ML20084M042
| ML20084M042 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | West Valley Demonstration Project |
| Issue date: | 03/31/1983 |
| From: | Albanese J, Shaun Anderson, Dunne L, Weir B NEW YORK, STATE OF |
| To: | NRC OFFICE OF NUCLEAR REGULATORY RESEARCH (RES) |
| References | |
| CON-FIN-B-6350 NUREG-CR-3207, NUDOCS 8306010094 | |
| Download: ML20084M042 (99) | |
Text
{{#Wiki_filter:1 NUREG/CR-3207 V Geologic and Hydrologic Research at the Western New York Nuclear Service Center West Valley, New York Annual Report
' August 1981 - July 1982 -
Prepared by J. R. Albanese, S. L. Anderson, L. A. Dunne, B. A. Weir Now York State Geological Survey / State Museum New York State Education Department Prepared for U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission 1. i 8886868834" CR-3207 B PDR I
I NOTICE t This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, or any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability of re-sponsibility for any third party's use, or the results of such use, of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed in this report, or represents that .its use by such third party would not infringe privately owned rights. Availability of Reference Materials Cited in N RC Publications Most documents cited in NRC publications will be available from one of the following sources:
- 1. The NRC Public Document Room,1717 H Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20555
- 2. The NRC/GPO Sales Program, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC 20555
- 3. The National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 A'though the listing that follows represents the majority of documents cited in NRC publications, it is not intended to be exhaustive.
' Referenced documents available for inspection and copying for a fee from the NRC Public Docu ment Room include NRC correspondence and ir,ternal N RC memoranda; NRC Office of Inspection and Enforcement bulletins, circulars, information notices, inspection and investigation r:otices; 4 Licensee Event Reports; vendor reports and correspondence; Commission papers;and spplicant and licensee documents and correspondence, The following documents in the NUREG series are available for purchase from the NRC/GPO Sales Program: formal NRC staff and contractor reports, NRC-sponsored conference proceedings, and NRC booklets and brochures. Also avai!able are Regulatory Guides NRC regulati&1s in the Code of Federal Regulations, and Nuclear Regulatory Commission issuances. Documents available from the National Technical information Service include NUREG series reports and technical reports prepared by other federal agencies and reports prepared by the Atomic Energy Commission, forerunner agency to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Documents available from public and special technical libraries include all open literature items, such as books, journal and periodical articles, and transactions. Federal Register notices, federal and state legislation, and congressional reports can usually be obtained from these libraries. Documents such as theses, dissertations, foreign reports and translations, and non-NRC conference proceedings are available for purchase f rom the organization sponsoring the publication cited. Single copies of NRC draft reports are available free upon written request to the Division of Tech-nical Information and Document Control, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC l i 20555. Copias of industry codes and standards used in a substantive manner in the NRC regulatory process t are maintained at the NRC Library, 7920 Norfolk Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland, and are available there for reference use by the public. Codes and standards are usually copyrighted and may be purchased from the originating organization or, if they are American National Standards, from the American National Standards Institute.1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018. l l l GPO Printed copy price: $8.50 i i l I
NUREG/CR-3207 RW Geologic and Hydrologic Research at the Western New York Nuclear Service Center West Valley, New York Annual Report August 1981 - July 1982 Manuscript Completed: January 1983 Date Published: March 1983 Prepared by J. R. Albanese, S. L. Anderson, L. A. Dunne, B. A. Weir New York State Geological Survey / State Museum New York State Education Department Albany, NY 12230 Prepared for Division of Health, Siting and Waste Management Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D.C. 20555 NRC FIN B6350 Under Contract No. NRC 04-79-205 4 i
f 1 ABSTRACT I i This report details the research acemnplished during the I second part of the New York State Geological Survey's (NYSGS) three part program of geologic and hydrologic investigations at the Western New York Nuclear Service Center (WNYNSC) at West Valley, New York. During this reporting period, July 1981 - July 1982, the surficial gravel and the underlying till surface of the North Plateau area were measured using core log data and seismic techniques. Contour and isopach maps are included and show the surficial gravel layer to be lenticular in cross section and approximately forty feet thick at its center. The history of drilling at the site and all available subsurface information pertaining to site stratigraphy has been compiled and standardized. Geologic sections based upon the locations of al:1 wells and their -- geologic logs show that a sandy stratum, previously repcrted to , extend under the entire site at an elevation of 1350 feet, is not a continous layer. Grain size analyses of gravel samples from the North Plateau indicate the two genetically different' gravels have s similiar particle size distributions. Analyses of' surface and subl surface till samples show that Lavery Till can be. subdivided into three subfacies using grain size distributions and the. Kent Till can be distinguished from it by its higher silt content. Initial measurements for movement determination on two landslides yield an ? average downslope movement rate of 0.23 meters / year. 'A site slope domain map, establishing five domains of varying sliding potential, has been compiled from aerial photos and field mapping. The final phase of the Buttermilk Creek investigation and the study of the erosional history of the Cattaraugus Creek drqinage basin-have been initiated. Data collection for the'cooperativs,UQGS - NYSGS surface water and groundwater studies, initiated during tarlier programs , is continuing. A preliminary characterization of'th'e~ relationship be-tween precipitation and runoff on the North Pl'atsau\shows the income to outflow ratio is 3:1 during the summer and n& gly equal to one in the winter. b.
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l l 1 EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
During the 1981-1982 period of the New York State Geological Survey (NYSGS) study of the geology and # hydrology of the Western New York Nuclear Service Center (WNYNSC) at West Valley, New York, several investigations were completed and others continued in the effort to characterize this site. The results of the completed studies and reports on the status of the continuing studies are included in this annual report. The stratigraphy of the site was more fully defined by standardizing all available well log records of borings and auger holes. This-part of the study led to a better, characterization and correlation of the glacial tunits and resulted in the production of more detailed
.dite' geologic cross' sections. Our study of the
. stratigraphy' of the Lavery till surrounding the NYS-licensed burial area has been completed, with special reference to all previously reported high-permeability layers. Grain size distribution from analyses of samples of gravel and till established definitions for three groupings of Lavery till and showed a textural similarity
~ between the two genetically different layers of gravel on the North Plateau. The study of the North Plateau
'surficial gravel produced isopach and contour maps of this unit by combining the drill hole information and the results of a seismic refraction survey. Geomorphic studies of the ratesc and, processes of Lecosion are scontinuing. . Measurements of the rate of mov.ement for two e representative ;Landslider. were made and _are sineillar (0.7 and 0.8 meters /yeer) for both large and,N small scale slides. The large. slide area sstudied is on
. - Connoisarauley Creek,'a nearby tributary of eCattaraugus c i Creek similar in scale to Buttermilk Creek'Nbut outside
** the WNYNSC property. "Thc. sm511 slide area'JJexamined is- ~
near the north end of the?NYS-l'icensed'.burisl; trenches.,
%' U- A slope map of the site, incluyed in this, report, shows five. major slope domains and estimates their relative cliding potential. Data coll'e~ction f'or ~ the surf ace water Precipitation \ sand discharge
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program is ' continuing. s . measurements are included and preliminary analyses of the s re}ation among rainfall, snowmelt,' runoff, and erosion
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study the data synthesis will be completed and the fj ; geologic setting of the WNYNSC described. That report / ' will include the results and conclusions of the entire'
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, , , TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract........<...................................... i Executive Summary..................................... iii List of Figures....................................... vii
, List of Plates....'.................................... x g
List of 1 ables........................................ xi Acknowledgemer.ts...................................... xii 7 Ab b r e via t'i o n s . ! . . I. .,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x i ii 6
/1.01 Introduction...................................... 1
/' . , 1.1 Tasks Acco'mplished........'................... 1
, 1.2 Future Studies...........'.................... 2
> f,
%,<.0 Stratigraphy.$.................f.'.'..................
s 3 2.1 Standardization of Geologic Logs............. 3
/ 2.1' 1?Istory of Dr illing and Excavation. . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.3-General Stratigraphic Units.................. 7 2.4 Lavery Till in the NYS Burial Area........... 16
, d 7 2.4.1 Trench 13 Sand Lens.................... 17
's x
' 2 4 2 Research Trench 2 Sand Lens............ 18 2.Y . 3 Trench 8 Suspected Sandy Layer . . . . . . . . . 18
- 2. .4 Summary................................ 27
.0 Petrography....................................... 29 3.1 Techniques for Grain Size Analysis........... 29 3.2 Gravel Analyses.............................. 34 3.3 Till Analyses................................ 35 3.3.1 Lavery Till Complex.................... 35 3.3.2 Kent Till.............................. 38 4.0 North Plateau Surface Gravel......................
6*f e '* 39 39
' / f 4.1GeologicDescription............).............
4.2 Techniques of Study............. .. .......... 39 g v' 4.3 Description of the Gravel Unit............... 40 v_ 1 [ 9 4.4' Description of the Buried Till Surface.......' 42 5.0 Surface Water Program............................. 43
.. S.1 Stresm Station Operation...................... 43 j
~
5.2 Precipitation Data, Analyses.................. 44 A - t t
, ('
6.0 Geomorphic Studies................................ 6.1 Landslide Movement Analysis.................. 50 50 6.1.1. North Trench Landslide................. 51 s' V 1
I 6.1. 2 Connoisarauley Landslide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6.2 Slope Domains................................ 55 6.3 Estimation of Landslide Potential.... ....... 56 6.4 Studies in Progress.......................... 56 6.4.1 Buttermilk Creek Study................. 56 6.4.2 Cattarangus Creek Erosional History.... 57 7.0 References........................................ 58 Appendixes
^
A. Standardized Well Logs.............................. 61 A.1 Procedure for Standardization................ 61 A.2 Explanation of Standardized Form............. 61 A.3 Construction of Stratigraphic Columns........ 65 B. Gravel Grainsize Analyses......................... 316 C. Till Grainsize Analyses........................... 321 L ) i I l l Vi
( l I LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Generalized north-south stratigraphic 8 cross-section across the plant area, originally published in Albanese, and others (1981). Note the elevation of the major coarse-grained unit. Figure 2. Generalized east-west stratigraphic 9 cross-section across the plant area, originally published in Albanese, and others (1981). Note the change in elevation of the major coarse-grained unit. Figure 3. Generalized stratigraphic columns for holes B-1 11 through B-5, north of the NYS-licensed burial trenches. The columns h' ave been projected to an east-west line through B-3 and D&M 7 (see Plate 1) . Figure 4. Generalized east-west stratigraphic 13 cross-section across the plant area, using deep holes drilled by USGS, projected to a line through holes J and V (see Plate 1) . Figure 5. Generalized north-south stratigraphic 14 cross-section across the plant area, using deep holes drilled by USGS, projected to a line through holes J and W. Figure 6. Contour map showing depth to the top of the 19 sand lens first seen in Trench 13. Contours are in feet. (Based on data from Oldham,1974, and maps and notes from Dana, 1974 and 1980.) Figure 7. Isopach map showing thickness of the sand lens 20 first seen in Trench 13. Thicknesses are shown in feet. (Based on data f rom Oldham, 1974, and maps and notes from Dana, 1974 and 1980). Figure 8. Detail from Plate 1 showing locations of holes 21 used to investigate sand occurrences in the south set of NYS-licensed burial trenches. Trench 24 was the last used; 15 through 19 were not excavated.
/
Figure 9. Map showing the locations of three research 22 trenches excavated by NYSGS in 1975 south of the NYS-licensed burial trenches. A sandy-gravelly zone in Research Trench 2 is discussed in the text. vii
Figure 10. Scale drawings of the north and south walls of 23 Research Trench 2, modified from Dana, and others , (1978), to emphasize the form of the coarse-grained ' units. I Figure l'l. Scale drawings of successive floors of 24 l Research Trench 2, modified from Dana, and others 4 (1978), to emphasize the form of the coarse-grained units. Figure 12. North-south cross-section parallel with the 26 axis of NYS-licensed burial trench 8, showing zones containing layers, usually distorted or disrupted, of silt, sand or gravel. Figure 13. Textural Class Plot of Gravel Samples from the 31 North Plateau Surficial Gravel. t Figure 14. Plot of Gravel and Sand-Silt-Clay for till 32 samples obtained from the area of the WNYNSC. Figure 15. Plot of Gravel-Sand-Mud for till samples 33 obtained from the area of the WNYNSC. < ! Figure 16. Map of a Portion of the WNYNSC illustrating 41-locations for the seismic and resistivity survey. Figure 17. Plot of total weekly precipitation from May 46 1981 through May 1982. Figure 18. Plot of snowfall and runoff for April 1982 47 i snow survey. Figure 19. Survey map of the North Trench Landslide. 52 Figure 20. Survey map of the Connoisarauley Landslide. 54 Figure 21. Symbols for graphic columns. Densities 67 represent different proportions of each grain size class, from pure (density 1) to rare (density 6) . These are combined to represent various combinations of grain sizes. Figure 22. Examples of translations from standardized 68 l logs, through a simple code, to the form used in the graphic columns. Figure 23. Graph of grain size distributions for Group 1 318 of the surficial gravel samples. Figure 24. Graph of the grain size distributions for 319 Group 2 of the surficial gravel samples. l viii
. - . _ - - _ _ - - - , . _ _ . - - - - - - - - , , - - . .- - - -~~ '
Figure 25. Graph of grain size distributions for Group 3 320 of the surficial gravel samples. Figure 26. Graph of grain size distributions for Group 1 323 of the Lavery Till samples. Figure 27. Graph of grain size distributions for Group 2 324 of the Lavery Till samples. Figure 28. Graph of grain size distributions for Group 3 325 of the Lavery Till samples. Figure 29. Graph of grain size distributions for Class 1 326 interbeds in Lavery Till. Figure 30. Graph of grain size distributions for Class 2 327 interbeds in Lavery Till. Figure 31. Graph of grain size distributions for Class 3 328 interbeds in Lavery Till. , Figure 32. Graph of grain size distributions for Kent Till 329 samples. d ix
LIST OF PLATES Plate 1. Map of a portion of the WNYNSC illustrating the locations of holes. Plate 2. Generalized stratigraphic cross-sections from ' the 1962 site report (Nuclear Fuel Services, Inc . ,19 6 2) , and redrawn versions using the original logs. Plate 3. Detailed stratigraphic columns along an east-west line across the north set of NYS-licensed burial trenches, using holes drilled by the USGS. See Plate 1 for map locations of holes. Plate 4. Detailed stratigraphic columns along an east-west line across the south set of NYS-licensed burial trenches, using holes drilled by the USGS and NYSGS. See Plate 1 for map locations of holes. Plate 5. Isopach map of the surficial gravel of the North Plateau. Plate 6. Topographic map of the buried till surface of the North Plateau. Plate 7. Cross-section of the surficial gravel of the North Plateau. Plate 8. Map illustrating the slope domains of the WNYNSC site. Plate 9. Map illustrating the seismic lines used to construct Plates 5 and 6, and lines of cross section used to construct Plate 7.
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Grain size data for till samples. Table 2. Total weekly precipitation from May 1981 to May 1982. t l' Xi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to thank the following people for their advice and assistance during the preparation of this report; Robert H. Fakundiny, State Geologist, for his guidance as Principal Investigator; William B. Rogers, for his unfailing insights, so invaluable to'the functioning of this project; Steven Potter and Theodore Robak, for all the field work and on-site project logistics; s Luanne Wheeler for drafting, editing, and organizing this production; Robert Scott and Elizabeth O'Brien, for sample preparation and laboratory analyses; and Marcel Bergeron and William Kappel, of the USGS Water Resources Division, for helping with many of the hydrological aspects of this project. We a?ao extend our thanks to all those individuals at the WNYNsC, associated with WVNS, DOE, and Dames and Moore, for investing their time in this project and providing the NYSGS access to the site.
