ML20100P846

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Applicant Exhibit A-P-31,consisting of Portions of Td Walshaw Undated Rept, Diesel Engine Design & Vl Maleev Undated Rept Internal Combustion Engines,Theory & Design
ML20100P846
Person / Time
Site: Shoreham File:Long Island Lighting Company icon.png
Issue date: 09/10/1984
From: Maleev V, Walshaw T
AFFILIATION NOT ASSIGNED
To:
References
OL-A-P-031, OL-A-P-31, NUDOCS 8412140459
Download: ML20100P846 (10)
v • d • e


Text

_ - _ _ - _ _ _ _

DIESEL ENGINE DESIGN By T. D. WALSHAW l

s.sc.(ems.), o Lc. (d). A.M.B.HeskE A.M.LP.a.

lecturer am Messianaces ames =ans uns,.r.eny et u..rp.e I

With 290 Nhmereelene and 31 Engine Secedens I

l

{MI LONDON GEORGE N EWN ES LIMITED

' TOWER HOUSE. SOUTHAMPTON STREETe ~

STR A ND, W.C.I'

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t Chapter 3 ENGNE TYPES Denicgewicis :1HNRI,enginen may be classeSed rough (1) Two-atnike se Est-neenke working cycle.

(2) liigle, seicoliums, se bew. working egnunt.

(3) Hingin et sholde-actisig.

(4) Vertiral. Invisantal. vec, opponed pinton, ete.

(5) Desty -ge eneratiesg sentriese, locessenotive, resel vehicle, etc.

(4) Hugn rchargeel se unnagerclearge l.

Numislering floran in nwre eletait :

(1) Two-stroke er Four-stroke Wortdung Cycle (inaniScalism as in b sneeliansent cycIn Edlewed lo, of coures, general. At een tiene it was isemal to annonic all engince to he f.mt-ateekee ** nulenn of herwise stated," Imt ta-slay it is necessary to he quite clear em b point, an thces are na many of one tyge as b ether. Tion (mulansental diference hetwecn ahe two types le that in b eene of b two-stroke, a separate gomp is required to recharge b eylinder with air, whiint in the femr-stroke engine 1

b working cylineler itself performa that duty. Thin fusula-mental diference lende in a lust of connequent pndelema, nuet e

of which are -r-a.d wi'li b twin subjecta of higher rate of heat Anw and the shorter tiene avaital.le for exhaunt mal air inductines in b two-stenke. Owing to the feet that a Srini innimine is received twice as fregemently is a two-etroke, and that

( valvai enn le deme away with, this type of engine is used univer-nelly Er b higher gewere, any above 3,000 B.H.P. per unii.

Iletween 1,8Wwe and 3,000 II.H.P., b emi

-M-,,2 four-stroke ami b two-ntnike are in equal - - -*', the two-eteeke being possilly the favemrite. Ilehow I, son it.II.P. the four-stroke hohle b lickl at prement, chicAy owing to lower fuel and lubricating-4 oil ennamnpeism. least the new higidy rated valve-enhaiented two-stroken nro rapidly gaining favour. It mill In sealed float in all canen af liigh-eluty two-astoken, up to 1. cote it.H.P. at any rate, i

exhau,L valven have Invu humel in he canential, seul it. can no

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.e eams auss senser suscreces pose.steossa Fey. 4 -I pump power. A great deal will depend on eenvenging emeiency.

The okI-fashioswel " erankenee compression " engine rarely ex.

enesled a H.M.E.l'. of no Ih. fog. in., whilst enginee heilt under the Kadenacy patenen have execedest 120 lb.faq. in. on teet. A phet of two-atruke it.M.E.l'. is alan aliown in Fig. 4-1. I ut it sihoubi le noteel tlist tiecae are on the one lumr rating.

Pieten Speeds An Ilio piatem agwed, N, = 2LN, Llie twirme. power express;on 1

enay he rewritten :

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d INTERNAL-COMBUSTION l

F ENGINES P

If THEORY AND DESIGN h

J P

IlY l

3 V. l.. RI AI.EEV, bl.E., Dr. A.ht.

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069ason.<.8,riemorarei ned u.chemirer c*. ate,e; Vern. erie M.eier urrbanical Knein.wr einmin, t'.N.V. M.n ererie, Koperinevnt Fratiee. 8 anopolia; s

r ea.. ui e.,s.re,.,ee.,e...z e,ei.e a.,i-...,

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nisilit AW-Illi.1, IHMlK (1thll'ANY. INc.

