ML20100B487
| ML20100B487 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Limerick  |
| Issue date: | 03/22/1985 |
| From: | Willsey W PECO ENERGY CO., (FORMERLY PHILADELPHIA ELECTRIC |
| To: | Hinkle R PENNSYLVANIA, COMMONWEALTH OF |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8503280372 | |
| Download: ML20100B487 (27) | |
Text
- .. . ._ .. .
1 a, $. ,
PHILADELPHIA ELECTRIC COMPANY
- n.v ->
c nb c", E q t; 7' *0 2301 MARKET STREET P.O. BOX 8699 PHILADELPHI A. PA.19101 1215)841 4000 1-March 22, 1985
{
l
.Mr. Richard Hinkle-Chief, Facilities Section Department of Environmental Resources 1875 New Hope Street Norristown, PA 19401 IE: Limerick Generating Station NPIES Permit PA 0051926 1 Dear Mr. Hinkle Please disregard our letter of January 7,1985, concerning the subject permit. !
i %is is to request a minor change to the subject permit and to request approval to use three chemical substances in the Limerick Unit #1 cooling water system.
We hereby request that the tenperature mnitoring of the Perkicmen Creek as specified in "Other Requirements" A and N of the subject permit be deleted. As discussed with you and Mr. J. P. Ridolfi of your staff previously, on November 2, 1984, water from the Perkiomen Creek will be used as a secondary source of water for the Limerick cooling towers. %e Perkicmien Creek is approximately six (6) miles from the surge tank and the surge tank is about a half mile from the cooling towers. Due to this long ptmping distance, tenperature monitoring would have no meaning or relation to^the tenperature of the cooling tower blowdown discharged to the Schuylkill River.
9 In accordance with Section 92.7 " Reporting of New or Increased Discharges," of
- the Departments' Rules and Regulations, and pursuant to "Other Requirements" item E l- of the subject NPIES permit, we hereby request permission to use three chemical i products for cooling water treatment at Limerick Generating Station,. discharge point -
001 (combined discharges). % e three chemical products are: NALCO 1336 (tolyltriazole (TrL) corrosion inhibitor for copper), NAL(D 1370 (polyacrylate scale inhibitor) and NALCD 2513 (sodium silicate corrosion inhibitor for steel). %ese NALCO products will be evaluated during a testing program as a means to control scale and corrosion in the Unit il cooling water system. Use of these chemical products is not expected to violate effluent limitations specified in the subject NPDES permit.
%e Narro 1336 (TIL) will be used and tested as a means to control copper corrosion in the condenser cooling water system. We intend to use 20 ppm active TrL ,
j- into the condenser cooling water system for an initial three week period. %e concentration of this product can be controlled to a discharge concentration acceptable to the Department. After the initial period, a concentration up to 5 ppm i active TIL will be maintained in the cooling water system.
8503290372 850322 34k ,
. e .
2550559570 The NALCO 1370 (polyacrylate) will be used and tested as a means to control scale in the cooling water system. We intend to maintain a concentration up to 3 ppm active polyacrylate in the cooling water system.
The NALCO 2513 (sodium silicate) will be used and tested as a means to control steel corrosion in the service water system. We intend to use a concentration up to 60 ppm SiO2 above background in the cooling water system during an initial four week period. After the initial period, a concentration up to 30 ppm SiO2 above background will be maintained in the cooling water system.
The concentration of these chemical products in the cooling tower blowdown discharge is expected to be the same as stated above. As submitted in our NPDES permit application, the Unit il cooling tower blowdown rate is expected to be 7.02 million ga11nns per day.
Attached is nore information on the three HALCO products. The methodology used to obtain the aquatic toxicity of the NAIXD 1336 and 1370 was based on the procedures for static bioassay, as described in Methods of Acute Toxicity psts with Fish, ,
Macroinvertibrates and Amphibians, and Standard Methods For Examination of Water and Waste Water. Aquatic toxicity for sodium silicate is indicated on pages 65 and 66 of Health, Safetyt and Environmental Aspects of Soluble Silicates attached. The NALOO 2513 product is essentially the same material as discussed in the attached reference.
Confidential information, such as the chemical formula for these chemical products will be or has been sent to you directly from the NALCO Chemical Company.
If you have any questions or concerns, please call David W. It>braaten at (215) 841-5679.
Sincerely yours, "
W. B. Willsey Director Environmental Affairs DN:nas Attachment act J. A. Feola, DER w/ att.
J. P. Ridolfi, DER w/ att.
, Director, CNRR Washington, DC w/ att.
NBC, Administrator, OIE King of Prussia w/ att.
i
k h M N h $ M N h b $fh j h h h $
~
2850gg95._.n.
- / - --
~ ~ Utility Product
, Chemicals Bulletin y oee,.-0059C SURE-COOL- COPPER !
g mu.c o a@@@
i CORROSION INHIBITOR Product Benefits
- Hefps maximize turbine condenser efficiency
- Hefps extend condenser tube life
- Can reduce maintenance costs Principal Uses SURE-COOL 1336 is an organic copper alloy metals in utility cooling film-forming corrosion inhibitor water systems.
formulated to protect copper and General Description SURE-COOL 1336 is an organic Form Liquid liquid copper corrosion inhibitnr. It Color Red is designed to supplement other Odor Organic chemical treatments used in utility 9.9 lb/ gal Density open recirculating systems that contain copper or copper alloys, pH (1% Solutton) 10.5 - 11.0 Freeze Point -10* F Freeze-Thaw Recovery Complete Flash Point [PMCC) None Viscosity (@ 60'F) 55 cp Application SURE-COOL 1336 should be fed severity of problems encountered.
directly from the drum or bulk Your Nalco representative can rec-storage tank to a location in the ommend the optimum dosage system where it will be uniformly necessary to ensure maximum pro-mixed and thoroughly distributed. It gram performance for your system.
should be fed continuously to main-SURE-COOL 1336 is noncorrosive tain optimum product activity.
o eriab mW M in fee &
The specific dosage of SURE-COOL ing systems. For specific feeding 1336 will vary depending upon the and material compatibility instruc-operating characteristics of your tions, consult your Nalco repre-system, the water chemistry, and the sentative.
Shipping SURE-COOL 1336 is available in The product is shipped from the bulk quantities or in 55-gallon, non- nearest manufactunng or ware-returnable steel drums weighing housing facility.
approximately 555 pounds net.
(Continued on Reverse Side)
NALCO CHEMICAL COMPANY U T i t.lT Y C H E M IC A l.S 2001 GUTTEAFtELO AOAO O OAK BROOK. ILLINCIS 60521 SUBSIDIARIES IN ARGENTINA AUSTRIA BR&21L CHtLE. COLOMBIA ECUADOR. FINLANO.
FRANCE. HOLLANQ HCNG KONG ITALY PHRIPPINES SAUDI ARABIA SPAIN SWEDEN.
VENEEUELA ANO WEST GERMANY e AFFILIATESIN AUSTRALIA CANAQA JAPAN.MExlCO.
SINGAPORE. SOUTH AFRICA TAtWAN. UNITED KINGDOM AND THE UNITED STATES g Registered Trademarks of Natco Chemical Company o1982 Nalco Criemical Company a=* Alt Rights Reserved Pnnted in U.SA 3-82
- y 5 """
es, = 9"m' "
g,cyc ano28.} U E 005 90 N ALC D Handling and Storage SURE-COOL 1336 is an alkaline 15 minutes; for eyes, also get corrosive material and should be medical attention. Do not take handled with extreme caution. Do interna!Iy. Keep out of reach of not get in eyes, on skin, or on children.
clothing. Goggles or face shield are recommended for handling. In case Recommended in-plant storage of contact, immediately flush with limit is one year.
large amounts of water for at least a
I!:!! 4 1: > ! , : , *; l
=.. .
W,G =. .
"', .. t :
/q .
- 1 2C~<. 0y0. gp g T
p3"qD<2>
1 " I 3 I
2<aUO UY1 :
1 ~U<. J .
5 j ' 3E 5?.j ;$:5 $!5l$; ;
. - 2g s g U j mm. .
i -
S S S S S E - - E c E E E o E C > C C C s C
_ a M Wu R v 1 5 2. T P T v, T I s M u, N 1n, T r. 2, T %
s D . I myn t N u. r eW *- u
=
u mwa 2 i
- a. e. v I o
I
- r. . I O
aGnE 1 .
a a I
s . o . .
a .. o .. I O o n .. a
- 52 O d. . ., 9un 0 5 .n O d O .
o u n u. m m y . n r a e .
t .
