ML20126H377
| ML20126H377 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Issue date: | 07/18/1980 |
| From: | Hanrahan E NRC |
| To: | Gilinsky V NRC COMMISSION (OCM) |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8104090933 | |
| Download: ML20126H377 (18) | |
Text
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July 118, 1980 4,
MEMORANDUM FOR:
Commissioner Gilinsky i
FROM:
Edward J. Hanrahan
SUBJECT:
RESIDUAL FUEL OIL DEMAND AND SUPPLY I
As you requested, attached is a brief study of electricity demand for oil and the supply of residual fuel oil to the U.S. economy.
Attachment:
As stated cc:
Chairman Ahearne Co.,missioner Hendrie Commissioner Bradford Leonard Bickwit
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81040,90933
1 Electric Utility Residual Fuel Oil Use Utility Oil Demand During 1979 the electric utility indust y, consumed oil at the rate of about 1.4 million bbis/ day.
Table I attached summarizes the history of oil use by the electric utility industry since the oil enbargo.
There has been a shift in the energy used to r 3 duce electricity.
Since 1973 an increasing share of the electricity supplied to the economy has been produced by coal and nuclear energy while the contribution mace by oil and natural gas has decreased as shown in Table II.
U.S. Oil Sucoly The U.S. imports both crude oil and petroleum products.
U.S. petroleum imports averaged 6.3 million bbis/ day in 1973.
In 1979 pe.troleum imports averaged 8.3 million bbis/ day of which 1.9 million bbis/ day were petroleum products.
Over 50 percent of product imports was residual fuel oil (abcut 1.1 million bbis/ day).. Dcmestic refineries produced another 1.7 million 'bbis/ day of resid, and consequently, total supply to the economy in 1979 of residual fuel oil amounted to 2.8 million bbis/ day, the same amount as in 1973. Table III summarizes the supply of residual fuel oil to U.S. economy for the last 7 years.
Imports of resid have been decreasing.
U.S. Resic'ual Fuel Supply / Demand Residual fuel oil is used for the production of electric power, spa'ce heating, vessel bunkering, and various industrial pu'rposes. Domestic residual fuel demand is met by domestic refinery production, imports from puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, and imports from areas outside U.S. terr'itories, primarily from Venezuela, the Bahamas, and the Netherl' ands Antilles (see Table IV).
While residual fuel oil is the so-called " bottom of the barrel" it turns out that resid production can be minimized.
On the average between 1973 and 1979 U.S. domestic resid production was between 8 and 12 percent of U.S. refinery crude throughput. Theoretically refineries could be designed to' produce no resid at all.
Basically, the resid can be heated (boiling point = 900EF) and additional light distillates and petroleum coke are obtained. The catch is that oil producers must modify their refineries by making en additional capital investment in their plant.
Thus, in the short run, given a particular refinery, resid prcduction can only be modified by decreasing crude throughput to that refinery.
For analytical purposes oil analysts divide the U.S. into five districts called Petroleum Administration for Defense (PAD) districts (see Chart I). A recent DOE analysis of *the supply and demand balances in each of these districts provides some interesting insights into the residual
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The study was done primarily from the perspective of oil. refiners who, in the short-run at least, cannot greatly alter the output of resid from their refineries.
If resid is in oversupply in a district, refineries can either store the product, ship it to another district, or decrease the throughput of1 crude to their refineries and consequently the output of more desirable. products such as gasoline or middle distillates.
Tables IV and V summarize the resid supply / demand situation in the U.S.
during 1978 and the f ust three cuarters of 1979. There are two striking things shown by these tables: virtually all imports of resid from abroad came into PAD I (the U.S. East Coast); and there is only one significan; inter-district transfer of resic - from PAD III (Gulf Coast) to PAD I.
PAD I in 1979 met 23 percent t its requirements for resid from domestic producticn -- approximately two-thirds of which comes from within the region and another third of whicn comes from PAD III which had an overs' pply.
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[ Essentially,theotherthreePAD'sareself-sufficientintermsofresid,)
1.e., the production of resid by refineries in each of these districts I
( is all consumed within that district.
/
Utility Residual Fuel Oil Oemand Electric utility demand for residual fuel oil on the East Coast in 1979 was about 900,000 bbis/ day.