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i R"% W 306 Ctthil*REMitDN.lGNITitDN.KNGINRCtInlitU.MTitIM lt'insr lo g ' ll n,

eri la le g

"f enn nc A n '

  • Il# '

perieel in the thint n4 age ser grarfuel,orcestfrollcrf,comImafion. *llie a

inII'#'

mtion; a longer siclay (*'""I famrth stage, air ryfereurning. in Imrning of tim fuel after injection a 8"""'I #

10-4,y _O _W M i

j j

i i

i i l terminates. Thin stage cannot le comtrnlical aml in very urule-

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mirable an its efliciency in comparatively low.

Figure 10-1 illantralai the pmcom by a preimure-time diagram:

p

- h A ;;-

~ !!'_' !~.

I 5

- [

~ 2?

4 L;;

(i the fuel in injectcel at point I, Inst ignitism sleen not start omtil j

lag. For a c~crimin engine the alciny perismi deswmla ingum many a;

, _ _.y I,

point 2.

Angle a repreienta the elclay perient alm calical ignition

{8

_7-i- r-g r

g.L M k

[

lactorn, as will he ahnwn later. Frum gmint 2 to point 3, nitre.

gR R

l 2co 240 i

88 apomling to a crank angle fe, the flame apreads imm the initial w w,,,

eene. 5

,,' m. _ rsys t iates te**"*'"" "" '""' **

nucleus to the main l==ly of the fuel charge. Similar in Ilm l

th comlitions of apark-ignitiem enginen, the llame vclority aml

.llte facturn that influence the le*E and noisier runningendem.

,,f the delay teriant are:

g (n) temlemtun of die nN d6 888f=-

k (l.) prcianure eit ll* 'I*'E

p (r) Inmisatism of the (nel.

)r - N

(,,nimi,,g..I iiii-ii..n.

g 3 :-

(c) cnd'* "I'"l. and finallf.(f) ignit, ion epiality of Ihe.

N

/

- -(

1

)

I 1

a 1

1 l

I j

-ee

-m e

se as se l

l l

1 1

ca a sraes tre= esed ranier.one tjioo 1

Fee.10.1-onensa enon dissenas ni a I, inh c I vil emaine.

d)oo

- - - ~ ' - ~

~ D

[/h soo - - - - ~

a the prensure rine depemt upon turimlence;Ihis ncentul phann of Ihe I~

pmcean in very imimrtant for a amanth operatism e.I an engine.

p -

~

inerne as it leaven ilm fuct nossle anal Ilm prennum may either y,

- - k, lharing the thint atage, crank angle e, Inmi imint 3 in 1, the hwl j

99 h

  1. M '

YE increene, remain ennatant, or decreann, depcmling unum the rain

~

~

~

~

_8 at which it in delivered to the comimatism chamler. Tlio angle M_ _ _ -

1-Q c in a function of the loaal which the engine in carrying. Tim 1308 -

200 - - -

futerth stage, afterlmrning, in not apparent on the in.lientor alia.

gram. (he a diagram taken Imm nu engine, the diviiling gointa too-

- - - - ~ ~ ~ __ailI <f 3

io ic so 20 o t__

l I

1 g g c, 2,3, amt 4 are smt pmnounced, and the four atagm incrgu une s$c.

C'*"" * #

o$.,"w we=wswu a aahd *"d into another gradually.

F.8we a8 I"i""" ",',",),",,"[',I"'s [ieNF. wanind"4 r

10-3. Delay Period.-Tida perimi itecif in made up of (wo v. ince.

't,'"",,,

, g y. 4 :um l'",we A and if parts: a heating periml when ilm col.I fuel almpleta are twat'ril, 10-2 shown the typical *IIrrL *I I"i'I vaporised, anel lemglit up to thc4 ignitiem temierninre neul a 7'emperniserr. --y.

e of an c%lerimental engmc.

agu period of tme ignitsam elel:ty thnL re.4n wlmn ilm first p.srtirten temgemtun. een I m *n e niirmnl by n*'8h"' ""N" i 8' actually ignite. Ilnwever, in enginen it in difficielt to elistinguista i

between theme two perianin, m the alclay perioel ia measurnt imm

  • lle un8"" """

4 gg* J,,nc' 19il.

