ML20134B485
| ML20134B485 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Issue date: | 12/23/1996 |
| From: | Raglin K NRC OFFICE FOR ANALYSIS & EVALUATION OF OPERATIONAL DATA (AEOD) |
| To: | Cornell S, Sollenberger D NRC OFFICE OF NUCLEAR MATERIAL SAFETY & SAFEGUARDS (NMSS), NRC OFFICE OF STATE PROGRAMS (OSP) |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20134B482 | List: |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 9701300126 | |
| Download: ML20134B485 (24) | |
Text
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%,i UZlTE3 STATES g NUCLEAR RE2ULATORY COMMISSION 5 e ossoNofFICE ER S E 200
\,...../ cs tit uWa5P3?.Li, December 23, 1996 i
MEMORANDUM T0: Sally Cornell, Training Coordinator, NMSS Dennis Sollenber er, Tra i C dinator, OSP FROM: Kenneth A.
T N'W/ fW aglin, DirecYor, TTD, AE0D # l
SUBJECT:
HEALTH PHYSICS FOR URANIUM RECOVERY (F-104)
FEBRUARY 5 - 6, 1997 The subject course is to be held in Room T3B15 at the PDC in Rockville, l Maryland from February 5 - 6, 1997. Attached is a list of attendees and a tentative course outline and schedule for persons scheduled to attend. Pre-reading material is also attached and participants are encouraged to review this matrrial in preparation for the course.
Normal office / business attire is appropriate for students attending courses.
Students who are normally on the Compressed Work Schedule should be removed from the Compressed Work Schedule during training. Classes are scheduled to run from 8:00AM to 4:00PM beginning Wednesday, February 5.
Please provide your attendees with the above and inform them as to their responsibilities in preparing for this course.
If you have any questions, please call Rod Reed on 423/855-6500.
Attachments: 1. List of Attendees
- 2. Tentative Course Outline
- 3. Schedule
- 4. Pre-reading Material cc w/atts: R. Reed, TTD J. Patterson, TTD C. Cain, RIV D. Schmidt, NMSS D. Simpson, ORISE B. Phillips, ORISE 97o1300126 970117 ENCLOSURE 2 PDR STPRG ESGG
l PROPOSED LIST OF ATTENDEES COURSE TITLE: Health Physics for Uranium Recovery (F-104) l COURSE DATES: February 5 - 6, 1997 1
INSTRUCTORS: Chuck Cain, Region IV NMSS Staff ,
Dave Simpson, ORISE HliS1 Daniel Gillen Tae Ahn Joseph Holonich Daniel Rom Duane Schmidt Harold Lefevre James Park Janet Lambert Michael Layton Kenneth Hooks Latif Jamdan Mohammed Haque Mike Fliegel William Ford Elaine Brummett Robert Carlson Charlotte Abrams Abou-Bakr Ibrahim Philip Justus Keith McConnell l Patrick Laplante l Simon Hsiung James Prikryl State Proarams ;
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F-104 Tentative Outline F-104 HEALTH PHYSICS FOR URANIUM RECOVERY TENTATIVE COURSE OUTLINE Introduction Open Discussion of Pre-Reading Material- Appendix A (40 minutes)
Module 1.0 Radiolog' cal and Chemical Properties of Uranium (2.0 hours0 days <br />0 hours <br />0 weeks <br />0 months <br />)
Characteristics of Uranium Naturally Occurring Isotopes of Uranium and Abundances Radioactive Equilibrium Uranium Decay Chain i
Actinium Decay Chain Radiological Properties )
Radiological Properties of Uranium Specific Activity .
Human Response Indicators of Uranium Exposure Comparative Hazards and Radiological Versus Toxic Limits Redon Characteristics of Redon Radon Generation in and Movement Through Soil Emanation Rate RA-226 Concentmums Soil Permeability '
Soil Moisture Atmospheric Pressure Wind Speed Technological Enhancement Typical Outdoor Radon and Thoron Concentrations Typical Indoor Radon and Thoron Concentrations Temporal Variation in Radon Levels Spatial Variations in Radon Concentrations Radon Progeny Schematic of Radon Decay The Potential Alpha Energy Concentration and the Working Level Typical Working Level Concentration Working Level Month (WLM)
Typical Cumulative Exposures Module 2.0 Contamination Control (1.0 hour0 days <br />0 hours <br />0 weeks <br />0 months <br />)
Airbome Contamination Hazard Sources of Airbome Material Airbome Contamination Contro!
Types of Samplers Air Filters Frequency and Umits of Air Sampling Radon Considerations Surface Contamination Hazard Overview of Surface Contamination Control Surface Contamination Control usNRC Technical Training DMelonIMP DWM i 13/pg
F-104 Tentative Outline
- Characterization of Uranium Surface Contamination Personnel Contamination Hazard
, Personnel Contamination Control Special Precautions for Personnel Contamination Control Module 3.0 Internal and External Dose Control (2.0 hours0 days <br />0 hours <br />0 weeks <br />0 months <br />)
Primary and Derived Umits ICRP 26 Dose Umits Types of Effects Dose Equivalent DE (Hr)
Total DE TDE (Har)
Effective Dose Equivalent (EDE)
Weighting Factor Definition ICRP Weighting Factors Other Organs & Tissues Total Effective Dose Equivalent (TEDE)
NRC Limits Examples Dose Conversion Factors Annual Umit on Intake (AU)
Derived Air Concentration (DAC)
DAC-Hours ALis for Uranium AU vs. Weekly Umit of 10 mg Things to Remember Examples ICRP 30 Models intake Routes Terminology Pathways Uranium Biokinetics Solubility Classes Site-Specific Models dereta Analysis inVivo Detection of Urine (Lung counts for uranium rather than whole body counts)
Fluorimetry Quality Assurance for in-house Labs QA Audits for in-house Labs Overview of the Extemal Dose Control Hazard Beta Radiation Mining and Milling Workplace Examples Rehtive Hazard of Beta Versus Gamma Radiation Sources and Detection of Beta Radiation Sources and Detection of Garama Radiation Comparison of the Relative Hazard of Beta Versus Gamma Radiation Other Sources of Gamma Radiation Personal Dosimetry Appropriate Personal Equipment Problems with TLD instrumentation usNRC Technical Training DMelon/HP-DWM N 12/96
F-104 Tentative Outilrn Extemal Dose Reduction Reduction Principles Protective Clothing Module 4.0 Sampling and Measurement at Uranium Mining and Milling Operations (1.0 hour0 days <br />0 hours <br />0 weeks <br />0 months <br />)
Reasons for Sampling and Measurement in-Situ Uranium Solution Mining Flow Diagram for a Uranium In-Situ Leach Mining Operation Environmental Concems Groundwater Monitoring Program l
Guidelines for Groundwater Monitoring Example of Surface and Ground Water Monitoring Program at In-Situ Mining Operations Uranium Milling 10 CFR 20 " Standards for Protection Against Radiation" 10 CFR 40
- Domestic Licensing of Source Material' Flow Chart for Processing Uranium Ores Health Physics Concems Surveys for Airbome Uranium Ore Dust Airbome Yellowcake 4
Sampling and Measurement Radon-222 and its Progeny Sampling and Measurement Frequency Requirements Extemal Radiation Measurements for Extemal Radiation Surface Contamination Visual inspections and Contamination of Skin and Personal Clothing
- Release of Equipment to Unrestricted Areas Packages for Shignent Ventilation Systern
' Contamination on Respirators Summary of Survey Frequencies Liquid and Solid Wastes
' Uncontrolled Release of Tailings Radioactive Element i
Effluent and Environmental Programs Preoperational Radiological Monitoring Programs for Uranium Mills Module 5.0 Health Physics Practices for Mining and Milling Operations (2.0 hours0 days <br />0 hours <br />0 weeks <br />0 months <br />) 1 Health Physics Role in Routine Activities 1
Health Physics Role in Accidents and Emergencies
. Case Studies - Mining and Milling Facilities i
Module 6.0 Open Forum or Panel Discussion of Current issues (3.0 Hours)
To be determined.
Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Glossary 4
usNRC Technical Training DMalon/HP DWM lil 1N
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- a.L,.--,l.Ja*2.a+ 4d. .__.__e _.2 m_m__;-.mn44-.J.4,. .a. sa- + J ha F 104 Tentative Cutline isntative Schedule 1
Wednesday, February 5,1997 8:00 am - 8:10 am introc uction of Instructors and Course Schedule 8:10 am - 8:50 am Open Discussion - HP Fundamentals 8:50 am -
9:00 am Break 9:00 am - 10:00 am Radiolop.al and Chemical Properties of Uranium 10:00 am - 10:10 mm Break 10:10 am - 11:10 pm Radiological and Chemical Properties of Uranium (Continued) 11:10 am - 11:20 am Break 11:20 am - 12:00 pm Contamination Control 12:00 pm - 1:00 pm Lunch 1:00 pm -
1:30 pm Contamination Control (Continued) 1:30 pm - 1:40 pm Break 1:40 pm -
2:50 pm Intemal and Extemal Dose Control 2:50 pm - 3:00 pm Break 3:00 pm -
4:00 pm Intemal and Extemal Dose Control (Continued)
Thursday, February 6,1997 8:00 am -
8:15 am Questions 8:15 am -
9:15 am Sampling and Measurement at Uranium Mining and Milling Operations 9:15 am - 9:30 am Break 9:30 am -
10:30 am Health Physics Practices 10:30 am - 10:45 am Break 10:45 am - 12:00 pm Health Physics Practices (Continued) 12:00 pm - 1:00 pm Lunch 1:00 pm - 4:00 pm Open Forum or Panel Discussion (Current issues)
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usNRC Technical Training DMelon/HP-DWM IV 12/96 i
, Appendix A Health Physics Fundamentals
]
! INTRODUCTION This appendix provides basic fundamentals of radiation i and terms that are common to the health physics and nuclear industries. Trainees will build from these basics to the more in-depth concepts presented in the other i
modules of the Health Ph: sics for Uranium Recovery Course.
Topics include:
. Atomic Structure l l . Definitions of Common Terminology I a
. Basic Types of lonizing Radiation
- . Radiological Units ,
l . Effects of Radiation on Cells !
. Acute and Chronic Radiation Exposure
. Contributions to U.S. Population Dose From Various
- Radiation Sources 1
. ALARA Program Concepts
. Radiological Postings i
- ATOMIC STRUCTURE The basic unit of matter is the atom. The central portion of the atom is the nucleus, which consists of protons and
) neutrons. Electrons orbit the nucleus similar to the way
, planets ort >it our sun.
! The three basic particles of the atom are protons,
, neutrons, and electrons.
J
, electron
! l b l i
1 Proton neutron nucleus l
l USNRC Technical Training Division /HP-DWM A-1 Draft 12/96
Appendix A Health Physics Fund mentals Proton Neutron Electron I
Location in the nucleus of an atom in the nucleus of in orbit around the nucleus of the atom an atom Charge Positive No charge Negative Facts
- The number of protons . Have about the . Electrons determine the in the nucleus same mass as a chemical properties of an determines the element proton atom since they are and atomic number involved in chemical reactions.
- If the number of protons in an atom . Are very small(about changes, the element 1/1800 the mass of a changes proton).
DEFINITIONS The following terms and definitions are commonly used by health physics professionals involved in mining and milling operations.
Radiation Energy in the form of particles or waves that can t rnel through space, lonization The process of removing electrons from atoms.
lonization should not be confused with radiation. If enough energy is supplied to remove electrons from the atom, the remaining atom has a positive (+) charge. The positively charged sicm and the negatively charged electron are called an ion pair. Do not confuse ionization with radiation. Radiation is simply energy in motion. As a result of this energy, ionization may occur. lons (or ion pairs) produced as a result of radiation exposure allow the detection of radiation.
ecs.o ewaron (n g.twe en) 9 M ning kmang : /
TSdiation 1
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USNRC Technical Training DMslon/HP-DWM A-2 Draft 12/96
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l Appendix A Health Physics Fundrmentals
! lonizing Radiation Energy (particles or rays) emitted from atoms that can
- cause ionization. The basic types of ionizing radiation j are alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays,
- and neutrons.
1 l Non-ionizing Radiation Radiation that doesn't have the amount of energy needed i
to ionize an atom with which it interacts. Examples are:
j radar waves, microwaves, and visible light. Although the
! word " radiation" can be used to mean ionizing or non-
! ionizing radiation, it is most often used to mean ionizing j radiation.
Stable and Unstable Atoms Only certain combinations of neutrons and protons result in stable atoms.
l e if there are too many or too few neutrons for a given number of protons, the resulting nucleus will contain too much energy and will not be stable.
The unstable atom will try to become stable by giving off excess energy in the form of particles or waves (radiation). These unstable atoms are also known as radioactive atoms.
Radioactivity Unstable (or radioactive) atoms trying to become stable by omitting radiation in the form of particles or energy.
Radioactive Material Any material containing unstable radioactive atoms that emit radiation.
i Radioactive Contamination Radioactive material in an unwanted place. (There are certain places where radioactive materialis beneficial), it is important to note here that exposure to radiation does not result in contamination of the worker. Radiation is a l type of enerav and contamination is a matenal Radioactive Decay Radioactive decay is the process of radioactive utoms releasing radiation over a period of time to try to become stable (non-radioactive). (Also known as disintegration.)
USNRC Technical Training Division /HP-DWM A3 Draft 12/96
~
4 Appendix A Health Physics Fundamenta s large unstable nucleus (alpha parede)
(beta parecie) 9/ excess energy roleasad (gamma orx-ray) b (neutron par 6cie)
Half-life Radioactive half-life is the time it takes for one half tres radioactive atoms present in a radioactive sample to decay. After seven half-lives the activity of an average radioactive sample will be less than 1% of the original activity.
- radioactive half life of U-239 is 23.5 minutes e radioactive half-life of U-238 is 4,510,000,000 years The amount of activity remaining after some number of half-lives can be calculated by multiplying the o-iginal amount of activity by the factor where n is the number of half-lives that have elapsed.
THE BASIC TYPES OF The basic types of ionizing rrediation are alpha particles, IONIZING RADIATION beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons.
USNRC Technical Training Division /HP-DWM A-4 Draft 12/96
Appendix A Health Physics Fund
- men *rts TYPE ALPHA BETA GAMMAI NEUTRON s
X RAYS '
l Physical Particle Particle Ray, Wave Particle Characteristics (+2 charge) (-1 charge) (no charge) (no charge) 4
, Penetrating Very Low Umited High High Power (1-2"in air) (10-12'in air, few (several hundred (several hundred feet (Range) mm in sidn) feetin air) in air)
Shielding - <1" of air - Glass - Concrete - Hydrogenous
- Outer layer of - Metal foil - Lead materials:
4 dead skin - Plastic - Steel Water !
- Clothing - Safety glasses Concrete Polyethylene i t
j Biological Intemal Intemal Intemal/Extemal Extemal l Hazard skin, eyes (whole body) (whole body)
Sources Uranium and Uranium decay Decay products - Those used to
' Plutonium and products, tritium, of natural calibrate most radioisotopes carbon-14 uranium, instruments such with atomic x-ray machines as: Americium-number >82 Beryllium and i Plutonium-Beryllium ,
- Uranium !
Hexafluoride (UF.)
cylinders
- Alpha Particles . Physical Characteristics The alpha particle has a large mass. Positively charged. Consists of two protons, two neutrons, and
, no electrons.
. Penetratina Power (Ranae) 4 Deposits a large amount of energy in a short distance 3 of travel.
. Shie!dina Most particles are stopped by a few centimeters of air, a sheet of paper, or the dead layer (outer layer) of i
skin.
. Bioloaical Harard An intemal radiation hazard when inhaled or ingested due to deposition of large amounts of energy.
i USNRC Technical Training Division /HP DWM A5 Draft 12/96 i
Appendix A He'Ith Physics Fundrmentals
- Sources Uranium and Plutonium and most radioisotopes with atomic number >82 Beta Particles . Physical Characteristics A small mass negatively charged.