)
xii
ABBREVIATIONS Agencies and Companies: NFS Nuclear Fuel Services, Inc. NYS New York State NYSASDA New York State Atomic and Space Development Authority NYSERDA New York State Energy Research and Development Authority NYSDEC New York State Department of Environmental Conservation NYSGS New York State Geological Survey USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency USGS United States Geological Survey USNRC (or NRC) United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission WVNS West Valley Nuclear Services Units of Measure: cm centimeter ft foot m meter sec second Convention for Exponents: n E +/- m : n multiplied by 10 raised to the plus or minus m power i Xiii
t
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This report covers the second year, August 1, 1981, through July 31, 1982, of a three part study of the Western New York Nuclear Service Center (WNYNSC) . located in West Valley, New York. This study, funded by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) under Contract.No. NRC-04-79-205, is concerned with geologic characteristics and processes of western New York State as they affect the WNYNSC. The overall goal of this NYSGS study is to describe the geologic regime of the WNYNSC site, including the radioactive waste burial areas. The second year of this study was a continuation of the data collection efforts of previous years and the analysis of this data has begun. 1.1 Tasks Accomplished Surface and ground water investigations undertaken in cooperation with the Water Resources Division of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) were continued from the first phase of this program. The surface water program included measuring stream stage, discharge, and suspended sediment concentrations at three permane) - stream gaging stations on site and at a number of othe stream locations. . Precipitation data is being gathereo to relate rainfall and runoff. Measurements of water levels were periodically taken in selected wells for use by the USGS in their groundwater model. This modelling effort will be detailed in a USGS report. Detailed site stratigraphy was an important project in this year's research effort. All available geologic logs were compiled to improve the picture of the subsurface stratigraphy of the WNYNSC. In the North Plateau area seismic refraction, in combination. with existing drill hole information, helped to refine the near-surface stratigraphy by revealing the thickness of the surficial gravel and the topography of the underlying till. The petrography of the deposits at the WNYNSC site was examined in some detail, and the characteristics of each sedimentary type were used to establish continuity between separate sampling points. This petrographic 1
analysis- is also -the basis. of a new, uniform, classification scheme. The entire stratigraphic section, particularly. near.the bedrock contact, will be examined in detail in the final report following the completion'of j the Deep Drilling Project. The geomorphic studies focused on - slope stability. Landsliding rates were measured in two locations and the. site was classified as- to . areas of potential mass movement. Two additional projects, a study of stream erosion in Buttermilk Creek, and a study of the erosional history of the Cattaraugus Creek drainage basin, are underway. l 1.2 Future Studies The. third and final year of this study will complete the analyses of the data collected.during the first- two , years, as well as that collected since 1975 as .part of earlier studies by the NYSGS. This will provide a basis for predictions _regarding the. geologic integrity of the i burial areas and recommendations for the long term maintenance of the WNYNSC. 4 i 4 h i i l
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l 2.0 STRATIGRAPHY 2.l' Standardization of Geologic Logs Over 250 holes and pits have been drilled or dug at the WNYNSC since 1961. Most of these are within the area now enclosed by ,the security fence, as are_ the main processing plant,.the storage. area for high-level liquid. waste, the lagoons for processing low-level liquid waste, the NRC-licensed burial area for solid waste,. and ~t he NYS-licensed burial trenches for low-level solid waste-(Plate 1) . Geologic logs were made for many of these holes, using direct observation of the walls of pits, and from -cuttings or core samples from drilled or augered holes. The format and resolution of details in these logs vary widely, primarily depending on the^various purposes for which the holes were made, but also on .the types of samples used and the depths of the holes. The variations among the logs make it awkward to use logs from different sets of holes in the same cross-section or fence diagram. In order to_ simplif7_ such efforts we rewrote all of the logs using a standard format. We tried to avoid sacrificing'information that would be ~ useful for characterizing or distinguishing lithologic units, or for locating contacts. Therefore, the format was designed to include as much information as feasible from the more detailed logs. One consequence is that the standardized versions of.the less detailed logs contain many blank spaces. A listing of hole locations and original geologic logs for the entire 3000-hectare area of the NYSERDA property at West Valley is'being prepared by Marcel Bergeron, USGS,(personal communication). *he present report is primarily concerned with- the saaller area . within the security fence. Only the logs for holes in this area were standardized. The locations of these holes are shown in Plate 1. The standardized logs are in Appendix A. 3
2.2 History of Drilling and Excavations The first holes drilled in this area evaluation for scientific that purposes were part of the initial site preceded construction of the reprocessing plant and waste disposal sites. These are designated on Plate 1 by "DH" followed by a number (" drill holes") , which were logged from cores, and "PAH" followed by a number (" power auger holes"), which were logged from auger cuttings. These holes were drilled in 1961 and 1962 and were logged by the New York State Department of Public Works (succeeded by the Department of Transportation). Some of the logs accompanied a report by Johnson (1961) , and maps showing the locations of the holes appear in many early reports by Nuclear Fuel Services, Inc., the first site operator. These logs are quite brief, and most of the PAH holes are less than 10 m (32 ft) deep. Dames and Moore drilled 43 holes for NFS, in the vicinity of the main processing plant, from 1962 through 1974. On Plate 1 these are indicated by numbers. Several of these holes are more than 20 m (65 ft) deep, and the geologic logs are more detailed than those from the Department of Public Works. Maps and logs appear in several Dames and Moore and NFS reports, and all are included in Duckworth, and others (1974). These will be referred to as D&M-n in the' text that follows. Another set of holes was drilled near the New York State licensed burial trenches in 1973-74 under the direction of NYSASDA (New York State Atomic and Space Development Authority), succeeded by NYSERDA. The locations of these holes are also indicated by numbers on Plate 1 and can be distinguished from the Dames and Moore holes by the fact that they are only found close to the NYS-licensed burial trenches. The holes were cored, most of them to a depth of 15.5 m (4.7 ft) to obtain samples for radionuclide analyses, in order to determine migration distances and rates close to the trenches. Most of the holes were logged only by the driller, in very brief form and with no attention to subtle changes or layering. These driller's logs appear in a NFS monthly report to NYSASDA (1973), in Giardina and others (1977), and in Duckworth and others (1974). Kernan Davis, of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC), logged holes 9A and 2A in great detail at the time of drilling. His logs are in a letter report (1974) to Thomas Cashman, NYSDEC, and also appear in Duckworth~ and others (1974). Samples from all of these holes were generally extracted in 2-ft (0.61 m) lengths, and substantial portions of each section were I sent to the NYS Department of Health for radionuclide analyses (reported in Giardina, and others 1977) . The remains were stored by NFS at the site, and were examined 4
there by Henry Bailey, NYSGS, in 1975. Unfortunately, these samples were poorly marked, lacking any indication of top or bottom, or of the location of the remains within the 2-ft interval originally cored. Bailey's original logs are on file at NYSGS, and several' were included in a letter report by Fakundiny 'and Bailey (1975) to Robert-Dingman, USGS. Dames and Moore drilled seven holes and dug seven test pits in 1974, most of them between the burial- areas and the main processing plant as part of a feasibility study for a proposed reservoir along the West Branch of Frank's Creek. Nearly all of the borings ("B" 'followed by a number on Plate 1) are more than 30 m (98 f t) deep, and the test pits ("TP" followed by a number on Plate 1) are 2.5 to 3.5 m (8.2 to ll.5 f t) deep. The logs are comparable in quality with those from the Dames and Moore holes near the main processing plant. These will be referred to in the text as D&MB-n and D&MTP-n. The USGS drilled and augered several holes near the NYS-licensed trenches from 1975 through 1977. These are indicated by letters A through Z, with numbers following some letters to distinguish holes in a cluster, on Plate
- 1. The holes east of the trenches indicated by "EB" followed by a number, were augered in 1977 through 1980 as a continuation of this drilling program. Piezometers were installed in many of the holes for observation of ground water levels. Most of the geologic logs from these holes are very detailed and thorough, and the standardization system used in this report was primarily designed around these logs. The original logs are to be published by Bergeron (personal communication). Many were used in LaFleur (1979), and some were referred to in Albanese and others (1981).
The USGS also drilled 6 holes through the trenches, and drove several- well points into the trenches, in 1976-77. These holes are indicated by "n-na", where the first "n" is the trench number, on Plate 1. The well points were used to sample gas and water from the trenches. The drilled holes were cased through the trenches and used to extract core samples from underneath, in an attempt to measure ~the . extent of radionuclide migration out of the trench bottoms. The logs of these cores are comparable in quality with those from the other USGS holes. The cored holes are 9 to 12 m (20.5 to 39.4 ft) deep. Logs of the cored holes were published in Prudic (1979), and Dana and others (1979). Information from the gas and water sampling program was presented in Husain and others (1977; the hyphens were omitted from the hole numbers), and Prudic (1978). Ten holes were drilled by the USGS in 1980, and are f 5
shown on Plate 1 by "80" followed by a hyphen and a number. The cores were logged at the time of drilling by Todd Miller, USGS, and by Richard Dana and Vickie Ragan, NYSGS. The logs are comparable in quality with the other USGS holes. Logs from these holes have been published in Albanese and others (1981). Two holes were augered by the NYSGS east of the NYS-licensed burial trenches, at positions shown by A-82-1 .and A-82-2 on Plate 1. These holes were made to obtain information to supplement that from the EB-series holes augered previously by the USGS. The logs from these two holes are comparable in quality with those from the USGS holes. Several other holes are shown on Plate 1, but no geologic information has yet been obtained for them. The sumps in the NYS-licensed trenches, indicated by "s" followed by a number, are driven well points, so no geologic logs can be expected from them. The lettered holes and pits in the main plant area were apparently drilled or dug by NFS, and several are known to have been used for obtaining water samples. No geologic information appears to have been made available from these holes. 6
2.3 General Stratigraphic Units A study by LaFleur (1979) of the regional glacial stratigraphy suggests that tt7 following basic units are present at the site, in order from top to bottom:
- 1. Holocene alluvium; gravelly;
- 2. Late Pleistocene alluvial-fluvial gravels and sands;
- 3. Lavery till; clay and silt, with some pebbles, and including pods and lenses of sand and gravel and deformed layers of clay and silt;
- 4. Kame deltas and other coarse gravel deposits, including outwash channel gravels; primarily sand and silty sand;
- 5. Lacustrine silt and clay with rhythmic layering; possibly bottomset distal beds of the kame deltas;
- 6. Kent (?) till; silt and clay with pebbles, stony, and with a greater proportion of exotic clasts than Lavery;
- 7. Bedrock; Devonian shale and carbonate rocks.
This sequence was primarily defined from field relationships, using exposures in the banks of deeply incised streams such as Buttermilk Creek. The entire sequence is penetrated by only a few drill holes inside the security fence, including DH-4 and D&M-32, but several deep holes extend into the coherent lacustrine beds (Unit 5) . The sequence is illustrated in two cross-sections from Albanese and others (1981). The first section, shown here as Figure 1, extends from the middle of the reprocessing plant due south to Hole 80-10, which is 650 ft (200 m) due west of the NRC-licensed burial area. The line of section follows the contours of bedrock. The sandy unit overlying the lacustrine unit is shown as continuous and at an elevation of approximately 1350 ft (410 m), altho'agh three of the holes shown do not extend deep enough to demonstrate continuity. The other cross-section, shown here as Figure 2, extends from the reprocessing plant eastward toward the north end of the burial trenches. In this section the sand unit is shown. . as dipping down to the east, toward the axis of the buried bedrock valley, to an elevation of 1250 ft (380 m) near the trenches. At the west end a gravelly-sandy layer . lies directly on bedrock, and is correlated with f 7
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MY4tSK'FMIVNMEi ow - -'_ " , 9 1300- - @ Ep' : h .'jiI"fMP M y ggj-'wmtengy;g 4 >- P Silty. Sarxfy GRAVEL Silty. Clayey SAND (([ 1250 - SGravelly SILT
@ SILT. Clayey SILT 1200- SHALE O' ?60' v e n rcat ex*ocd14 s x 1150 -
1 Figure 1. Generalized north-south stratigraphic cross-section across the plant area, originally published in Albanese, and others (1981). Note the elevation of the major coarse-grained unit.
l ua,n nouss rac uty E yj 25 40 7 d-3 41 42 80-1 35 1450 - 1400 - , g .. . .:. ... . 1350 - bh
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he 5 2 Silty. Sandy GRAVEL ' ,' e.%A' ;.,s, f,_
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$ Gravelly SILT
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y SHALE 1200- 0 0' nacadihb~ s x u nicat
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1150 - Figure 2. Generalized east-west stratigraphic cross-section across the plant area, originally published in Albanese, and others (1981). Note the change in elevation of the major coarse-grained unit.
tha scnd unit overlying the pinched-out edge of the lacustrine unit, which extends as far west as the center of the plant. As can be seen in these cross-sections, other sandy and gravelly bodies have been encountered in several holes, but are shown as lenses or pods within the Lavery till. The keys used for correlation of the main sandy unit are its thickness of up to 50 ft (15 m), and position beneath the Lavery till and on top of the sequence of coherent lacustrine beds. The lacustrine unit appears to pinch out west of the plant at an elevation of 1350 ft (410 m),'and the sandy unit above it pinches out against bedrock in nearly the same location. At that point the overlying Lavery till is less than 50 ft (15 m) thick. The lacustrine unit thickens eastward as the depth to bedrock increases, and there is also substantial relief on the surface upon which the sandy unit was deposited. The thickness of the sandy unit does not appear to show a systematic increase, and is in fact quite variable in both thickness and elevation. Figure 3 shows stratigraphic columns for D&M B-1 through B-5, a set of five deep holes north of the NYS-licensed burial trenches. Within this circle of 300 ft (100 m) diameter the elevation of the top of the sandy unit varies from below 1265 ft (385 m) to above 1318 ft (400 m) and the thickness and character of the unit vary from 15 ft (5 m) of sand or silty sand tn less than 3 ft (1 m) of gravel. There may also be an addttional coarse horizon within or below the lacustrine material in some of the holes, but not of any substantial thickness. LaFleur (1979) described the main sandy unit as including a series of kame deltas deposited on the margins of a post-or-late Kent proglacial lake or lakes. The fact that the coarser materials generally do not interfinger on a large scale with the lacustrine clays and silts but usually lie on top of them suggests that in the plant and burial areas the kame deltas prograded out into the lake or lakes through time, possibly as the water level decreased so that coarse clastics no longer dropped to the bottom close to the sides of the valley. Part of the variation in thickness and elevation of the sand unit would be the logical result of its origin as an aggregation of individual deltas, and accumulations. of debris derived from melting of large blocks of ice left in front of the retreating glacier. The unit is probably not a simple blanket of uniform thickness but rather a group of overlapping wedges. Another source of variation in the thickness of the sandy unit would be later erosion. LaFleur (1979) inferred that fluvial erosion took place in this area during the Erie Interstade, i leading to local deposition of channel-fill gravels on top of the kame deltas, and possible removal of some of j 10 l l
m WEST EAST
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Figure 3. Generalized stratigraphic columns for holes B-1 through B-5, north of the NYS-licensed burial trenches. The columns have been projected to an east-west line through B-3 and D&M 7 (see Plate 1).