  • llmn== 8.A "I

f n

the hcginning of the injertiam to the niemwnt of ignitism.

i' bl

'}

i e

p 3

t

n 353 (I

=*

CESt'I.TS R.c CMI of l Vie ne.19 letter comimatinn liccanan 58'PKitt'll A RGINt, ta Furl Ecosamy -ftwing 353 increased Iurlailence, feller mixing of the f Gmper-P,cmiemer comprmion-ignition oil engine e tuipped with i

I In this engine Ihe nwp wlen meter-charged was limited not by available air Imt ley the furl-immp mont canen, timugh not in all, in lowercel liy miperrharging.

a lluchi-lOliot turim>lslower.

l I

I Finally, Fig.10-8 pecnents data alamt the incren>e <>f hmep ivi

~ ~

~

~~

,I I

delivery.

~8 "88 '

two comprawism-ignition aircraf t nil caiginen an a hinctitm of the 2 *---.y -- -

d;E Curve e given the name data in reapert

}m nupercharging priveure.'to a large oil engine rienning at 300 rpm with nu sinrhanged valvo

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h. _

_ _. _ _ _22s

_. h

~

i overlap of 30*.*

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N g

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c y eof A

y g

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g

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c. E380 CouiiO.ghsu,-Lasso.w.n i.a.dr.sq Engine speest, rpm b-t.

-....e=

ne,,k..ie.t. a,4,

..I coa.

u.n. net..,s,.8 41 e.si.e.

g *as e. two.

Figure 19-18 given an interenting comparimm of the perform-I =e Alen oil engine at a

a 4

s e

e a

"C"'"'**"'*****'-

ance of a Lliree-cylineler 9M-in. X 10's-in.

e rm. isai.- F.sr,,s.t

,"6 4.s cem.,.

..e-ii e.,,

1000 rpm: rum c, unmapercharged; curve af mapercharged willi y

AfecAanical Ejiciency -Tlin inercann of friction lenearn with a y

_.__. em l

i ig T,". _ ' _ - -._

supercharger driven by time engine itacif ia ammiderably smaller g

An a renuit the tlian the power gained through mapercharging.

w

,,,,,,Q,,,,,, g ;,4,, j-mechanical efficiency, referred to the maximuni lond, increamen af-temso-coman ouw-t.aom ens.ar 1.igure 19-9 nhown flin mcchnnical cili.

f

~

ciencies of a 7-in. X 10-in. mis-cylinelcr comptswiam-ignition

%a. Z

'_~__.C ~ ~_ ! T

.._ _22 willi supercharging.

[

Cummins engine at elifferent spccela asul mean eficriive prewurca y

a a

a s

e o

Tho when operating, mapctrharacil with a lhwiln blowcr.8 o

e " "'"'"' '""* * ***

  • g mechanical efficiency sif flee annm cugine wills natternt aspirnfieni d""'""'""~

at 1000 rpm when sicycloping a hmep of 88 n.i was founit un le

"' '#"" d ""'"'u.""""."it em ai.'.'.'.'

      • **F i

in i un The influence of nuIerrhnrging uIum Ilic mcchanical l

73 iier cent.

wer,Imwcr increnne almut M ger cent, M consump-j efliciency of two nitrrnit enginen in brought out by Fig.19-10.

", &&Lism 5 per cent lower; ruive e nuperrisarged by a lhichi tiert I

s St..,, y, y, y,rn. Eng, vol. #L1, p. 446, totI.