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. Penetratino Power (Rance)
A limited penetrating ability I . Shielding Most particles are shielded by plastic, glass, metal foil, or safety glasses
. Biological Hazard if ingested or inhaled, can be an intemal hazard.
Extemally, beta particles are potentially hazardous to the skin and eyes
. Sources 1
Uranium decay products, tritium, carbon-14 Gamma Rays /X-Rays . Physical Characteristics A wave that has neither mass nor electrical charge.
Gamma rays originate within the nucleus of an atom.
X-rays originate from the electron field.
. Penetratino Power (Ranae)
Because gamma /x-ray radiation has no charge and no mass, it has a very high penetrating power.
Several hundred feet in the air
. Shieldino Best shielded by dense materials, such as concrete, lead, or steel.
. Biolooical Harard l
l Can result in radiation exposure to the whole body.
l i ;
USNRC Technical Training Division /HP-DWM A4 Draft 12/96
- Appendix A Health Physics Fundamentals
- Sources Decay products of natural uranium, x-ray mmchines Neutrons . Physical Charactenstics No electrical charge, mass about the same as a proton
. Penetratina Power (Ranae)
Because of the lack of a charge, have a relatively high penetrating ability and are difficult to stop A direct interaction occurs as the result of a collision between a neutron and a nucleus. A charged particle or other ionizing radiation may be emitted dunng i these interactions. I i
Several hundred feet in the air I l
. Shielding i Best shielded by materials with a highly hydrogen content, such as water or plastic.
. Biological Hazard Whole body hazard due to high penetrating ability.
. Sources l
Those used to calibrate instruments such as Americium-Beryllium and Plutonium-Beryllium Uranium Hexafluoride (UF.) cylinders RADIOLOGICAL UNITS Radiation Per 10 CFR 20.1004, the following are units of radiation dose:
. Gray (G y)is the SI unit of absorbed dose. One gray is equal to an absorbed dose of 1 Joule / kilogram (100 rads).
. Rad is the special unit of absorbed dose. One rad is equal to an absorbed dose of 100 ergs / gram or 0.01 joule / kilogram (0.01 gray).
USNRC TechnicalTraining Division /HP-DWM A-7 Draft 12/96
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a Appendix A Health Physics Fund *m*ntals *
- Ram is the special unit of any of the quantities expressed as dose equivalent. The dose equivalent
- I in roms is equal to the absorbed dose in rads
- multiplied by the quality factor (1 rem =0.01 sievert),
- Sievert is the SI unit of any of the quantities expressed as dose equivalent. The dose equivalent in sieverts is equal to the absorbed dose in grays multiplied by the quality factor (1 Sv=100 rems). :
Contamination Units The units most comraonly used to measure contamination are disintegrations per minute, disintegrations per second, and counts per minute.
- Disintegrations per minute (dpm) describes the number of atoms disintegrating (decaying) each minute in a radioactive source. ;
. Disintegrations per second (dps) describes the !
number of atoms disintegrating each second in a radioactive source.
. Counts per minute (cpm) represents the number of radiations detected per minute by a radiation detection instrument. Cpm can be converted to dpm by using a conversion factor for the radiation instrument you are using.
Radioactivity Units Per 10 CFR 20.1005, Units of Radioactivity are:
. One becquerel =1 disintegration per second (s"). I One curie =3.7 x 10'" disinteg2 rations per second= 3.7 x 10 becquerels =2.22 x 10 disintegrations per minute. .
Activity is expressed in the special unit of curies (Ci) or in the SI unit of becquerels (Bq), or their multiples, or disintegrations (transformations) per unit of time.
EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON lonizing radiation can potentially affect the normal CELLS operation of cells.
The method by which radiation causes damage to any materialis by ionization of atoms in the material. Some radiation damage is repaired by the cell Some effects of radiation may not be observed immediately following exposure.
USNRC Technical Training Dhrision/HP-DWM A4 DrsR 12/96
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Appendix A Health Physica Fundrmentals ACUTE AND CHRONIC Potential biological effects depend on how much and how '
RADIATION EXPOSURE fast a radiation exposure is received. Radiation doses can be grouped into two categories: acute dose and chronic dose.
Acute Radiation Exposure Large doses of radiation received in a short period of time are called acute doses. An acute effect is a physical reaction due to cell damage. This damage is caused by a large radiation dose received in a short period of time.
Acute exposures are generally associated with radiologicalincidents.
l Chronic Radiation Exposure A chronic radiation dose is typically a small amount of radiation received over a long period of time. A typ! cal example of a chronic dose is the dose we receive from occupational exposure.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO U.S.
POPULATION DOSE FROM VARIOUS RADIATION SOURCES INTERNAL
+.
TERRESTRIAL 11 % +
" o
(*
+ MEDICAL A CosMC Xrays #
y 8% 11 % *
$ f e
a consuuta
, / en*#e -Pnooucis 3%
r- \ Other <1% ~
- Occupational 0.3%
- Fallout <0.3%
- Nuclear Fuel Cycle 0.1%
RADON MtsCellaneous ses 0.1%
m.
sowns: sene ses.,e,.,n,,,_ n e.s.se es.
pusessen a se umas sim Nasens c e anneamanpiense nensuse nm.
esessen,unseens, iser.
l l USNRC Technical Training Division /HP-DWM A8 Draft 12/96 l
A2pendix A -
Health Physics Fund m ntals Al. ARA PROGRAM ALARA stands for As Low As Reasonably Achievable.
ALARA is an approach to radiological control whereby i exposures (individual and collective) to the workforce and to the general public are managed and controlled to be at levels as low as is reasonable, taking into account social, technical, economic, practical, and public policy considerations. ALARA is not a dose limit below the applicable controlling limits.
This concept includes reducing both intamal and extemal exposure to ionizing radiation. The ALARA concept is an integral part of all site activities that involve the use of radioactive materials.
The implementation of the ALARA concept is the responsibility of all employees.
The main goal of the ALARA program is to reduce exposure when reasonable by minimizing the time spent within a field of radiation, maximizing the distance from a source of radiation, using shielding whenever possible, and/or using proper protective clothing.
Basic Exposure Reduction Time Concepts Reducing the amount of time spent within a field of radiation will lower the dose received by the workers.
. Pre-plan and discuss the task thoroughly prior to entering the area. Use only the number of workers actually required to do the job.
. Have all necessary tools before entering the area.
i
- Use mock-ups and practice runs that duplicate work conditions.
Distance Methods for maintaining distance tir.,m sources of radiation include the following:
. Stay as far away as possible from the source of radiation.
. During work delays, move to lower dose rate areas.
. Use remote handling devices when required.
USNRC Technical Training DMalon/HP-DWM A-10 Draft 12/96 1
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- Appendi$t A Health Physics Fund *mentah Shielding Shielding reduces the amount of radiation dose to the worker. Different materials are used to shield a worker
' form different types of radiation. Many materials, such as vehicle, a mound of dirt, or a piece of heavy equipment between the worker and the source of radiation, can reduce the exposure level during field activities.
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Radiological Postings Radiological postings are used to alert personnel to the presence of radiation and radioactive materials.
Areas controlled for radiological purposes will be designated with a magenta (or black) standard three-bladed radiological waming symbol on a yellow background. Additionally, yellow and magenta ropes,
. tapes, chains, or other barriers will be used to denote the boundanes.
The barriers will be clearly visible from every side.
Entrance points to those areas w;ll have signs (or equivalent) stating the entry requirements, such as
" Personnel Dosimeters, Radiation Work Permit (RWP) and Respirator Required." Additionally, the s radiation dose rate, contamination level, and/or airbome radioactivity concentration will be included on or near each posting, as applicable.
Before entering an area controlled for radiological purposes, read all of the signs. Since radiological conditions may change, the signs are also changed to
' reflect the new conditions. So, a sign or posting that you saw yesterday may be replaced with a new one tomorrow.
In some cases, more than one radiological hazard may be present in the area and will be posted as such
! (e.g., Radiation Area, Contamination Area, Airbome Radioactivity Area.)
The following is an example of a radiological posting.
