M. Dantels, E. Ccnner, a-A J. Lucas of the fiUS Corporation. Thanks a.re also due to S. Seidenstein and S. Eckert, of R*.3C, who contributed extensively to all phases of this study.

The study team is also extremely grateful to the raru.gement and staf fs of the siciulated training centers who rade their f acilities available for our review despito pressing schedules. Similar1v, we w:sh to extend our gratitude to the m.any control room operators, tr.etr supervisors, in-houco traintng staf f s, and plant mma; crc whc allosed us into the five operational control rooms investi-gated.

Joseph L. Seminara, LatSC Fta r.d.a l l W.

Pack, EPRI November 1976 e

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h Y.1 Tr.e keactor S.sf et y Study, =Asil-14 h, cr atica ted t r.e design of cc.:.rGs and displays 4.4 thc a r arrar.m.rne s car. o;erator prels ar. t u:Ic a r to.e r plan

• s as devaat s nq f rcm t man,rngar.cerang stardards generally a:eepred ar> ctter industr as s 4..4 spanf1*d int, the d rs tgn of run+c.schane systens.

T*.e FTRI Task f orce f or Nc' ear l't.7&ncerant a.6 Qerations e.v; rossed samalar crita rus end suggested Libi r et a a r. ar. c rq an a :s t a v. t o revate the hunan f actors a:,;ects if tne tontrol roacs of nuclear F. r ;.lants that

! ad recently 14 co =. operet teral, n.c revsew ccvere.d five represcriative plants ar.d evalu.sta.d current n.: lear ;.r.scticas tr. the laght o f,.r.owledqu devel:te1 tri other a rAau t ries at.d e st se.sted t r.e s ign a f t :ar.'.e c f t he d a f fe r e nces a n t e r?_s cf the t r retentaal ef fects on reactor r.afety 4:.J riant rei s al. s l a ty.

Tt.c r e.*: est also cov* red the trAanang s1SJ14tur s Corret por.dar.1 to the scletted pcuer war.ts :Le tsoth to *re h:15 accessat-alaty of strulators rel.tsvc to qerat:cr.a1 plants ara s the.svail-

,21s ty of crytt unat sas to eudy c;erator art ner.s d;s tr.a st:rulata *. of.ilor pla: t t r ar.saent. c; erat aor s.

A separate lat related rT6 7 re:. ear t project, F ; 71. ),

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."y: item for Traantr.g Simulators," wall hs.qn, t r.st.s ll, ar.J t c a t r.

. a r.uc 2. a r 1mer plant traanir.1 a.nr.alator a cystc9 CJpab10 C f a JtCf J! ic r e t".r!..4 C f blat &&*

t acal nr.formtien on operator a:tter.s and plant resrense. The c r.:e:t ive of U"O as to anir. sate a rystem capabic of f revidarig an e f tstral data t1Je f er vs. botn ar,trctabilasta: estety studies and an stuJacs darceted at irr rest : n4rJ.aro cesaan.

7tc system also should prevido dire:t reasures cf (ffectavencss :**: fer traantra J.rr>1 rams ard fcr T reposed cperat ar.g ar.1 casualty ; rs:cJ;tes.

!" r. j t n<p h.a!, teen authors:cd for cor.t ar.;atson of *ne rescarch dese:::-1.n tht s rc; ort.

L's tr.g the f anda re;s of the ec: ;1eted rev e., the hu:Nin f.a:t r s tea:ri will develop and evaluate neveral ag proa:ren to centr:1 sc.ard design.

• • s "ategoract e,f control t. cards to be evaluated wall range f rre hardeare syntes =tth ded:cated disflays to ccepoter-based inforr.at.cn processir.1 systems with m:; sten analysis ar.:Iuded, anJ will anclude varying de3 recs of eur.trel aamaticn. O.,prolect wall descrite eticct ave etetnedr. f or deve!r; ;rg and selectana :ont rol :a: 2 desiqns, ar.d stil dennnatrate dcstyn arrrnacres th.st antc1 rally tr.cl de her.an f A:*,::r s consider a-l t.Crs.

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l This report ar. a s a ary edition of NP30). The full report of apprest.mately 500 l

pages provides a da.,ctsption of all the procedares and data used to reach the j

conclusions descr Lied in the sumary. The full report should Le of interest to anyone involved in control room design, power plant operation, or operator training.

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Section 1 INTRODUCTION AND SU M RY Eman fact:.rs ewireering began to develop as a se;entific v4 technical disci-

.line d

r-r.4 'mr*1 War II.

This interdisciplinary specialty is concerr.ed with s fluerrar.4 t.te design of equipment systems, f acilities, and operattonal er.varor.:mret.s to prcimote safe, ef ficient. and reliable op rator performance.

A;;roximately 2X4 human factors srecialists now participate in the develcpment cf a mide =pectrm of malitary, space, andastrial, and consu=er products and w:rk er.viste. meets.

1 Over the pst l'. years several investigators have pointed to the nsed for the applicat:cc. of L. man factors engineer 2ng principles to the developewent of nuclear p:w-r platt ex t::1 roots. The need for optimum can-rachine relaticas in the f.elear ;,:n.er ar htry is no less acute than that for military ar4 space programs.

' tile tt.e :,elear trJustry can take great pride from its cnysable safety record,

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t_.,e acverse pc 1:: reaction to radioactive releases that could te caused by cierator error races at essential that the operator-control rocc tr.terf ace be c7 t ama rec.

Als.o. less than optimal man-machine interfaces can lead to costly era 2;mer.t 1Arape c4 serious losses in t.tility revenues.

W Electra: 7:wer 7ssearch institute (EPRI) sponsored this study tr. respor.se to tee. natal crat;:Asas regarding the lack of attention to hu=.an f acters in r.41 ear ;cwr plait.s.

This 16-month study was desigred to provide a thorough evaluatics Of L representative control rooms. It was condacted by Mckheed

%2 sales c ! fp& Crapany (usC) specialists, experienced in aerossee human fa:ters, r.t w::: o vested snterest in rucicar pcwer systems. P/ ecans of a sc prate, cerellary contract, EPRI retair.ed the services of the !CS Cer; oration

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to guide ite *rK study team within 'the nuclear power ind9stry comunity, frevide L.as; r.:. clear systems familiarization trainancy to the stv.ly team merters, 1

i d*.d assist 13 tie f.Ata acquisition ard review phJses of the st' dy.