Islower, Imwcr incrcrann almut fl7 per ccul, fact conmemption e g ui.., gg, g,., g.,,3,gro,,,,,,3 p,,,,,g,,g,,;,,,,g y,,g,,,;,,g g,,,,,,,giarging13 per cent lower than in the unnesperrlmtgewl engine.

e thcart Pever, ts.t. OR, p. A77, Ikent.,r, toin.

of the.cl Enginen, thesel l'auve, vol. Its, p. sw, aktaser,198 8-9 I

I Y,.

a f

.L M

- - --- ~

l T

(

l 355 304 Bl' PERCHA NGINQ lrnse.88 1.1noITATIUNS

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p c ge.41 On the other haml, the sensluiesen pressieres and I

Curves e and 6 show alan how the performance of thin engine I'iction lommen.

l was impmveil by putting in Liarlmlence-creating pininna I'* E"" """ * " "E Figure 19-8, on the other haml, shown that (l.c fuel ennaump-by a rinn Entnprime oil engine unsupercharged develops L,on of that particular gaanline engine wan impm,n,yy ;ggi, contimiminly 670 Inhp, or a hmep of 80 gun, mills a snanimum pan-i g

""" "I al..ut can gwii. Mwn equippal with a Burlii tuMne and only at the maximum nupercharged huraciniwer.

Fasci Knerk.-In enmprenainn-ignition oil enginca, increnning drirrn blomn, tlio engine can dev4.p a maninmni % d the inlet preasure.lectenarn the ignition lag aml canacepientiv 162 si.i amt a ennHnuoun Innep d m N, or a pown knese d t

the rate of preamarc riae in the cylinder, which resulta in a'n I"# ""N

"" *"

  • E increaming smoothncaa of operation.e q)st the other han.I, in a I"'I """"" "" ""*" * " *
  • I genoline engine,if the engine in nieratal wilh a compromion ratin "I'".*hr, or an impravenent of G ler cent.

Ih/I'p that causes incipient delanation when mopercharging an.1 if n g

e

- Q K

[" f,'Z;".;~;" C"~'

f;:P C

t

_s v

w.m.iel-n,i.n.,

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. x-

-- Q--

e,

+

y

- p-Q.

. g

.{ae 3

e q

4-

=--

e,,

_ s y

f g

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.- /_

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L:g v

7

- _--m.

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%,,.,a.,,,,,

i

_ ~-- -

w, J,

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=

a.

' W W *$ ".e"i.. i,.i.iii,h'~'*Ws.

v a

s,. a.ii.,,.is-..,.

as n

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r..

.a.,. U..,

n._ m

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.ig.. x mi g..

Figure 19-12 given the relat. ion between mapercharging prea-smires, compermion preanna, maximum comimation preaauren, fuel with the name antiknock characteriatics is uned, in order in ami obtainnt mean indicated premiren Int sca. level operation.

prevent objectionable detonation, the compremion ratio munt he The curves represent computeil vahien Imt are correctcl on the lowered no that the compreanion prenanre ni the supercharged banin of corresponding tent data amt give an idea of the limit of engine will remain alamt the name na liefore supercharging. Thin 8"ilerrharging.

will slightly lower the thermal efficiency, imt the gewer output Temperninics.-The above-mentioned Enterpriae engine has an will be increamed, as a greater amment of fuct will be Imrned. An czlsaient temperature of 720 F unsupercharged and 900 F nuper-a engine operating with nattiral napiration with a comprcmism The t*ummina engine mentioned before has exhaunt l

ratio 7:1, when supercharged should have a comprcmion rnlio lesnperateren an shown on Fig.19-13; Fig.19-14 shows the tem '

cin.. gal.

peraturen for the Alm three.cylimlcr Dif-in. X 10M-in. ensgine alnnet 6:1-i 19-4. Llanitellens.-The permianible ammmt of mis'icrcharging at different loada.' Finally Fig.19-15 given a very complete pic-dependa upon the ability of the engine to withalaml Ihe incrcancil ture of the gerformance of a six-cylimler 12's-in. X 13-in. Alco The presumre and heat attemen.

engine, utdrh wuserchargniin rnini finin hhp nt 740 rpm.

Pressures.-The increane of the mean effcetivt preneurn cihatiML tcmgernlure geen up Imm 720 F, at !W) pai mcy, to naturally inerennen the mean learing prenemren aiul merhanical 1Itti F, at 12n =ii mcp.

a NACA s'ect. N.u. Ans, tola, p. a.

. Ias,.i l' m....I

19. p. Ma4, Ori.Jact,194 8.