1 Caution g
1 a
Radiation Area Personnel Dosimeter Required for Entry 4
i USNRC Technical Training Division /HP-DWM A-11 Draft 12/96
Appendix A Health Physics Fundrmentals
SUMMARY
A familiarity with basic health physics terminology and concepts is necessary for communicating with health physics professionals involved in mining and milling )
operations.
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USNRC Technical Training Division /HP-DWM A-12 Draft 12/96
INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS ACCEPTANCE: This is to advise you that those individuals in Enclosure 1 have been accepted for, participation in the training course (F-104), " Health Physics for Uranium Recovery." This course is scheduled to be presented February 5-6, 1997 at the NRC Headquarters training center, Room T3B15, Rockville, MD.
COURSE: The course starts at 8:00 a.m. on Wednesday, February 5, 1997 and will end at approximately 4:00 p.m. Thursday, February 6, 1997.
LODGING: The following hotels are near the Twinbrooke Metro station one stop on the red line from the White Flint NRC complex. Participants must make their own lodging arrangements. Individuals should request a State or government employee rate at the hotels.
Ramada Inn Double Tree Hotel 1775 Rockville Pike 1750 Rockville Pike Rockville, MD Rockville, MD (310) 881-2300 (301) 468-1100 (800) 255-1775 (800) 222-8733 TRAVEL AND EXPENSES FOR STUDENTS TRAVELING AT NRC EXPENSE:
For those States that have requested that NRC continue funding their travel to training and have received notice in writing that NRC will continue to fund i reasonable training and travel expenses for fiscal year 1997, they should follow the instructions below for Federal travel orders:
TRAVEL: If you travel by air, you must call Carlson Wagonlit Travel, (202) 554-1850, to make your flight reservations. You must use Carlson or you may not be reimbursed for your plane ticket. Your tickets will be mailed to you about a week before the course begins. If you travel by car, you will be reimbursed at a rate of $0.31 per mile, with the total payment not to exceed the minimum government airfare. For those participants that fly, taxi or courtesy van service will take you to the hotel.
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission has received approval from the General Services Administration to allow State employees who are able to obtain a special discount (i.e., a lower fare than is available from Carlson Wagonlit Travel) through their State travel agency to purchase airline tickets themselves and be reimbursed via their travel voucher. In order to use your own State travel agency, it must be confirmed that Carlson Wagonlit Travel is not able to obtain that same class ticket for the same price. Before purchasing your own ticket, please contact Brenda Usilton at (301) 414-2348 in order to assure the proper procedures are followed.
EXPENSES: State participants traveling on Federal orders will be reimbursed for expenses in accordance with Federal travel regulations. A voucher will be provided to you at the course. Receipts are necessary to claim any expenses of $25.00 or more. Telephone calls will not be reimbursed by NRC. The per diem rate for the Washington, DC area is $42.00 for meals and miscellaneous expenses. The maximum lodging rate including taxes is $124.00 per day, t
ENCLOSURE 3
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I Any questions about, or changes in, travel should be directed to Ms. Brenda
- - Usilton'at (301) 415-2348. Any questions on the course should be made to *
- Dennis Sollenberger at (301) 415-2819. ,
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-., ENCLOSURE 3
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. Please FAX the' following information to Brenda Usilton at (301) 415-3502
.by 5 'pm (EDT) January 23,1997 Course or Workshop: Health Physics for Uranium Recovery (F-104)
Dates: February 5 - 6, 1997 Travel: February 4 - 6 or 7, 1997 Location: Professional Development Center, Room T3815 NRC Headquarters, 11545 Rockville Pike
- Rockville, MD NAME
- BUSINESS ADDRESS
4 i
WORK PHONE NUN 8ER:
SSf: - -
Departure City (airport):
Date of Departure (if.not Feb 04):
Please provide reason:-
Date of Return (if not'Feb 6):
4 Please' provide reason:
Cost of' Airfare (from Carlson Travel):
If you'are driving indicate roundtrip miles:
Lodging Arrangements Made: (Yes) (No)
E \
ENCLOSURE 3
j .
t FAX INFORMATION U. S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION i OFFICE OF STATE PROGRAMS i
- OFFICE OF STATE PROGRAMS FAX
- (301) 415-3502 i
l NUMBER OF PAGES: 24 including this page DATE: JANUARY 17,1997
! TO: DONALD SIMPSON, CO i
! MINOR HIBBS, TNRCC i ALICE ROGERS, TNRCC :
j GEORGE FITZGERALD, TNRCC l
DALE KOHLER, TNRCC l WOODROW W. CAMPBELL, UT DOROTHY STOFFEL, WA FFIOM: PAUL LOHf'9 OEPUTY DIRECTOR OFFICE OF h rA? i PROGRAMS
SUBJECT:
SP-97-002 ACCEPTANCE TO HEALTH PHYSICS FOR URANIUM RECOVERY COURSE (F-104) d VERIFICATION - 415-3340
< TRANSACTION REPORT > 01-17-1997(FRI) 17:54 E TRANSMIT 3 , c 1
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. JAN 171997 ALL AGREEMENT STATES MASSACHUSETTS, OHIO, OKLAHOMA, PENNSYLVANIA ThANSMITTAL OF STATE AGREEMENTS PROGRAM INFORMATION (SP-97 002 )
Your attention is invited to the attached correspondence which contains:
INCIDENT AND EVENT INFORMATION.........
PROGRAM MANAGEMENT INFORMATION...
TRAINING COURSE INFORMATION, ..........XX ACCEPTANCE TO THE HEALTH PHYSICS FOR URANIUM RECOVERY COURSE (F-104)
TECHNICAL INFORMATION................ .......
OTHER.....................................................
Supplementary Information: Enclosure 1 is the list of students from the States selected to attend the February 5-6,1997, Health Physi:s for Uranium Recoery course (F-104). Enclosurs 2 is information on the course and some pre-reaoing material that all ;
participants should read prior to attending the course. Please provide the list of students, )
other course information, and the travelin:,tructions (Enclosure 3) to each individual from your program that is on the list. Those traveling at State expense should be encouraged to follow the instructions 6nd make the appropriate travel and lodging arrangements as soon as possible. Those traveling at NRC expense should follow the specific additional
>= instructions in Enclosure 3. Please refer to the All Agreement States Letter (SP-95-006) b " Timeliness of Travel Orders" for further information on timing and travel arrangements for attendance at training courses.
O!% If you have any questions regarding this correspondence, please contact me or the individual named below.
-m M POINT OF CONTACT: Dennis M. Sollenberger ;
4 13 TELEPHONE: (301) 415-2819 j q FAX: (301) 415-3502 me INTERNET: DMS4@NRC. GOV b$3 Criginal Signed By:
64 PAULH.LOHAUS rf4 g % Uk,#e* Paul H. Lohaus, Deputy Director Office of State Programs
Enclosures:
As stated .
Distribution: !
I DIR RF RLBangart PLohaus SDroggitis DSollenberger POR (YES / N0 )-
l AS File BUsilton DCD (SP03) ]
RSA0s ) E-Mailed GDavis RSL0s ) 1/17/97 FAXED TO STATES: 1/17/97 (THOSE STATES OF TTD ) ,
STUDENTS ATTENDING)
DOCUMENT NAME: G:\SP97 ,002.DMS /'N A 0FFICE OSP M/ 0! Mhl OSP:A/4 l l NAME DSollenber@V:gd PLoha%)' RBangarf N l DATE 01/ S /97 01//(7 /97 01//?/97 l OSP FILE CODE: SP-A-4 and SP-T-3 4QOP/MMSL f/ gggy, gg ,g[7
- _ - _ - ~ _ _ - - - - ._- .. - _ -. - _ - . . . - _ - - _ ..
l f it O
O -4 UNITED STATES J
j ,j NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20666-0001 o,
'% January 17, 1997 I l
1
, ALL AGREEMENT STATES MASSACHUSETTS, OHIO, OKLAHOMA, PENNSYLVANIA l TRANSMITTAL OF STATE AGREEMENTS PROGRAM INFORMATION (SP-97-002 ) l
) Your attention is invited to the attached correspondence which contains:
l lNCIDENT AND EVENT INFORMATION.........
- 1 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT INFORMATION...