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This report..ay prove e. lecta?ly Lincl/s the j rekent flucle.ar kcaulatory Corr.taston t. tar.dardized eevacw I lan f or proposed to w niaclear plantia 5.u<cs que st at,ns re aarda r. J the oar.r.cs in winch ut tistaes well deveicp and assiqrt re M.c.a t te n l i t*> f or achiev&ty ha un er.4:ncer s r q destun otaject ivars a; prot r aate to t rycw.s cont rol room layout s.

't in hg ed th.st in.adJitic.n to influencarN the shage of tuture cor. trol goed:a, the results of thnis r,t udy will 1,e us. f al Dr u;<;rading the ht.can f actors ar.;ects of extr.t an t os eration.si control toren.

WI.TH 2 LOGY iTPI sele 7ted 5 control room simulators and their cor responJarn operat tor.at plant s to be investigated. A hunan f actors measarrecnt system was develcred ard tr.en pretested at the first atte visited. *his *nitial, or pilat, stud /

was cor. ducted over 4 15-day reriod.

Subt,cquently, with assurance tnat trw enet.odo developed 'or this stuJy would prove f ruitf ul, the 4 remaintry i.cntrol roon designs were reviewed, w&th a;pronicutely one week cevoted to an anvests.

qat tor of each design and associated clerat tonal t ractices ar.d pr(acedures.

The rethods used to gather tto data in this report are as follru3ns e

C*.<.ck l i r t ',uided ct,r.crva. tan Systems A detailed 111-paqo check-list cont a a r. t nq hvan t a rt e.r n e nq t r.ce r a rti cvaluatacn criter14

-as develop J.

it. wa ds t ved pr ac ar t ly t rtar. ria l t t ary i.tardar d s

.ar.d 4Fpli( 3 in reviewa r.q tt.c 5 cont rol room dec aqr.s.

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• r urt t.re i !n t.? rv t ews : A 51-quent acn nntervat w waa devirlaped to Ic.arn t he r.ur.an-f actor s concart;a of operator r. and tra tner s.

Forty oper.ation.at ressormel and 13 t r.str.cra were antervir.eds the avera Jc at tervaev re quired.atprostrutely 2% hours.

e Direct e nservat tons r.f (g e-ratnr I, hav_igrj Arprostr.atel/ 200 hours0.00231 days <br />0.0556 hours <br />3.306878e-4 weeks <br />7.61e-5 months <br /> we t r e;ent an stru!.truts and cm.t rol rmns otnerving operator ger f orr.ar.se tr. re,;onse t u t.ornel an j of f-nar mal 0 4 t a.i t a ons.

• s.k Analg es ar.J frocedare v s lua' t r.m t kcpresentative ogerator

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t a r. k s.a r 2.s weet at ed 1.recedures were re viewed us t nq tar.k analys.u t <":nn i que r,. Thth Frodaeed data that were us.ed to evaluatu. tw c c,nt r o l

.a dequacy of cont rol s oun ar.d cur. trol loard.ir ranoement n,

[anel dess e s, an1 t he clar a t*/ of ; rocedures.

fa + tor.ical Freer A*aly."'st i.esorJs of rep artad c.;.crar sonal e

e r rors were os.ta t r.cd pr ior to each s&te vantt. '"i r.e were das-t:assed wa t h cperat Aor.41 personnel to revas'a the ir.an-nachtric cnntributtons to rath retorted incide.t.

e i h. riral

v. s carm nt s:

T*.o cont r ol rome.' dirv nsions, 111unar.a.

t s.m, v.a rant rot ituat avn f orce rotatrements woru accurately ne r. a r e 1.

A:13 s t asaally, a emprc hens.ve..nottnraphic recor'f of ot.-ervattor w as cbtaincJ.

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i 7*# data wr.ach form the basas of than r 9,rt w re a:q; r e darst.g the fall and

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In addition to th-f.: san f e;t ar s eva' t ron of esis t ant; car. trol rnem det.a.;ns, the study team =v.140ted tap desatters cf advanced con-

' rol twos to examine f ut ure t renda a n nr.tra;,1 r:x.m des a tz.

s 3T.* 1 H. *: C Thas st Ay revealed a vara,ety d areas.r. each a;p.11catan of human f actors w

t, re.M t n, At. atacn control rooms.

er.g arw er ar.4 would improve the cpe&.

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~hese areas are c taaned M low and detaa;ec ar. tr.e tsAy cf the re, ort f.T-309 a

An atttett was cade to preserve the ara..taty of tot.4 tes plants ar4 the 2n=

d.vaduals erpresstn<1 sMt a fic ecr.cerr.s.

sr n r.t e r.t w a s r4* to cratacite ar>y 4tven desagn, but rather to uncover ye**ral p rot.ies areas cere hu::4n f ctos oundelsres could g rofitably be agt ited u the r. eat ger.erateen of nult.ar power g lan's.

A secordarf 44m was to ident a ft ;rtbles areas vatt.an exist tng power p lants wt.cre relatively manor and cost-+f fective retrof:ts cuald ssonificar.tly 6;4rade tre quality of the man-macnir.e arterf ace.

In oe:pral, the r,tudy f ardanaa 34 ant a rather twaatsve racture. tiowever, our ar*ent was to explore gnier.t:41 tr5rovement areas. Tnus, ra*.rer than emprast re v.at la right with

rtrent Jasians, 6.* have focudei on wt.at,a r. ceded to e.t

14:e cor. trol room desagr.s.

r' man f.: tors engineerirq attention to *:e prot 1**

areas = t:rvered will promote r:.re ef fe:tive ar.d re liable oge rato ga r t :rsa nc e, w s 11 r es.ce t?.e t rain i ng t t Jer. e. tre utilstaes and trainees, are vs11 ease tre se;ection cra'ersa in t..crv a t a r.

cr.crator s.

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' e rol c 'sM tvei in Pere a s a clear relation Letween the sau a.a.J ctr.figaret ata f actors and the e sse of cieratsor. and required r anning lesels. Nasuretects wre rude of each

.rerat to.a t cor.t rol toard area, the r.aa;z: Jn vaewar.: dast.s n f rm the orerator's Ja k, tre natimum walkiry distance Letwee the cor. trol trart extremstics, and t!e flocr area enclosed by the operatsu.41 control tsaar ts.

(Ccostderation wem also gaven to rpace o:cupned by such stests as to4 rases 44 s;ecsal coruoles.)

?.ese dawrssons were ertrelated with t:4 attttes of c54rators wath respect te cent r:1 rmw stre and case of operata:.c.. A r.n::rsty :f wr s.e: pie (58.56) felt

• r.a t its control toans were t:o las u.