I for the delta material. The later glacier responsible have deposition of the overlying Lavery till might also perhaps eroded and incorporated kame delta material, and although even cut into the underlying lacustrine unit, the sandy unit is seldom completely absent in the logs of holes that are deep enough to penetrate the late-Kent lacustrine' unit. subsurface stratigraphy of the burial areas is The of particular interest because of the potential hazardany through of subsurface migration of radionuclides extensive permeable layer or zone. The original geologic evaluation of the site (Nuclear Fuel Services, 1962) contained three stratigraphic cross-sections of the entire property which have been repeated in several later reports from NFS (see Plate 2) . These cross-sections show two substantial, sand layers under the entire site, one at an elevation of 1350 ft (410 m) and another at 1300 ft (395 m). The upper one would be close enough the to the surface to compromise the isolation of waste in area, 50 ft (15 m) deep pits in the NRC-licensed burial and also close to the bottom of the NYS-licensed burial trenches. The upper sandy layer occurs in hole DH-4 in the center of the plant. It correlates with the main sandy layer defined by LaFleur (1979) as separating Lavery till from lacustrine beds, but it is shown in Albanese, and others (1981) as dipping to the east to an elevation of 1300 ft (395 m) near the trenches. In and to an around the burial areas at least 50 holes extend elevation of 1360 ft (415 m) and 20 of those go down to at least 1340 ft (408 m). In that interval none of these holes encountered a sand layer of the scale of that found at 1350 feet (410 meters) in DH-4, nor was there a boundary in that interval between Lavery till and coherent lacustrine beds. That boundary and the major sandy unit appear to be as much as 100 ft (30 m) below the surface under the burial areas, as shown in the west-to-east cross-section in Albanese, and others (1981). Approximately a dozen holes in the south half of the fenced area extend below 1310 ft (400 m) elevation. Figure 4 is a west-to-east cross-section showing stratigraphic columns for several of these holes. The of the line of section passes along the north side NRC-licensed burial area and across the northern set 5 is of a NYS-licensed burial trenches. Figure north-to-south cross-section along the east edge of the NYS-licensed trenches, using more of these deep trenches holes, including the cluster off the north end of the shown in Figure 3. Notice that in the area of the burial s trenches the major sandy unit separating Lavery till from the late-Kent coherent lacustrine beds is variable in thickness and elevation but the top is never above an 12
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.':a 365 360 360- 's bI ..
-355 353 Figure 4. Generalized east-west stratigraphic cross-section across the plant area, using deep holes drilled by USGS, projected to a line through holes J and V (see Plate 1) .
EL. fd-7 o A 3 7 m E h m . 420- g _., g ',n __ _ c. e m w m 4 7. q. -420 ALitd lU M M - ' F W ,- m 4 w w ... g"_ .
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- l. ACUST RINE VERTIC AL EXAGGERATION -1.2 x -370 rc'=
365 - 2.E- -365 NORTH SOUTH Figure 5. Generalized north-south stratigraphic cross-section across the plant area, using deep holes drilled by USGS, projected to a line through holes J and W.
1 elevation of 1314 feet (400 meters). This places it more ! than 36 feet (11 meters) below the bottom of the NYS-licensed trenches and 16.5 ft (5 m) below the bottom of the NRC-licensed pits. The cross-sections in Figures 4 and 5 are in obvious i conflict with the cross-sections from the 1962 NFS report, so we re-examined the earlier cross-sections and the logs on which they were based. We redrew the cross-sections from the logs, keeping in mind the stratigraphy that has since been developed for the area
- from surface exposures. This stratigraphy has been seen in several of the deeper holes that have been drilled since 1962. The comparisons are shown in Plate 2, and the logs, converted to standardized form, are included in Appendix A. The original cross-sections are not supported in detail by the original logs at several points and the cross-sections appear to have an excess of artistic license. The simple " layer-cake" stratigraphy implied by those cross-sections is not compatible with what is now known about the Pleistocene geologic history of the area, and is not supported by the results of later drilling.
e G h f i 15
2.4 Lavery Till in the Durial Area The burial pits in the NRC-licensed burial ared and the trenches in the NYS-licensed low-level waste area extend no more than 50 ft (15 m) below the surface, and the Holocene alluvium that blankets the north half of the fenced area docs not extend over the burial areas. Therefore, the solid wastes are entirely enclosed in Lavery till, with caps derived from the same material. Over 70 holes have been drilled and augered in and around the low-level trenches to examine the Lavery till in detail there, although not all extend down far enough to show the entire thickness used for burial. The geologic logs from these holes vary widely in quality and resolution; the most detailed stratigrapic information about features within the Lavery till comes from holes drilled and augered by the USGS from 1975 to 1977 and again in 1980, and those augered by the NYSGS in 1982. Only four holes have been drilled or augered within 100 feet (30 m) of the north, west and south borders of the NRC-licensed burial area. New drilling has begun, intended to increase that coverage efficiently by adding two holes to at least 120 ft (36.5 m), three to at least 50 feet (15 meters), and several shorter auger holes for piezometers. Data from these will be combined with information from a few deep holes previously drilled in the southwest quadrant of the fenced area in a separate report. As described by LaFleur (1979) from surface exposures and seen in test trenches to the south of the burial areas in the low-level burial trenches and in detailed logs of many holes on the site, the Lavery till is essentially a homogeneous and isotropic mixture of clay and silt with minor pebbles. Fresh, unoxidized Lavery till has a hydraulic conductivity of less than 10E -8 centimeters /second (.01 feet / year) (Prudic, 1982). For comparision, Todd (1967) indicates that good aquifers of clean sand and gravel have hydraulic conductivities of 0.001 to 10 centimeters /second (1,000 to 10,000,000 fect/ year), while impervious unweathered clays have hydraulic conductivities of 10E-7 centimeters /second or less. That is, most of the Lavery till would be classed as an aquiclude, and does not even approach the permeability required for an aquifer. LaF.,aur 1 (1979) defined three subfacies of the Lavery till, based on surface and stream-cut exposures and some < of the earlier drilling logs: Subfacies 1: pebbles and cobbles are 10 to 20 16
it s
\
^
percent of the sediment, in a matrix of clay and silt in subequal amounts, with some sand; Subfacies 2: stones make up less than 5 percent of the sediment, in a clay-silt matrix that alsoy contains s-numerous thin, torn wisyy of gray silt; anq - Subfacies 3: lenticular, discontinuous 'Jodie . Of < stratified sand and gravel, with torn masses o;_ti3.3 -of . Subfacies 1 and of rhythmic cley laninae. ' 7
-, ~:
According to LaFleur,' the first two subfacies make , up at least 70 percent of the volume of the Lavery till l unit and occur together as interfingering masses, internally deformed. Larlyur recognized the third subfacies at depths of 7 to'12 ft (2 to 3.5 m) in the burial area. He described this material as posible proglacial sediments overridden by a l'ater advance of the Lavery glacier. 5 ' Subfacies 3 poses a possible hazard to long-term - isolation of the radioactive waste buried in Lavery till. A gravelly-sandy lens in contact with or near the buried a waste could potentially be extensive and permeable enough to allow migration of contaminated water to the surface. . 4
. , so Detailed logs of holes near the IUS-ljcensed-trenches suggest t. hat the Lavery till isiso includes %
ocattered individual layers and zones of 'interlayered .- clay, silt, and fine sand. These are ~ not always , associated with gravelly lenses, ands cccur at ' depths - greater than 12 ft (3.5 m) below the Utrface. Many' of
~
these layers are deformed and discontinuous, even on- the 5 scale of a 3-inch (8 cm) core, and ccy be of thh sama, - - class as the silt wisps of LaFleur's Suofacies,2. Sandys s - ' ' layers seen in cores taken below prooable alluvium tv ' ' backfill tend to be only a few centimeters thick. Agallo " ( the concern is that some such sandy layer night be 'N 3 sufficiently extensive to act as a pathway to the surface ' for radioactive contaminants. ;- 2.4.1 Trench 13 Sand Lens , One large coarse-grained lens was observed in 1974 in a NYS-licensed burial trench by visiting geologists' while burial was in progress. Kernan Davis, NYSDEC, reported (1974) the lens as being near the south end of Trench 13. He gave dimensions of 2 ft (0.6 m) thick, and - - 65 f t (19.8 m) long. At various points in his report he ' described the lens as " gravel", " sand", and
" sandy-gravelly". He did not provide any data on depth below the surface, color, water content, shape, or s internal structures. A similar description is found in Giardina, and others (1977), but for Trench 12. One of ' )
17
i1 N ,' ' \ \ = ,. s x \'h' N7' , : ' '\ j, \ s, , ,
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L A .; l the authors of that report, Lewis Meyer of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (UGEPA) , yas with Davis I of NYSDEC on the day he observed thelsandyJens described F , above. 'By that tipe Trench 12 had air,eudy been filled and covered. Therefore, we conclude that both reports ir = refer to ""r ench 13 . .' F m s 5'fter M?covery of this sandy sens, burial i opeutions were te.mporarily . suspended until its extent could be,determiped. 'NFS used a' backhoe s'to dig 15
, shallow holes to investigate the lens. -Their results Suggest th e.t the lens was saucer-shaped, concave upwards, s
and thicker in the center and that the base was at no
' s , pcint' mor e than J f : (2.1 n) below the origins 1 stfr f ace.
The Longest din'ension tended northwect from Trenfh 13
- Jet pestly 300 ft,ji91'm), wross Trench 14 and the phinned lu:q tions for Trenches \ls, 16) 17, ond 18~hs, shown i n.
, N *rms 6 and 7 (from unpub. map and jotes'Qy Datta.
L 194; and 1980, using data provided.by Oldham tof\ ' iffy 197t). The locat' ion corresponds with that ofi a' low
/ e awan.py area that, existed in the burial area before-69th e mod i f i c h t. i ons' 'Wc r c ' made (NYSGS letter to , Muyer ,
320). & ( .
+ 'In- other holes ne'arby no mention is made of ' a' tinit .
dominated, by sand and 'g r avel , although rare, thin
; . partings. _of sand were se'en in Hole L in a 0.5-f t (0.15 m)-
9 thick interval at a depth of~7.2 to 7.8 ft (2.2 to 2.4'm1 k below'the surface. In Eole 0, highly deformed layers of scoarse sil*.'tp fine sand were noted in a unit that was
. dominantly clayey-silty til(,s at a depth.'of 11.6 to 12.2 x ft (A.5 toi3.7 m) below the terface, approxinately 5.5 ft (1.7 n), below the sand; partingo'seen in Hole L only 100
], ft (30.S m) 'away frigure 8)..
2.4.2 Research Trench 2~ Sand Body- } Another ma-}cr sland body near the surface in the p LAvery till was-seen'in Research Trench 2, south of the NZC-licensed bdrial trenches, as shown in Figure 9. Be'c ause this sandy body br4 such poor ccshenion the north
,- wall of the trench collgsed, so that it was not possible to extend the M ench Rolits planned depth. Several scaled sketches were made c? the north and south walls
~
(the. east and west ends vere used as ramps for the bitl] dozer ) and 'of the floor at several stages during excavation. These drawing 0 are shown in Figures 10 and 2 ,_ 11, revised to emphasize,the shape of the coarse-grained
\ bcdles (revised after Dana, .ei al. 1978, unpub. report ta EPA, Part T, Phase II). Taken together these drawings provide somedidea of'the form of the body in three N , dimensions, emphasizing its highly irregular shape.
q 2i4.3 Trench 8 Su'spected Sandy Layer 18
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* ~ Roittood as Research fre'nch Figure 9. Map showing the locations of three research trenchesi excavated by NYSGS in 1975 south of the NYS-licensed burial trenches. A sandy-gravelly zone.in Research j Trench 2 is discussed in the text.