! l
! TRAINING COURSE INFORMATION.............XX ACCEPTANCE TO THE HEALTH PHYSICS FOR URANIUM RECOVERY COURSE (F 104)
TECHNICAL INFO RMATION........................
OTHER....................................................
]
Supplementary Information: Enclosure 1 is the list of students from the States selected l to attend the February 5-6,1997, Health Physics for Uranium Recovery course i
< (F-104). Enclosure 2 is information on the course and some pre-reading material that all i j participants should read prior to attending the course. Please provide the list of students, l other course information, and the travel instructions (Enclosure 3) to each individual from j your program that is on the list. Those traveling at State expense should be encouraged to fellow the instructions and make the appropriate travel and lodging arrangements as soon j as possible. Those traveling at NRC expense should follow the specific additional !
! instructions in Enclosure 3. Please refer to the All Agreement States Letter (SP-95-006)
! " Timeliness of Travel Orders" for further information on timing and travel arrangements for attendance at training courses.
i
- If you have any questions regarding this correspondence, please contact me or the individual named below.
l POINT OF CONTACT: Dennis M. Sollenberger (301) 415-2819 TELEPHONE:
, FAX: (301) 415-3502 I INTERNET:
f4@NR GOV j i X
^
i fo r } % R Paul H. Lohaus, Deputy Director w
Office of State Programs
Enclosures:
- As stated 1
-- - - . - -. . . . . _ .. - - -__ _=-.-- . .. - - . - - . .
}
AGREEMENT STATE STUDENT LIST FOR THE HEALTH PHYSICS FOR URANIUM RECOVERY COURSE (F-104)
.: COLORADO Donald Simpson (Traveling at State Expense)
! Colorado Department of Health i HWWM-RP-B2 1 4300 Cherry Creek Drive South I
- Denver, CO 8022?-1530
1
! TEXAS - TNRCC Alice Rogers (Traveling at NRC Expense) ]
i i
TX Natural Resource Conservation Commission UIC, Uranium and Radioactive Waste Section i P.O. Box 13087, MC-131 Austin, TX 78711-3087 l
! George FitzGerald (Traveling at NRC Expense) 1 TX Natural Resource Conservation Commission VIC, Uranium and Radioactive Waste Section P.O. Box 13087, MC-131 l Austin, TX 78711-3087 e
i Dale Kohler (Traveling at State Expense)
J TX Natural Resource Conservation Commission UIC, Uranium and Radioactive Waste Section
) P.O. Box 13087, MC-131 j Austin, TX 78711-3087
- Minor Hibbs (Traveling at State Expense)
TX Natural Resource Conservation Commission
'l Industrial & Hazardous Waste Division !
l P.O. Box 13087, MC-131 l j Austin, TX 78711-3087 '
i UTAH Woodrow W. Campbell (Traveling at State Expense) 1 Utah Division of Radiation Control l 168 North 1950 West ,
- Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4850 i
4 WASHINGTON Dorothy Stoffel (Traveling at State Expense)
! Washington Department of Health
- 1500 W. 4th Ave., Suite 305 Spokane, WA 99204 f-ENCLOSURE 1
g;
/ g UNITED STATER NUCLEAR RE*1ULATORY L,JMMISSION S e OSBf)NO$FICEEN ER ITE 200
, \*****g CHATT N T 4 17 December 23, 1996 MEMORANDUM T0: Sally Cornell, Training Coordinator, NMSS Dennis Sollenber er, Tra i C dinator, OSP "E
. FROM: Kenneth A.
W/ f#
aglin, Direc or, TTD, AE0D #
SUBJECT:
HEALTH PHYSICS FOR URANIUM RECOVERY (F-104)
FEBRUARY 5 - 6, 1997 The subject course is to be held in Room T3B15 at the PDC in Rockville, Maryland from February 5 - 6, 1997. Attached is a list of attendees and a 4
tentative course outline and schedule for persons scheduled to attend. Pre- I reading material is also attached and participants are encouraged to review this material in preparation for the course.
Normal office / business attire is appropriate for students attending courses.
i Students who are normally on the Compressed Work Schedule should be removed from the Compressed Work Schedule during training. Classes are scheduled to run from 8:00AM to 4:00PM beginning Wednesday, February 5.
Please provide your attendees with the above and inform them as to their responsibilities in preparing for this course.
If you have any questions, please call Rod Reed on 423/855-6500.
Attachments: 1. List of Attendees
- 2. Tentative Course Outline
- 3. Schedule
- 4. Pre-reading Material
]
cc w/atts: R. Reed, TTD J. Patterson, TTD C. Cain, RIV D. Schmidt, NMSS D. Simpson, ORISE B. Phillips, ORISE ENCLOSURE 2 W 94 6'.t.
PROPOSED LIST OF ATTENDEES 2
l COURSE TITLE: Health Physics for Uranium Recovery (F-104) i COURSE DATES: February 5 - 6, 1997 INSTRUCTORS: Chuck Cain, Region IV NMSS Staff Dave Simpson, ORISE 19151 i
Daniel Gillen Tae Ahn
, Joseph Holonich i Daniel Rom Duane Schmidt
- Harold Lefevre James Park Janet Lambert
- Michael Layton Kenneth Hooks Latif Jamdan Mohammed Haque ,
. Mike Fliegel i William Ford Elaine Brummett Robert Carlson Charlotte Abrams Abou-Bakr Ibrahim Philip Justus Keith McConnell Patrick Laplante Simon Hsiung James Prikryl State Proarams 10
- F404 Tentative Cuttine
{ F-104 HEALTH PHYSICS FOR URANIUM RECOVERY a
TENTATIVE COURSE OUTUNE 5 ,
j introduction i
- Open Discussion of Pre-Reading Material- Appendix A (40 minutes) j Module 1.0 Radiological and Chemical Properties of Uranium (2.0 hours0 days <br />0 hours <br />0 weeks <br />0 months <br />)
{
i Characteristics of Uranium Naturally occurring isotopes of Uranium
- and Abundances
- Radioactive Equilibrium
- Uranium Decay Chain
! Actinium Decay Chain l Radiological Properties
- Radiological Properties of Uranium Specific Activity i Human Response Indicators of Uranium Exposure
! Comparative Hazards and Radiological Versus Toxic Umits
! Redon
- Characteristics of Redon
! Radon Generation In and Movement Through Soil l Emanation Rate i RA-226 Concentrations
! Soil Permeability
{ Soil Moisture
! Atmospheric Pressure i Wind Speed Technological Enhancement
! Typical Outdoor Radon and Thoron Concentrations 4 Typical Indoor Radon and Thoron Concentrations
! Radon Progeny i Schematic of Redon Decay
[ The Potential Alpha Energy Concentration and the Working Level i Typical Working Level Concentration
! Working Level Month (WLM) j Typical Cumulative Exposures i Module 2.0 Contamination Control (1.0 hour0 days <br />0 hours <br />0 weeks <br />0 months <br />) l l Airt>ome Contamination Hazard i Sources of Airt>ome Matenal
{ Airt>ome Contamination Control i Types of Samplers i Air Filters 4'
Frequency and Limits of Air Sampling Radon Considerations l Surface Contamination Hazard l Overview of Surface Contamination Control
- Surface Contamination Control 4
usNRC Technical Training DMelon/HP-DWM i 12/96 l
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F 104 Tentative Outline Characterization of Uranium Surface Contamination Personnel Contamination Hazard Personnel Contamination Control -
Special Precautions for Personnel Contamination Control Module 3.0 Internal and External Dose Control (2.0 hours0 days <br />0 hours <br />0 weeks <br />0 months <br />)
Primary and Derived Umits ICRP 26 Dose Umits Types of Effects Dose Equivalent DE (Hr)
Tott: DE TDE (Hea,1)
Effective Dose Equivalent (EDE)
Weighting Factor Definition ICRP Weighting Factors Other Organs & Tissues Total Effective Doe Equivalent (TEDE) ,
NRC Umits i Examples !
Dose Conversion Factors Annual Umit on intake (All)
Derived Air Concentration (DAC)
DAC-Hours i Aus for Uranium l AU vs. Weekly Umit of 10 mg Things to Remember Examples ICRP 30 Models intake Routes Terminology Pathways .