Given that a large percentage of the current generating capacity on the East Cocst is base load oil-fired steam electric, an issue is how to meet present and projected electricity demand while decreasing oil consumption.
Scme of the existing plants can be converted at cons,derable time and expense to coal use.
Under the provisions of the Pcherplant and Industrial Field Use Act of 1978 the Secretary of Energy has the authority to prohibit petroleum and natural gas use 'in existing plants under certain conditions.1/
DOE is' now trying to imple:aent this part of the law.
Due to the recent sharp increase in oil prices, utilities have been given considerable incentive to convert their facilities to coal on a voluntary basis.
Some orders have been issued by DOE to convert facilities to coal, but these orders have not yet been implemented.
As for new facilities, the Fuel Use Act prohibits the use of natural gas or petroleum as a primary energy source in any new electric powerplant and also prohibits construction of such powerplants without the capability to use coal or any other alternate fuel as a primary energy source. The Act is riddled with exemptions for such things as lack of alternate fuel supply, site limitations, environmental requirements, or adequate capital.
Peakinad powerplants are also excluded.
To receive an exemption utilities must petition the Department of Energy.
1/ Upon making a finding that (a) such installation has or previous 1'y liad the technical capability to use coal or another alternate fuel as a primary energy source; (b) such install'ation has the technical capability to use coal or another alternate fuel as a primary energy source, or it could have such capability without - (i) substantial physical modification of the unit, or (ii) substantial reduction in the rated capacity of the unit; and (c) it is financially feasible to use coal or another alternate fuel as a primary energy source in such installation.'
! Basically, coal'and nuclear base load facilities are the available options I
to replace existing oil-fired facilities \\and to meet future increases in demand. DOE released a report in June, 1950, entitled " Electric Power Supply and Demand for the Contiguous United States, 1980-189" which attempts ~to quantify the consequences of a nuclear licensing delay on electricity supply reliability and on the decand for oil. The data used for the study were provided by National Electric Reliability Councils (see Chart II). Based on the loads and construction schedules projected by the Councils, the DOE report concludes that if no new nuclear. units were to~be added in the period 1980-1985, two electric Reliability Council regions would have reserve margins below 12 percent and one region would l
be barely above that level. Thu, these are s would have less than satisfactory reliability (see Table VII). Each of the Regional Reliability l
Councils has a separate forecast of peak demand for the next 10 years and the rates of growth vary from a low of 1.9 percent per year for the Northeast Power Coordinating Council to a high of 6.2 percent per year r
for the S0uthwest Power Pool. The U.S.. average increase in peak demand is projected to be 4.3 percent _ per year (see Table VIII). The~ DOE report notes that the Reliability Councils have published forecasts of peak demanc grcwth in recent years which were too high.
Should this be the i
case, of course, the situation may not be as unsatisfactory as suggested in the DCE report.
1 The report also attempts to quantify the impact of a delay in placing nuclear plants in commercial operation by calculating the additional coal, oil, and gas needed to meet projected demand on the basis of 'the present amounts of coal, oil, and gas generation in a particular region and the existing capacity factors of each type of generation.
Table IX indicates the electric regions or power pools affected by operating license delays and specifies the nuclear plant in question and the assum'ption concerning its projected in-service date.
Table X indicates the calculated regional increase in oil use due to nuclear licensing delays,(or delays which could be attributed t other reasons, for that matted assuming the nuclear plants schedul. for operation over the next 5 years do not operate until after 1985. Considering this to be the worst case, on the averaSe over the 5 years, J.S. residual fuel oil consumption would have to increase by 400,000 bbis/ day to make up for the lost nuclear generation.
Table XI summarizes DOE's priorities for nuclear licensing based on a ranking system using an unspecified weighting factor which considers oil saving potential, energy shortages, and reserve margins.
Conclusion-e Residual fuel oil is primarily imported into the East Coast of the United States.
East Coast domestic refineries produr.e only a.small fraction of the residual t
fuel oil needed to meet electric utilify and other demand. Most of the resid is imported from Venezuela and the Caribbean.
Some additional supp1' of residual fuel oil are provided to the East Coast market by Gulf Coast refineries. Transportation costs, as well as the demand / supply situation on the Gulf Coast, probab'ly are a factor in explaining why more residual fuel oil does not move between U.S. refinery districts..Intracoastal ship-ments are subject to the Jones Act requirement that such ship *ments must be j
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i made on U.S. flag vessels where available.