N ,.
N F ,e. N N d ., .a u ._
r u
. e e e N ei 0 i. u
- o. @.a c -
t i
o t d d M
e c .,
a e 5 ic a' r .. F ,..
4 s .
- h. . .s 3 t 2 _
-- T u o i=' . .
f 1
n
- i n
i a
i a V. s s
t u -
r r o. . g - b. e a 6m r 0 ie - i s - -
_- i d t
e t
e A
N e m .
a im H
s m',
ua g . u. ,. F r o
r v t 0r n P a H _
P u O bi F o H A A N R w.o l l e .= v p u d . L l y E e :(*
l c v s = O n
s e e v .. i. s .. A p a' r y
A n. o
= Y k a Z a D
_ f f t
= e ., h . l M
- . o = S A a l c
o v
l u
s l
o o
S r a . e d L
T . e*
i d= c u
,r M l
i .
q u n
I C
l i
n R q o U n H
.
- h ,
a A e D u C m h d A d f . ba e w A u e S T i
w BD s o H n r - m e B i
d L O o u r
t w r . e .r U - u I
. i n t i i
, k A .
. a *- ca i
v I
L P S s e- D h
t h R i
n t
h Z t I R E
- e. O e A h ,l i
T O I N
b l C N w w C E
i r R i
n Y P e o T G a a D r o g a E G n o I i t e
t U
i t
r o D l c A - R R d l F
v e R a. a o N T E o 1 I e r r E t d D p D u 3 C f f S i
o
. u c A p o h p
- I E a D f 3 A t
a o o t T a l E H S r I
E a 6 T r r .n r a
_ r e a A a f o
X (
n N t r
I O
e a t P 1 i
T i a
t t u s
a L % a S a N 2 e
l l e m O s
.i o
o 8 m a a i
n S o .
o s s I n e l
5 V
u t t e n' c s 0 n 1 n E ) o a t 1 c . w 5 P =
. l s 5 l . . t o o R l
s s v o
. , m m s , O I
u o .u x f
w i
u n
i u
n e
d P E
I.
5 5
6 r C.
o .,
i u a u
r S
a t a U pcs - pmir m
e,
_. t e t
e r R <
e s s e T l .
a r.
. . I E i~ @ w-e.i t *
.r Ea C C a C a
.s S " 6 .c yle .:o >
a l l T 0 ;<
s .
c e
l l l 0 ;
l e n a
a a F r . r o
p h
o m
.m
.t a b y h
v -
m.
. s v
s i
c s
i c
i s
i c ,u T m p
~
v '
i a i
a ,
m u
r . 2
_ a n n y .. 8
. .n a a l
s
. t t C
.i u 5
_ o o o . 0
_ n n S i
ic. c c t 5 u e. e y O r
. g 0
. a 0
. n i
c 5
.n 9
_ C' s
i 3
r c -
- o n c n t r- ? r- n ,WYC:0.Nf_.nac 4 * "' ' t99J9U
-Y p SECTION 6 - REACTIVITY. DATA
---v --s s . w g
W si... 3 -
~~
g ........a........~.
h< w O 3 ,s .. . Strong acids, organic
-[ s.u .o iu.. pr . l
[
u- e
< e H .. p.ey . it is .
[((g' ,
4 2
- cs CC Z W
I- 3 SECTION 7 -SPILL OR LEAK PROCEDURES
< o E $ !
si... . r. i. c. u.i., .i i. a .. s.iii.. Dilute with water. Neutralize with a weak acid :
I and contain with absorbent material.
>E 2$
D.5 w .. mi. i w... Consult local, state and federal regulations for accrocriate E! .
disposal
- 0. ,
! U5 - ..
_ g Ui
.5- - %.
(; SECTION 8 -SPECIAL PROTECTION INFORMATION . a. - ~ . .
U1- .;...-,. ._ -
-? None g :: : .. tr .e nu ..,y p,.. o n .
!!! E T
~ ' ' **""'.u i = a. Oi u= . ui ic o Di s Jdcs ari on..,ts.uu ri 4
U ;f -
p, oi. Rubber eaunt!=ts ry.p,. u.. Coceles. face shield Oh os.., .J9.. r..i. Eve wash fountain. socon I !=
<5 25 SECTION 9 - SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS
. i.,. si...,.pr.u.u.. nn net tak. Int mafIv. Do not centar ? evas. skin oe cinthine. W .mnv. 2nd in,mser enn a min 2+.d etn, hine, h,inr. r.n.. -
~ ,.
. - . , , . unn.
1 0
n...rw er (1 gje. m. Corfor*ti,
, o.i.
Similar to Form 20 EMERG NCY TELEPHONE NUMBER - (312) 920 % sc ,,,.2
e "j pr. ;mnd28505 00590 2850559570
~
NALCD . .
]
.J
' AQUATIC TOXICITY
SUMMARY
SURE COOL 1336 The acute 96 hour0.00111 days <br />0.0267 hours <br />1.587302e-4 weeks <br />3.6528e-5 months <br /> static LC 50 f Sure Cool 1336 for the.
Rainbow Trout and Bluegill Sunfish was found to be 23.7 and 191.2 mg/L (ppm) respectively.
Corresponding 24 and 48 hour5.555556e-4 days <br />0.0133 hours <br />7.936508e-5 weeks <br />1.8264e-5 months <br /> LC 50 s for Trout were 42.1 and 26.6 mg/L, respectively.
For Bluegill Sunfish the 24 and 48 hour5.555556e-4 days <br />0.0133 hours <br />7.936508e-5 weeks <br />1.8264e-5 months <br /> LC50 values were both greater than 320 mg/L.
The 96 hour0.00111 days <br />0.0267 hours <br />1.587302e-4 weeks <br />3.6528e-5 months <br /> observable no effect concentrations for Rain- "
bow Trout and Bluegill Sunfish were 10 and 56 mg/L, j i respectively.
v.
i ESTIMATED TOXICITY RATING = Moderately Toxic Res ctfully submitted ,
1aude H. Wolf Corporate Toxicologist UCC/SHWil/TT50S/3/29/79 l-l l
l.
i.
NAt.CO C H E M I C A l. C O M PANY I
i
'28~50559570 $ khNINbkhN$kMI!Nh Utility ProducREFSEQNQi Chemicals Bulletin 285050059G c
SURE-COOL" MANGANESE n g
mu.c o 1370 STABILIZER /
DISPERSANT Product Benefits e Helps maximize turbine conden- o Helps reduce maintenance costs ser efficiency
- Minimizes handling costs and e Can extcad condenser tube life problems Principal Uses
- Stabilizes soluble manganese o Disperses mud, silt, particulate and iron iron, and other suspended solids e Helps inhibit calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and calcium sulfate scale General Description SURE-COOL 1370 is a liquid SURE-COOL 1370 is compatible polymeric dispersant and scale with other Nalco cooling water treat-inhibitor for once-through and recir- ments, including chlorine, at the rec-culating cooling water systems. This ommended dosages in the cooling product is particularly effective at water.
stabilizing soluble manganese and SURE-COOL 1370 is specially iron, thus eliminating deposits on formulated to allow year-round heat exchange surfaces.
storage in uninsulated tanks.
SURE-COOL 1370 is an effective dispersant for mud, silt, particulate Form Li_ quid iron, and other suspended solids. Color Lightjiown its ability to inhibit calcium phos- Odor Slight organic phate and calcium carbonate crystal Density 10$2 'lo/ gal growth helps provide protection -- -
from scale formation during mild pH P .(N_ eat) H 13 upsets due to loss of acid feed. Freeze Point -12 F SURE-COOL 1370 is designed to help prevent calcium phosphate, '" N - - - _ We@
calcium carbonate, or calcium sul. Fla sh_Po, int _(P_M C_C)_ No_ne fate deposition in systems that are Viscosity (@ 60 F) 13 cp supersaturated with respect to (@ O F) 95 cp calcium carbonate, calcium phos- (@ -5' F) 108 cp phate, or calcium sulfate. (@ -10'F) 117 cp Shipping SURE-COOL 1370 is available in The product is shipped from the bulk quantities or in 55-gallon, non- nearest manufacturing or warehous-returnable steel drums weighing ing facility.
approximately 560 pounds net.