Uranium Biokinetics Solubility Classes j Site-Specific Models Excreta Analysis .
l InVivo Detection of Urine (Lung counts for uranium 'her than whole body counts)
Fluorimetry Quality Assurance for In-house Labs QA Audits for In-house Labs l Overview of the Extemal Dose Control Hazard !
Beta Radiation Mining and Milling Workplace Examples Relative Hazard of Beta Versus Gamma Radiation Sources and Detection of Beta Radiation 1 Sources and Detection of Gamma Radiation Comparison of the Relative Hazard of Beta Versus Gamma Radiation Other Sources of Gamma Radiation I
Personal Dosimetry Appropriate Personal Equipment , ,
Problems with TLD instrumentation i USNRC Technical Training DMelonMP DWM 11 12/96
F-104 Tentativa Outline Extemal Dose Reduction Reduction Principles Protective Clothing i
Module 4.0 Sampling and Measurument at Uranium Mining and Milling Operations (1.0 hour0 days <br />0 hours <br />0 weeks <br />0 months <br />)
Reasons for Sampling and Measurement in-Situ Uranium Solution Mining Flow Diagram for a Uranium In-Situ Leach Mining Operation Environmental Concems Groundwater Monitoring Program Guidelines for Groundwater Monitoring Example of Surface and Ground Water Monitoring Program at in-Situ Mining Operations Uranium Milling l 10 CFR 20 " Standards for Protection Against Radiation" l 10 CFR 40 " Domestic Licensing of Source Material" Flow Chart for Processing Uranium Ores Health Physics Concems Surveys for Airbome Uranium Ore Dust Airbome Yellowcake Sampling and Measurement Radon-222 and it6 Progeny Sampling and Measurement Frequency Requirements .
Extemal Radiation !
Measurements for Extemal Radiation Surface Contamination VisualInspections and Contamination of Skin and Personal Clothing Release of Equipment to Unrestricted Areas Packages for Shipment Ventilation System Contamination on Respirators Summary of Survey Frequencies Liquid and Solid Wastes Uncontrolled Release of Tailings Radioactive Element Effluent and Environmental Programs .
Preoperational Radiological Monitoring Programs for Uranium Mills Module 5.0 Health Physics Practices for Mining and Milling Operations (2.0 hours0 days <br />0 hours <br />0 weeks <br />0 months <br />)
Health Physics Role in Routine Activities Health Physics Role in Accidents and Emergencies Case Studies - Mining and Milling Facilities Module 6.0 Open Forum or Panel Discussion of Current issues (3.0 Hours)
To be determined.
Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Glossary USNRC Technical Training DMalon/HP-DWM is 12/96
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F.104 Tentativ7 Outline Tentative Schedule Wednesday, February 5,1997 8:00 am - 8:10 am introduction of Instructors and Course Schedule 8:10 am -
8:50 am Open Discussion - HP Fundamentals 8:50 sm -
9:00 am Break 9:00 am -
10:00 am Radiological and Chemical Properties of Uranium 10:00 am - 10:10 am Break 10:10 am - 11:10 pm Radiological and Chemical Properties of Urar. sum (Continued) 11:10 am - 11:20 am Break 11:20 am - 12:00 pm Contamination Control 12:00 pm - 1:00 pm Lunch 1:00 pm -
1:30 pm Contamination Control (Continued) 1:30 pm -
1:40 pm Break 1:40 pm -
2:50 pm Intemal and Extemal Dose Control l
2:50 pm - 3:00 pm Break
- 3
- 00 pm -
4:00 pm Intemal and Extemal Dose Control (Continued) l Thursday, February 6,1997
! 8:00 am -
8:15 am Questions
! 8:15 am -
9:15 am Sampling and Measurement at Uranium Mining and Milling Operations 9:15 am -
9:30 am Break 9:30 am -
10:30 am Health Physics Practices
! 10:30 am - 10:45 am Break
! 10:45 am - 12:00 pm Health Physics Practices (Continued) l 12:00 pm - 1:00 pm Lunch l 1:00 pm - 4:00 pm Open Forum or Panel Discussion (Current issues) l l
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UsNRC TechnicalTraining DMelonMP-DWM IV 12/96
Appendix A Health Physics Fund *mentals INTRODUCTION This appendix provides basic fundamentals of radiation and terms that are common to the health physics and nuclear industries. Trainees will build from these basics to the more in-depth concepts presented in the other modules of the Health Physics for Uranium Recovery Course.
i Topics include: !
. Atomic Structure
.. Definitions of Common Terminology
. Basic Types of lonizing Radiation
. Radiological Units )
. Effects of Radiation on Cells
. Acute and Chronic Radiation Exposure
. Contributions to U.S. Population Dose From Various ;
Radiation Sources i
. AI. ARA Program Concepts
. Radiological Postings I l
I ATOMIC STRUCTURE The basic unit of matter is the atom. The central portion of the atom is the nucleus, which consists of protons and neutrons. Electrons orbit the nucleus similar to the way planets orbit our sun.
The three basic particles of the atom are protons, i neutrons, and electrons.
electron i EO proton neutron nucleus USNRC Technical Training Division /HP-DWM A-1 Draft 12/96
Appendix A Health Physics Fundamentala l
Proton Neutron Electron Location in the nucleus of an atom In the nucleus of in orbit around the nucleus of the atom an atom Charge Positive No charge Negative l Facts . The number of protons . Have about the . Electrons determine the in the nucleus same mass as a chemical properties of an determines the element proton atom since they are and atomic number involved in chemical !
reactions.
. If the number of protons in an atom . Are very small(about i changes, the e:ement 1/1800 the mass of a l changes proton). !
DEFINITIONS The following terms and definitions are commonly used by health physics professionals involved in mining and milling operations.
Radiation Energy in the form of particles or waves that can travel through space.
lonization The process of removing electrons from atoms.
lonization should not be confused with radiation. If enough energy is supplied to remove electrons from the atom, the remaining atom has a positive (+) charge. The positively charged atom and the negatively charged electron are called an ion pair Do not confuse ionization with radiation. Radiation is simply energy in motion. As a result of this energy, ionization may occur. lons (or ion pairs) produced as a result of radiation exposure allow the detection of radiation.
epected eteoron (negative ion) 9 incomino 6eniang : /
radiabon l 1 l
1 remelnmg stem tpoemve lon) l USNRC Technical Training Division /HP-DWM A-2 Draft 12/96
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i Appendix A Health E hysics Fundamentals l lonizing Radiation Energy (particles or rays) emitted from atoms that can
, cause ionization. The basic types of ionizing radiation j are alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, j and neutrons. I 4
s l Non.4onizing Radiation Radiation that doesn't have the amount of energy needed :
, to ionize an atom with which it interacts. Examples are: l l radar waves, micmwaves, and visible light. Although the !
- word " radiation" un be used to mean ionizing or non- !
ionizing radiation, it is most often used to mean ionizing l
- radiation. !
l Stable and Unstable Atoms Only certain corr.oinations of neutrons and protons result
! in stable atoms.
- If there are too many or too few neutrons for a given i number of protons, the resulting nucleus will contain i too much energy and will not be stable.
- The unstable atom will try to become stable by giving l off excess energy in the form of particles or waves (radiation). These unstable atoms are also known as
- radioactive atoms.
i I
Radioactivity Unstable (or radioactive) atoms trying to become stable by emitting radiation in the form of particles or energy.
i Radioactive Material Any material containing unstable radioactive atoms that
} emit radiation.
i Radioactive Contamination Radioactive materialin an unwanted place. (There are certain places where radioactive materialis beneficial). It is important to note here that exposure to radiation does not result in contamination of the worker. Radiation is a type of energy and contamination is a matenal a
Radioactive Decay Radioactive decay is the process of radioactive atoms releasing radiation over a period of time to try to become stable (non-radioactive). (Also known as disintegration.)
1 1
USNRC Technical Training Division /HP-DWM A3 Diar 12/96
Appendix A Health Physics Fundementals l
i i
large unstable nucleus (d,:N particle)
(beta pericle) l l
9/ excess onway released (Osmme orx esy) b (neuhnparticle) l l
l l Half-life Radioactive half-life is the time it takes for one half the i radioactive atoms present in a radioactive sample to decay. After seven half-lives the activity of an average radioactive sample will be less than 1% of the original activity.