s l 22
lI j d - ed - i e f n ii da EE M O or c a~ - T T m mg r O 1 - a~ B ,e u s 2 s
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LEVEL 2 N LEVEL 3A N f.b qp / ,/ 77 egP g #4 7
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% / 0b o/ o 3
v v a ' s i Figure 11. Scale drawings of successive floors of Research Trench 2, modified from Dana, and others (1978), to emphasize the form of the coarse-grained units. 24
Another relatively . coarse-grained' zone was discovered in'the vicinity of the south trenches on the east side of the NYS-licensed burial area. In'this case the material-is in layers a few centimeters thick rather-than pods, generally no coarser than medium. sand, and the layers are often described as distorted. The material most closely resembles LaFleur's-(1979) Subfacies 2. of. ! the Lavery till, with thin, torn wisps of gray silt. Prudic of the USGS first reported the possibility that- a layered zone with some sand found under Trench 8 in hole 8-lC might continue eastward to the banks of .the East Branch of Frank's Creek, based on similar material- seen in auger Hole EB-7 (memo by R. Dana'to H. Bailey, 1979, NYSGS). Hole EB-7 was augered -in 1979 as part of a series investigating the stratigraphy between Trench 8 and the branch of Frank's Creek that flows along the east side of-the burial area. As can be seenfin Figure 8, information is- available from several holes in this vicinity,. including two (A82-1 and A82-2) augered by NYSGS-as part of the present study. As can be seen from the examination of the standardized logs in Appendix A, no evidence of layering was reported in the. logs for the following holes of this group: PAH-30, 8, 9, 9B, 9C, EB-6. Only thin layers (less than 5 cm (2 inches)), partings, blebs, or. wisps of-silt, often described as deformed, and typical of LaFleur's (1979) Subfacies 2- of
~
Lavery till, were reported from the following holes: EB-3, EB-4, .EB-5, N, A82-2. Holes 9A and EB-10 each contain a thin layer of pebbles or gravel (less than 5 cm-(2 inches)), and the following holes contain layers of sand: 9A, 9D, 8-lC, 8-2B,.EB-2, EB-7, EB-8, EB-9, EB-10, M, P, A82-1. These layers are commonly thin (less than 5 cm (2 inches)) and distorted, and' accompanied by the wisps of silt typical of_Subfacies 2 of the-Lavery till. However, grain-size analyses, discussed in the next chapter, suggest that these layers are spatially associated with the somewnat more gravelly Subfacies 1. Figure 12 is a vertical cross-section showing zones with' silt, sand or gravel layers for the holes in.and near Trench 8, drawn by projecting all of the stratigraphic columns to a line parallel with the axis of Trench 8. The zones shown indicate units, or sections =of core, that contain relatively coarse-grained layers; the entire interval is not silt, sand or_ gravel. The sand-containing interval between 1348.5:and 1351.8 ft (411 and 412 m) in EB-10 and EB-7 is the'only one- that can be confidently traced from one hole to another. It is possible that some of the sand-containing zones grade
~
laterally into zones containing layers of silt. However, y' given the frequency of reports of deformed layering and of wisps and blebs in the logs of these holes, it is more likely that no single layer or group of layers is
. coherent for more than a few feet laterally. The layers 25
92 ] 3 N O a E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C C 0 0 C[- M' I ? 7 7 7 i T T 7 T Y T T T TG C M Z o M= - - ~ ~ - N __ H N mm --4 pO Gz7 A82 o~a c o o cHZ to e- O .m om e-c0M 2 2 U O rt m oo7 ~, HUW m r H Li ' l M >a m 3',o
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were probably deposited in temporary lakes or ponds in front of the Lavety glacier during relatively short-lived retreats, or perhaps even deposited in water underneath the ice (LaFleur, 1979). Gravelly layers are seen below ) 1355 ft (413 m) only in some of the EB series holes. east of the southern set of trenches, but there the surface is that elevation. These gravels are likely to be near to alluvium, or else backfill from operations related trench excavation and recapping. 2.4.4 Summary With the exception of the sand lens in Trenches 13 and 14 and the sandy layer under Trench 8, it appears that the NYS-licensed trenches were excavated in Lavery till most closely resembling LaFleur's Subfacies 1 and 2. His characterization of Subfacies 2 is here tentatively deformed extended to inclu:le the sort of discontinuous, layers of clay, silt, and sand, enclosed in till, that were seen at the level of the sandy layer found in Hole 8-lC, beneath Trench 8. Such recognizable layers in Lavery till, seen in many core samples, were presumably somewhat more coherent than the silty layers that were disrupted to form the silty wisps seen by LaFleur in surface exposures and used to characterize Subfacies 2 originally. The layers within the Lavery till are not as continuous, thick, or coherent as the layers in the thick late-Kent lacustrine unit found at greater depth, below the coarse-grained kame-delta unit. In the Lavery, layers and zones containing layers are generally not found to have the same thickness or be at the same elevation from one hole to another, even over distances of less than 100 ft (30 m). Plates 3 and 4 show detailed stratigraphic columns in the NYS-licensed trench ares, constructed using the logs of several holes cored or augered by the USGS in the past eight years. Notice that layers and zones of layers enclosed in till, characteristic of Subfacies 2 as redefined above, are not common above an elevation of 1355 ft (413 m). That is the approximate elevation of the trench floors. Exceptions are seen in Holes I and G, near the north end of the trenches, and Holes L and K, on the southwest margin of the burial area. Even in those areas individual layers are thin, often described as deformed, and cannot be definitely traced from hole to hole. Therefore, most of the material in the trench walls, which is potentially in contact with water that waste, is has accumulated around the radioactive homogeneous clay-silt till. Layers in the Lavery till appear to be more common below 1355 ft (413 m) in this area, below the trench floors. These layers are generally dominated by clay or silt, althcugh some are sandy. Gravelly lajers are seen below 1355 ft (413 m) 27
only in some of the EB-series holes east of the southern set of trenches, where the surface is near that elevation. These gravel layers are likely to be alluvium or backfill from operations related to trench excavation and recapping. r f 28
3.0 PETROGRAPHY 3.1 Laboratory Techniques for Grain Size Analysis To better characterize the lithology of specific geological units and to identify any significant trends within them, selected samples were analyzed for -grain size distribution. The units investigated include 'the surficial gravels on the North Plateau, the Lavery Till, and the Kent Till. Samples were obtained from surface exposures and subsurface drill cores, and represent coverage of a wide geographical area and thick stratigraphic interval. As is customary in grain size distribution analyscc, grain diametets were measured according to the phi-scale of Krumbein (1934). By 1934, grain size class limits had already been standardized as powers of 2, such as 2E-4 to 2E-8 millimeters for silt. Because sedimentologists are often most interested in measuring small grains, Krumbein proposed using the exponent of 2' multiplied by -1, so that one would work mainly with p>sitive integers. The limits of the silt class become 4 to 8 phi. Obviously, 1.0 phi intervals vary e:cponentially, in terms of millimeters. The phi units uned in the following paragraphs are: -2.0 phi, equals 4 m:.llimeters, and 4.0 phi, equals 1/16 millimeters. The procedure used for the grain size analyses presented in this report follows the methods of Folk (1974), with minor modifications. These modifications proved to be necessary in the analysis of gravel and till samples collected at West Valley. Initial sediment samples ranged in mass from 50 to 400 grams. Each sample was dry-sieved to separate gravel (greater than -2.0 phi) from mixed sand and fines (-2.0 phi or less). The gravel clasts were brushed to remove most of the adhering sand and fines, which were added to the mixed sand and fines i from the first dry-sieving. A split of 10 to 15 grams was then taken from the mixed sand and fines, including brushings. A splitting factor was calculated by dividing 29
the mass of the total amount of sand and fines- (obtained by dry sieving and brushing the gravel) by the mass of the split. The 10 to 15 gram split was then wet-sieved to separate sand (greater than 4.0 phi) from fines (4.0 or phi less). This sand was then dried and sieved using an Allen-Bradley ' Sonic Sifter with sieves 3.5 phi at intervals. The mass of sand from each sieve was recorded. The brushed gravel (greater than -2.0 phi) was washed with a Calgon solution to remove any sand and fines. The gravel'was then dried andremaining sieved using 8-inch (approx. 20 cm) diameter round-hole sieves at 0.5 phi intervals. The mass of gravel from each sieve was recorded, and then divided by the splitting factor calculated above, in order to normalize the amount in each interval to correspond with the results from analyses of the 10 to 15 gram split of sand and fines. The Calgon-solution washings frcm the wet-sieved to separate sand (greater than gravel were 4.0 phi) from fines (less than 4.0 phi) as was done with the original 10 to 15 gram split. The fines and water used in the wet sieving were poured into a graduated cylinder .and this volume measured. The volume was divided by the splitting factor calculated above, and the indicated volume was removed from the graduated cylinder by pipette and added to the fines from the original 10 to 15 gram split. remaining The fines from the washing of- the gravel were discarded. The fines from the original split and the portion added from the washings were further analyzed together using pipette procedures described in Folk (1974). If the mass of the sand from the washings was greater than 1 gram, then it was dried and sieved using an Allen-Bradley Sonic Sifter with sieves for 0.5 phi intervals, as had been done with the sand from the initial 10 to 15 gram split. The masses from each sieve were measured, and each divided by the splitting factor. These sand masses were added to those for each interval for were from the initial 10 to 15 gram split. plotted The results as arithmetic cumulative weight percent coarser curves following the procedures in Folk (1974). Results of this study were used in conjunction with analyses previously done by the USGS (1974) and Boothroyd and others (1981) to develop a better the lithologies. Appendix B, Gravel Grainsize understanding of includes all gravel samples, Analyses, f and Appendix C, Till Grainsize Analyses, includes all till samples shown on the textural plots (Figures 13, 14, 15). . 30
GRAVEL (P 14 @l9 G 12 18 20 80 % 17
- NYSGS Analysis o GaAvEt 4lS5 g G TI AVE LLY
<v suonny Gn vEuv 8e.6 o BOOTHROYD and I 2 others(1981) Analysis 5
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(sil + c ay) SAND: MUD RATIO Figure 13. Textural Class Plot of Gravel Samples from the North Plateau Surficial Gravel.
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MUD 9:1 SAND (silt + clay) 3:9 SAND: MUD RATIO Figure 15. Plot of Gravel-Sand-Mud for till. samples obtained from the area of ' the WNYNSC.
.s 3.2 Gravel Analysis The surficial gravel on the North Plateau includes two genetically different gravels. LaFleur (1979) identified an older, thin Wisconsinan fluvial gravel (Wfg) found along the valley axis, and a more extensive, thicker fan gravel (Haf) overlying the Lavery Till and onlapping "Wfg" along the valley wall. Ten gravel samples, including samples from both "Haf" and "Wfg" as mapped by LaFleur (1979), were analyzed. The mean proportions of the major fractions of the North Plateau curficial gravels are: gravel 56 percent, sand 22 percent, silt 13 percent, and clay 9 percent. The cumulative curves show grain size distribution to be truncated in fines.. Folk's inclusive graphic standard deviation shows the gravels to be extremely poorly to very poorly sorted. A textural class plot of these samples (Figure 13) reveals that although there are identifiable groupings of samples, "Haf" and "Wfg" gravels are indistinguishable. This would indicate that the surficial gravel can be considered as. a single unit for some purposes. The textural class groupings indicate that the surface and distal portions of the gravel deposit (Samples 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10) can be classified as muddy and muddy sandy gravels. They have relatively less mud and more gravel and sand than the deeper, more medial parts of the deposit (Samples 1, 3, 9). This may reflect more fluvial reworking and removal of the fine component on the surface and along the distal periphery of the deposit. It is inferred that sorting on the surface and along the margins of the unit is better than in its central portions.
A single sample (11) of- one of the thin, fine-grained laycrs interbedded with the gravel was also analyzed and found to have the following size fractions: gravel 1 percent, sand 15 percent, silt 59.5 percent, and clay 24.5 percent. It is texturally very dissimilar from the gravel (Figure 13). It is important to note that these finer-grained layers are interbedded in the gravel but that they comprise only a small percentage of the entire unit. Also shown on Figure 13 are fluvial gravel samples (samples 12-20) from Buttermilk Creek which were analyzed by Boothroyd and others (1981). A comparison of the North Plateau and Buttermilk Creek gravels illustrates their textural dissimilarity. The North Plateau gravels contain more mud and less gravel than the Buttermilk Creek gravels. The fluvial sorting action of Buttermilk Creek has removed the finer-grained constituents and f produced a well-sorted, clean gravel. The North Plateau gravels have not experienced the same extent of fluvial 34
activity and contain a greater percentage of fine-grained material and are less well-sorted. The cumulative grain size distribution curves for these three groups within the surficial gravel are shown in Appendix B, in Figures 23, 24,and 25. 3.3 Till Analyses The grain size distributions of Lavery and Kent Till samples were investigated to differentiate between the two tills and to delineate subfacies within the Lavery Till Complex. Results of the analyses are plotted on textural class diagrams. The Gravel & Sand-Silt-Clay diagram (Figure 14) illustrates the amount of coarses and proportions of silt and clay. It is particularly useful in defining differences between tills.- The Gravel-Sand-Mud (mud = silt + clay) diagram (Figure 15) illustrates the relative proportion of gravel to fines, and aids in the delineation of the Lavery Till subfacies. The till samples are classified as gravelly mud, slightly gravelly sand mud, or slightly gravelly mud after Folk (1974). Table 1 gives the mean percentage of the major grain size fractions for the till groups identified on the textural class diagrams. 3.3.1 Lavery Till Complex The Lavery Till is composed of subordinate gravel and sand dispersed in a fine-grained, silty-clay matrix. LaFleur (1979, 1980) identified three interfingering subfacies of the Lavery Till Complex based on surface exposures and test boring observations. The most prevalent subfacies was described as a pebble and cobble till with a gravel content of 10-20 percent and varying percentages of silt and clay. The second subfacies contains less than 5 percent gravel and more silt in the form of thin, disrupted interlaminations, but is otherwise texturally similar to the first subfacies. The third subfacies is limited in extent and is characterized by discontinuous, torn masses of the first subfacies, rhythmic clay and stratified sand and gravel. The Lavery Till Complex is interpreted as reworked proglacial lacustrine deposits which were incorporated into the Lavery readvance (Muller, 1975; LaFleur, 1979; 1980). For a detailed description of the Lavery Till, refer to Lavery Till in the NYS Burial Area, Section 2.4 of the Stratigraphy chapter. Three groups of Lavery Till are distinguishable on 5 the textural class diagrams. Silt percentage is constant in all three groups, with variation in the gravel, sand, and clay fractions. The inclusive graphic standard f 35
l TABLE 1. Grain-sizes of Till Samples STANDARD MEAN % DEVIATION ~ VARIANCE KENT Gravel 9 4.5 2'0.3 N=3 Sand 17 12.4 153.8 Silt 59 19.2 368.6 Clay 15 2.8 7.8 LAVERY GROUP 1 Gravel 20 7.2 51.8 N=10 Sand 18 5.1 26.0 (LaFleur's Silt 31 6.4 41.0 Subfacies 1 ?) Clay 31 6.2 38.4 LAVERY GROUP 2 Gravel 3 1.9 3.6 N=5 Sand 6 0.7 0.5 (LaFleur's Silt 31 8.5 72.3 Subfacies 2.?) Clay 60 8.7 75.7 LAVERY GROUP 3 Gravel 8 2.25 5.1 N=ll Sand 12 1.92 3.7 Silt 29 4.99 24.9 Clay 51 5.19 26.9 36
t deviation method (Folk, 1974) shows the Lavery Till to be very poorly sorted. Lavery Group A (Samples 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 26, 29, and 32) is characterized by a high percentage of gravel and a low percentage of clay, ( although there is a fair amount of diversity among individual samples. The cumulative curves for this group are predominately logarithmic-normal, indicating a heterogeneity of grain sizes similar to many other tills. This group appears to be equivalent to LaFleur's Lavery Subfacies 1. The cumulative grain size distribution curves for- these samples are shown in Figure 26 in Appendix C. Lavery Group B (Samples 7, 8, 28, 33, and 35) is almost devoid of gravel and very clay rich. Individual samples are less diverse than those in Group A. The cumulative curves are truncated in coarses, and several grain size modes are present, particularly in the silt and clay ranges. This indicates that some sorting occurred to remove the coarses. This _ group may be equivalent to the Subfacies 2 of LaFleur (1979). The cumulative grain size distribution curves for these samples are shown in Figure 27 in Appendix C. Lavery Group C (Samples 4, 5, 6, 23, 24, 27, 30, 34, 36, 38, and 39) has a moderate amount of gravel and is clay rich. Individual samples are less variable within the group than those of either Group A or Group B. The cumulative curves of Group C samples closely resemble those of Group A and are logarithmic-normal in their grain size distribution. This group, although containing one-half as much gravel and more clay than Group A, could also be included in LaFleur's Subfacies 1. The grain size distribution curves for these samples are shown in Figure 28 in Appendix C. There are interbeds of discontinuous, randomly oriented pods or masses of stratified sand, gravel, silt, and rhythmic clay-silt laminations incorporated within the Lavery Till. These interbeds are most commonly associated with Group A and occur in the 411 to 417 m (1350 to 1370 f t) interval at the WNYNSC site. Eleven samples of Lavery interbeds were analyzed and three classes were identified. The first class (samples 16 and
- 18) is composed of silty sands with subordinate clay and have a bimodal distribution with modes in the sand and silt fractions. The second class (Samples 15, 17, 19, and 20) includes clayey silts with subordinate sand. The grain size distributions are strongly truncated in coarses, with a .
logarithmic-normal grain size
)
distribution. The third class (Samples 22, 25, 31, 37, and 40) is a combination of the first two classes of Lavery interbeds. Cumulative grain size distribution curves for these three classes of interbeds are shown in 37
Figures 29,30, and 31 in Appendix C. In general, the interbeds in the. Lavery Till may be equivalent to LaFleur's (1979) Subfacies 3, but might also be more coherent layers related to the silty wisps in Subfacies
- 2. The interbeds are.poorly sorted as determined by.