(Continued on Reverse Side)
NALCO CHEMICAL COMPANY UTILITY CHEMIC ALS 2901 BUTTE AFIELO RO AD D O AK B AOOK. ILLINOss B0521 SUBS 6DIAAIES IN AAGENTINA AUSTAiA BAAllL CHILE COLOMesA ECUADOR. F;NLANQ FRANOE. HOtt WO IJUG KONG ITALV PHILIPPfNES saudi AAA8rA SPAIN SWEDEN vFNilufLA ANOWEST GERMANY e AFFill&TESIN AUSTRALIA CANADA.lAPAN.MExiCQ SINGAPOAE. SOUTH AFRICA T AlWAN UNITED IUNGOOM AND THE UNITED STATES g Repstered Trademarks of Nalco Chemical Company O1982 Nasco Chemical Company a..w e AH Rights Reserved Printed in U S A 3-82
5,,- 0 0 W 2850559570 REFSEQNo,J '"
N N AR.C O Application SURE-COOL 1370 should be fed Your Nalco representative will rec-directly from the drum or bulk ommend the optimum dosage storage tank to a location in the necessary to ensure maximum pro-system where it will be uniformly gram performance for your system.
mixed and thorougnty distributed. It should be fed continuously to main- For specific feeding and material tain optimum product activity. The compatibility instructions, consult your Nalco representative.
specific dosage of SURE-COOL 1370 will vary depending upon the operating characteristics of your system, the water chemistry, and the severity of problems encountered.
Handling and Storage SURE-COOL 1370 is an aikaline of water for at least 15 minutes; for corrosive solution and should be eyes, also get medical attention. Do haridled with caution. Do not get in not take internally. Keep out of eyes, on skin, or on clothing. Goggles reach of children.
or face shield are recommended for handling. In case of contact, Recommended in-plant storage immediately flush with large amounts 'imit is one year.
SECTION 1 - PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
,,,,,,,,, Nalco Suro-Cool 1370 2 8 5 0 5 5 9 5 7 0 ,. i.,,,
j: Y, .,,,,,,,,,,, Polyacrylate solution gid -
vrganici 5 o TSSQNCf.7oqo-ev ev QQ ] Q cn.mi.m remur Inorganic ht
($ 2
- h SECTION 2 - HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS MATERIAL.OR COMPONENT %
UJ 3 m-Sodium hydroxide !I
.J Z c
Lu ti
- $ E 8
SECTION 3 - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
.u.. ...ai. no um as - -- --- - r reeze voint
> 1000C -120F
>; s n.or..avcnic u v...,er.u==
2E 1.22 @ 600F qg v..., o. ar cAa,- u s....inirsa nao.* ar wi.
..a5 Completely
- ggggh g 2 % v. .uin er v.i.
--- - -- ---~ viscostiy "5E g,I l 13 cps @ 600F,95 cps @ 00F r== g y A. u. ... o..,
5 Light brown liquie, slight organic oder pH (neat) = 13 Ji
(; SECTION 4 - FLAMMABILITY AND EXPLOSIVE PROPERTIES U* ri . ... cT .i. 3
~j ge None (PMCC) ri....... umm i. 44r, % av v.i. i, u. ,
ul2 1'5 E.u e,.s.ni., u >.
U! Not app!! cable O~ ****'d"'"""'*****""
U: None a- v o... .. r6,. . .. s.... . . n .u ,.
4
,3 None
=
SECTION 5 - HEALTH HAZARD DATA y r. .. . u mn v. ..
s None established for the product.- Sodiurn hydroxide = 2 mc/m3 E, u.eo..n.. .
Corrosive. Causes burns to the eves and sl<in.
EMERGENCY AND clR57 AfD PRCcEDURES E y.e
. Immediatelv flood with water for 15 minutes. Call a ohysician.
- ..;.,.. sma Flood with water for 15 minutes. Call a ohvsician.
in .u..
Do not induce vomiting. Give large amounts of water. Call a ohvsician.
innu.u..
Remove to fresh air.
'oRu m cu.ni te,,u,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2850559570 Lu SECTidN 6 - REACTIVITY DATA 5 -'"*"""'l'*'.*.30i e. .u. . ... e n2FC2GN68505 005 9C ,,. E
=
- <4R C w. ,i.a i. a..ie Mild steel. a!uminum. hvnalen
> o y6 wu.,. . on. . eu.. er.e... None IL o
<h wn. p.sv ru u... ""' ",'j,""' ,,;,,,,,,,,,,, .
< T.
E2 LU I g j SECTION 7 - SPILL OR LEAK PROCEDURES
.2 $
~
si.m i. Tene i can wai.,i.e a n e ., sein.e 9inte with wate. ne netite,Ilve with a mild neld.
>5 2i
<l 0- w... o. w.in.. Nn ep-toi me.sna Tw;, nrns.,r, r, . 3,,,,.,,a ,,nser n < n A (non >t E)-
0= :: ..
U ,.
i 3E5'"
Jj 7:r
<; SECTION 8 - SPECIAL PROTECTION INFORMATION i U*
None norrnally recuired hf Ty ., n .e,.i.,y e,.i u.. nnon 11! E g; v..uuu.. i u c.n...: O, wan..iw ca..mii O . s. w asts .ieri ein., cs.aie ri U! Rubber Goggles E P,.i un oi ay. Pr.inu..
Q: -
Ui ein., nr.... . c..i. .. None JE
<5 SECTION 9 - SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS w.. n ...si.,... pen..u.. Treat as any alkaline material.
ein., e, .u... Do not take internellv. Do not stet in eves, on skin or clothing.
/,.
b' Corporate PreparW By [ [j ,
/jp/ Me Toxicoloeist ***
3/3/32 Similar to Form OS EMERGENCY ELEPHONE NUMBER - (312) 9201510 p. .. :
28 50 5 5 E ~.i70 WSN 9850500590 N A LC O AQUATIC T0XICITY
SUMMARY
SURE-COOL 1370 e
The acute 96 hour0.00111 days <br />0.0267 hours <br />1.587302e-4 weeks <br />3.6528e-5 months <br /> static LC 50 of Sure-Cool 1370 for the Rainbow Trout and Bluegill Sunfish was found to be greater than 1000 mg/L (ppm) for both species. ,
Corresponding 24 and 48 hour5.555556e-4 days <br />0.0133 hours <br />7.936508e-5 weeks <br />1.8264e-5 months <br /> LC 's for were also greater 50 than 1000 mg/L.
.~
Estimated Toxicity Rating = Essentially Non-Toxic *~
Resp.etfully submitted, '
-_.ye & 3 -
{p laude H. Wolf j pj~ j Corporate Toxicologist ABC/EH&S237/8-2077 July 7, 1982 i;_
- =_
l $55 c:::.
y f5-pi-
- =r l Ei
~
I
~
no .. .. A'"': .
NALCD CHEMICAL COMPANY
, _ , , , ..s.......
4
. . v .
N gg 28 50 5 59 570)roduct Technical Data
. _ . . _ . . _ . _ _ . Nalco* 2513 Corrosion Inhibitor Nalco 2513 corrosion inhibitor is formulated in a convenient, easy to use liquid form for use in domestic and once-through cooling water systems.
Principal Uses Natco 2513 is a corrosion inhibitor formulated in convenient to handle liquid form. It is primarily used for domestic and once-through cooling water systems. Nalco 2513 is also used to provide corrosion protection in cooling systems.
General Description Nalco 2513 is a liquid product with the following properties:
Color Water white Specific Gravity (@ 80oF) 1.39 Density 11.6 lb/ gal pH (Neat) 12 Viscosity (@ 68 F) 160 cp Flash Point None
. Feeding Nalco 2513 may be fed neat, directly from the drum, or in water dilutions of up to 5%. Dilutions are stable for up to one month.
Longer storage of the diluted product is not recommended due to possible microbiological growth. Mild steel feeding and storage equipment is satisfactory.
Dosage Normal dosages of Natco 2513 will vary from 2 to 60 ppm depending upon the characteristics and operating conditions of the individual system. Your Nalco Representative will recommend optimum dosages for your system. For potable water the recommended dosage is 30 ppm.
Handling and Storage Do not get in eyes, on skin or on clothing. Wear goggles or face shield when handling. In case of contact, wash skin with plenty of water. Do not take internally. For eye contact, flush with large amounts of water and get medical attention. Do not use eye wash solution.
Recommended in-plant storage is one year.
Shipping Nalco 2513 is shipped in 15- and 55-gallon nonreturnable drums weighing approximately 174 and 638 pounds respectively.