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1 M.ers the recponses were analyrcJ on a g'.lant-1,y.gilirt Lam a s, au ie antireatsnq relattor.s escrged. Perception of control rocci ees e as darretly related to ttie cent s ;uration of the control taaards', rather than nic;t/ to tre ab.w1ute unze of the room or the control IAtrds. There is a perfect correlatson tetween the derve of dtssatisf action with certrol rocci size and two f actors namanun viewa ra dist ance f rcci the operat or's der.k and run te:A:n w.als t r.3 distance f rus one end of the cont rol board to the other. For exa g le, tre Tcntrol r.,on shwn in rigste 1-1, the second larqcst control roon an ter s vf cer. trol tmrd are.a.

engendered dissatssfaction from 10dt of the ar tervsnees tecaJ3e on the u%~

wieldy L-shag =d conf iguration. Converuely, tr.e cor. trol rc a nhcwn in ri pre 1-2, the largest control board, ranked third in tares of dis sticfact ion because of size. %e wini-shaped corif '. ration of this board allc=s a Lettur ct rator-cont rol teard ir.terface.

In co.tr.ast to t=.ilitary and st, ace workspace env rloges, central toca desagt. cts have

ude little atterpt to conseric spa;;c. The designs revseaad maxies:cd, rather than

tir.inszed, the requared opeaator visual spar and the dastances the operator had to walk to r.anage his control boards. The Incre acute this 1 tchts ra, the creater the tw pwer required to operate tt e boarJa and, at follc es, tr.c arcatn the cost to the ut: Inty.

In general st was concluded that insufficier.: attention a u g.atd to the atilatics and bisttations of the os f rator in develupara ccetsol rcom cor.t aquratioar.

in adttt son to 5. reb!ces of prir.try cont rol 1,oard cnf 4 prat tan, all five (darta relegate instrwnentation and controls to "nack paral" arvas or arena remote frces the operator's pratary duty : stat?on. This creates.,crnous difficultaes fer the operatorst ebeir attention to primary panerls rwt be diverted during 1x:th norns1 and cr crgency cperat ions.

The arranger %ents of control reean consoles and stations 3.ro.f aced prcblens urnique to each plant. In sc:v cases, a giroliterattun of add.cc consolen armpeded traf fic flows and visual pathways birtwece a center cesk ;csation and the control toa r ts.

De noct serious problem of this sort occkts where the orcrators' desks are s. laced wath tnear backs to the control boards (i.ee rigur er 1-3).

• • c.ur of the five plants lacked a resting place for the operater's ;.recedures e.arsuals

.sking it dif ficult to use the mnuals in ecrounct eur. wat h the cortrni L. card opera-

• ton.

In only one of the plants did the supervisor's r,f fice have irredtatt a:ces to the cor. trol room.

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e Lardrug and restroom f acilities, inie.ially intended solely for operational 1

serwrmel, were of ten overburdened through use by others. This created problems

'or sterators who h.au to cer.hete for the use of these facilities. While im-provements 4re being c:ade in rentricting access to control rooms, the (1cw of visitors is still described by operators at a real probles, crpecially during day shifts. As one operator put it,."When there is a urut trip we have wall-to-wall pople in she control room."

A supra singly high frequency of complaints sur faced in regard to control room eruvironmental factors. These ccacerned inadequate air esnditioning and heating systems, and, at tino paar.ts, diesel generator exhaast f Ws that sunaged to xcAsionally penetrate the control room.

Control roor. illininatior, was generally inadequate in four of the plants studied.

itne operators of ten maint.in room illumination at a 1:w intensity to reduco glare and reflectiors on instruments. Srotty maintena.nce of w erhead diffusion pr,els areounted for poor illumint. tion at one 5-lent.

Cac. plaints regarding noise were heard at all plants, although the causes varied.

In some case., excessive twise was attributed to noncrec.ational people in the

r.ttol toom.

In cther cases, *.he noise of operatang <quipocrc, e.g., creputer t)Tewritory, was the problem. In some plants, tre cuntrol room was not suf-ficiently 1sclated frem the outsida plant equipment.

Finally, while largely a st.ijcetivo matter, tho study team rerceived most ex-a stano control rocu revic.ed as rather crab and dingy. Oramatic and inexpen-sivo improvements cou1J be nade in roo.n decor to provide a more plean>.nt work space envelope for the operator. who is confined to n's stat tor, for many long hcurs.

Nntrol Fsoard Dewicn Control board layouts were reviewed for conformance vt:A hunan factors enginecr-ina requiremnts. Tho major criticisma of the latouts are as follows:

o rxcessive feard Simo.

I.arge, expansivo centrol boards re.luire too k rcat a vasumi and c entrol span (cr the crerator. Do:aign-i era have used large contret and display ele ents and littic ef fort has t>eea devoted to onsorsin.) panol N ace in r m e of the pl.ints visit *G iseo rigure 1-4).

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e control Briards ?nt cpti sized for rtinimum *<annino.

As noted earlier,- some control board conf aqurations demand mere

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Fersonnel than should be f.ecessary, for example, the con-trol panels can be separated into an inner primary area and an outer-wall-rounted secor.d.iry area, as shown in rigure 1-5.

This sometimes requ. ires the operator to be in two places at once. Two operators are generally provided, though Techn& cal Specifications require only one operator, o

Lack er runctionallv Demarcated Panel Areas. The control r

boards have massave arrays of components, many of which are identical, and which are not sorted out into clearly iden-tifiable pancis and subpanels containing related panel elements.

(see Figure 1-ti) e 5'paration of Associated Panel Elements. Closely related f

contrr>l and dasplay elements. ire soevtimes widely separated cn the contro! W rdt.

Floures 1 7 and 1-8 illustrate two cases where a two-man operatior, is made necessary by the i

separation of directly related panel components.

. irror "myed Ocntrol Boa rds. Mirror imaged control boards w

e an mult-unat control rooms grossly violate human f act. ors princip4.s of transfer-of-training, i.e., these arrargements pe-c'Jude con 11stency of operator response patterns in moving from one to tPe otber rirrored half of the control ronm.

Tagures 1-0 a ; 1-10 show the mirrorrimaged panels it. one cettrol room, i

Mt:~'rs cf control boards have segregated the controls (on benehtoaads),

t*.c pu:titative displays (on vertical portions of the boards imtrediately above tse N :hanard), and the qualitative Ji:; plays that form extensive arrays of t:

2-m?istor lights (in a hcrizontal bard 1ccated upperr,ost on the centrol hurds). These practices do not allow cohesive functional groupir.gs. The egerater is required to inteq? ate scattated bits of data and relate them to relera.t control optiens. Operators have a strong preference for rtinic panel arra::~Neer.ts largelv because such layouts organize panel elements ir.to descrip-t..r,s ef' system corrponenta. Soce operators attempt to modafy panels not

4t. ally so desigred with tape tw superimpose mimic logic (see Fagure 1-11).