Folk's inclusive graphic standard deviation method. They are interpreted to be proglacial lacustrine beds which were partially preserved after reworking and incorporation into a Lavery readvance till (Muller, 1975). In summary, the Lavery Till Complex can be lithologically subdivided into specific groups or subfacies distinguishable by relative . percentages of gravel and clay. Lavery Group A is enriched in gravel, low in clay, and associated with Lavery interbeds or sand, silt, and clay. Lavery Group B. is depleted in gravel and rich in clay. Lavery Group C is intermediate between the two groups, but there is a distinct absence of samples containing 15 to 20 percent gravel. Although Group A and the interbeds are most frequently found above 411 m (1350 f t) in the vicinity of the WNYNSC site, and Groups B and C frequently occur below that elevation, there does not appear to be any systematic stratigraphic or areal trend in grain size parameters. This supports LaFleur's (1979) contention. that the Lavery subfacies are complexly interbedded and each body of one 3,ubfacies is limited in extent. 3.3.2 Kent Till The Kent Till has been described-as a pebble and cobble (20-40 percent gravel) till with a clayey-silt matrix (Mulle r , 1975; LaFleur, 1979; 1980). Our analyses of three Kent Till samples (1, 2, and 3) indicate it is dominated by the silt-size fraction with an average composition of: gravel 9 percent, sand 17 percent, silt 59 percent, and clay 15 percent sorting, determined by Folk's (1974) inclusive graphic standard deviation technique, shows the Kent Till to be extremely poorly to very poorly sorted. The silt-rich nature of the Kent easily distinguishes it from the Lavery Till. The individual cumulative grain size curves of the Kent Till have a logarithmic-normal distribution, as shown in Figure 32 in Appendix C. Such a distribution is common in many tills as it represents a random population of grain sizes such as would be derived from disintegration of bedrock by glacial ice. Little sorting occurs in glacial till-depositing environments, i 38
4.0 THE NORTH PLATEAU SURFICIAL GRAVEL 4.1 Geologic Description The form and character of the surficial gravel deposits are important factors in the ground water regime of the North Plateau. LaFleur (1979) identified two gravel deposits of different ages, as discussed in the section on Gravel Analysis (Section 3.2). From a hydrological point of view, these two gravel deposits are sufficiently similar in grain size distribution to be considered one unit. The sandy gravels of the surficial Holocene alluvial fan and the late Wisconsinan fluvial gravel units are relatively permeable. They allow surface infiltration of precipitation and subsurface movement of water. Rates of horizontal permeability in this unconfined aquifer are on the order of 10E-6 to 10E-7 cm/sec ( Dames and Moore, 1976). Further rapid downward migration of groundwater is prevented by the underlying silty clays of the Lavery till unit, with low horizontal and vertical permeabilities on the order of 10E-8 to 10E-9 cm/sec (Dames and Moore, 1976; Fickies and others 1979; Prudic, 1982). It is conjectured that ground water moves. both horizontally and vertically through the gravel, and then, laterally along the interface between the gravel and till units. The areal extent and thickness of the gravel unit, and the topographic configuration of the underlying till surface are essential to determining groundwater behavior in the North Plateau. 4.2 Techniques of Study Several avenues of investigation were used to define the configurations of both the surficial gravel and till surface. Subsurface information from drill, auger, and bore holes were used to determine the thickness of the gravel and the elevation of the base of the gravel. A seismic refraction survey was conducted to supplement data from the holes. The preliminary survey was \ 5 39
conducted in October 1981, before the first snowfall, and subsequent traverses were run after snowmelt up until June 1982. Seismic traverse lines were chosen so as to obtain coverage of the North Plateau and adjacent areas where the gravel overlays the till (Figure 16). Traverse lines intersect drill holes, where the subsurface lithologies are known, to provide correlation with the stratigraphic sequence. The seismic survey data and the subsurface lithologic data have a high degree of agreement. A Huntec FS-3 portable seismograph with a paper print out, in the form of a ti~me-distance plot, was used. Penetration of the soundings is approximately 60 ft (18.3 m). The impulse source consisted of a sixteen . pound sledge hammer impacting on a one inch (2.5 cm) thick steel plate. Shot points were spaced at 10 ft (3 m) intervals along traverses of approximately 300 ft(91 m) in total length. First arrivals times were used in a computer program (Mooney, 1973) which applies an elevation correction and calculates velocities for each layer present in the subsurface. Velocities estimated by this program were reexamined using the method of Scott and others (1972) to recalculate the thicknesr of each layer. The agreement of the results of the two methods was used as a check on the original interpretations. A resistivity survey (Figure 16) was also undertaken. The data obtained were generally of very limited use because of numerous buried pipes, culverts, electrical lines, and metallic objects, all of which made it difficult or impossible to obtain good results. However, several l resistivity traverses helped in identifying the gravel /till contact and the results corroborate those obtained from the subsurface lithological data and the seismic method. Groundwater seeps along the stream valley walls, marking the elevation of the gravel /till contact, were located by the USGS (W. Kappel, 1982 personal communication). Detailed maps of the areal extent and thickness of the gravel (Plate 5) and of the surface topography of the till unit (Plate 6) were derived from a combination of data: stratigraphy in drill holes, the seismic survey, the resistivity survey, and seeps at the gravel-till interface in valley walls. 4.3 Description of the Gravel Unit Plate 5 is a detailed isepach map of the surficial gravel unit on the North Plateau, constructed from the elevation difference between the surface and the gravel /till contact (Plate 9 illustrates the seismic lines used to construct the contour lines). The zero 40
s WVNSC
'N.\Il P's
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/ N- Seismic Line
\ Resistivity Line R1 2 Oft 3_2 /
O \ hy- d 50 0 150 m [\ / J h. ' l A 3 j N
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? 41
isopach line is an erosional edge. Although the thickness of the gravel does not directly reflect the topography of the underlying till surface, the gravel generally thickens over lows and thins over highs on that surface. The gravel is thickest in the vicinity of the main plant facilities (34 ft (12 m)) and thins in all directions away f rom this are a. Along the westernmost margin of the deposit is a slightly thicker linear belt of gravel trending northeast-southwest. The gravel is thinnest (less than 2 ft (0.7 m)) near the swampy area north of the hardstand. The unit is generally a plano-convex lens, th'.ckest in the center and thinning in all directions away trom the main plant area (Plate 7). The directional rate of movement of ground water through the gravel deposit are unknown at present. 4.4 Description of the Buried Till Surface Plate 6 is a topographic map of the till surface buried under the surficial gravel (Plate 9 ilustrates the seismic lines used to construct the contour lines). The two-foot contour interval permits several subtle topographic features on this surface to be expressed. Southwest of the plant the surface is relatively steep, 5 to 8 degrees, and uniform. This gradient flattens at the 1390 ft (495 m) contour. A ridge trending east west underlies the main plant facilities, forming a topographic divide which splits into two more subtle ridges to the east. One branch trends north-south and underlies the machine shop facilities, and the other continues to the northeast. This ridge system creates three major topographic lows. One low lies adjacent and parallel to the southern flank of the main ridge. This i low has a closed depression in its central section. It dips 1.7 degrees and widens to the east-southeast. A minor ridge to the south confines this low. The second low lies between the two subbranches of the ridge and underlies Lagoons 1, 2 and 3. This low dips 1 degree and widens to the east- southeast. The third low is adjacent to and trends along the western flank of the north-south trending ridge subbranch. This low dips 1.7 degrees and widens to the north where it flattens to a gradient of less than 1 degr.ee. The west side of this low is confined by a broad, subtle high. A hypothetical drainage pattern suggested by this till surface topography is indicated by the arrows on Plate 6 and represents the inferred direction of groundwater movement along the gravel /till interface. I 42
5.0 SURFACE WATER PROGRAM The surface water study has been continued through the period of this investigation. This study required long term continuous data collection to characterize the hydrologic regime of the WNYNSC. As in previous years, the surface water studies being conducted by the NYSGS are part of a cooperative program with the USGS, which is responsible for the ground water aspects of these studies. The USGS has overseen the installation and instrumentation of stream stations and groundwater-monitoring wells. The NYSGS has been maintaining the stations, taking measurements and collecting samples for suspended sediment analysis. All data collected from the stations and wells is made available to the USGS for use in their research and the development of a groundwater model. 5.1 Stream Station Operations Three locations chosen by the NYSGS and the USGS have been maintained as measurement and sample points for this program. These stations, Burial 1 (B1), North Plateau 1 (NPl) , and North Plateau 3 (NP3) , have been used to measure stage, discharge, and suspended sediment. In addition, three Belford raingages are being operated to measure water income as precipitation. Stage, discharge, and suspended sediment concentration measurements have also been taken at Thomas Corners Road Bridge on the Buttermilk Creek to supplement the surface water data obtained on site. The operation of the stream gaging stations has proven to be more complex than originally anticipated, resulting in ene collection of a smaller amount of data than desired. A cetback to this program occurred when NFS, the site operator at that time, denied access to the NYSGS as the result of litigation involving problems with j other State agenc4 Ss. This condition existed from June 19, 1981 until the USNRC and NFS agreed on conditions that would allow the NYSGS to complete some of the work 43
as planned. This agreement took effect September 28, 1981, at which time the NYSGS resumed relatively normal site operations. During the fall and winter, severe slumping of the channel walls enclosed under each of the stream stations made data collection difficult. This slumping forced the abandonment of the B1 station from December, 1981 through March, 1982. The slumping r. vessitated daily cleanout of the channels and rendered the automatic sampling equipment useless. Also, the stream channels under the NPl and NP3 stations froze occasionally during January and February 1982, despite propane-heated enclosures. In April, 1982, as the result of road construction by the new site operator, West Valley Nuclear Services (WVNS), the channel under NP3'was washed out. That station required significant repair before being returned to operation during June 1982. 5.2 Precipitation Data Analyses Precipitation data were collected during this reporting period at three rain gages on the WNYNSC site, on an almost continuous basis and during a survey of snowfall. The weekly total precipitation data for May, 1981, through May, 1982, are listed in Table 2 and plotted for the same time period in Figure 17. The largest rainfallsoccurred during the fall of 1981. A survey of water income as snow was made during an unusually heavy spring snowfall in April, 1982. The snow began falling about midnight on A" il 3 and continued until the morning of April 7. The depth of snow was measured at Rain Gage No. 1, and gage readings were recorded and temperatures taken at the times shown in Figure 18, a plot of cumulative snowfall. The stage recorders at NPl and NP3 were functioning during this storm . Usina the stage records, rating curves provided by the USGS (Harding, 1982, per. com.), and discharge measurements taken on April 13, the runoff through the stations was measured and is plotted in Figure 18. As can be seen, stream discharge peaked approximately 7.5 days after the snow began to melt. On April 7, after the snow had stopped, measurements of snow depth were taken in the NPl and NP3 drainage basins in an attempt to establish a quantitative relationship between the snowfall and the runoff. The ' snow was me.asured at nine locations in the NP1 drainage, yielding an average depth of 6.71 inches (17.0 cm), with a range of 3.1 to 11.0 inches (9.6 to 27.9 cm), and at seven locations in the NP3 drainage, averv;ing 7.04 inches (17.9 cm) and ranging between 5.0 and 11.0 inches (12.7 to 27.9 cm). Using the record from Rain Gage No. 44
TABLE 2. Weekly Total Precipitation for May 1981 to May -1982 WEEK OF INCHES WEEK OF INCHES 05-01-81 0.210 11-15-81 1.153-05-07-81 0.347 11-21-81 1.260 05-15-81 0.693 12-01-81 0.180 05-21-81 1.120 12-07-81 0.727 06-01-81 2.123 12-15-81 0.170 06-07-81 1.797 12-21-81 0.447 06-15-81 0.503 01-01-82 0.205 06-21-81 0.508 01-07-82 0.000 07-01 0.000 01-15-82 0.330 07-07-81 1.665 01-21-82 0.220' 07-15-81 0.907 02-01-81 0.300 07-21-81 0.265 02-07-82 0.640 08-01-81 1.795 02-15-82 0.220 08-07-81 0.675 02-21-82 0.110 08-15-81 0.117 03-01-82 0.230 08-21-81 1.263 03-07-82 0.640 09-01-81 0.974 03-15-82 L0.120 09-07-81 0.407 03-21-82 0.540 09-15-81 2.063 04-01-82 0.080 09-21-81 0.297 04-07-82 0.090 10-01-81 2.670 04-15-82 0.750 10-07-81 0.000 04-21-81 0.090 10-15-81 0.903 05-01-82 0.250 10-21-81 1.413 05-07-82 0.'060 11-01-81 0.000 05-15-82 0.000 11-07-81 0.720 05-21-82 0.000 45
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1 and the continuous measurements of snow depth at that location, the water equivalent of the snow was calculated. For the NPl dr3inage the average snow depth was equivalent to 0.86 inches (2.2 cm) of-rain, and to 0.87 inches (2.2 cm) for the NP3 average snow depth. Using this water equivalent and the total basin area, a total of 24,000 cubic feet (580 cubic meters) of water fell in the NP1 drainage basin and 23,360 cubic feet (660 cubic meters) in the NP3 drainage. To find the total discharge from the two basins for this storm, the total runoff measured at each station was calculated. Between April 9, the date of the lowest discharge for both stations, and April 13, the date of maximum discharge for NPl, the total runoff was calculated by approximating the ares under the discharge curve. For NPl the total runoff measured was 23,250 cubic feet (660 cubic meters). The same calculations for NP3, for April 9 to 14 , indicates a total of 32,230 cubic feet (910 cubic meters)'of runoff as the result of the storm. The calculations for NPl show a markedly good correlation between total precipitation and total runoff. The calculations for NP3 do not agree as well but indicate a similar relationship.
^
The agreement between the amounts of precipitation and total runoff prompted a further look into this relationship. To check the validity of these calculations, a similiar set of calculations was performed for the rainfall and runoff that occurred-between June 19-23, 1981. This interval was chosen for two reasons: first, it was in the summer when the effects of evapotranspiration should be at a peak, and, second, on June 21 and 22 there was a large storm but no precipitation for the two days before and after. The calculations show that the NPl basin received approximately 53,290 cubic feet (1500 cubic meters) of water during that storm and, using the USGS gage records, the discharge totalled 18,400 cubic feet (520 , cubic meters). For NP3 a similiar difference between rainfall and runoff occurred: approximately 50,600 cubic feet (1430 cubic meters) of water fell and 14,960 cubic feet (420 cubic meters) was recorded as runoff. Examining the income to outgo ratios for the North ; Plateau as a whole, the summer ratio indicates that approximately one-third of the water that falls in this area runs oft, while in the winter the ratio of income to outgo is close to one, indicating that all of the snowmelt runs off through the stream stations. These data sets indicate that the stream monitoring program on the North Plateau provides the capability to quantify the water balance of this area. The seasonal difference in { the income to outgo ratios may indicate a low storage capacity for groundwater in the North Plateau or the effect of frozen ground on snowmelt. It could also 48 ( _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ - -
I
-indicate that evapotranspiration may be a major pathway for water movement away from this The area. . income investigations of this relationship between water and runoff will be explored in greater detail as data analysis continues.