Nalco Chemical Company 2901 Butterfield Road Oak Brook, l!!inois 60521
.,$. assistered trademerin er naic. cnemicni company 11-78 si-2s t a
l y,,,,,,,,,, Nalco 2! 0 4 8 5VW- 9 "' / O 1 ,,,,,,,,,,,,
b W
,,,,,,,,,,,, An alkaline silicate solution lr.2 Inorganic g:"' -
Cn,mi i r.mny l
o SECTION 2 - HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS h9 Lu n MATERIAt.OR COMPONENT %
g m dg o Entire product is alkaline a
&) g 2
l I ,Z
.J
- 0ll W t SECTION 3 - PHYSICAL PROPQTIES solling Point,760 MM MG Meit6ng Point kh Specifts Gravity (H20st) v.por Pressure 20 1.39 @ 680F (8 v.per Oensity (Air = t) sosubtilty in 2H 0.% By Wt.
O5 Soluble gg s v.i.tii.s er v.i. sorsSm5mwrrsmViscosity n :f 160 cps @ 680F
.=2v. 4....r.n.. .nd Od.,
Water white liquid, odorless pH (neat) = 12.0
($ SECTION 4 - FLAMMABILITY AND EXPLOSIVE PROPERTIES U$ re.sn e.ini(T.st M.in.d>
Not applicable
' {$g ri.... i. umits in air,w or voi. t . ., upp.r a-o Entinguishing Medi.
U =,
c Not applicable QE, Spect.t Fire Fighting Procedures
- UC None
,,j Unusu l Fire and Explosion Haa.rd (5 None a SECTION 5-HEALTH HAZARD DATA Tar.sh id umit v.iu.
None established for the product.
Effects of Overeuposure May cause severe irritation due to its alkalinity, i EMERGENCY AND FIRST Af D PROCEDURES Eyes i
Immediately flush with water for at least 15 minutes. Call a ohysician.
~, skin immediately flush with water for at least 15 minutes.
Ingestion no not induce vomitina. Clve Inrop amniinte nf wnter_ rail n nhutir * '
inn.
Inh lation
.__ __ FORM 507 (1176)_ _ , __ _ _ ..
(C.ntinued en Reverse $Ide)
$ , SECTION 6 - REACTIVITJATA 285055T1570 uns ani O Conditions to Avold Precipitation of inorganic salts when mixed witn low l 4 5 pH solution t
Materlats to Avoid Acids, oxidizers !
Hazardous Decompo61 tion Products one
- u. e
^
m O Hazardous Polymerlaations et Occur 3 d M May occur O Conditions to Avoid
-Z m
C" W
s SECTION 7 -SPILL OR LEAK PROCEDURES H< o 2 c0 Steps to Take in Case Materialis Released or Spilled Contain with absorbent material. Neutralize spill with weak acid.
>E 2s*
No special method. This product is not regulated under RCRA.
<h D. wasie ois,osai ueinod E3 0.d -
UE O
(l SECTION 8 - SPECI AL PROTECTION INFORMATION Us
=
Type cf Respiratory Protection Required Nonc normally required ho4 13 0 Ventilation 1.oca Exnault Os usenanica coenerain 0: Specisi cspeci<yi einer(Specie ri 1o Ud Alkall resistant Eye Protection Goggles, face shield E Protective Gloves 05 0 otner Protective Equiprnent Eve wash fountain d
<5 2$ SECTION 9 -SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS l
Handling and Storage Precaution None oiner Precautions Do not take internally. Do not contact eyes or skin. Remove and launder contaminated clothing before reuse.
e v
Title
- Prepared By
/ Toxicologist I2/I3/82 S:rr.i.ar to Form OSh0 ErkRGEN Y TELEPHrNE NUMBER -(312) 9201510 P3te :
2850559570 Q' RECEIVED N' h'The PQCorporation PRP
/ .-
Research & Development Center 280 Cedar Grove Road CEH 'W' 'is e.o. Box 2s8 February 5, 1985 Lafayette Hill, PA 19444
~~
(215) 825 5000 Mr. Steven Goring PUCKORIUS ASSOCIATES P. O. Box 2440 Evergreen, CO 80439
Dear Mr. Goring:
In response to your inquiry to Mr. John Peters of PQ regarding the safety of the use of sodium silicate as a water treatment chemical, 1 can provide the following information:
Sodium silicate is considered as GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) by the U.S. FDA when it is used as a corrosion preventative in potable water. The safety of sodium silicate in this and other food-related applications was recently reviewed for the FDA by the Select Committee on GRAS Substances of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB). Their report, Evaluation of the Health Aspects of Certain Silicates as Food Incredients -
SCOGS-61 is available from NTIS as Pb 301-402/AS. On page 30 of this report, the Select Committee concludes:
"There is no evidence in the available information on
... sodiun silicate, ... that demonstrates or suggests reasonable grounds to suspect a hazard to the public when [it is) used at levels that are now current or that might reasonably be expected in the future."
The PQ Corporation's product NO sodium silicate solution, has been authorized for USDA as a potable water treatment compound for use in federally inspected meat and
! poultry plants.
i The EPA is currently reviewing the safety of water l
treatment additives, but their initial report is not expected l until next year. A water chemicals codex has been recently "
published. Many of our products conform to the requirements listed for sodium silicate on page 63.
I have enclosed a copy of a review of the health effects and environmental safety of soluble silicates.
1 hope this information proves helpful to you. If you have any further questions regarding PQ Corporation's products, please let us know.
Respectfully yours.
g n G. BlumberghEsq.
Product Safety Coordinator (0275J)
I opsg'Rngs70 e-- "'
L Health, Safety, and Environmental Aspects of l Soluble Silicates W. L SCIILEYER and J. G. DLUMBERG The PO Corpartion, Research and Development Center, Lafayette tidl, PA 19444 The alkalinity of soluble silicates is their primary hazard. Contact exposure ef fects can range from irritation to corrosion. Inhaled or ingested sodium silicates are rapidly eliminated in the urine. Trace quantities of dissolved silica are essential to nutrition, but if normal dietary amounts are exceeded, siliceous urinary calcull may result. Dissolved silica is a minor but ubiquitous constituent of the environment. When dissolved silica becomes depleted in natural waters, diatoms are displaced by species that accelerate eutrophication. Commercial soluble silicates rapidly depolymerize upon dilution to molecular species indistinguishable from natural dissolved silica.
Soluble silicates have been known since ancient times, but it was not until the middle of the 19th Century that soluble silicates were produced on a commercial scale. In 1877, a 46 page pamphlet (l) was sufficient to encompass most of the knowledge about soluble silicates then available. By 1928, over 400 pages were required for Vail's first American Chemical Society Monograph on the subject Q). This monograph contained information on the amelioration of the adverse environmental ef fects of emissions from the now abandoned sulfate process for soluble silicate production (3), the use of soluble silicates in aqueous e f fluent treatmentqT and a short chapter on the physiological ef fects of soluble silicatesQ).
In recent years, there has been an increasing emphasis on biological testing for the quantitative determination of environmental and health ef fects of chemical products and processes. But since biological testing is both time consuming and eapensive, those who fund this type of research, government ,
industry, labor or academic organizations, tend to give higher priority for testing te newer chemicals about which little is 0097 6156/H2/0194-0049$06.25/0 t) I')M2 Amerian Chemiul .%:iety
50 sotuur sit:CATIS
)9EhvvEEO/
L ,v v I. SCHtm3 AND DtUktmG L*nrimmnental Aspects 51 known, rtther th::a ent e:tablichio chemicals, such as soluble silicates, with which there has been over a century of human experience.
Talate I. Median I.ethat IMc (Oral, llat)
Nevertheless, there has been a linited amount of S"di""' Sili'
biological testing conducted on scluble silicates by government industry and academic scientist s. ,
SiO2/Na20 CONCENTitATION LD-50 Inere have also been several itEFEltENCE critical evaluations of the available infor mation on soluble wt. ratio wt. percent g/kg silicates by expert groups impaneled to assess to the environmental or health risks of various uses of these substances.
>3 7*
The the objective of this review is tc, draw togethec and L.-lefly 3.2 3G 3.2 8.
discuss available information on the health, safety and 3 -
1.6 - 8.6 9.
environmental aspects of the soluble silicates. The sources of 2 -
I 3-2 I 0' information for this review include scientific publications, 2.0 Ut 30'22 10.
reports of regulatory bodies and government agencies, and the 2.0 BI IG incidental records of a corporation which has manufactured 16 58 II-soluble silicates for over 120 years (6). g}o 2.0 -2.5 10.