. t.ar cases, tape is used to functionally group or toolase related panol I

e:vw-ta :see rigure 1-12).

f.

l A.ersery revsew of in-plant control consoles outside of tne ra'n control room,

.e.:.. ee.ergency shut-down panels), reveals an even more serious lack cf hunsn f

fan :s principles than was noted in the central control room. Such eonsoles l'

a r rfica poorly illuminated. inadequately labeled, 4.nd totally ignere anthro-t 6

yemwtric considerations as shown in rigureb 1-13 and 1-14.

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Cperators use tap = to seg-ntnse lir.es ore teoard s.

recate related, pr.el M

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Oper<stor must rumstor gauracs 7 :. 1-14.

Creritor must acaster place'd akiu: 12 feet.W ve saates placed across floor level, aisle'=ay while operatir.g cor.trols sixwn.

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.r.t brenn t r i cc 4 ros jor hur.Lars f. net ter s eng t r.ev r i r.J concern st. t he degr ee t o which t.;ual ment ar f f act la t tes are tatlers d i s rat ch t he pep s cal d6wns s ens of

• he men and m n n who cler. ate these sva,tisa.

he 1.a.k cerTre:e n ive. a t.: that describe the i t. Tis ic.nl sa irm n s s ams ot' t he r..as ica s power i 1.a nt sy er at er ;=Tal.at son.

This titudy

.sener.st ed a;erm. 3 :el anis t ary dat a reoat din.t aden. he*achts ar.J weauhts of the attervich ha.cle.

Assumt rea * *.at our nart e 39 retre et. a* a ve, nucle.ar p>wer l

3-lant oprr.at ors are al trsht ly e!Jer, heav aer, aral taller t

• an es i s t ary ptula-tauns.

• e found mer a.:us gtobicitus an t our to.ard:s that have.an cetste* horntor.tal band of

'% ters twiorst the ran.se of sNerator s, luce P siture 1-154.

Ci era t or cierient u ecinf i rmed t b= di f f a cult s es t !.at were bein.a emper terwed :n tvJdin. t heWe in*

strunentse.

7.c g. lacer %*nt of t r.r.t runa tit u.an.l cont ro t r, t.o haith or too new for conven s erat u>e u.as observed * :' te an evers arcat er rt(t le-a wit h back g anclu and T. r a tta r.a l.cc*u. coles.

The<c

.s ws d ar s.an.acen e t.a o t t en r e-; a a re f amit etooln or ats p la uct s to g rovide oler at.*r si vimme l.and reach acces > to cont rol an.1.ti nt 1.sy eletmentF.

& ntroly in f our of t!e centrol rima 1.arge atal cast er.ww s.cle.7. r wi t ches are u>.ed f ar eperatair +. elect a,n let we,. 2 or

.I cont r al.it ionsa.

• .c h :.m.n l l e r con t r o l devicen, (c..a.. t o ba l e a.w a t e.e-l. would.ce ve a.a well er tet t er. Wese 1.s t ste omf rol +a a r ;.se t everall cont r.'l luard na re, t rma contre! san a n' e r : have pia nt a n.t a%d smrateii nt ar i e.J a t h.at c.a!. t e cor fesed, ar.d en ew ec'- t e c t cont s qur.at non a e

a r.t rodow $wrallas problems, in other va:.en, at la not ietoi tid e Vi rca a l ly t o J a t fer ent a.st e.a 9 a rt e artarater trom on a l t.svent a rmi n e at.t t h.a t incorp*raten l

ww a t t h i ts4 fu%ctavns. The ct ' ' rv l op r.at n er.

aa not.als.a rs al l. t ent f i eri t he a.4ocl.at e d cent e.*1 IJin l a rba.

I'. one ca.e 1,.r e l's.lu r e !=len, exces.save control

. ct uat sien f ere raatuiren. t i. e a.a l device.-h.s i ned t o t e. s.t rol imo rd t o

.*l l* ly rJff4rlent j cve r a Je.

A c. a d.mr.s t A rt a v.at ten of. *

• r c l s.

' ' '.. corit rol r.s ew were r ev a

.A t o det er na r.e t he do.st r*

t3 wh e t h es et t r a i n are

.s ec i di n t.a l J.** a v.a t i on.

Th. r e a r e*. var t e*, of wayw to red ace t he saceg t alde i n a

( 5 osibt lat y et a r.. elves t ent - - t t o l t.c t t a s..p., The ma vr. rcbtemn occur a n t he.

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e I r.adve r t en,t cleration of adjacent controls having identical af earance. r. hare, and testure, but havirig d6 f f e' ent func.

t tianns i.e.,

the eleschee of coding to dif ferentiate between to-ntacal controls (cee rayures 1-4 and 1-6) bestion of controls an areas.and orient.ations that render e

t ra m vultwrable to accidental contact and disturbance f rces

!cth oper.ators and r.on' operation.11 rersonnel who frequent the control rc<a twe ranure 1-17)

Accadent-prcr.c ace tvities that are required of the operator

- e ar.d are unrelateJ t o cor.t rol 142ard operations e.g.,

removal armi replacement of expended annunciator lamgis (see riquie 1-18)

Miscellaneous f actors such.ss the putent ial for r.lippin.) or o

trarping over ratsed ficor stats in the vicinity of the con-trol t<urds (ece r:9ure 1-19)

The operators have instatuted a variety of remedial twasures to reduce the por.sibality.2f accidental control activation. They have shape coded some controla, aj.k J e.arkirkas t o control pancia to indteate related q.oups of banel c lem r.ts, and plac s! barracts and quartin nver specsal controls. Those s.at s.gua r d a r e* usiually tid + s et, ult ut upes at auhal a:I s.hJpH, Muut of thefte re.asures r.t. tut.1 have te. n ar.t aciguted dur nng t he deve10}' ment of t he control t o.s r d s,

1*klicat or t.s :'it g "here are ar. :t ances of arTregvr une of qua l t t.at ive afdlicaturn where quantatatave a

displays such as metern would t.e more et tect ive.