N i

N

_.1 j

I 0%

P ImF l

g I

=

glar. 27.gl ylti'NK l*lSTt)NM 400

('aat aluminism alloy Airca feller local elinai mlism anel lighter l

weight last nwla nmaielerably more Ilian ra*L inm. The atrengtla l

in alamt the name na ilmt eif raat imes.

3 Forgeil-aluminum pialema are atamact an.I atill lighter. They arn uarel for aircraft ensinos ar.sl heavy-eluly high-agweil com-CIIAl'TER 27 3

Alloy raat +trel p."ldma are used in mome automoh.

sa re enginen RUNNING GEAR and rninire linera of grrat aurface haninc c.

The same in true 271. Trunk Pistoes.-7'Ac functions of a trunk piaton are:

of forgril-airci liialuna uml in anme alrrrait enginca.

1. To tranamit the gaa preanure to the crankahaft, l'infan ffrnel.-The thickncan to of the hcad or emwn can le
2. To take the side procuren due to angularily of the cim-nimgaitnl. nmal.icring it a flat nmini gilate of uniform thickness nerting mil.

siscil at the cilgca, imm lhe formula

3. To seal the inaide of the cylinder Imm tlic crankrane.

Ri m V p $

(2M

4. To dinnigste heat alverbril by the piaton top during com-Insation anel carly part of expanaism atrnke.

w here D in the cylimict faire, in..

Desiva (#,jects.-In alcaigning a pintou to meet thcae recluire-p i., the masimum girraanre sharing ramlai< tion, swii, ancnta lhe following objecta muat he e=mght:

N ia the allownble alreaa iii leenling ge i

1. Hircegth of lim pialan, particularly of its henal.

A alream of firiOO gwi can he alkswn! ml cu n'ing a sml clinic-

2. Hufficient projectal aide arca, aml rigielity of the Imrrel.-

grainni rant inm ar anahiminum.

3. Minimum work of frictism.

ngkiv mith an ultimate tenaile I'"'*D h ""

l

~""

4. Scalir.g of the working agere againal cacape of ganca.

aircnalle sif 20,tNNI smi. If lim 0 j

ll j

5. Preventing the entrance of lubricating oil into the com-material unrel haa an ultimale d J.t.

Imatism almee.

strength of.*l0,fMJO gui, atirh na f~ ~

, 'l I

d

'a II. Unial discipation of the heat to lhe cylimler walla, nickel ca.at inm, acmialect, or f,

-. l _ q

7. Alinimum weight.

aperial aluminum alloy, normal-l K

The ele-ign obiceta are liatal not in the onlcr of their imimr-ineil, then N can lin taken an h o *--

i.

l tance but to enmform with the onlcr of functiima na lisini almire.

8000 pai. For forgol-airclhcada I

n_

Gomt heat dianipation in one of tim moat img= rlant draign S can le raiard la 12.0lui gel.

V re'luiremesita.

The piaton locad han often four m. 27 i..T. n pi.e

.a a..

Materials uard to makn inmk pintana am in the unler of Iheir or mis railial riles a, Fig. 27-1, of a importance: cast inm, raat aluminum, forgeil aluminum, caat thicknne f, nne-Ihint io one half the thicknne te of the locad, liut steel, and formed atrel.

it ia safer not to nmaisler ihene ritmi ulien computing t.

i Cant imn la an execlient material; ila main drawhack in that T'"#7--T""'""""""'I'"""""

It gives a alightly heavier piahm lhan aluminuoi.. Ilowever, with a pmper dcaig' n Ihe elifterence in only alumt 10 la 20 ger renl.

Typie af engine g.;.i.,,,

Faur4nac Tun 4n.ke Caat iron pintana prealure lees cylinaler. liner wear ihan aluminum

,,,,,;,g open,8capecially if Ihey are lin-gelaint.

C'*P"'""i'*-isai'iaa 'ai rasiar.

r.. in.,o easi o satin ents.n ents t *septrw sent-igniti..si e.il enginen.

Aleineinuin n 13f8 n Intan 17f8 o Jnt)

  • Audeniatise la.l., Jaa.16. In37. p. RI; i. l'er. Jewr. En,, rol. At. p. 650 14 park imailie.es una esiginre

(*m*t ineen,Il 1258 a 11180 2018 n 2378 1937.

El

40s 13 1

v3 I

JN

.

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