99 0.6 II.
HEAL.TH AND SAFETY ASPECTS 1.0 50 0.8 Il-0.7 og 3.5 10.
Ingestion 0.7 G1 10 II*
0.5 00 0.5 10.
Oral LD$g, the dose level where 50% of an exposed population of r.ats will die within a specified time, is a useful expression cubstance.ofIt ti.e approximate =agnitude of toxicity of a among many substalso anc.provides a standard measure of comparison to-do
- s. 8 The 1.D50 values for sodium silicates in Table of I and Figure studies. It I were compiled from the results of a ntsaber should be noted that these studies were conducted 7 ~
et different such as, times, and vary somewhat in their test conditions distribution length o' of observation period, and strain, number and sex comparison is useful the animals. Nevertheless, we believe the 6 -
general way, the in fluenc for ethe purpose of illustrating, in a tov ic i ty. of silicate composition on acute oral Even a very closely controlled LD50 study would not 5 -
yield dataunless certainty from which conclusions could be drawn with greater a great "
number of animals were used. Thus, in the lethal range of sodium silicates, large doses are required ,
4 -
tnd the 951 confidence intervals are on the order of 0 5 g/kg. .
The autopsy results for the reported studies, acute gastroenterit is, vascular congestion, mottled livers (8), were 3 -
consistent with nonspecific causes of death, e.g., changes in pit of body fluids, shock, chemical
. viscera, etc. It appears that theirritation SiO 2/N8 or corrosion of the 2 20 ratio of sodium silicates has a greater influence on their toxicity than their -
concentration. This relation is perhaps not unexpected when it 8 - '
is considered in light of the sodiura silicate's property of ~
yielding aqueous solut ions of relatively constant of concentrations, while at constant concentration,pilpil over a range varies 0 ' '
inversely with ratio (see Figures 2 and 3 ).
0.0 .5 1.0 1.5 2.'0 2.5 3.0 3.5 In an hazard ingestion attemptthan to develop oral a more specific test for modeling SiO2/Na20 ICATIO LD$ o, the FDA conducted a series of Figwe i. kria vs. LD., smlium stican..
am
O
./ n*
/
O I rs .
o Lf') .
(b C j'/ "
Lf)h ./ ,
LT1*:
C1
./ -
W d
./ S tr) 3 ./ E E
O.J e oE 'E c.a.; -f./ -
gj 4 14 e
g
.--- ss 9 3
/
- .~e o i 4
as W
./
! /
D _ e
.J A
Q Z
4 se
. o N
W
~
M ?
C a -
" > - - o o o o o o o a f
.C U
2 N m o ei W
n .
a ED .
D l a p M
' ' . an N a m' a'3
\ '
l'II l:
e 3 2
o i
l 2 li
, u ,
1 0 e i
\I
.l , I g
N N.
- 3 s .
- .; c- a
,ll s
=
" li e.
i l lI s' E E
..I-) !
. .e4 al
\ *
\.\*I
- , a s.
c e;
(
\ -
O i .l.
\ s k *.\
6 5 9e Er
( \. '
b 1
o e o
e
. 1 o
b, .s.
El e o e o el 4 ri a d d ei. e.i
. e.i
. a. u g
l w5 l
ti to I '
,54 sow;tt stucAus 4. scumtR AND CLUKtG 2850559570
, Enrimnmental Aspects 55 tests using rabbits during the late 1960s and early 1970s. I Initially a description of the findings upon macroscopic [
exarnination were the only results reported. Two samples of a 2.0 g t
ratio sodium silicate pouser ( 80% solids) and two samples of i sodium metasilicate were tested at this time. "No lesions ..."
- and " submucosal edema" were noted in the animats exposed to 2.0 .
ratio sodium silicate, but " severe ulcer" and " active hyperemia" resulted from metasilicate exposure (12). In 1973, Bierbower,(13) reported on a series of similar testE conducted under the auspicies of the Consumer Product Sa fe t y Commi s s ion. Microscopic examination of the esophagus was used as the primary criterion for categorizing results as either " corrosive" or " negative."
This data is summarized on Table 11. The data indicate a correlation of hazard with ratio only at the extremes of ratio.
In the intermediate range, the results for liquids vary with Table II. E wphageal Te,: (Oral, Rabbit) concentration (independent of pH which is virtually constant - Sodiuns Silicate see Figure 2), and the results for powders in this range are equivocal.
In man, the lethat oral dose of sodium silicates has been SiO2/Na20 CONCENTRATION RESULTS estimated as 0.5-5 g/kg Q). Ingestion of 200 al of sodium wt. ratio
+ = corrosive silicate egg preserving solution (these solut tons typtcally 3.2 5% w/w -
contain 5-36% of 3.2 SiO 2/Na2 0) caused severe vomiting. 3.2 10?. w/w ,-
diarrhea and bleeding, elevated blood pressure, and renal da:nage, 2.9 IF. w/T but was not fatal (14). In the past, sodium silicate has been -
2.9 15% w/w administered g/ day without orall[for medicinal purposes in doses of I to 3 2.9
+
reported adverse ef fects(15), however, it is not Neat liq.(43?.) +
presently known to be used as a drug. ~~
2.4 10% v/w -
In an early feeding study, King et al.(16) attempted to 2.4 15% v/v +
administer soluble silicates to dogs as 5% solutions, but found 2,4 Neat pwd. +.-
they had to preneutralize the solutions or the dogs invariably 2.0 5% V/V -
vomited them. Such soluble silica that was absorbed by the dogs 2.0 10% v/v +.+
from the neutralized solution was found to be quickly eliminated 2.0 Neat pwd. +.-
in the orine.
The Icvcl of silies in the blond remained low. and 10 y' 10'". w/v +.+
at was suggested that these animals have a low renal threshold ,
for dissolved silica. Newberne and Wilson (17) succeeded in feeding dogs and rats sodum silicate incorp2ated into an temisynthetic diet at levels equivalent to 0.8 g SiO /kg/ 2 Jay.
The only untoward polyuria, and soft clinical signs observed were polydipsia, stools. Renal lesions were observed in the dogs upon histopathological examination. Similar ef fects were not observed in the rats. Smith (18) studied the ef fects of 3.22 ratio suJium silicate added to thIdrinking water of rats at levels of 600 and 1200 mg/1. Two trials were conducted. The first, with a nutritionally adequate diet, lasted 180 days. The second, in which a diet inadequate for normal growth was provided, lasted 84 days.
The rats used in the second trial were the of fspring of those used in the control group of the first trial.
Nitrogen and phosphorus retention was measured by casaying the diet and wastes for these elements. Weight gain and rsproductive ability were recorded. Consumption of the water was n
+ -
]QqQvaqq va y 36 sotueLE SILICATES 4. SQiLEYE3 AND eLUMstRG Environmentot Aspress J57 only noted by casual observation, but . it was reported to be similar for all groups.
In the trial receiving an adequate diet, the male' rats Table III,
- receiving sodium silicate at- the 600 ppe SiO 2 level (about .si,e Abilit . .- .
790 ppe sodi m silicate), e<perienced a 61 greater weight gain mee in %y of Itmas Waerr Fed Sodiumi over controls receiving deionized II2 0. Females from this'same .
group gained 5% less weight than the controls. At the higher 1evel (about 1580 ppe sodium silicate) weight gains by both sexes CONCENTRATION'(as ppna SiO2)
C 600 did not differ significantly (p = 0.05) from controls. -In the I200
- second trial, there was no significant difference in weight gain Matings 77 77 77 -
of the silicate treated versus the control animals at the lower _ Litters 54 58 49 level,controls.
than althoughThethe greatest males at the higher levels were 6% lighter yo,.Bern 5t? 346 No. Weaned 414 e 13% retention of uranary na,vartation an natrogen retentson was 182 83 trogen an the farst traal group at g, 44 .
the lower gained level of silicate consumption - the. same group that weight, he largest variation in phosphorus retention was a
the higher level,the 9% increase in butsecond it trial group that consumed silicate at Difference as % of Controls was not . apparent whether, this dif ference Born 67 was due to the salacate treatment or the greater body saae of these animals. he results of the ' study of the rats reproductive Weened 50 46 24 performance are given in Table 111. It appears that of all the factors observed, the number of offspring to survive until weaning the is the only one to consistently correlate with increased silicate consumption. In view of the high mortality of Escreted suicate es ug si II'8 ~
the control of fspring (o,nly 35% survived), any additional stress oight have produced the same ef fect.