- radioactive half-life of U-239 is 23.5 minutes l
- radioactive half-life of U-M8 is 4,510,000,000 years l
The amount of activity remaining after some number of half-lives can be calculated by multiplying the original amount of activity by the factor i
! ( 1q n l l
6 2s ;
where n is the number.of half-lives that have elapsed.
1 l
l THE BASIC TYPES OF The basic types of ionizing radiation are alpha particles, j IONIZING RADIATION beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons.
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l USNRC Technkal Training Division /HP-DWM A-4 Draft 12/96
Appendix A Health Physics Funfrmentals TYPE ALPHA BETA GAMMAI NEUTRON X RAYS Physical Particle Particle Ray, Wave Particle Characteristics (+2 charge) (-1 charge) (no charge) (no charge)
Penetrating Very Low Limited High High Power (1-2"in air) (10-12'in air, few (several hundred (several hundred feet (Range) mmin skin) feetin air) in air)
Shielding - <1" of air - Glass - Concrete - Hydrogenous
- Outerlayer of - Metal foil - Lead materials:
dead sidn - Plastic - Steel Water
- Clothing - Safety glasses Concrete Polyethylene Biological Intemal Intemal Intemal/Extemal Extemal Hazard skin, eyes (whole body) (whole body)
Sources Uranium and Uranium decay Decay products - Those used to Plutonium and products, tritium, of natural calibrate most radioisotopes carbon-14 uranium, instruments such with atomic x-ray machines as: Americium-number >82 Beryllium and Plutonium-Beryllium
- Uranium Hexafluoride (UF.)
i cylinders Alpha Particles . Physical Characteristics 1 The alpha particle has a large mass. Positively charged. Consists of two protons, two neutrons, and no electrons.
. Penetratina Power (Ranae)
Deposits a large amount of energy in a short distance of travel.
. Shieldino Most particles are stopped by a few centimeters of air, a sheet of paper, or the dead layer (outer layer) of skin.
. Biological Hazard An infomal radiation hazard when inhaled or ingested due to deposition of large amounts of energy.
USNRC Technical Training Division /HP-DWM A-6 Draft 12/96
Appendix A Health Physics Fundimentals
. Sources I
Uranium and Plutonium and most radioisotopes with atomic number >82 Beta Particles . Physical Characteristics A small mass negatively charged.
. Penetrating Power (Range) j A limited penetrating ability
. Shieldina l Most particles are shielded by plastic, glass, metal l foil, or safety glasses l . Biological Hazard l
- if ingested or inhaled, can be an intemal hazard.
Extemally, beta particles are potentially hazardous to the skin and eyes
. So.urces l Uranium decay products, tritium, carbon-14 Gamma Rays /X-Rays - . Physical Characteristics A wave that has neither mass nor electrical charge.
Gamma rays originate within the nucleus of an atom.
X-rays originate from the electron field.
. Penetrating Power (Range)
Because gamma /x-ray radiation has no charge and no mass, it has a very high penetrating power.
Several hundred feet in the air
. Shielding Best shielded by dense materials, such as concrete, lead, or steel.
. Biological Hazard Can result in radiation exposure to the whole body.
USNRC Technical Training Dhrision/HP-DWM A4 Draft 12/96
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0 Appendix A Health Physics Fund mentals l
l . Sources Decay products of natural uranium, x-ray machines l Neutrons . Physical Characteristics i
l No electrical charge, mass about the same as a pmton i
i . Penetratino Power (Rance) 1
- Because of the lack of a charge, have a relatively high j penetrating ability and are difficult to stop l A direct interaction occurs as the result of a collision
- between a neutron and a nucleus. A charged particle or other ionizing radiation may be emitted during these interactions.
Several hundred feet in the air
. Shielding Best shielded by materials with a highly hydrogen content, such as water or plastic. l 1
. Biological Hazard i Whole body hazard due to high penetrating ability.
. Sources i l
Those used to calibrate instruments such as Americium-Beryllium and Plutonium-Beryllium :
Uranium Hexafluoride (UF.) cylinders l RADIOLOGICAL UNITS Radiation Per 10 CFR 20.1004, the following are units of radiation dose:
l
- Gray (Gy)is the SI unit of absorbed dose. One gray l Is equal to an absorbed dose of 1 Joule / kilogram (100 rads).
. Rad is the special unit of absorbed dose. One rad is equal to an absorbed dose of 100 ergs / gram or 0.01 joule / kilogram (0.01 gray).
USNRC TechnicalTraining Division /HP-DWM A-7 Dran12/96
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Appendix A Health Physics Fund *m+ntals
. Rom is the special unit of any of the quantities expressed as dose equivalent. The dose equivalent in rems is equal to the absorbed dose in rads i multiplied by the quality factor (1 rem =0.01 sievert).
. Sievert is the SI unit of any of the qusntities expressed as dose equivalent. Tho dose equivalent in sieverts is equal to the absorbed dose in grays multiplied by the quality factor (1 Sv=100 rems).
Contamination Units The units most commonly used to measure contamination are disintegrations per minute, disintegrations per second, and counts per minute.
. Disintegrations per rainute (dpm) describes the number of atoms di9ntegrating (decaying) each minute in a radios',tive source.
. Disintegrations per second (dps) describes the number of atoms disintegrating each second in a radioactive source.
. Counts per minute (cpm) represents the number of radiations detected per minute by a radiation detection instrument. Cpm can be converted to dpm by using a conversion factor for the radiation instrument you are using.
Radioactivity Units Per 10 CFR 20.1005, Units of Radioactivity are:
. One becquerel =1 disintegration per second (s").
One curie =3.7 x 10' disinteg2 rations per second= 3.7 x 10' becquerels =2.22 x 10 disintegrations per minute.
Activity is expressed in the special unit of curies (Ci) or in the SI unit of becquerels (Bq), or their multiples, or disintegrations (transformations) per unit of time.
EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON lonizing radiation can potentially affect the normal CELLS operation of cells.
The method by which radiation causes damage to any materialis by ionization of atoms in the material. Some radiation damage is repaired by the cell. Some effects of )
radiation may not be observed immediately following i exposure.
USNRC Technical Treining Division /HP-DWM A8 Draft 12/96
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]. Appendix A Health Physics Fundr,nentals i ACUTE AND CHRONIC Potential biological effects depend on how much and how
- RADIATION EXPOSURE fast a radiation exposure is received. Radiation dnses
- can be grouped into two categories
- acute dose and i chronic dose.
I Acute Radiation Exposure Large doses of radiation received in a short period of i
time are called acute doses. An acute effect is a physical reaction due to cell damage. This damage is caused by
- a large radiation dose received in a short period of time.
1 Acute exposures are generally associated with j radiologicalincidents.
i
- Chronic Radiation Exposure A chronic radiation dose is typically a small amount of i
radiation received over a long period of time. A typical j example of a chronic dose is the dose we receive from occupational exposure.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO U.S.
POPUL.ATION DOSE FROM VARIOUS RADIATION SOURCES pm!RNAL +.
TEnntsTmAL 11 % +
8% #
o
+
+ MEDCAL A cosmic xrey. -
9 8% 11 % *
& +
a, 8-
, /[ consumer
-Pnooucts as Other <1%
- Occupational 0.3%
- Fallout <0.3%
- Nuclear Fuel Cycle 0.1%
RADoM ss%
Miscellaneous 0.1%
sesor ocer seyggym mamanen Emmene er se resinen.as.winesawma nen noca e en naamasa rimaman ens unassunse, tseinada, edspnd,198F.
USNRC Technical Training DMslon/HP-DWM A.8 Draft 12/96
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! Appendix A
ALARA is an approach to radiological control whereby i exposures (individual and collective) to the workforce and to the general public are managed and controlled to be at levels as low as is reasonable, taking into account social, technical, economic, practical, and public policy considerations. Al. ARA is not a dose limit below the l applicable controlling limits, l
l This concept includes reducing both intemal and extemal l exposure to ionizing mdiation. The ALARA concept is an
! integral part of all site activities that involve the ute of I
radioactive materials.