Since U.S. flag carrier rates are approximately tr.ree times those ofefo. reign rates, this could have a significant impact on delivered costs of resid on the East Coast from refineries on the Gulf Coast when compared with deliveries from points in the Caribbean.
East Coast utilities use approximately the same amount of residual fuel oil as is imported.
Should utilities begin to shutdown or convert existing oil-fired capacity or replace such plants with nuclear and coal-fired generating stations, it seems 'likely that the highest cost residual fuel oil would be backed out first.
In the short-run, it would appear (without looking into the delivered cost of resid from various refineries) that inter-district trans-fers of resid would be the first to go (about 100,000 bbis/ day based on 1979 data), followed by imports (about S00,000 bbis/ day frem Venezuela and the Caribbean, and 200,000 bbis/ day from the Virgin Islands - which is technically not within ths U.S. Customs Zone).
In the long-run, if residual demand on the East Ccast were reduced to the, level of refinery output, or less, refineries could be modified to produce more gasoline and middle distillates and less residual fuel oil.
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TABLE I
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Petroleum Consumed to Prcduce Electricity
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millions Year bbis/ day i
1973 1.54 1974 1.47 1975 1.39 1976 1.52 1977 1.70 1978 1.74 1979 1,43
- Primarily residual fuel oil in steam plants, but includes lighter oils used in gas turbines and internal ccmbustion plants.
TABLE' II Share of Total Electricity Produced by Primary Eneergy Source (Percent) 1973 1979 Coal 45.6 47.2 Oil 16.9 13.5 Gas 18.3 14.7 Nuclear 4.5 11.4 Hydro & Other 14.8 12.6 Total 100.0 100.0 Production (billions kw/ hrs.)
1,860.7 2,247.4 TABLE III Residual Fuel Supplied to the U.S. Econom>
% of refinery (millions bbls/ day) crude Domestic throughput Refineries Imports Total i973 7.8 0.971 1.853 2.822 1974 8.8 l.070
- l'.587 2.639 1975 9.9 1.235 1.223 2.462 1976 10.3 1.377 1.413 2.801 1977 12.1 1.754 1.359 3.071 1978 11.3 1.667 1.355 3.023 1979 11.6 1.684 1.150
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y
8 TABLE VII Effect of Prciected Mt' clear Ca:acit.y
~
____-----_--_-_---_-_-------__~_--_.
cn.Su.- er 1925 Feserve Marcins
_F r e.i e c t e d _,F_e _s_e_r_v_e_M_a _r.c. i n,--__F_e _r _c _e _n _t Cetncil With New Muclear-- -----Un_its 1/
- - - - - - - _u c _l _e a r U n i t _s Sew E -
.E l.. c _u t
,,.23
'A.,'.
.C.1..;
1".00,
.v, e... s
- ) 9. c 1 e
.i.. n 27.07 6..e.
.r..s
,.e 2,.
......e.,.
o, s
SFCC 44.92 36.E0
_er:x 29.11 3-2..= c.
I,2.,22c.el 1 -
SUFF
,24.07 Subt tal 4D.23
_6.10 8.2.,
4
..._C
---_0_0
_1_0_._ec, 19.
- , r.
r..c. _ s-. c 2' 20,.06 17.22
_________,_--_____________--__1985 by the Feliability Ccuncils, 1/ As.::: ected through June A:ril 1, 1980, but with Three Mile Island Unit 2 excluded
'~
Q. _ eta
.c.
o 4
9 s
4 a
%w
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w w-y
,yn s
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4 TABLE VIII Ten-Year Average Annual Percent Increase of Summer Demand As Projected'Sy The Reliability Councils in Council Acril 1980 ECAR 4.0 MAAC 2.9 MAIN 3.4 MARCA 5.5 NPCC 1.9 SERC 4.5 SWPP 6.2
'rlS CC 4.5 ERCOT 5.6 U.S. TOTAL 4.3
.M e
9 e
Q 4
6 e
e m
u- - -
.o.
TABLE IX l
REGICNAL INCREASE IN OIL USE DUI TO NUCLEAR LICESSI:'G CELAYS (Includes I : set of Incerregicnal Transfers 3
to Recuce Energy Sncrtage)
PEC3AELE ADDITICNAL O!L CCW'"? TION '
(BEL / CAY) i I.