The author concludes that
" soluble silica ... exerts biologically important effects on 1000 growth and reproductive performance,"(p) but it is not clear '
from his data whether there is an effect, and if there is, l$fl ,' 'f I
'jj; lll alkalinityitofcan whether thebe attributed drinking to the dissolved silica or the water. 800 ' ' ^ ###
Ito et l' ,$ 7,# $ ,#
al.(20), fed rats drinking water containing from 200 to 1800 ppe sodissa silicate for 3 months. They reported an ;jjjjjj increase in serias alkaline phosphatase activity at a'. rereere concentration of 1800 pps in males, and an increase of serum 800 -
- ,'j j j,'y '
'e/ m e glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity at 200 and 600 ppe sodium silicate in females. l$$$$$'s
~ bath sexes at 600 ppe. A decrease in leukocyte count occurred in Ilo s .cific change in the rats due to the , , ljjjjjj 0 7e e soditan silicate was observed upon histopathological examination. re m ee l$$jjf, 8enke and Osborne( H ) studied the rate'and extent of urinary l$IIIII ;jj,'jjj " excretion of silicon in rats after oral administration of single 'jj'jjj mm 20e ,,,, doses of several silicates, including a 2.4 ratio sodium e m eer
' l$ j,'j j,' ' mere silicate, to rats. Two trials were conducted: in the first 'II,'$If
'mm lII$fII '
r<<<<<< trial, a dose of 40 mg/kg was administered, in the second trial-th:2 dose was 1000 mg/kg. At the 40 mg/kg lev (1,18.9% of clic
~
;jjjjjj
</ m ee II'rISI ;jjjjjj l$$ e'$ $ e'
.g ;'jjjj'
, <eeeeee "jjjj','
administered silicate was excreted in the urine, and elevated ' e-24 24-4e 48-72 72-se levels of si in the urine were observed only in the first '24 Thane After Adansaistraties hours aiter the oral dose. At the 1000 mg/kg leve1, 2.8% of the total administered silicate was excreted in the urine, and the . D' #- b #W 7 *d'** *"'#- data in Figure 4 were.obtained for the rate of excretion Benke
58 sotuott stuCATES 4. SCHLEYER MD BLUMaac 2850559570 Environmental Aycrts 59 cnd Osborne calculated the urinary excretion half-life for severity of from I to 4. ingested sodium silicate to be 24 hours, Corrosivity, i.e., nonreversible Sauer et al.(22), measured the total silica eliminated (i.e., injury, as also noted. Tables IV. and V. list the values urinary anTfecal SiO2 ) by guinea pigs after oral obtained for soluble silicates in a number of laboratories over cdministration of 1) a single dose of sodiuta metasilicate the course of about 20 years. The PIl values listed are the sura pentahydrate, equivalent to 80 mg SiO2 , and 2) four doses of of intact and abraded scores unless otherwise noted.Too few
- codium metasilicate pentahydrate, equivalent to 80 mg SiO2
- at determinations have been June to compute the standard error of 48 hr. intervals. Within 8 days, 60% of the silica aiministered the PII* but the subjective nature of the scaling system makes the inference reasonable that it is large enough to account for ca a single dose and 96% of the silica adrainistered as multiple .
doses was excreted. the otherwise anomalous values for 3.2 ratio at 80 and 36 Percent, respectively. Although there are no reports in the scientifte laterature of it appears that the breakpoint between irritant and corrosive chronic testing or carcinogenicity of soditsu silicates, a ntsaber cf studies on zeolite type A, which rapidly decomposes to solid sodiura silicates occurs between 2.0 and 2.4 ratio. amorphous aluminates and sodiurs silicate in the stomach and Potassiura silicates are evidently more irritating than sodiura tissues, were recently reported (23). Among these studies was a silicates of equivalent mole ratio. Perhaps this is the result lifetime feeding study in rats wIIt"ch concluded that chronic of the greater aqueous solubility of potassium silicates. Test Results freding of high doses ( .001, .01 and .1% in diet) of type A The DUT test dif fers froin the FilSA test principally in that asolite did not produce cancer or chronic organ toxicity in , the exposure period is 4 hours instead of 24 hours, and dry rodents (24). It is also relevant to note that sodiura silicates have had7 long history of safe u:,e in nurserous food-related substances are tested dry - they are not moistened with saline applications (25). Sodium silicate and potassissa silicate are solution. Consequently, this test is less sensitive to small considered CR3A (Cenerally Recognized as Safe) by the U.S. FDA di f ferences in the activity of compounds, but it provides a more realistic model of accidental human exposure. The data in Table for addition to canned drinking water as a corrosion preventative ndicates that the breakpoint between irritant and corrosive at concentrations up to 100 ppm (26). b Itqua{d sodaura salicates occurs 1.6 between and 1.8 ratio, but it Skin Contact ts also probably influenced by the concentration of the solutions. In industries using sodiura silicates, dermatitis has been attributed to sodiuta silicate exposure (34). Where adequate Tests for the ef fects of skin contact of sodiura silicates Protection of the hards is not undertaken, physical injury by have been undertaken by both industry and governmental agencies. pr jecting points of dried silicate is further aggravated by Since many soluble silicates are not stoichiometric compounds, alkaline ir r i t at ion ( 3J) . Workers within the soluble silicate but rather can be prepared with variable SiOy/Na2O f8EE05* ndustry have been reported to sustaan burns from hot glass and tests have been conducted at various point s on the cont inuura o f Jermatitis from alkaline materials.(%) In our experience, the possible ratios, usually at points within the specifictions of impt comraon type of accidents involve spilling or splashing coanne rc i al p roduc t s , Two similar experimental procedures have been used to silicates into shoes or getting it between the skan and clotha,ng
.a t quantify the skin contact ef fects of solGble silicates; both are thecollarandcuffswhereabrasionoccurs.(g) Sa fet y boot s and gloves with gauntlets are recormuended to avond these types of based on the Draize method (27). The first is the protocol exposure.
. adopted by the U.S. Food and Drug Adrainistrat ion and Consumer Prod uc t Safety Connaission for determining the contact hazard of N' U""E 'C E substances under the Federal llazardous Substances Act, and is specified in 16 C.F.R. $ 1500.41 et sg. The secon f is the The ef fects of eye contact with sodium silicates have been protocol adopted by the U.S. DepIr~tment of Transportation for tested by industry and in governraent laboratories. The standard determining the contact hazard of substances under the Federal test for determining the hazard of eye contact as the FilSA Draire liazardous Materials Transporat ion Act , and is specified in
- method specified in 16 C.F.R. 51500.42. The data in Table V11.
49 C.F.R. 4173.240. sndicates that at the ratios and concentrations tested, soluble in the FitSA test , 0.5 g or 0.5 ml of the test substance is silicates are irritating to the eyes, and severely irritating at moistened with physiological saline and applied to the intact and hagh congenerations. A new test for assessment of eye contact abraded skin of rabbits for 24 hours. The site of contact is effects as currently under developraent. examined af ter 24 and 72 hours and the extent of irritation is-rtnked on a scale (Priisary Irritation Index) of increasing q ,
- 1 o
O ao a d .; ; d ei d d d d is 3 nnnnnnnnnn s. . n n n nt~nr~nt~n r~ es. t. t o t~ t r tn y n n~ n~ n. (b * (O . u LO .=. - n NwS
-o - ~
CD 2
$" 3, e w
=
w c g E- "
=n 8 8 8 8 8 ' + ' ' + O
.f d & I x = G e * &
g , aa o+ x a "
- J.,
3 h< I + + + + + + +e + ++ C'l ) - d{ -3 s a Y$ x fi - o,
.I *-. n to N t N un 0 5 $^a g do444de "w .a$ 0
.h a b e o e L %
~
C3 o w d ev Q N; N
=}.
c Zid ~ N O E d d et o n 5 zsti o ,o w ok n to r*,,e vn,,onomen m o
- N
- $T"*O'"O *OOO*o u
2 0 h $ a sa o o O e o i MU N 3w Z e o ,o O e e o t- o kU N g n9*COOOOONNb a
, 6.- a, titi d d d 4 a a d d O p N N N * * = == 0 O N a m m
~r.
M bd P. k a a j
., g dididddddds NNNNNNNNNNN ~
m
- e. o o
.a g N N n l i % e 2 c.