b 49
6.0 GEOMORPHIC. STUDIES 6.1 Landslide Movement Analysis
~
Landslides are characterized by relatively- rapid downslope movement.resulting from shear failure along one or several surfaces (Varnes, 1958). Such slope failures, in .the form of slump or. rotational shear landslides (Varnes, 1958; Hutchinson, 1967)', are actively modifying-the land surface at and near the WNYNSC. In order to determine the extent- rates of movement, several1 investigations were conducted. These included the identification and characterization of landslides and of- , landforms having a potential for~ landsliding, and l measuring of movement on selected landslides by periodic: resurveys. Landslide features at the WNYNSC: have been identified from several sources, including: 1) a 1:12,000 scale topographic map, 2) the 1980 series of vertical aerial photographs at an approximate scale - of' 1:62,000, 3) a 1:24,000 scale surficial ' geology map , (LaFleur,'1979; Plate 7), and 4) field mapping completed in April 1982. Field evidence for landslides includes exposed, near-vertical till. faces, surficial .mudflow units, transverse cracks,-and creep features. More than fifty landslides were thus identified. Most of .the . landslides are small (less than 1000 square meters (10.760 square feet)),. and consist of shallow -(2-3 'm (6-10 f t)) rotational slumps which occur-on the valley walls of first-order drainages such as the~ East and West Branches of Frank's Creek. Usually a slide is not one individual feature, but rather a series of' blocks which are continuous along the valley wall. Scarps (slide scars) and slump blocks are well defined in the most recently active landslides. The morphology- of older slides is subtle because degradation has occurred. The material primarily involved in sliding is the fine-grained Lavery till, composed of silt (31 percent), clay (31 percent), sand (18 percent), and gravel (20 l percent) , with an average density- of 1667 kilograms / cubic-1 50
meter (104 pounds / cubic foot) (Hof fman and others, 1980). Slopes become unstable where valley wall relief exceeds 2 m (6.5 ft) (LaFleur, 1979) or the slope exceeds 8 degrees, which we surmise to be the critical angle of failure. 6.1.1 North Trench Landslide The North Trench Landslide is typical of landslides at the WNYNSC. This slide has been active throughout the operating history of the site. In 1980, the stream at the base of the slope was diverted to control undercutting and severe sliding threatening the integrity of the NYS-licensed burial trenches. This diversion did aid in alleviating the problen, although surface movement is continuing. In order to quantify this movement, a stake grid system was established on April 19, 1982, and monitored on a short-term basis. The grid system, marked by 1.5-meter long steel fenceposts, was established to delineate specific features of the slide. Theodolite surveying, accurate to 0.03 m (0.1 f t) , was done by Edwards and Moncrieff, P.C., of Springville, New York. Plane table mapping augmented the detail of this data base. A resurvey of all recoverable stakes was conducted on June 19, 1982. A detailed map of the slide was constructed (Figure 19) and the nomenclature used follows that of Varnes (1958). The volume of moving material and the slide rate for the North Trench landslide were calculated. Constant downslope movement was assumed because no major undercutting of the slide by the West Branch of Frank's Creek occurred during the monitoring time interval. The volume of the actively moving slide is 832 cubic meters (29,400 cubic feet) moving at a rate of 0.22 meters / year (0.7 feet / year). The slope distance from the upper rim of the valley wall to the base of the valley floor is 30.5 m (100 ft). The time required for slide material to move from the top to the stream valley is approximately 140 years, with an average volume of 6 cubic meters / year (206 cubic feet / year) of material delivered to the valley floor each year. Sudden movement related to catastrophic failure would deposit larger volumes of material almost instantaneously. Sudden slope failure, and its effects, have yet to be monitored, although they should be expected where Frank's Creek impinges the base of its valley walls. The North Trench Landslide will be i monitored in the future to better refine the understanding of its movement behavior. j Boothroyd, and others (1982), stated that Frank's Creek is actively incising and rapidly downcutting. Thic l 51
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is indicated by the convex profile of the stream gradient, V-shaped profile, and an approximate 3-5 meters / year (9-15 feet / year) knickpoint retreat on the East Branch of Frank's Creek. The rate of knickpoint retreat on the West Branch of Frank's Creek is assumed to be comparable. Because these knickpoints control the local base level of Frank's Creek, downcutting, valley widening, headward erosion, and incising of the Lavery till eventually will cause landsliding along Frank's Creek in the vicinity of the burial areas unless efforts are made to control this erosion. 6.1.2 Connoisarauley Landslide A second type of landslide, common to the area adjacent to the WNYNSC, is characterized by large, (6,000-36,000 square meters or 64,560-387,360 square feet), slightly deeper (3-4 m or 10-13 ft) complex rotational slumps.. These occur where high bluffs are parallel to major drainages and expose 'the Wisconsinan kame delta sands beneath the silty, clay Lavery till (LaFleur, 1979), or where an active channel undercuts its valley wall (Boothroyd, and others , 1979). Previous work by Boothroyd and others (1979, 1982) has quantified a downslope movement rate for one such~ landslide on Buttermilk Creek. The average yearly rate of movement was determined to be 1.5 cubic meters / year (53 cubic feet / year), with a volume moved of 150 cubic meters / year (5,297 cubic feet / year). This landslide variety is shown by the Connoisarauley Landslide (Figure 20). A surveyed grid system was established on this landslide in September 1981, using the methods previously described for the North Trench Landslide. It was resurveyed in June, 1982. The volume and rate of downslope movement for the Connoisarauley Landslide was determined for a nine month period. Constant downslope movement was assumed, as in the case of the North Trench Landslide, because no major undercutting or slope failure occurred. The volume of the actively moving slide is 8,592 cubic meters (306,600 cubic feet) with a rate of downslope movement of 0.24 meters / year (0.8 feet / year). Note that this rate is less than that determined by Boothroyd, and others(1979, 1981), for another large landslide on Buttermilk Creek. This rate corresponds closely with that determined for the North Trench Landslide, indicating similar processes are active on both landslides. The slope distance from the upper rim of the slide scar to the valley floor is 49 5 m (160 ft). The time required for material to move this slope distance is 200 years. The average volume of material delivered to the valley floor and available for stream transport is 42 cubic meters / year (1518 cubic feet / year). The movement rate and volume determined for 53
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the Connoisarauley Landslide are less than those determined for the Buttermilk Creek Landslide adjacent to the WNYNSC site (Boothroyd and others, 1982). Further monitoring will continue to more accurately quantify the landslide behavior. 6.2 Slope Domains The surface slope domains of the WNYNSC site are shown on Plate 8. The slope domains were chosen by inspection of topographic contour density and information from the landslide analysis. Five slope domains are identified.
- 1) SLOPE DOMAIN 1. This domain is characterized by slopes of less than 1 degree where there are active fluvial channel, bar, and terrace systems or where the topography has been modified by landscaping or filling operations (such as the NYS-Licensed burial area) . The surface topography is flat and it is underlain by fluvial gravel and sand, silt and clay of the till, or artificial fill of varying composition. Vegetation is moderate and consists of grasses. This domain is not susceptible to landsliding unless immediately adjacent to Slope Domain 4 or if a slope exceeding the critical angle (8 degrees) is created.
- 2) SLOPE DOMAIN 2. This domain is characterized by slopes from 1 to 2.9 degrees in till (Lavery) or the distal portions of Holocene alluvial fans. The surface topography is hummocky, with poor to moderate drainage, commonly with swamps and ponded water. It is underlain by silt and clay of the till or silty sand of the fan.
It is moderately vegetated by swamp grass and shrubs. This domain is generally stable unless modified or immediately adjacent to Slope Domain 4.
- 3) SLOPE DOMAIN 3. This domain is characterized by slopes from 3 to 8 degrees which are composed of the relatively inactive, medial to proximal surfaces of Holocene alluvial fans. The topography is gentle, with moderate to good drainage, and underlain by gravel with some sand and silt, and well vegetated by grasses and shrubs. This domain is stable, although it is prone to landsliding if adjacent to Slope Domain 4.
- 4) SLOPE DOMAIN 4. This domain is characterized by surface slopes which exceed 8 degrees. The surface topography is steep and irregular, expressing landslide y scars, slump blocks, and flow masses. It is adjacent to active drainages and is most often underlain by silt and clay of the Lavery till. It is poorly to moderately vegetated by forest growth, or unvegetated. Landslides occur exclusively within this domain. It is highly 55
susceptible to failure, particularly when unvegetated and impinged upon by active stream channels.
- 5) SLOPE DOMAIN 5. This domain is characterized by slopes greater than 8 degrees which occur along the lower shoulders or flanks of hills, away from well organized, active fluvial systems. The surface topography is gentle with well developed drainage. It is underlain by silts and clay of the Kent till and moderately to well vegetated by grasses, shrubs, and trees. This don. sin is not prone to failure unless the critical angle is exceeded by cut-and-fill operations or over-steepening.
6.3 Estimating Landslide Potential Information derived from the landslide mapping, monitoring, and the identified slope domains indicates that an area most susceptible to failure would have the following characteristics:
- 1) Surface slope exceeding 8 degrees,
- 2) Slope material composed of silt and clay of the till deposits,
- 3) An active stream channel impinging upon the foot of slope,
- 4) Sparse to no vegetative cover.
Specific locations for probable further landslide activity include the areas directly south, east, and north of both the NYS and NRC-Licensed burial areas and east of Lagoons 2 and 3. 6.4 Studies in Progress 6.4.1 Buttermilk Creek Study The NYSGS has contracted with Earth Surface Research for the completion of the study of the geomorphic processes and evolution of the Buttermilk Valley and some selected tributaries. This study has three major portions: the monitoring of the spring freshet of Buttermilk Creek, the measurement of the movement of pre-selected clasts as the result of the freshet runoff, and the remapping of Bar Complexes 4 through 6 to document changes caused by the freshet flow. These measurements will determine the portion of the yearly suspended sediment and bedload transport that occurs q during the annual spring flood. The results of this study will then be integrated with the previous studies of the Buttermilk Creek (Boothroyd and Timson, 1979, Boothroyd and others, 1982) to complete the NYSGS 56
i: supported studies.of this area. Upon completion of this study a separate report will be issued detailing the geomorphology of the Buttermilk Creek. 6.4.2 Cattaraugus Creek Erosional History' As part of the investigation of the WNYNSC, the NYSGS has contracted for a study of the post-glacial geomorphic development of the Cattaraugus Creek drainage basin. Cattaraugus Creek serves as the local base level for Buttermilk Creek, and as such controls the rate of downcutting along Buttermilk Creek. To estimate the erosional stability of the WNYNSC site, the rate of change of the base level formed by the Cattaraugus since its inception must be determined. This study is being completed by Dr. R.G. LaFleur, and a separate report of his findings will be produced. The geomorphic history of this drainage will provide a complete regional picture of the erosional processes presently occurring in this area.
)
57
REFERENCES Albanese,J. R., Dunne, L. A.,~ Rogers, W. B., and Potter, S. M., 1981. Geologic and hydrologic research at the Western New York Nuclear Service Center, West Valley, New York. Progress report, August 1979-July 1981, prepared for U.S Nuclear Regulatory Commission. New York State Geological Survey / State Museum. NUREG/CR -2381. Boothroyd, J. C., Timson, B. S., and Dana, R. H.,Jr., 1979. Geomorphic and erosion studies at the Western New York Nuclear Service Center, West Valley, N.Y.: NUREG/CR-0 79 5, 66p. Boothroyd, J. C., Timson, B. S., and Dunne, L.A., 1981. Geomorphic processes and evolution of Buttermilk Valley and selected tributaries, West Valley, New York; Phase II: Technical Report NUREG/CR-2862, 107p. Dames and Moore, Inc., 1976, Interim status report for New York State ERDA: White Plains, NY 77p. Dana, R. H.,Jr., 1974 and 1980. Unpublished drawings and notes on the sand lens first seen in Trench 13. In NYSGS files. Dana, R. H . , Jr . , 1980 (April 12) .
Subject:
study of permeable bodies to the east of Trench 8. Memorandum to H. H. Bailey, both NYSGS. Dana, R. H., Jr., Molello, S. A, Fakundiny, R. H., Matuszek, J. M., Jr., and Lu, A. H., 1978. Determination of the retention of radioactive and stable nuclides by fractured rock and soil at West Valley, New York, Part I, Phase II. 78-2403. Dana, R. H., Jr., Ragan, V. S., Molello, S. A., Bailey, H. H., Fickies, R, H., Fakundiny, R. H., and Hoffman, V. C., 1980. General investigation of radionuclide retention in migration pathways at the West Valley, New York, low-level burial site. Final report, j October 1978 - February 1980. NUREG/CR-1565; 140p. Davis, K., 1974 (April 19) .
Subject:
on NFS Reprocessing Plant, West Valley, N.Y.: geologist's trip q report. Memorandum from Davis of NYS Department of 58
Environmental Conservation, Office of Environmental Analysis to Thomas Cashman, NYS Department of Environmental Conservation, Bureau of Radiation, 10 pp. Duckworth, J. P., Jump, M. J., and Knight, B. E., 1974. Low-level radioactive waste management research, final report to NYS Atomic and Space Development Authority. Fakundiny, R. H., 1980 (April 12) . Lettar to G . Lewis Meyer, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation Programs, from NYSGS. Fakundiny, R. H., and Bailey, H.H., 1975. New York State Geological Survey investigation and assessment of data resourc's for the West Valley low-level waste disposal area mapping project. Unpublished report to R. Dingman, U.S. Geological Survey. Fickies, R. H.,Fakundiny, R. H., and Mosely, E. T., 1979.. Geutechnical analysis of soil samples from test trench at Western New York Nuclear Service Center, West Valley, New York. Report to U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C. NUREG/CR-0644, 21 pp. Folk, R. L., 1974. Origin of sedimentary rocks: Hemphill Publishing Co., Austin, Texas 182 pp. Giardina, P. A., DeBonis, M. F., Eng, J., and Meyer, G. L., 1977. Summary report on the low-level radioactive waste burial site, West Valley, New York (1963-1975). U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region II, New York. Hoffman, V. C., Fickies, R. H., Dana, R. H., Jr., and Ragan, V. S., 1980. Geotechnical analysis of soil samples and study of research trench at the Western New York Nuclear Service Center, West Valley, New York. Report to the U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. NUREG/CR-1566 . Husain, L., Hutchinson, J., Wahlen, M., and Matuszek, J. M., 1977. Investigation of radionuclide retention and migration pathways at West Valley, New York, low-level waste burial site. Final report for Phase I, EPA contract 68-01-3543. Johnson, R. H., 1961. Surficial geology and groundwater conditions in the vicinity of the proposed burial site for radioactive wastes near Riceville, New York. U. S. Geological Survey, Groundwater Branch. ) LaFleur, R. B., 1979. Glacial geology and stratigraphy of Western New York Nuclear Service Center and vicinity, Cattaraugus and Erie Counties, New York. U. S. 59
Geological Survey Open-file Report 79-989, 17 pp. LaFleur, R. G., 1980, Late Wisconsin stratigraphy of the upper Cattaraugus Basin: In LaFleur, R. G., (ed.), Late Wisconsin stratigraphy of the upper Cattaraugus Basin: guide to field trips, 43rd annual reunion, Northeast Friends of the Pleistocene, p. 15-38. Muller, E. H., 1975. Physiography and Pleistocene geology: In Tesmer, I. H., Geology of Cattaraugus County, New York: Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences Bull., v. 27, p. 10-20. Nuclear Fuel Services, Inc., 1962. Safety analysis report, NFS' Reprocessing plant, West Valley, New York. Report to U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Docket number 50-201. Nuclear Fuel Services, Inc., 1973 (December 10) . Monthly report, radioactive waste burial study. To New York State Atomic and Space Development Authority. Oldham, W. A., 1974 (May 9) . Letter to Sherwood Davies, Bureau of Radiological Health, NYS Department of Health, from General Manager, Nuclear Fuel Services, Inc., West Valley, New York. Prudic, D. E., 1978. Installation of water and gas sampling wells in low-level radioactive-waste burial trenches, West Valley, New York. U. S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 78-718, 70 pp. Prudic, D. E., 1979. Core sampling beneath low-level radioactive-waste burial trenches, West Valley, Cattaraugus County, New York. U. S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 78-1532, 55 pp. Prudic, D. E., 1982. Hydraulic conductivity of a fine-grained till, Cattaraugus County, New York. Groundwater, v. 20, n. 2,p. 194-204. Todd, D. K., 1959. Groundwater Hydrology, Wiley,New York. 336 pp. Varnes, D. J., 1958. Landslide types and processes: In Eckel, E. B. (ed.), Landslides and engineering practice: Highway Research Board, Spec. Report, NAS-NRC Pub. 544, p. 20-47. 60
APPENDIX A. Standardized Well Logs A.1 Procedures for Standardization Standardization of logs focused on factors that could be used to characterize and distinguish lithologic units and to define stratigraphic boundaries. The most important element is the description of the proportions of the grain sizes present. Another important element describes the degree of stratification of the unit, ranging from entirely homogeneous to entirely laminated. Additional information available from some of the logs describes deformation and continuity of layers, roundness of pebbles, composition of large clasts, and color as an indication of oxidation. Intervals in the original logs were sometimes defined only at lithologic boundaries, but in other cases they represent separate samples. In the stan.dardized logs, interval boundaries from the original logs have been retained, as well as additional depths indicated for any lithologic changes within those intervals. As a result, no interval in the standardized logs contains more than one distinct lithologic unit, but a single unit may continue down through several intervals that represent, for example, successive 2-foot sections of core. All internal boundaries are stated as meters of elevation above mean sea level. Sub-intervals were used for cases in which the original log indicated the presence of a thin unit of different material at a specific depth or for a very small interval. On the standardized logs such subintervals are indicated by lines indented one space and beginning with "at nnn m". Such subintervals were often used to indicate a distinct layer or change in lithology within a larger lithologic unit above and below. In a few cases, subintervals were used for a thin distinct lithology at the bottom of a larger lithologic unit and above a different, large lithologic unit. A.2 Explanation of Standardized Format Line 1 The first line of the description of an interval or subinterval is primarily a description of the grain sizes ) and volume proportions. In some of the intervals such a description was abbreviated in the original log by using a general genetic term, such as "till". In some cases 61
this was followed by a-more specific statement using grain size classes. In many instances, the grain size description stood alone. In the standardized logs, if a general genetic term was used, it appears as the first item in the first line for each interval or subinterval.