Indicator reliabalaty in a

soblem anJ t here a re a n.rprining nurder of burnssi-out, ringle-l.a.T indicators at.iny give.+ t a rs. The import.snee of e.asy access f or 1.or.p relMvJI af.d replacs**

rent in punted out, wit h.sppropriate ex.iMeles of I' roble m th.st oper.:t or s encount er. The use of s o-called neoat iv. ind6 cat ar.ns, (the atmence of a.i arklicat son a + to convey informatson to an o trator), 6n dat.coaraqed (see s

riisure 1.6 St.sndarJa:atson of a rki n s.st or s wi t ha n.a g i ven con t rol enom and t he ut.e of a r>t teator desac.s t hat coronerve panel spice are ecoar4 r.dcJ.

"etern Me t e r n a r e t.S e miu t carvenly uwd vehicle f or t ranz.mit t ang quant atative anfor-rLat ton t o t h* operatorn.

"to ref ers current ly u ed in nuelear power l'! ant s rcVeal a fr. N n.!aun lof t a,t a al f sr numan f at*t Orti I f*p r nVs'Me**'lt n.

Tht* PSM t c0*T'60n 1 t ob l e un. 4 4.c a ved, some et

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Meters placrit too hkyh resguire use of strol. Dashed A irwu de-nerate roccrirerwied anthropemetric limit s f or da nplay pl.aie sient.

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Piq. 1-17.

linqh t raf fic area wnere i nti eencenutvo actu.ation pi+snerby CJn anJJ Pf0*

force, jor. t s.iq cont r ol a.

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natural imttual J to rel l.see a :: s.ient s : cp r.itors ev41J

..rgenfed lar:t.s.

f.*.1 agair.st t r.o controls.

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e T !;::me r.t c f n.cri al,3ve-a n! 1.., s.+

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c.rved scalce e

• ctars ttat f. ;; e a t h t te p;t r.' : r t e 6h.1 a n t he norr.J1 op r a t s '.1 Land at tre s:4.e ilar s and ra f %e tcr.S f rCa C te rr4 4 ' J ll.El t.a t ion Gour cen e

~5e most serious (at4

.t.

sersal) ;:r:t h :

r. u.v J wath refers 6:1 Id k c' -eter ceding td'all u thea c$ e r a t. r t o read a l y.*. f fe re!.ta s t e tw t.ven t he to r a 1. F.a r -

9 t r.a l, at t r at o.'-lpa e

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.2.

ft w-ever, su:.a. c:.Ja r.4 a t t ecc t s are incor.s a s te r.*

ar.3 sL&A r bhl f t $n nature.

ErtkFQL cor t r o l r s.m cou l d te : 1:.rably 1:4 r.v -: r?.' ev r.s et a.ysti.matic re

• cf all rwter 12::sts and ' e.:;;.t a c,n of c ar. A a s i em t c>ltra practicen.

h a.

,uld e natel e t.he : e r a t o r t c. t e l..a t a glar.:e. e t ra r *.. cet er t n rea.fing i t.

r.or na l, r.a r a i r a l, e r. -: f -t o le r.s:.cr :- e.

c' i r r F.-ert ra

!Nelear re.cf plant ev.tr:: r ui op r a t ' r r.a s. - s t + r. 4 t v e um of trart r.

r de r s an nonnt:.rer7 systen pert;. mar.cc.

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e

.ee.

ar t record.rs girxrally w rve a uwf ul r.r;. ac, t h y.re v.rv t s r,3 tr.2;;

grr. ate.y x ml in pl cc of. + r r.

cr ctt.cr r. re reaJt ly ::e s sib;c qur t a tat.se r + a *e..t devicin.

% verc trn;cmu wer e obse rvvJ a n er,r.r.e :t ; - with vre chart t er. r :e r s wi t h nume r i ca l t n a.* rr;t s.

One vaa.7.!c 611 J.t r at es v+ ry we ll t he

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a ng.ror e r l y o s a gr.ed r r.t. 2 2. d cr. art t e : t e :.e r s,

n.tra rafts:U14r e.ast re ;r trr was cc t ::M t o wa:'cr 24 f.a r a me t e r s. ** *ac anterentr. cf +m rmerf, 4s ;c.*ti. ws re i r e-r;.r a t e J ;.t o i t.a trenrder..a'*

tra 6 pa rc er.ar.r.e l s.

h c ; : 4.:, e e r a Je r.t a ! 4 :4. ;r.. ; r.uw ar. tbe u;per ra<p.t ara corrcr of tr e roterder

.e T a uro 1-;;s - -.. :. 2 s cde nuna,er r. t rcm ora- *,

twenty-fo,r.

S u r <. f c r =, w + r. t n i s J a ; ;.h.-. a rA w reads "5, " t he oper a t e.r r s t t a rrit deternar. w.. tr:c r re Fr.inte r i s r e s:;i s ;.r

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Confusing array.of iciprovised mister lavists.

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M4 1-23.

evertaxcd chart recorder which tracks 42 *ur.ametters.

1-17

e cprrator does not attempt to do so.

3 r.s t e ad, the orcrator watts for tte re-corder to cycle to the parameter c.f snterest and he reads the associated v a provaded by' the recorder gointer ar,4 scale. In one trstance, an operator m was alerted to a ;.rcblem t>y encant cf tr.e annunctator alarn systes had to wa.

several rianutes for the chart reecrder to cycle to the parameter of specif::

t r.te re s t. In this interval, a ha:; a pressure in)cet ton pu=p that could t.n.e :+en saved was deststr/ed. This case of ar. Overtaxed chart recorder is not an a :.*.-

1.ated one.

Tuo citen, chart recorders that are usef ul for recor sang trer.d.s are seproperty uwd in pta::e of me eri or other cirect readouts, ctrer f actors dast i. sed in this sectten of the report ir.clude late 1&ng of re crders, s.calena f actors, overlavs. ar4 access for recordtr.1 ; 4er repla.-

rient.

Annune 1 a t nr

• W.s rr. L ? <J Systems Each centrol rorm examined. s prova.'.w. watn an annunciator-wa nt r,9 t.).t e. c ;c.-

e sisting of a hort: ental band of tu.ntreds of indicators spars.an'J tr.c uplie tms s

• sentent of the ecntrol toard tragare

-;t).

These array: of trd; cat or cut r. :e s are accretpanted ty a vari.ty of auda c.ry alarm:a and se's of c::,r.* r ol dist r it.* e3 or. t he control tx,arda f or acknowic a sery, m alencard, t es t a r.1. ar.J r.?. set t : * ;

a 1 a rm.

Tr.e annunciatorwarr.tra systems currar.tly in u:;o are too ic e; !.-m and have t.--

co.= the e.stch-4;l f ar a wide var t ** / o f qual t tative.r.d s c ai n r =. i rci e t sens e-::ation of

• t.ece qualit ative *:. r;. lap an the anr.unes at cr to.5? has

.c rves to t<tarate' the r f r ri functionally re'ated groups of cor.tralt ar.3 qu.4ct a t a*. v-re a m t r. p l aced cm t r.e cont ro l kwa r d s.