3 a F0 a mo g ,, e { ce m u i e e+e r++ t.
.x = o [ En s I a yo+ x x o+
X
~.
c y a 3 =., . v ,
** .=
= vonnny c , ,e odee a 2 3 ** -
sE "'
^ ^
- mg g O N e
- v sa A a W3n G
=3b a
N
~
d II en o e n tw ,a, a ggaan,nNace-o o o e y N y G G d 2 -
, dg N n a p e 2:s o o H w
48 O O 4m $
- z. 8 :=0 Ni99***OO OOO . a N* o n N
- n n n N N N N N N .* ==
Oy H N .: d m to oo n n N o ma O c 4
(d a , w u .9570 sotEt si utscATts 4. SCIIL N # 63 I'h-lition Environmental Chemistry Michon, et rabbits after al.(40), studied the silicon metabolism of The solubility of sala *ca can be characterized by the concluded that inhalation of a sodium silicate aerosol. They following equilibrta at acid has been written rapidly eliminated in the urine.soJium silicate dissolves in the lungs and isH SiO (OH)2, rather than 2 2 4 order Becking (g) summarized two inhalation studies of type A to emphasize its diabasic characte and the tendency of silicon, sodium zeolite which rapidly decomposes to soditus silicate and like other metalloads, to coordina roxo and oxo ligands. amorphous first aluminates under physiological conditions. In the type A zeolitehamsters study, 3 days perwere exposed to approximately 20 mg/m 3 of week, Quartz + 2Hy0 I#8 " 5 hours per day for 52 weeks. LHySiO2(011)2 the second mg/m 2 study, of type Cynomolgus monkeys were exposed to 1 and 6 In A zeolite c;n (nu) Amorphous silica
- 2H 20- log K = -2.7 zeolite for 12 months. for 24 months, and 50 mg/m type A 3 .- h,2- * ~ 2 " ' ' ' 2
+
the animals in either study.No evidence of fibrosis was observed in fl ySiO 2(OH) 1g g. -9.46 PIISiO2 (OH)2~ +H _ - + ENVIRO?&tENTAL ASPECTS itSiO2 (0l)2 I3iO2(Ott) 2 + li log K = -12.56 4H2 Si0 2(OH)y PSI 0 46 6 2 o f e a r t h ' = 1.snd m.a s se s . Compounds o f sa licon and oxygen are theSttsun(52) primary const ituents used these equilibria to construct e diagram in obiquitous constituent Dissolved silica is a minor but Figure 7 which ' d escribes the sper aation u contain the highest of earth's hydrosphere. Ground waters concentrations of dissolved silica: the solution. His data andscate th.t at norma median value an the U.S. is 17 ppm (42). Of earth's surface values (pil 9) dissolved silica exists exc waters, silicie acid. This concluston as supporte y The median strea:ns value and rivers contain tI{e most dissolved silica. soluble silica has a dif fusion coef f ac tent ,o , for streams in the U.S. is 14 ppm (43). For . rivers, the worldwiJe mean concentration is 13 ppm (IJ). Lakes tre mo. acular size about equivalent to monositteac ac . reported to contain about Below about pit = 9.4 t he solubilit concentration of dissolved silica 4 ppin( M ), while the Uan about 120 ppm g ). Quartz has a % Q ppm (46). The median value in the oceans is about 6 ppm, but its rate of crystallaration as s slow at ordinary water suppites of the for dissolved silica in the public 100 largest U.S. cities is 7.1 ppm ( ), temperatures and pressures that, the so Y silica represents the upper Inmit o Earth s biomass also contains appreciable concentration in natural wat s. Relatively large amounts of silica are absorbedsoluble silica. g Dissolved sittca ts supp te gg concentrated, and precipitated by the siliceous sponges from solution. , and biochenical weathering processt.s v g ,gy (Hyalospongiae) and the protozoan orders of energy frois biological systems , es ion substitution and chelate form, g reac while the majority of species in the Animal Kingdom only contaiRadiolaria n and Heilozoa, dissolved silica in the parts per million range (48) The precise mineral lattice cations (15). The c amountand of soal soluble silica in natural waters as controlied bY a buffering mechanism species f ac tsilica or s,. found in plants is deterEned by both I.ower plants, such as grasses i
' which is thought to involve ttle sorp on ,,
(Craisineae) are very rich in silica, wet-land varieties usually dissolved silica by soll Partte es - - containing the highest concentrations (49). In general, legtanes j average silica weathering rate of wate ds a, and dicotyledonous plants contain less7oluble silica than 20 kg/ha/hr(58). The processes o monocotyledons.(50) are depicted 7n Figure 6. Any soluble sa aca p g, silicainfrared absorption studies have shown that most biogenic is present natural cycle as a result of the product, ru as get orindicated dissolved silica. However, emission comnercial soluble silicates would ea EPectroscopy studies have that o f t he high flux of the natural salica c c g;g, etitca found in animals as bound to organic some of the soluble f rom coasnercial soluble salacates a s an molecules , such as i glycosaminoglycans, whose structure has yet to be identified} (H) natural dissolved saltca sance ,e o 75 zation of polysilicate anions to monomerte dissolved st t g
. s
4 a
- 2850559570 SOLU LE SILICATES 4. ScitLEVElt AN3 BLUM E tTG lintironmental Aspects 65 (niolar) 1 c mmercial soluble silicate solutions are diluted with water ( 9).
~~
Poly- Aquatic Tomieity meric , . Aquatic toutc acy data as usually expressed a.n terms of Solutio a the median tolerance limit. Tim, which is defined as that
.1 -
Insolubility domoin concentration of a substance that it lethat to 50 percent of the test population in an arbitrary time period. Table V111. , lists the TLm values obtained for sodium silicate. Nutritional Aspects The essential nature of silicon as a nutrient has long been
'03 - recognized in primitive plant and animal species that utilize it in the form of silica as a structural material (60). Until recently, it had been thought that since the bone- Urtilage system had evolved in animals and the cellulose-lignin system
-p !
\ had evolved in plants silica had become obsolete; that the N/MkMM[h presence of silica in higher species was simply attributable to Monomer:.C solutions their contamination by the vast quantitics of silica in the 6 '
natural environment. In the past few years, however, a number e h - . of **Periments have indicated that silicon is necessary, albeit 9 10 i 11
# 12 13 in trace quantities, for the normal growth, development and functioning of a large variety of higher animals (61), and it is Ta.gurc i Soluble silicate sMarbn. anticipated that silicon will become recognized as an essential nutrient for most if not all species.
The problems associated with " blooms" of algae which occur in eutrophic bodies of water have motivated much research into Mitteral determining the limiting nutrients which control the growth of algal populations. It has been demonstrated that at Silica & Silica tes concentrations of less than 0.1 ppm, silica is a limiting u .o.mu,,, weurner.ng nutrient for diatoms (g), and a few uther algal species (61). Thus, only in bodies of water which are orders of magnit2e
) lower in silica concentration than normal environmental levels, I could .* lin be~-a = limiting factur to algal growth. De l* addition of excess soluble silica over tne limiti.;; - c<meentration vill not stimulate the growth of diatom k ,0'5%tacan Dissolved go, ,,,,, populations; their growth rate is independent of silica conc-liiogettoiss SII5Ca '"EEI "* once the limiting concentration as exceeded (64, 65).
N E I 8 "" It has been observed that when a body of water becomes C=h
/g eutrophic due to large inputs of phosphorus, diatom populations
\
Oesorpr.o,.So r bed inc re a se , and this results in a decline in the dissolved silica content of the water, especially the surface water (66,). If
- Silica this process continues until the available silica becomes depleted below the limiting concentration for Jiatoms, they are figurc 6. The naturulsilica cg/c- ceptaced by obnoxious green and blue green algal species which have much lower requirements for saltcon(Q). Rus , at is beneficial to maintain an adequate supply of soluble silica in a phosphorus-rich body of water in order to promote diatoms as m
,-e .
66 s Ltiute satic4Tts .t . sciittvr= AND RUmtRG 2850559570 fnrimnmental flypcrty 67 the dominant algae. Sodium silicate has been reported to inhibit algae (68). the growth of a troublesome species of blue green LITERATURE CITED
- 1. Zwick, H., M Wasserglas, Fussli, Zurich, 1877. .
- 2. Vail, J.C.,
Soluble Silicates, ACS Monograph (46), Chemical Catalog Co., NY, 1928.