"Till", " lacustrine", and " alluvium", are the three most common terms'used. "Till" implies a homogeneous sediment consisting mainly of clay and silt, with some gravel or.
pebbles. " Lacustrine" implies layered sediment,-
-primarily composed of clay and silt. " Alluvium" implies a relatively homogeneous material with a markedly higher proportion of gravel or pebbles than in till. Other general genetic terms found in the original logs and used in 'the standardized logs are " colluvium", " backfill", " organic material / soil", " bedrock", and " fluvial".
The grain size classes used in Line 1 are: " clay",
" silt", " sand", " gravel / pebbles", and " angular rock.
fragments". The modifiers " fine", " medium", and " coarse" are included if they were specified in the original log. If' two or more classes occur in approximately equal amounts then the classes are arbitrarily listed in order from fine to coarse. Otherwise, the order of grain size classes and uses of conjunctions indicate decreasing volume proportions. The matrix material is listed first in sediments with subordinate layers in a homogeneous matrix. Next in the list are the size classes making up the subordinate layers. If the sediment is entirely layered then this line begins with "as layers:" and the layers are listed after the colon, in order from fine to. coarse. The following conjunctions are used to indicate proportions in a homogeneous matrix or within an individual layer: "and", "with", "with rare", and "to". The examples below indicate their use for a material with two size classes: A and B: the two size classes are present in approximately equal amounts, mixed together, and arbitrarily listed from fine to coarse. In some cases this construction may have been used in the original logs without any intention of showing proportions, merely to list the classes present. A with B: A is the dominant size class, and B. is ) present in lesser amounts, but as more than a mere trace. l The two classes are mixed together in the unit. In the ' original logs a form often used was " silty clay". In the standardized logs this is converted to " clay with silt", in order to place the most abundant class at the start of ( the list. A, with rare B: A is by far the dominant size 62
class, with. B present only in small amounts. The two classes are mixed together.. Equivalent statements in the original logs would be " trace", "very few",-or "less than~ 5 percent". A to B: part of the unit consists entirely of1 class A and part purely of B, with a transition from one to.the other through all intermediate size classes. The change may_be'either vertical or lateral, but is most likely to be vertical in order to be seen in a core sample. The following examples illustrate constructions used for three or more size classes in a homogeneous matrix or within a single layer: A' and B and C: all three are present in approximately equal amounts and mixed together. A and B, with C: A and B are present in equal amounts and make up most of the sediment. C is present in a significant amount, but less than either A or B. A and B, with rare C: A and B are present in equal amounts and make up nearly all of the sediment. C is present in only trace amounts. All three classes. are mixed together. A, with B and C: A is dominant, with lesser amounts of B and C, which are equal to each other. B and C are each present in significaut amounts. All three classes are mixed together. A, with rare B and C: A makes up nearly all of the sediment, with trace amounts of B and trace amounts of C. All three classes are mixed together. A, with B, with C: A is dominant, with a lesser but-significant amount of B, and an even lesser amount of C, but still more than a trace. All three classes are mixed together. A, with B, with rare C: A is dominant, with a lesser but significant amount of B, and with only a trace of C. All three classes are mixed together. Line 2 The second line of the description for each interval or subinterval concerns color, which can be an indication of the oxidation state in the sediments. Standard . Munsell color codes were used in some of the USGS logs, but could not be created for the other logs in which the color description was much less specific. The second line for each interval in the standardized logs uses 63
normal English to describe the colors, and the same constructions used in Line 1 are used to indicate proportions. Line 3 The third line of the description for each interval or sub interval was reserved for any information that could not be used to characterize or distinguish the units but which did not fit in Line 1 or Line 2. Such information includes descriptions of deformation, continuity, or thickness of layers or blebs; degree of firmness; comments about oxidized or unoxidized portions; presence of fractures; occurrence of calcareous material, large cobbles, or shale fragments; and comments on the type or state of the sample used. 64
A.3 Construction of. Stratigraphic Columns Stratigraphic columns were drawn for many of the USGS holes in and near the NYS-licensed burial trenches, and_for both sets of logs from the 1980-series holes. The columns were derived from the standardized logs discussed in the first section of this chapter.
.The heading for each' column gives/the name of the hole as shown on Plate 1, the company or agency-responsible for the drilling,'the year of drilling, and the elevation of the surface above sea level in meters
.and. feet.
The center section of each column contains' graphic representation of the grain sizes present_and their volume proportions. .The numbers to the left are depths below the surface-in meters, and the vertical scale is 1:50.. A scale in feet is shown on the right-hand side of the sheet. Straight horizontal lines across the column correspond with interval boundaries in the standardized logs. Where the boundaries are so close together that the grain size symbols would not fit in the space, interval boundaries are shown as pairs'of line segments-at the edges ofLthe column. That same convention is used for subinterval boundaries. In some of the. standardized logs sediments were described only in general genetic terms, without any specific statement of grain sizes present and their proportions. In these cases, the graphic columns contain letters abbreviating the general genetic terms: till = T lacustrine = L alluvium = A colluvium = C backfill = b bedrock = R fluvial = F ) A horizontal squiggle is used for organic material / soil, either alone, as a general genetic term, or in combination with symbols for grain size classes. 65 J
f The following symbols for grain size classes were used: clay = dashes silt = small dots sand = large dots gravel / pebbles = open ovals angular rock fragments = open triangles For each size class, six patterns of different symbol densities were devised, as shown in Figure 21 Combinations of these thirty patterns represent various proportions, as expressed verbally in the standardized logs. The patterns were superimposed to indicate proportions, rather like combining color correction filters in photography. The examples in Figure 22 show how the patterns were used to translate the standardized logs, using a simple code as an intermediate step. These examples are all homogeneous materials that either occupy an entire interval or a particular layer. Note that for
" clay to silt" the graphic form shows the transition as lateral, usually with the fine material on the left.
This representation is used when the original log did not specify the direction of the change, which may well be vertical in the hole. If the standardized log specified'a homogeneous matrix with subordinate layers, then the layers are shown at arbitrary positions within the unit. If the log specified "with rare layers", no more than one layer per centimeter is shown. In the logs, subintervals were often used to indicate-the precise positions of layers, with homogeneous material above and below. In the graphic form, such layers are bracketed at the sides of the column with horizontal straight line segments. In intervals described in the logs as entirely layered, each type of layer is shown at least once, at arbitrary depths. The vertical lines on either side of the graphic column supplement the grain size symbols. Colors are indicated on the left under " COL". A blackened circle or thick line segment under "B" indicates that the material is at least partly brown or orange, or some other color suggesting oxidation. A circle or thick line segment under "G" indicates that the material is at least partly gray, indicating a reduced state. The five lines to the right of the graphic column under " SIZE" show the dominant grain size in each 1 66
CLAY: 1 2 3 4 5 6
'-:-: +. -:-:-: :. . - : : ; . . . . . . . . . . .......
- -:-:-:-:+: .- ::. :. :..: : ::: . . . . . . . . . . . .......
.-:-:-:+:+:-::-:
- +: . ::e.-e. : . . . . . . . . . ....._. . . .._
+:+:+:-:+:::
- -:-co -:-:-:+:
I-c<N+:gg_::.:::.:::3 :_-e-: :::.e:G- - - - - - - - - - . .---- - - - - - - - S I LT: 1 2 3 4 5 6 SAND: 1 2 3 4 5 6
- ununn: . . . . . . . - ....... . . ... ..... . . . .
- u. .::.n..n..u. .n.. * * .n..:.
- n:: * . * . . ' . . * . * . - ........ ..... .....
- n::::::: . .. . . . . . -
u:nnn=:= ........ .....
*i*ii*iiiiiiiii '. :4.* .* *.O' - - - -- - - - -
G R AV E L/ PEBB LES: 1 2 3 4 5 6 aoooooooo ooooo ooooo o o o e o o o o o o oo oooooo oooo ooooooooo ooooo oooo o o o ooooooooo oooo ooooo o o o o o occoooooo oo oooo ooo ooooo oooo o o o c cooo00 Coo ooooo oooo o o o o o o oococo** oooo ooooo ooooo o o o < o o ooococoo8 ANGULAR ROCK F R AGM E N TS: 1 2 3 4 5 6 af A969At & A 9 A 9 A A 9 A 04 4 g A 5 A 9 setStevat t A 9 A A Y A A9J74 PAPA A9 74 47 f4 A V J V 4 V A V 9A f d v4 f A 9 ATAT494fd af A IJ J 94 7 4 4 V 4 t Y A 9 Y d TAFATdTJ9 7A 9 A A T ATJf dT A A 9 J T 4 T A 7 4 T A Y T47494747 iA I J A V A dFAftt474 4 Y 4 I 4 4 7 d TA A T 4 J 7 Figure 21. Symbols for graphic columns. Densities represent different proportions of each grain size class, from pure (density 1) to rare (density 6). These are combined to re-
) present various combinations of grain sizes.
67
FROM LOG CODE GRAPHIC sE3,1:i:if4-if::
< +:-t-:-:-:-:
CLAY C1 ffggggy .- CLAY AND SILT C 3,L3 }.-Q@,2-[ c.,c.,-c.,. , >. ,-z: r . CLAY WITH SILT- C2,L4 is,#f,95f-i
- .'-: ,c _-:_ .
'_r;'-~ .
- ,,-r -
C LAY, WI TH RARE SILT C 1, LG :',;: _f'g;p:-{ s-ES .5:'.'.r ' c-:-:-:-::-
- C LAY TO SI LT C 1 -* L 1 :5_-:5_5,i1..:
; . . s . .. (
," -L :. : as o' ,
CLAY AND SILT AND SAND C 5,L5,S S : ._ .. .:. , .:r... .: -
; : . : = .=..
c r. , 7. .; a CL AY AND SILT, WITH SAND C4 L4,S5 4 _._;_i, ,:
- 3. .'.-iO_X_,M. .
CL AY AND SILT, WITH RARE SAND C 3,L3,56 ,f f.f.:,.fl.. .3 -
, ,w-.w
.-~..--
C L AY, WI T H SI LT AN D S AN D C 3,L 5,S S + , . . , . - . - - - > -
- i:x a ~.-ai n Ud- c:f-:: 2 CL AY, Wl T H RARE SILT AND S AND C 1,L 6,56 ;-;p gg-; j
~! [.Y.'".~.'* *.
. ... ...s.,
CL AY, WIT H SILT, WITH SAND C 3,L4,S S - -- i&~TN2Gh I CL AY, WIT H SILT, WITH RARE SAND C 2,L4,56 l.~@'-E' .f.}j Figure 22. Examples of translations from standardized logs, through a simple code, to the form , used in the graphic columns. ( 68
' interval or subinterval: C= clay, L= silt, S= sand, G= gravel / pebbles, R= angular rock fragments.
The three lines under "HOM" describe material that is primarily homogeneous. "L" indicates that the interval contains a significant proportion of layers, blebs, or wisps; "R" indicates only rare layers; and "N" indicates an entirely homogeneous sediment. The line under the large "L" is used to indicate intervals or subintervals that are primarily layered. The pair of lines under "I" and "D" describe the deformation and continuity of layers in either primarily homogeneous or primarily layered sediments. indicates that A circle or thick line the layers are intact, segment under "I" continuous, and horizontal.. A circle or thick line under "D" indicates that the layers are deformed or-discontinuous, or, at the very least, dipping. ) h 69
A82-1 (trench) depth: 3.86 m, 12.67 ft. surface 416.35 m, 1366.04 ft. colluvium: clay,-with organic material / soil; with rare gravel / pebbles dark grayish brown moist to touch 416.20 colluvium: clay, with silt and organic material / soil; with rare . gravel / pebbles medium yellowish brown, with black organic smell;. moist but does not. cohere 416.07 alluvium: clay, with silt and organic-material / soil and gravel / pebbles medium yellowish brown root fibres; more silty than above 415.99 alluvium medium yellowish brown, with brown many roots; moist.but no appreciable yield to hole 415.89 clay, with silt and organic material / soil and gravel / pebbles dark grayish brown, with gray and yellowish red many black roots 415.76 clay, with silt and gravel / pebbles dark grayish brown, with yellowish red black root zones 5.64 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles dark grayish brown, with yellowish red moist, slight yield of water; shale pebbles 415.53 silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles dark grayish brown dry to touch but rolls up easily into ball 415.41 clay, with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt 70
l' dark grayish' brown, with rare grayish white and yellowish red pebbles. bigger-than above; silt wisps gray; brachiopod in pebble; specks of schist (?) ; . sample crumbles 415.23 silt, with clay;with rare gravel / pebbles; with layers of silt dark grayish brown, with gray more gray silt wisps than above 415.11 clay, with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles; with layers of silt dark grayish brown, with-gray gray silt wisps; specks of schist on crystals 414.93 clay, with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles dark grayish brown saturated in zones 414.72 clay, with silt dark gray to dark grayish brown, with~ dark brown dark brown zones saturated; sample rolls easily into ball 414.54 clay, with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles dark gray, with gray less moist than above; very plastic and uniform; pebbles lighter gray 414.34 clay, with silt; with rare layers of fine sand gray to dark gray, with rare yellowish brown saturated, very plastic; sand in yellowish brown blebs 414.16 clay, with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles gray less than 2% pebbles 413.96 clay,with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles gray saturated; Lavery?