?r.ts functional 11.olatsen of atsc.:.4 -J q a.al t tative and gaantitative dis; lays c:M<.,ur.de the dif f iealt/ e,f antegrat. 4 d t c;.a r at e so arcs, cf ir.f or tss t ion t:, a lle s da a';no:.c: of rxs if'.n-t : 2n or at.r..

situations.

'nhr. an e wirgency occ.r s, t re xecas tvely lar se it : err of arf.1 s-ter; that are 11'..::anated, in cor.:s tt v a th t,lartr.g horrr, at.s: t :c t he oper at.r and overload ha s senacry recnan10.m rat r.<:r than t;hed l ayht on the pret,1.:.i at harxi.

Annunc2 atir light systens :r,..;1 co*.ta an the t ar.1: m n.rJ(r e.f.rm : -

t r or.2 required to alert the operate.r to a rroblem and daract the c.g.ratt.r *-

tr.e af propriate 2ereent of the er.*r:1 teard where thr-problem can t<= daa?<A ed

~

ar.1 whe r e correc* tve conta ul act:".n van te e f f ected.

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5.a:Pl chart re eu..svr p rir tout where potuts. ire diffa nit

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'a v4 a r.in a. ins e.e l.i r n 5.

1.

e In additican to this cujor criticiam of existing annuneratcr-warnins; systems, t he following prenteru were est;ses'ved Icy the study tea: ant contirmid by opet-atcr repor tas e

Annunciators are nemetim.td loc 9ted far frn% tha' control L;oard panel elements that they at e r elated to.

!;one cf the control r % ms visited han fully te.o.ved the prob-e lem of nuisance or f also alate.a that f r o!uer.t ar cry wolf to the oporstor.

Soti* alarns lack specificity.

• he.o multi-trr t alarr n, e.+

XY:: rFISSURT./t,EVELS, HI/LO, setve more to f rustrate than to inforn operators.

e Alarms it'at ra'far the operator to a remrte stat un maki* the operator degendent. on an auxiltary operator wha r.ny tio hard to reac5 or regt. ire the n;wrator *.o leave has f rieury duty r.tation.

better use shou 1J be rude of a;ditory cedir.g ice *.niqueu for e

.elerting stignals and rmntrol codir.q technl@cs ahould more distinctly differentiato annur.ciator related crtsolo.

Cod inct of t1nnelays and cor.trolu The control rocn desigr.s underutilito proven coding te F.r.aques that could help the og=rrator discern plant status and prevent mieldenttiscation of control elements. The color codos t hat have been evol.*cd for tN control tx>ards tava been applied systcrutically and eMc encaninjt; va n fr..in panc! to fanol.

not fcr usample, in u.ost cases red is seserved for a normal flow oc closed circuit condit lon,. Whercas in other cases rtd in osed to denote dam;er or an out of-11:ni t condition ci to :,lett the operator to especially tr;c.rtant controin.

Ttw op+rator cannot immediately cpot ar. at; normal condat tr:t by virtue of apptcgriate and c:onsistent color coding de is f or.sible witn the "ircen board" cften used in nilitary or spaco uyr. teen.

Present ec41.; cf indicatcrs, for c umpic, tells the nr. orator whether a valve la closed c' :;cn but da r.ot convey Liy intortution as to whet 5cr t he valvo should or uhould r.ot tic closed. This typs. of logic should t,e built into the color codinq nyst J to I.romctc otror-f rea os=*c.at or p'rforr.ince.

The lack og control codArq is almost as serious as tan la:h, of cffective enlor euxti ng.

The majority of operators and t rainert intervice.i (19 6) inoteated I r sblems An diuttr.guti.hing between identical controla pluad in prextntty an i

chewn in l'igures 1-4 and 1-6.

':he operator:; havn improvated variou*. near.u to differentiate retween iderettal enr.trels.

'oto the orte. al dcungn of two 1.3 4

1

e identical rod motion controls shown in Fi7vre 1-2F Co pare this with the novel shape coding devised by operators As shown in F1;ure 1-27 Hcwever, a more cyctcmatic arproach to color and sha;4 codtnq co.trols shculd be taken during the Jes1 n 3 wse of cor. trol roon develop".ent.

.ack of adequate atten-9 4 tion to control and dirplay coding.; ractices invites errcrs of -dsidentification ar.d places an unnecessary burden on thu operator's ncnor/, especially during times of..ress.

Lanaling Effective labelir.g practices can asrist the operators. Most problems in this area are eacily corrected. The best it.dication of lateling inadequacies is the ektensive hand-made labeling that ortr stors have added to the consoles.

These added labels have generally attempted '.n clara fy creration of given con-troLu (see Figure 1-28) or clarify the hear.ing of dirplay readings.

tabels hsve not been placed consistently atove or below the panel niements beina identified. Consequently, it is tosmable to masidentify some panel ele-ments.

In some cases, labels have been chseured by projacting panel ?ontrols, making them hard to observe fron the cperatet 's normal position.

A major prob 1cm is the lack of si:e coding or differentiation of labelt: used to ident,ify na jor console ranels, sub-panels, and panel oler.ents.

Often the same element of a label is repeated in describing a groep of related panci elements. One large label would clininate this repetittveners ar.d servo P.o functionally group assoelated panel elements. Present labeling at.d panel lay-out practtees force a hunt-and-reck operational mode, es;ecially with seldom used paneln.

Label abbrevictions are of ten inconsistent. On one panel the following four ways at labeling the word "pt.Pp" were used:

FU, PP, TF.P and FL'MP.

Connan ica t ion s Four of five oterators interviewed pointed to inadequac'.e4 in their ability to conrunreate with riant lersonnel outside the enntrol roc =.

These problems stem largely frcm the inability of communications systens to reltably p2netrate or overecme the hiah anbient noise levels an the plant. A variety of communica-tion devices are currently in use--telerhore, verbal anJ nerverbal auditory paging systsms,1 ortnote t.o-way radios, and an audievaraal Ac'?-Call systen.

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e Despite ther.c many communications channels, only one of the fivs plants scened relativelf free of raf or communications prot,lents.

The arrangement of cor'tiifnicatiens qvar was also studied. Tbc enannunicat ion equipr nt is sometines oriented so that it s uso uith<ir inter fetch with montter-119 control Imards or limits the optrator's accetsu to contrnin.