IGION 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1.
A?S 0
0 0
0 0
0-I.
AEP O
O O
O O
O 2.
- IPOCL 0
0 0-23,6C0 31,500 66,500 4.
SYPP' O
O O
21,300 21,300 23,900 0
18,000 42,500 e 69,100 80,400 116,200 5.
FJM f.
CIce 1,300 17,100 37,700 60,600 88,600 99,200 7.
F.C.G.
0 0
0 3,100 18,500 20,E00 MSU 0
0 0
0 0
0
?.
So. Co.
1,500 4,490 5,000 6,600 15,300 21,500 GS" 0
0 0
0 0
0 T',' A 0
5,800 16,500 21,300 19,800 17,700 VACAR 1,400 17,100 24,000 29,600 45,600 52,700 C AI Co 0
0 0
0 1,000 1,200 C:
0 0
0 0
0 0
Kentucky 0
0 0
0 0
0
- i.
Indiana 0
0 0
0 0
0 ILL-MO.
0 0
0 0
1,200 1,200
.i.
MICS 0
0 11,200 13,500 19,100 33,600 L.: M3 0
0 0
0 1,100 1,900 MAPP 0
0 0
0 0
2,100 PC-KAN 0
0 0
0 0
0 22.
Cklahoma 0
0 0
0 0
0
- I.
Texas 0
0 0
0 0
0
~4.
EMPP 0
0 0
0 1,600 2,400
'5/ S;i??
0 0
0 22,600 22,600 47,700
. n.
'. i. l!!:-:iM 0
'O O
12,200 31,000 42,000 Sc. Cal-Ne".
0 22,000 32,200
- 70,900 77,300 71,200
- . Cal-Uev.
0 15,300 57,900 77,100 70,700 75,300
!::al Increase 4,200 109,700 227,000 431,600 545,600 697,.400 (1)
!:tal ':EEC 1,55'2,300 1,974,900 2,036,300 :2,027,600 2,001,600 2,052,500 4 Use (EEL / CAY) f Octal.$EEC 0.2%
-5.6%
11.1%
21.3%
27.3%
33.5%
!il Use
)
Esta fre "Su-ary of Projected Peak Lead, Generating Capability, and fossil fuel F.ecuire.T.ents", NEFC, July, 1977.
l I
4 Table X
i
- tcleaf Units Af fectec by -en Cperatinc License Delays Tn:cuch 1925 4
_1/
~
r : C. :. C SUMMEP I"-SEFVICE i
n.. _r Cn.-
Czt.y e.
.. - C....y C. c G. C r*
en MCNCH-YEAP i
NAME UNIT NAME (PE)
- C.
i 3-NE?CCL SEAEPOCK #1 1,150 4-E3 SEAEFOCK #1 1,150 2-55 FILGRIP #2 1,150 12-E5 i
1d3 4-NYPP SHCFEHAM il S20 l.
1-El i
1,776 5- ?J M 3 MILE IS. il i
050 1-52 i
SUSCUESANSA #1 EUSQUEHANNA ?2 1,050 1-E3 i
HCPE CFIEK #1 1,066 c g4 LIMERICK #1 1,055 5.-85 n o v0
.. c
.c. r L x 1 1, e.,e
- _e-en L.s~
nu s---
LA S ALLE v 2 1,045 12-El EYECN #1 1,120 10-62 l
. SRAICWCOD #1 1,C90 10-23 i
EYECN # 2 1,120 10-53
[
SEAIDUCCD t2 1,050
.10-E4 l
i 7- ?CG ST. LUCIE # 2 795 11-83 i
8-MSU GRAND GULF il 1,250 4-82
~~
KATERFORD #3 1,110.
2-82 GRAND GULF # 2 1,250 4-85 i
~
507 9-50 FAFLEY #2 _.
9.50Co.
VOGTLE #1 1,150 11-E4 10-GSU RIVER EEND #1 940 4-84 11-TVA WATTS EAR i.1 1,177 S-31 SEQUCYAH #2 1,148 C-Bl.
i i
WATTS EAP #2
.1,177 6-02 EELLEFOPTE il 1,213 9 "3 i
EELLEFONTE #2 1,213 6-24 YELLOW CEEEK #1 1,285 11-35 e
t 6
k.
6
-.., +, -
~
t 3..