- 3. Ibid., 95. '
4 IbTd., 410-11.
- 5. Ibid., 413-14.
Tal,le Vll!. Aquatic Tunicit 6. PQ Corporation, unpublished documents and records. Sodiurn Silitate 7. J int F.40/WHO Expert Comm i t t ee on Food Add i t ive s , WHO Food Additive Ser. r (5), 21-30 _
- 8. Caskins, Animal J.R., " Analytical Report " No. 016-2583, U.S. FDA, T rne D03" Annelids Nef. Div. Toxicological Evaluation, Bureau of Science, Negris grut,ci Washington, D.C., 1966, 2.
- 9. Calandra, J.C.: Fancher, 0.E., h Soap and Detergent Capitella capitata E at/3. 68.
2nday" Association Scientific and Technical Report 1972, (5R), 24. Inguit nfash 2 3 0g-a t/l. 68- 10. PQ Corporation, " Biological Study No. LH57085-1-4," 1961, 4. Gambusia affass ;* thr. 11. Hehir , P.M. , "Research Dat a on Silicates - Memorandum" E.W.
~ 3200p p g- Ligon/R.M. Hehir, U.S. FDA, Div. Toxicological Evaluat ion.
~ .i n h r.
~ 2400 ppm 69. Bureau of Science, Washington, D.C. 1967, 1.
Water flea 06hr- Oppm 12. Ibid, 9-10. 69, Daphnia magna 13. Burbower, C.W., " Experimental Data From Consumer Product Snait egg, 9Ghr- a
' 37 ppm 70. Safety Commission Studies on the Provisional Rabbit Test ,"
Lym nea 1973, 5, 9Ghr- 630 ppm 14. Eichhorst , H. , Sc hwe i z Med . Woc h schr . , 1920, 50, 1081. Amphipoda 70. 15. Sc he f fl er, L. , Compt es _Rendus , 1920, _171, 1 416-18.16. DGhr. IG0 ppm 70. King. E.J.; Stantial, H.; Dolan, M., Bioc hem. ~, J. 1933, 27, (4), 1002-6. ~
- 17. Newberne, P.M.; Wilson, R.B., Proceedings National Academy o_f f Sc ience U.S. , 1970, 65, (4), 872-15.
- 18. Smith, C.S.; Neumann, A. L.; Cledhill, V. H.,; Arzola, C.
A., J. Anim. Sci., 1973, 36, (2), 271-8.
- 19. Ibid., 876.
- 20. Ita, R., Toho Igakkai Zasshi, 22 (2), 223-7.
- 21. Benke, C.M.; Osborne, T.W.,
FA Co sme t . Tuxicol., 1979, H , 123-127.
- 22. Sauer. F. ; Laught and , D. II. ; Day idson, W. M..
Biochem. & Physio. , 1959, E , 183-91. Can. E
- 23. Bec king, C.C. , Re po r t of the Task Force on the Health Ef fec t s o f Non-NTA Detergent Builders to the International Joint Commission Creat Lakes Advisory Board, Windsor, Ontario, 1981, 57-69.
- 24. Ibid., 64.
- 25. Blumberg , J.C. ; Schleyer, W.L. , " Current Regulatory .% atus of Soluble Silicates," American Chemical Society Symposium 3 Soluble Silicates, New York, 1984.
P ? C8 sOLtCLE slLtC;.its 2850559570 1, 26 scultm AND CLUWERG Environmental Aspects 69 Selcet Committee on CRAS Substances, Evaluation e of th Health Aspects of Certain Silicates as Food ~' 58. Soukup, M. A., Ingredients, SCOCS-61. NTIS Pt> "The Limnology of a Eutrophic Hardwater
- 27. Draize, J.H., 301-402/AS, 1979, 4. New England Lake, with Major Emphasis on the
- 28. PQ Corporation, J. Pharm. and Exp. Ther., 1944, 82, 337. Biogeochemistry of Dissolved Silica," Xerox Univ.
- 29. Hehir, R.H. , g."c3. , 2. Biological Study No. LH57393." 1961,2-3. Mic ro films, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Order No. 75-270527.
- 59. O'Connor, T.L., J.
- 30. PQ Corporation, " Biological Study No. 60. Carlisle, E., Phys. Chem., 1961, 65, (1), I. ,
TraN Elem. Ma ab. Anim., Proc. Int. Symp.
- 32. PQ Corporation, " Biological Study ,No.31. , 2-4, PQ 61.
Corporation, 2nd 1973( ScIIwarz, pub " Biological Study; No. HL790101 " 19 33.Arch. PQ Corporation, " Biological Study No. HL7901061." 1973HL790104," 1973, 2-3. K. , 1974),
- g. c.i t_407-423.
, 357.
- 34. Ind. H& h _ Health, 7, . ,
- 35. White, R.P., The De 1953, 411-23 62, Kilhara, P.,
Limnology and Oceanography, 1971, 16, (1), 10.
- 36. of the Skin SchwartU Ees,rmatergoses landon 1934 or Occupational Af fections 63. Klaverwes, 349-55. D.; Guillard, R. R. L. , h _Phyc ol ._, 19 7 5. .l_L.,
3, T.L. , Birminghara, D.J., 64. Jorgensen, E.C., of the skin, 3rd ed., _ 0ccupational Diseases Dansk_Botanisk Arkiv, 18,, (1), 1957, 5.
- 37. Hehir, PQ Corporation, unpublished records. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 65. Schwart z, A.M. , Interim _ Report g Environmental _
~
1957 248.
- 38. R.M., g cit., 5. Protection Agency Contract FWQA 14-12-875, 1972.
- 40. Michon, R.; Sue, " Biological Study No.
- 39. PQ Corporation 66. Sc hels ke, C. L. ; Stoe rmer, E.F. , Science, 1971, 173. 423.
- 67. Kilham, P. , Og. c i t.. . 12.
2194-5. P.; Merinis, J., ComtesFDRL800573," 1980, 1. Rendus , 1956, 243, -
- 68. Schwart z , A.M. , Q. c_it . , 79.
- 41. Bec ki ng , C.C. , 3. c it . , 64. 69. Reish , D.J. , Water Research, 1970, 4_, 721.
- 42. Davis, S.N., 70. Wallen, l.E.: Greet, W.C.i~1.asater,R., Sewage ag
- 43. _lbid., 870 AmeriE _ Journal o f Sc ience, 1964, 262, 870.
Industrial Wastes, June 1957, 695.
~
- 44. EJwards, A.M.C.; Liss, P.S., 71. Dowden, 8.F.; Bennett, !! . J . , h Water Pollution _ Control
- 45. Sut herland , J.C. Es.vt . Nature 1973 , 243, 341. Fed . , 1965, 37, (9 ), P. 1308
- 46. Kido, K., Marine _ Chemistry, Sci. Tech.,4,(10E826. ~
1974, 2, (4), 277-86 Rrcnym March 2,1982.
- 47. Anon., "Pubisc Water Supplies of the 100est Larg Cities in t he Uni t ed St a t e s ," U . S . C. S. Pa pe r No.
- 48. Levier, R.R., _
Bioinorganic ChemistrE19751812, 1962.
- 49. D'Hoore , J. ; Coul ter , J. K. ,_ , 4_ , (2), 109-16.
Acad. Sc i . , Washington, D.C. Soils of the Huesid Tropics Nat. 50 Lewin, J. ; Reimann , 1972, 163-73, 1969, 20 289. B.E.F., Annual Review o f Plant Crowth, 51.2nd, SchwaE,K. 1974, 355. , Trace _ Elements _Metab._Anim.,i Proc. Int. h . ' 52.Wiley, Stumm. 1970.W. ; Morgan, J.J. , Aquat ic Chemist ry~, Ne w Yo r k ,
~ $3. Iler, R.,
1955 Cornell TheU.Colloid Press,Chemistry of Silica and Silicates , Alsmander, C.E.; Heston, W.M.;Ithaka, ller, NY, 12.54. 1954, 58_, 453. R.K., A Ph g Chem.,
- 55. Silicate Boyle, Minerals,"
J.R. ; Voight Plant, C.K. , " Biological Weathering of _
- 56. Edwards. A.M.C.; Liss, P.S., Soil, Nature1973, 38, (1), 191-201.
- 57. Oehler, J.H., 1973, 243, 341.
Biogeochemical Cycling of Mineral Forming Elements Publ. Co., " Trudinger, P.A.; Swaine, D.J., eds., Elsevier 1979, 467-483.}}