The implementation of the ALARA concept is the responsibility of all employees.
The main goal of the ALARA program is to reduce exposure when reasonable by minimizing the time spent within a field of radiation, maximizing the distance from a source of radiation, using shielding whenever possible, and/or using proper protective clothing. i Basic Exposure Reduction Time Concepts Reducing the amount of time spent within a field of i l
radiation will lower the dose received by the workers.
. Pre-plan and discuss the task thoroughly prior to l entering the area. Use only the number of workers actually required to do the job,
. Have all necessary tools before entering the area.
. Use mock-ups and practice runs that duplicate work conditions.
Distance Methods for maintaining distance from sources of radiation include the following:
. Stay as far away as possible from the source of radiation.
. During work delays, move to lower dose rate areas.
. Use remote handling devices when required.
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1 USNRC Technical Training DMsion/HP-DWM A 10 Draft 12/96
Appendix A Health Physkn Fund mentals Shielding Shielding reduces the amount of radiation dose to the worker. Different materials are used to shield a worker form different types of radiation. Many materials, such as vehic'e, a mound of dirt, or a piece of heavy equipment between the worker and the source of radiation, can reduce the exposure level during field activities.
Radiological Postings Radiological postings are used to alert personnel to the presence of radiation and radioactive materials.
Areas controlled for radiological purposes will be designated with a magenta (or black) standard three-bladed radiological waming symbol on a yellow background. Additionally, yellow and magenta ropes, tapes, chains, or other barriers will be used to denote the boundaries.
The barriers will be clearly visible from every side.
Entrance points to those areas will have signs (or equivalent) stating the entry requirements, such as
" Personnel Dosimeters, Radiation Work Permit (RWP) and Respirator Required." Additionally, the radiation dose rate, contamination level, and/or airbome radioactivity concentration will be included on or near each posting, as applicable.
4 Before entering an area controlled for radiological purposes, read all of the signs. Since radiological conditions may change, the signs are also changed to reflect the new conditions. So, a sign or posting that you saw yesterday may be replaced with a new one tomorrow.
. in some cases,'more than one radiological hazard may be present in the area and will be posted as such (e.g., Radiation Area, Contamination Area, Airbome Radioactivity Area.)
The following is an example of a radiological posting.
Caution O
a Radiation Area Personnel Dosimeter Required for Entry USNRC TechnicalTraining DMslon/HP DWM A.11 Draft 12/96
_ _ . . . _ . . . _ . . . . _ - . _ , . . _ , ._. . _ _ _ . . _ . . _ . . . . _ _ _ . ._m . _ ._. _-. m. __..__ ___.
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Appendix A Health Physics Fundamentals
SUMMARY
A familiarity with basic health physics terminology and concepts is necessary for communicating with health
. physics professionals involved in mining and milling )
operations.
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USNRC Technical Training Division /HP DWM A 12 Draft 12/96
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1 INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS ACCEPTANCE: This is to advise you that those individuals in Enclosure I have been accepted for participation in the training course (F-104), " Health Physics for Uranium Recovery." This course is scheduled to be presented ,
, February 5-6, 1997 at the NRC Headquarters training center, Room T3B15, l Rockville, MD.
COURSE: The course starts at 8:00 a.m. on Wednesday, February 5, 1997 and will end at approximately 4:00 p.m. Thursday, February 6. 1997.
1 LODGING: The following hotels are near the Twinbrooke Metro station one stop on the red line from the White Flint NRC complex. Participants must make their own lodging arrangements. Individuals should request a State or i government employee rate at the hotels. l Ramada Inn Double Tree Hotel l 1775 Rockville Pike 1750 Rockville Pike Rockville, MD Rockville, MD (310) 881-2300 (301) 468-1100 (800) 255-1775 (800) 222-8733 IMYELAND EXPENSES FOR STUDENTS TRAVELING AT NRC EXPENSE:
For those States that have requested that NRC continue funding their travel to training and have received notice in writing that NRC will continue to fund reasonable training and travel expenses for fiscal year 1997, they should follow the instructions below for Federal travel orders:
TRAVEL: If you travel by air, you must call Carlson Wagonlit Travel, (202) 554-1850, to make your flight reservations. You must use Carlson or you may not be reimbursed for your plane ticket. Your tickets will be mailed to you about a week before the course begins. If you travel by car, you will be reimbursed at a rate of $0.31 per mile, with the total payment not to exceed the minimum government airfare. For those participants that fly, taxi or courtesy van service vill take you to the hotel.
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission has received approval from the General Services Administration to allow State employees who are able to obtain a special discount (i.e., a lower fare than is available from Carlson Wagonlit Travel) through their State travel agency to purchase airline tickets themselves and be reimbursed via their travel voucher. In order to use your own State travel agency, it must be confirmed that Carlson Wagonlit Travel is not able to obtain that same class ticket for the same price. Before purchasing your own ticket, please contact Brenda Usilton at (301) 414-2348 in order to assure the proper procedures are fe owed.
EXPENSES: State participants traveling on Federal orders will be reimbursed for expenses in accordance with Federal travel regulations. A voucher will be provided to you at the course. Receipts are necessary to claim any expenses of $25.00 or more. Telephone calls will not be reimbursed by NRC. The per diem rate for the Washington, DC area is $42.00 for meals and miscellaneous expenses. The maximum lodging rate including taxes is $124.00 per day.
ENCLOSURE 3
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, Any questions about, or changes in, travel should be directed to Ms. Brenda Usilton at (301) 415-2348. Any questions on the course should be made to Dennis So11enberger at (301) 415-2819.
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1 ENCLOSURE 3 i
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Please FAX the following information to j Brenda Usilton at (301) 415-3502 l l by 5 pm (EDT) January 23,1997 i
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! Course or Workshop: Health Physics for Uranium Recovery (F-104) I 1
l Dates: February 5 - 6, 1997 :
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- Travel
- February 4 - 6 or 7, 1997 l t
i i Location: Professional Development Center, Room T3815 l NRC Headquarters, 11545 Rockville Pike i Rockville, MD 4 NAME: ;
i
- BUSINESS l ADDRESS: '
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1 WORK PHONE NUMBER:
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I j Departure City (airport):
l Date of Departure (if not Feb 04):
j Please provide reason:
l Date of Return (if not Feb 6): _
, Please provide reason:
. Cost of Airfare (from Carlson Travel):
If you are driving indicate roundtrip miles:
! Lodging Arrangements Made: (Yes) (No) t i ENCLOSURE 3
! FAX INFORMATION
! U. S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION ;
! OFFICE OF STATE PROGRAMS l 1
l OFFICE OF STATE PROGRAMS FAX: (301) 415-3502 i
! NUMBER OF PAGES: 24 including this page DATE: JANUARY 17,1997 l
I l TO: DONALD SIMPSON, CO MINOR HIBBS, TNRCC ALICE ROGERS, TNRCC GEORGE FITZGERALD, TNRCC DALE KOHLER, TNRCC WOODROW W. CAMPBELL, UT DOROTHY STOFFEL, WA FROM: PAUL LOHAUS, DEPUTY DIRECTOR OFFICE OF STATE PROGRAMS
SUBJECT:
SP-97-002 ACCEPTANCE TO HEALTH PHYSICS FOR URANIUM RECOVERY COURSE (F-104)
VERIFICATION - 415-3340
< TRANSACTION REPORT >
01-17-1997(FRI) 17:54
[ TRANSMIT J NO. DATE TIME DESTINATION STATION PO. DURATION MODE RESULT 30561 1-17 17:45 509 456 2997 24 O'09'11" NORM.E OK
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< TRANSACTION REPORT > c1_1 ,_1 ,27<yRi> 17:37 i
E BROADCAST 3
'; NO. DATE TIME DESTINATION STATION PO. DURATION MODE RESULT 30558 1-17 17:05 303 782 5083 24 O'08*46* NORM.E OK 30559 17:15 512 239 6383 24 O'08'53" NORM.E OK 30560 17:26 801 533 4097 24 O'10'49" NOP.M.E OK 72 O'28'28" a
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