1 i
t, 1
r-I Table X
(cont'd) g
,,, n o cc A k
~ _ _. _.. _ _ _ c_ e a _ _.!.. -
0 __._
t t
_.. _ _C _. a_ a _.,._ _U _n _i _. _e _ _n _. _. _c C _ _e _. _ _w <-
2 i
_ l__
h 1935
. _L _ _c _e _n _s _e _*.C_e _ _a v _s _ _T_ _r _o _u c _h _ _ _ _ _
i
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w s.
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,y a n. :.
au n.
n v.
s:2.
I
_ __ M_'. ; )
M _c N_ _C _H _ _Y _E A _R,'
_U_N_IT.__N_A_M_E N O,__ _N A _M _E _ _ _
(
12-VACAR MC GUIRE s1 1,180 12-E0
[,
SUMMER #1 900 1 -23 l
MC GUIRE # 2 1,180 7-52 j
C A m,. h r,, n=
,L
.,3.=,-
- 4-CJ ma g
a.
4n -
Cn.r'."n'zn'
' ')
'5, t,'.'
~.
~~3:
r.
e, e e R.rS a1 uu n e. a
=
1 t
-v
-1
,1,1i9 s - c,.
la-t nr w--n c :. n.
n r
i 14-CCD ZIMMER #1 792 1-51 i
1
- 9 1/
Tf,f V.O.
C r*. f ? v t.* n* V.
,1 1,1.v r.
- ve s
CALLOWAY #2 945
- 12-32
.v.
s e n.* a.J rZ
/.:.e,/
e,. w:
nr s - :-
e
. w _. e..r, L e A
r :. :..u. : s. o 1,.e :..1
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MIDLAND #1 SC5 3-55 l'
1 1,1.u 4
.-t.
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.:3. _.,.. ~,-
e e.
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C O., n. h.,..., -. n, K ;1 1,,..: v,,
v. :. c:
t;
.2s CCMANCHE PEAK #2 1,150 1-33 SOUTH TEXAS fl 1,250 2-54 T
1 25-NWPP WN? v2 1,100 1-53 1,250 6-55 WN? il
-. o y. n.n. 21 1,tiu o e3 n
ao n.. u. y rnu 1
1,270 5-84 PALO VERDE 52 2 -Sc. Cal-Nev.
SAN ONOFRE #2 1,100 13-81 SAN CNOFRE #3 1,100 1-53 28-No Cal. Nev.
DIABLO CANYON #1 1,C54 2-Ni DIABLO CANYON # 2 1,1C6 E-51
, _/
In-se;. Ce cates as pro]ected by the Recicnal Ilcctric Feliability 2
-. t n'.s. a.. V... e.- =.
~a.e..e # ' 1 =.. o.- =. 'e l a....
c:
C a e...' '... u.. ' 1 1, l o. S O, " e-d a. a. d
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t r-
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-- =
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1950-35 o
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.. r
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e =..- t. r.J ens.
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L
.L
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.a..ey,
- i. n..' v 1.$/$0 1
1.C,
- C#)
C
..c c
.i a # - ^4/OV
.S Q * *i e
- ...Jel',l.
...O f't 9*
,,/Vd
.w..
W 9, / C.0 3
7, *# f.' 3
.C.. e,.
[. 9 C. n.0 A.
Far*.ey 92 507 9/50.
4 4,.C2 L~.... e e.=..r,t _ =3 =. 0 =.., c_ e.,_
.s
.,0, u.
..e.4
.m /<.m,.
3
.a.,
. c.....,, a.
s...... c:.-
...e.r s t.:,
. c., s..O
.e r
e...
.., e e<,.-
.., e 3e/e3 1.4,.:
vs
.c..
s.,,. c. n
.e...,.....
e.
a./,.
es..:.
- e. / a1
.z
- a... v-r 2... =. s...
C; anche ?ask r1
'150 S/51 6
0
.~,.3-..
n
..:.e,*
..vu 30/:.,
- e...
...s..
-.6
, /.e,
o o1 c, e. C a.
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...,.a
- n..,
0
./c, y
... e,:,
ee,,
e._e.nL t _3
..,R
,. n a 2 r
,,,,.d tv Iy::n f.1 11'20 10/52 1'
16,900 9,iv0 r
...........e e.