The design of the control room makes the operator highly dependent on auxilia.y ogerators in the plant and he mustcle able to reaca outside p?rsonnel in an emernor.cy, a f rustrating experience for the operator when he as unaolo to reach his runrower resources in t.he field. Lither the control room cust be desigt.ed to climinate operator de pendence on aurillar's personnel, er a rore dependable cossnunica tions link is required.

7ask Analysis Task analysis is a systematic examination of opc*retiona sequences to evaluate the rian-machine interface and procedures. This approach was appliad to an csergency procedure at each plant visited. The technique assuren a rware comprehensiva arut detailed look at human factorn issues than is available througn the other approaches used in this study.

Far exa.atple, the operator activitics in the control room ira resfonse to a titeam generator tube r'Jpture showed how relesant controla and displays were not ar-ranged f or ef f ective operatos response. Fiqure 1-29 shcws the mvement o f t wo o[w rators at one plar.t.

Among other thinas, the panels locatN in the "back rac-k" area should be located closer to, or integrated with, the snain control rcm>m area.

Thin technique was also arplicd in the evaluat ion of arteific rar.cl arranue-mentn. The scoults of the task analysir further substantiated data dertved f run the human factorn check list evaluation and the structuted interview.

procedareg A serious ef fort is besng made to upgrade plant operations prorecares. A 55-item t.hecklist was developed and applied to a sample of exictino procedurew.

A 745 cocpliance with the evaluation criteria nelected was found.

Sa'an typical problems are the clarity of procedural cor. tent, disparities b<t.ean measuremert 1-M i

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4 units prov Med in the procedure and the value. indicated on displays, and a lack of correspondence between written procedures and actual operat tnq prac-ticca.

It is anteresting to note that operator satisf action or dissstisf actaan with operating procedures varies as a function of the role assigned to the operator in establishing the procedures, in plants where the cperator has primary responsibility for developing procedures, there is less dissatisfaction. By two-to-one shargin garakors and trainers feel it is importar.t to upgrade a

and rely on procedisres,

As noted earlier, none of the control boards derigns reviewed nakes provtsions fur simultaneous use of procedures and operation of the control boards, althouqh one plant has devised a unique and pract tcal expedtent - a bookcase on wheels -

which onllows the operator to offectively utilize procedures within reach of the controls.

Qvrat ivi.nl Practicen and Traininq Operator Wrformance can be af fected t y a variety of plant practices and con-ditior:s that shape the min-isichine ir.terf ace s watch t urnover tractices. t.ht t t crew compositton, shif t change adaptation, ope rator morale, overtarie practices, loredest and st ress.

Inadequate safcquarda are currently an s'f tcet for ensuring a succeauful and error-free transition from one crew to another. Most operators say that it takes t:ctw.4 n 15 to 30 minutes of uniund overlap at < ach onJ of a shif t to conduct the tasks necessary for an ef f ec* ive watch turnover. This has led to watch turnover practices that depend on the tndividual consetentiousness of the oivrators, operational practices used to compose shif t crews also present n r.'blems.

At several plants operators basically select ethtf t teacantes on tr.e tusta of preference according to seniority. Where this as practiced, senter people choose to wrk with other sensur people. Thus, there are some shafts hanned entirely with junior and relatively inexpertenced operators, not a tulanced mix of talent and experience.

There ir, a chronte t;hortage of contro. roem operatto..al personnel..ind consider-aulo overtime work in required. Operators stenerally work between lM and e N 1-25 t

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e tour s of over t ime par year, taut overt icie can reas h itW hours.

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r.ot unu sua l f or an ope r.t t or t o wo r 1 6 I ts con =ceutive hours if han selset d.ae a not shcw up.

This can wert ame4 halten several itay in a row.

1. mees 3nve over-t irn derrmards can aJver sely af t e,e sq= r.stos s en p u n. s vene.x arwl.laalaty et a

par i o rmance.

A :ks jurity of olvrators l'J56) feeln that tft work taken it s toll a r. r e.iaced ogeratur ef fectiverwns.

AJag.t.at ion t o a.ha f t wor k apl ears t o L= an tintiviaaal trLa t t er. Aside t r<ma the f at aque an.1 sleep.trpe s vat ion a2.ps t s of whit t wr k,

newt tswis coupleJ with vacessive overt tre dewiands, t h. e aur et s of the tots can create p*rsorhal Or f.amily problems for up rator s which in.ty af f ect iob p r -

f orin.inc e.

Alternate shaf t schedultnq astroaches, c.4.,

per marwnt sh a t t s, rivest t o te e x.aa t red.

A large tsa jority of the eterators and trainers ( te n..' t ) aces t he cor.t rol r. ion ove r.a t or ' s job as or.e in which t here is. large toredom comp'nent, cricea. ally wvn all goers well within t he plant. The invrat or s ut f er ca.any negar d tota ter J t e:pe l l i ras t he l'or edon.

It ruy l e p>.s t tele t o e e.t r uct ure t he operat or '

1eti ta t>reak up long 8tretches in t he cont g ol room w it h t r.a t ni ng, u.a l k n t hr ou.th t he plant, and preparat ion of proec turen i f luvedom a n d up l ied, a:xt an a.h quat.

level of en?r.ator vigilance is ru t nt a i ned, ioh.at t a t. net non 1 :. enhanced. The ut il t t ners t hen ebt.nin.a te't ter ret ur n on t he dollata ;ent for the s1 r.atoro' t t w.

T!c i rt f r egt.c r.t. thouqh it;t ?nne, s t r e in au.v. t at n! wi t h the ei ea t.a t or 's lots a lr.o mu st be a'leviated.

eper at ori..u.d t t a n ner a :,ce ex t e ns t ve tercat at of eneroency t erpmara on t he simulatot as.in e t icct s ee.st;t s ist e to.t t e. t u l is t da t temn t hat c in a r a we in t he cortrol toom.

.d sr.c of t he r.La ter tenef it of apply s nq hun.in f act ors engineer i r.a t o s cr.t r ol risct decian i n t ha t gre. iter.it t ent ton t o t he man-r ach t tie n r.t e r f a.e r otuce,

t ir oper.a t o r trasninq required. To t 'ie ex t en t t h.i t, ont ro l-d a n; 1.r, s t r ai.qc-rer.t n are Ins t e.el a%1 i r.t er re la t ion 3 hip.: are self-evident, t he ep r.a t e r s m r e eas t ly ns:.t er t!e operat ion of t he cont rol Ivard t.