...c 0 7 /c.3 t
t
, u-e 6 /.c..,
6, 00
..,..s
.v
.s
..:.erfer- #3 1110 2/52 4
0
..,. a e..-
,1,
...e 0
.' /.2 2 5
0 I :;ueha..a i'l 1953 1/52 6
24,400 Temi !!2 1093 3/S2 7
13,500 Callewa.v #1 1150 10/82 5
6.300 Calicway *2 948 12/52 9
5.200
...... S e.,... L, e 3 u-r,.
, e. e 3 r..
..,. 0
" ^ ^
.n.
- 3.., 0 0 '
1/.c 3 1
a
?C: 'le:d. 21 1270 6/S3 2
20,E00 0/53 3
16,900
(
1 Iyren f2 1120 I aidwecd el 1090 10/53 4
16,400 Ca:c ':a il 1145 12/33 5
9,400
....e...u,.
34.3
- c. / c,.
6 6,gC0 i.....
": =.. n ho ~.
/
1150 1/S3 7
0
,.,.e 0
< /.o
.e s...e r 0 3,
- .......,. u1 E r.n
- r.: f r e r3 1100 1/S3 9
g, 30,1CO
. !:r qu.'n.r.na " 2
'.050 1/S3 10 24, 4 0 i /.e.,.
2.,
.e,.,.v. c, s-en.s
..s.....
n
-y-- )
.u t.
i
- i
,. A. - X 1
-.e u :.
r... e.s. t.v
- I,.
ev. y 1 :.
m... C,.r a.R 3.,. r s
1980-55 SLHMIR Fi.0JICTID YEAE-IY-YF.G P2 TINT 1/*
ELICT?.IC O?IT CAPAI!LITY C0YJ2RCIAL 2*
."I!GE~ID (,
0:L SAVIO.,
?.ICION-U/22
(.W) 0?I?>. TION DATI TJ.NK IEL/ DAY 54 C;ITS SCEIDULID FOR 1983 (C05-*'D) 7 St. _ucie #2 795 11/S3 12 16,500 21 Je*f Creek #1' 1150 4/83 13 0
CCITS SCEIDC.ID FCR 1954 26 Fal: 'lerde #2 1270 5 / S4' 1
20,S00 6
Iraidv::d #2 1090 10/34 2
16,400 12 Earris al 900 3/84 3
7,400 11 Ielltf=nte #2 1213 6/S4 4
6,600 13 7e.rry di 1179 5/S4 5
1,600 23 Seuth exas #1 1250 2/34 6
0 1:'
Rive-I e.d # 1 940 4/$4 7
0 5
Eepa : reek #1 1066 Q/34 S
24,500 18 Mid and ('I 7E3 9/54 9
9,600 9
Testle al 1150 11/S4 10 6,300 C ITS SCEIDC.ID TOR le 35 25
'c.:? i:1 1250 6/65 1
25,700 12 Catavba #2 1145 7/85 2
9,400 11 Yellev Creek #1 1285 11/85 3
7,000
3 Seabrcek #2 1150 2/65 4
31,500 S
Grand Gulf #2 1230 4/85 5
0 3
Fil ri: #2:
1150 12/85 6
31,500
,.5 Lizar uk #1 1055-5/85 7
24,500 la Mid'and #1 505 3/85 8
6,200 (1) Rank is based en a veighted facter which censiders oil saving ;ctential, energy shortage, and 10v reserve margins; and is enly valid within a given year. For licensi;g purposes, it r.ay be desidable to give preference to top. ranked units in a subsequent year ever the lever ranked units in the current year.
(2) Three, Mile ' Island *#1 has been shutdo.m for an indefinate period because of the a:cident at :-hree ':ile Island #2.
Jant.ary 1981 was assumed by I?.A staff to be the earliest
- cssib*e
- n-line date.
_ 3) jctential til saved assuming a full year of spera':1:n at 57* capacity facter, ditided
(
by 265,
- tsi eil caved the first year depc'.ds et the nunber cf dsys of epcrati:n.
These,fi,:'.rts reficet an adjustnant to acccunt fc the regicnci dependency on eil.
~
s
,,.,...,,..,,_m
,,.s,, -,.
-,,_v.
..-.,...,v,
.,,-.,,,,_,.,..,-,.,,,,.y,y,,.,.m p,,,
m...
,,--,.,,,,~..-w.,,w.
--