A. s o rd a r.g l y, rr

.t r t.ct ured 4 *.t e rv i ew g ewd a.,er t en et quest ton a dealino w a t h overat or t r ainer.a ; t ter to lacenitnq and gutmeeluent rnlual a f icat ion t ra rna n i. q erators f elt 'ht l e.a r n i ng to cperate t he cunt r o l tuards wou l.1 le tot f ac t i t t at e.1 t;y.;t eat er ure of mimic panel arrancerent n Some also point ed t o a need f or tre t er t enet tor 6a l.troupa nq of panelu, af9 roved co.itsui 01 Ja.: plays av! controir, mr e t-*1 r ed.. N 4 s vo 16: e l a r. t.

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. ; c r a t o r.. t r.1 s a n a l at or.. I r os s le the tv.t oteratsenal train.r.o.

• .ar.y o3 era-tor.. s.ceave.imulato*

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.I t er. l Pil l a r f rie t he oper at t en.a t rent r ol lio.s td.s t h.at t hey w i l l e ve st u.s il y el.' r.i t e. Tha :. a nt roitures;.a Iwo, t h a l i t y of neq.at ive t raru,f er of t r a a r.i n 1.a nd t he n a t ua t t ur. in an.slinous t o t r.s a n s e;q.a h = i nq 447 pilot en.a L.d* ec t La loll frannang wiculator er vice ve r n.s.

T!r.re w 96 ur.a. init y of opinn en in f avor ef re gu.sl a t : rat ten t r.a ina no, ess erially

=l.ers t he or mir.an-a include *.imalator "r.ar M en" espertence.

Hewever, r.t nee t he o ver plant

.aa c gene r.a ll y un.lc r ut.af f ed. nuch t r ain 6 nq ot ten a s done nn an everttem. ii.s ae.

. 'l c r.a.t.o r. t.r.e.e.r.6 icy inservsm ar,1 eperatorn a%1 an.nlyt t e.a a rg er t eil..t vr.st ienal er r orr. we were

.d le t o ca :.. tor a. e t het.e r t e r r...

it.o cri r.a t a s o f t h s is.s r.a ly s s n = 4.4 to idena f a f v t he r' a: -cuch a ne n mp l i ca t n ot..+ ot the e r ror.t.

The lasqcst eatcoery of oper,stor nuih.q'. n caused 1y t!.c alt.cn.ce of. timely, attention-acttant indicatten (enther quattratise or.suant it at ive) that i r.t ot m t he ope r at or t !.a t >.ork. e lemorit of tt.e syi.trin b. not operat ma,1 : q ct ly.

Be i.ecorwi rw e.t c.n wn creet categor/ results t rie nnrorrect I t hcu;. of valvea.

1. ark of cont rol co.ls no an ! u.a.l. quat e wat ch t urnover problems.n],.o cent r tliute to og s r.st er er rer 6 The eivr.s t r.r.i and t r t n. r :. erpha s t red t hr ee P.uman.

..nt i nee r i na f ac t or i t (1) un/ lear, t ! ! o 2 3. il. over ly roe ip l e x, er mi r r on - t ruaed

. o. t r o l 1. i.i t.1 o r 3.ric t 1.6 out ar r.ingemer t. tJ) 1.n. n er control.. lana et icpasation cf ident :6 a! cont ro 6 8, and () Inad spiat e int ernat ion d t p t ly f.si m.it u. e.<r..

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e it:wver, cui t.r a e f s r wr c f f ut ur e t rends a s not totally reassuring. It is a;5arent t Fa t f uture spiess wa ll te as unstar.dardirad as present systems.

Fct es T !e, differcr.t m

• cts die developing dafferet.t color codings and CPT dan lay syn.2415, f%rt.*st ste, t here are no sutestantive att empt s underway to eva! ate the Taalsty c f tre r.an-machtne anterface with advanced concepts.

E=ftre w* ccn te sure stat t? e transat ton between present and future designs wa ll te ssecessf ul,. Mars al r.umn perforriance evaluation studies must be ec.ad eted.

• r st c.f tie c4erators.e4 traar.ers interviewed were skeptical or negative twrci the trer4 to ~m.er-generated CitT dispid.ys. Much of this ragativism stems f rca the reparted netaabality of computers presently in the control r cem.

CC*CJ CNS A?.D FVT".M 51.IIAfrCH NCIDS T9 st' t/ clearly its!; rates the need for additional research. While it is I

relataveay easy to, cratacau esastang control roco design and operational

} ra:t ares, it is daffar.!: to determine how best to opt amize control rooms f rtat tre outset. As a farr praorsty, a detailed set of applicable human f ar*r.r s starsiards ines te ccwleted and industry-wide acceptance should be j

s tmet ed.

These stardrds w:ald serve to provide design and evaluation i

crite r;a.

Stard.ards m&;; <:t faarar.tec a standardised control room, whith is i rmly an unrealist a r -* Ar-tarm expectat ion, regardless of the cierits of ocr.t rel roam star.da r d.:st e r.e..

Fat her, siuch standards will stimulate a unif orm ar4 s rstceatic concerr. f:r t. min f actors in design considerations.

j 2r. aid:t ion to a erepreter.stie ret of standards, a need is perceived for human f a. t:rs er.gtr.cerar.g dts air nides specific to the needs of the nuclear pcwer 1rd strf.. Such guides s.Yu d first address realistic and cor.t-effective wttsds for upgrading reet ocerational control rnor.s and accond, guide tre $m orwr.t of f utue - c trel room designs.

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Beyond these of forts, a program of research should be intilated to develop a humar, factors data base that can be applied to the nuc! car andJ4t ry. ^ 0000 Ut the research topics suqqewted by the work conducted to date include the follow-Irq s

~

Major selected control board pan'e1s should be re configured in e

terms of human factors engineering criterta and an evaluat ton of operator performance should be conducted to ecmpare esist asig panels with human engineered layouts.

A definite comparative evaluation should be conducted to deter-e eine the advantages of conventional versus advanced, computer-based, control board concepts.

Candidate warning-annunciator approaches need to te defined and e

evaluated to provide improved oparator-alerting systems and diagnostic aids.

An investigation thould be conducted of c'ecision-aiding techa e

niques, such as fau1*. trees, that might help the operatot to identify, integrate, and assess presently scattered bits of inforination.

e The huran factors of the auxiliary operator's role, his inter-action with the control room operator, and the man-nachtne interfaces associated with the auxiliary operator's tasks should be reviewed.

Huelcar power plant communication systems should be thoroughly e

investigated to develop recoernendations for f acilitating normal and emergency control room operator contacts with other plant personnel.

The case of maintenance of nuclear power plant hardware systems, e

the adequacy of maintenance instructions and procedures, and the training and selection methods for maintenance personnel should be evaluated.

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