) 413.73 clay, with silt and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt gray, with rare yellowish brown +
71
soma largo shale frcgments; saturated; silt bleb is yellowish brown-413.58 clay, with silt and angular-rock fragments; with rare layers of silt gray,with rare yellowish brown silt blebs yellowish brown; shale fragments 413.38 silt, with clay'and angular rock fragments; with layers of silt gray, with yellowish brown silt blebs yellowish brown; saturated; shale' fragments 413.17 gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments, with silt, with clay; with rare layers of. silt gray, with rare reddish brown not as saturated, more silt than above;' shale fragments. 413.00 clay, with silt and angular rock fragments; with layers of silt gray, with yellowish brown shale fragments larger silt blebs yellowish brown 412.97 clay, with. silt and gravel / pebbles; with rare sand; with rare layers of silt gray, with rare dark gray and greenish gray small pebbles weak red;- one zone with dark gray sandy clay matrix, 1-2" thick; greenish gray silty. wisps; drier than above 412.77 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments dark gray no sand; shale fragments 412.59 clay, with silt and angular-rock fragments dark gray, with rare brown large shale fragment has brown silt rim 412.54 clay, with silt and angular rock fragments; with rare gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt dark gray, with greenish gray, pebbles black; . with rare yellowish brown and black shale fragments greenish gray; silt blebs small and yellowish brown 412.49 bottom 72
A82-2 (trench) I depth-2.21 m, 7.25 ft. surface 414.39 m, 1359.6 ft. colluvium or soil: clay; with rare gravel / pebbles and organic material / soil dark brown soil damp to touch; roots present 414.24 colluvium: clay, with silt;.with rare gravel / pebbles moderate yellow brown, with black organic small; black streaks throughout; white roots 414.06 colluvium or alluvium: clay, with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles brown and orange yellow streaks of oxidation along. roots; organic smell; moist to touch,some water seeping into' hole 413.96 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles moderate brown to olive gray ' oxidation along roots , 413.80 clay, with: silt, with gravel / pebbles ~; with. rare layers of silt olive gray silt partings and blebs; minor streaks of oxidation along roots
~
413.68 clay',.with silt, with angular rock fragments gray moist but does not yield water to hole 413.53 silt, with-clay; with rare angular rock fragments; with rare layers of silt gray, with rare yellow brown ~ yields water when squeezed; silt.blebs brown; shale
- fragments 413.38 silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments; -
)- . with layers of silt gray, with yellowish brown shale fragments; partings and blebs of silt; s
> 7 %, ,'\
4 h 73 e
moist to touch;-plastic 413.17 silt, with clay; with rare angular rock fragments;_ with rare layers of silt gray, with rare reddish brown and-yellow brown drier than above; shale fragments; silt partings and blebs 413.02 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt gray, with greenish gray drier than above; traces of silt partings greenish and wispy 412.87 silt, with clay, with fine gravel / pebbles; with rare angular rock fragments gray shale fragments; moist but does not yield water 412.71 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles; with rare angular rock fragments; with rare layers of silt gray shale fragments; trace of silt wisps 412.51 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt gray, with rare yellow brown moist to touch but does not~ yield water; ' small brown silt blebs around shale clast 412.36 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles; with rare angular rock fragments; with rare layers of silt gray, with rare greenish gray and black shale fragments greenish; some small black pebbles; wispy silt blebs l 412.18 bottom k 74
80-1 (from Miller log) depth: 7.92 m, 26 ft. surface 433.40 m, 1422 ft. organic material / soil brown 433.'u a gravel / pebbles, with silt, with sand olive gray some cobbles; clasts of shale, siltstone, sandstone 431.88 silt, with sand and gravel / pebbles layer 0.lm thick 430.81 silt, with gravel / pebbles iron oxides common 430.36 silt, with gravel / pebbles; with rare clay and sand gray brown 430.05 coarse gravel / pebbles, with silt 429.75 gravel / pebbles, with silt to silt with gravel / pebbles 429.44 gravel / pebbles, with silt 428.83 coarse gravel / pebbles, with silt 428.53 coarse gravel / pebbles, with silt olive gray 427.92 gravel / pebbles, with silt 427.46 gravel / pebbles, with silt 427.31 fine gravel / pebbles, with coarse sand, with silt I 426.24 till: clay and silt; with rare gravel / pebbles olive gray f 425.43 bottom 75
80-2 (from Miler log) depth: 4.88 m, 16ft. surface 434.32 m, 1425 ft. organic material / soil dark brown 434.24 gravel / pebbles, with silt; with rare clay and sand olive brown 430.66 silt, with gravel / pebbles; with rare clay olive gray brown 430.05 gravel / pebbles, with silt 429.90 clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray 429.44 bottom 76
80-3 (from Miller log) depth: 2.44 m, 8 ft. surface 420.91 m, 1381-ft. silt, with gravel / pebbles; with rare clay orange brown 420.22' fine gravel / pebbles, with coarse sand, with coarse gravel / pebbles; with rare silt olive brown 419.54 gravel / pebbles, with sand 419.00 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles orange brown oxidized 418.85 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray unweathered 418.47 bottom ) ) 77
80-4 (from Miller log) depth: 4.27 m, 14 ft surface 420.91 m, 1381 ft gravel / pebbles, with silt olive brown 419.99 silt; with rare clay olive gray no core sample, cuttings only 419.54 gravel / pebbles, with silt olive gray 419.38 gravel / pebbles, with silt, with fine sand olive gray 419.08 fine gravel / pebbles, with fine to coarse sand, with silt olive brown 418.47 no core 417.86 till: clay and silt, with fine gravel / pebbles olive brown "Lavery"; fine pebbles of shale, siltstone 417.25 till: clay and silt, with fine gravel / pebbles; with layers of gravel / pebbles with sand 417.17 till: clay and silt, with fine gravel / pebbles 416.64 bottom , 78
l 80-5 (from Miller log) . depth:. 4.87 m, 16 ft. surface approx 401.55 m,1317.8 ft organic material / soil 401.40 fine to coarse gravel / pebbles, with fine to coarse sand, with silt olive brown poorly sorted 400.64 fine to medium sand; with rare gravel / pebbles olive brown well-sorted 400.59 fine to medium gravel / pebbles; with rare sand olive brown 400.34 fine gravel / pebbles, with coarse sand; with rare silt 399.98 fine to coarse sand, with fini gravel olive brown 399.73 gravel / pebbles, with sand olive brown fair sorting, pebbles mostly siltstone 398.51 fine to medium gravel / pebbles, with sand, with silt olive gray 397.32
-till: silt, with clay, with gravel / pebbles olive brown "Lavery", oxidized 397.29 till': silt, with clay, with gravel / pebbles olive gray not oxidized 396.68 bottom 7
79
80-6 (f rom Miller log) depth: 5.49 m, 18'ft surface 420.30 m,1379 ft fine to coarse gravel / pebbles, with sand; with rare silt brown 419.99 till?: clay and silt, with sand and gravel / pebbles gray to gray brown to brown Lavery-like fill 418.17 till? brown with green grass and roots; still fill 417.86 till?: silt olive gray weathered, not as compact as typical Lavery 416.79 fine to coarse gravel / pebbles, with silt and sand olive brown 416.64 silt, with sand and gravel / pebbles olive brown 5 416.09-fine gravel / pebbles, with coarse sand 416.03 silt, with fine sand olive brown 415.57 silt; with rare clay olive brown to olive gray more gray deeper 415.36 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray Lavery 414.81 bottom ( 80
80-7 (from Miller log) depth: 2.43 m, 8 ft surface 423.80 m, 1390.5 ft organic material / soil grass 423.77 organic material / soil and silt, with clay, with gravel / pebbles brown 423.62 silt, with clay, with gravel / pebbles brown 423.29 silt, with gravel / pebbles; with rare. sand olive brown some cobbles 423.19 fine to coarse gravel / pebbles, with silt, with sand olive brown 422.58 sand, with gravel / pebbles; with rare silt olive brown 422.43 silt, with fine to coarse gravel / pebbles; with rare clay 422.27 sand with gravel / pebbles, with silt olive brown 422.04 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles olive brown Lavery 421.94 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray 421.37 bottom I 81
80-8 (f rom Miller log) depth: 7.32 m, 24 ft surface 431.58 m, 1416 ft organic material / soil 431.55 silt with gravel / pebbles, with sand dark brown 430.97 coarse sand, with fine to medium gravel / pebbles olive brown 430.66 silt, with gravel / pebbles dark brown some cobbles 430.20 fine to coarse gravel / pebbles with fine to coarse sand, with rare silt olive brown 429.75 fine to coarse gravel / pebbles, with fine sand, with silt olive brown 429.14 fine to medium gravel / pebbles, with silt and sand brown 428.53 gravel / pebbles, with silt and sand olive brown 427.92 gravel / pebbles, with sand, with silt olive brown-427.69 gravel / pebbles, with sand olive brown 427.61 fine to coarse sand olive brown 427.38 silt, with clay and sand olive brown 82
427.31 silt, with sand and gravel / pebbles olive brown 427.00 . silt, with sand 426.78 coarse sand, with fine gravel / pebbles grayish brown 426.70 silt, with sand, with gravel / pebbles olive brown 426.39 fine to coarse gravel / pebbles, with sand; with rare silt 426.01 fine to medium gravel / pebbles, with silt, with sand olive gray 425.33 sand, with silt 425.18 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles;with rare sand 424.26 bottom 4 ] 83
80-9 (from Miller log) depth: 6.71 m, 22 ft. surface 423.35 m, 1389 ft organic material / soil: silt with rare gravel / pebbles 423.13 silt, with fine to coarse gravel / pebbles orange brown and olive .?rown mottled 422.89 fine to coarse gravel / pebbles, with silt mottled 422.74 gravel / pebbles,.with silt, with sand 422.43 gravel / pebbles, with clay and silt; with rare sand 422.13 till: silt, with clay, with gravel / pebbles brown Lavery 422.03 till: silt, with clay, with gravel / pebbles olive gray not weathered 421.76 medium sand 421.70 till: silt, with clay, with fine gravel / pebbles olive gray 419.84 sand 419.83 till: silt, with clay, with gravel / pebbles olive gray 416.64 bottom 84
80-10 (from Miller log) depth: 12.7 m, 41.7 ft surface 426.85 m, 1400.5 ft organic material / soil; clay and silt dark brown 426.55 gravel / pebbles with silt and sand orange brown and olive brown mottled 426.14 till: silt, with clay, with fine to medium gravel / pebbles olive brown with orange Lavery, weathered; roots to 425.48 424.72 till: silt, with clay and fine to medium gravel / pebbles olive gray unweathered 423.80 till: silt, with clay and fine to medium gravel / pebbles olive gray slightly stonier 421.67 till: silt, with clay, with gravel / pebbles olive gray 419.54 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray some cobbles 417.81 silt, with gravel / pebbles 417.78 silt, with gravel / pebbles; with rare clay and sand olive gray 417.40 silt olive gray ')' 416.82 sand; with rare silt olive gray 85
416.79 silt olive gray 416.49 medium to coarse sand olive gray 416.34 silt olive gray 415.88 silt; with rare sand olive gray 415.73 silt 414.86 till Lavery? 414.36 gravel / pebbles with silt and sand 414.20 bedrock olive gray shale 414.15 bottom I ( 86
A (trench) depth: 9.75 m, 32.0 ft l surface 420.63 m, 1380.1 ft no samples 420.33 Shelby tube sample, not examined 419.72 backfill brown to gray 418.96-backfill yellowish brown 418.44 backfill 418.35 organic material / soil brownish black 418.29 organic material / soil olive gray and brownish black 418.26 till with organic material / soil light olive gray to yellowish brown to yellowish orange oxidized 417.28 silt, with fine sand oxidized 416.37 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles-yellowish brown calcareous at approx. 416.37 medium gray fracture plane at 416.06 medium olive gray ( 87
415.61 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray unoxidized,' calcareous 414.29 lacustrine: silt, with clay, with rare layers of coarse silt to fine sand medium olive gray calcareous, unoxidized at 414.23 coarse gravel / pebbles one cobble, 80 mm 414.23 no samples, cuttings only 412.40 till 411.49 no samples 410.88 bottom I ( 88
A2 (trench) depth: 10.69 m, 35.1 ft surface 420.63 m, 1380.1 ft no samples 420.33 Shelby tube sample, not examined 419.72 backfill dark yellowish brown and medium olive gray 418.53 organic material / soil: clay grayish black with medium olive gray and light yellowish brown 418.44 till and organic material / soil: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles yellowish gray to medium yellowish brown vertical fractures oxidized 417.89 fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with rare sand, with silt and sand 417.68 fine sand, with silt medium yellowish brown vertical fractures oxidized 417.62 fine sand, with silt medium yellowish brown subvertical contact with oxidized till somewhere in this interval 3 417.31 ' fine sand, with silt; with rare layers of clay 416.28 sand, with gravel / pebbles 416.25 fine sand, with silt; with rare layers of clay 416.09
) till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown to medium olive gray oxidized, mottled 89
416.00 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with layers of sand, with clay and silt dark yellowish brown oxidized 415.82 lacustrine: silt, with fine sand; with rare gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of clay dark-yellowish orange 415.73 lacustrine medium olive gray 415.54 lacustrine: coarse sand, with silt; with layers of clay brownish gray dipping layers 415.51 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray unoxidized 415.45 lacustrine: . fine sand, with silt; with layers of silt dipping layers 415.42 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray subvertical fractures 414.39 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of coarse silt 414.29 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles 413.75 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles with rare layer of coarse silt 413.72 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles 413.29 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with layers of silt with sand 90
413.17 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray calcareous, plastic, with vertical fractures 409.94 bottom 91
B (trench) depth: 14.17 m, 46.5 ft surface 418.99 m, 1374.4 ft backfill yellowish brown to olive gray 417.46 . backfill: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; to silt, with sand and gravel / pebbles olive gray 417.31 backfill: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles brownish olive gray 416.92 organic material / soil (?) ano silt; with rare clay and gravel / pebbles olive gray and light olive gray and dark yellowish orange 416,76 till (?) : silt, with clay and fine sand and gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown at 416.46 with layers of sand and silt layer is 5 to 10 mm thick at 416.40 with layers of silt, with sand single bleb 20 X 10 X 5 mm 416.25 silt, with clay and sand and gravel / pebbles olive gray with dark yellowish orange at 416.00 with layers of coarse sand, with silt and gravel / pebbles layer 25 mm thick at 415.76 to 415.70 silt; with layers of fine to coarse silt layers are vertical 415.33 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray f caalcareous; vertical oxidized zones with roots 92
413.17 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray calcareous, plastic, with vertical fractures 409.94 bottom 91
L l B (trench) depth: 14.17 m, 46.5 ft surface 418.99 m, 1374.4 ft backfill yellowish brown to olive gray 417.46 . backfill: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; to silt, with sand and gravel / pebbles olive gray 417.31 backfill: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles brownish olive gray 416.92 organic material / soil (?) ano silt; with rare clay and, gravel / pebbles olive gray and light olive gray and dark yellowish orange 416.76 till(?): silt, with clay and fine sand and gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown at 416.46 with layers of sand and silt layer is 5 to 10 mm thick at 416.40 with layers of silt, with sand single bleb 20 X 10 X 5 mm 416.25 silt, with clay and sand and gravel / pebbles olive gray with dark yellowish orange at 416.00 with layers of coarse sand, with silt and gravel / pebbles layer 25 mm thick at 415.76 to 415.70 silt; with layers of fine to coarse silt layers are vertical 415.33 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray caalcareous; vertical oxidized zones with roots 92
412.74 coarse sand, with silt and gravel / pebbles 412.65 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray 410.30 lacustrine: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles; with layers of coarse silt medium olive gray 409.72 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray 408.83 lacustrine: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles; with layers of coarse silt medium olive gray 408.41 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray 408.02 coarse sand, with silt medium olive gray to light brown 407.95 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray 404.82 bottom I 93
B2 (trench) depth: 12.86 m, 42.2-ft surface 419.62 m, 1376.78 ft backfill dry 418.43 backfill (?): clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles yellow brown to brown to yellow orange mottled 417.06 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown with medium yellowish brown oxidized; gray fractures 414.44 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles gray, with dark yellowish orange 413.83 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray 411.45 no core sample 411.24 fine to medium sand; with rare silt 411.21 gravel / pebbles 411.18 gravel / pebbles, with silt 411.12 silt and gravel / pebbles 411.03 no core sample 410.87 gravel / pebbles with silt 410.78 gravel / pebbles, with silt greenish gray to olive gray 410.72 gravel / pebbles, with silt 94
410.39 no core sample 410.11 silt and gravel / pebbles 410.02 silt and gravel / pebbles; with layers of silt may be till; massive silt layer near top 409.90 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of coarse silt olive gray silt layers wispy 409.81 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles olive gray 409.75 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of coarse silt olive gray 409.05 till: silt with clay and gravel / pebbles olive gray at 406.94 with layers of silt, with sand reddish gray 406.76 bottom 95
B3 (trench) depth: 13.17 m, 43.2 ft surface 419.67 m, 1376.93 ft backfill dry 417.21 organic material / soil greyish black, to light olive gray and brownish olive gray old soil zone 417.06 silt, with rare gravel / pebbles 416.99 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown to medium yellow brown no fractures; oxidized 416.28 fluvial; silt, with clay and sand, to gravel / pebbles, with clay and silt 415.95 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles brown oxidized 415.46 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray not oxidized, except on fractures 413.39 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray no oxidized fractures 412.51 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles olive gray pebbles of shale or limestone 412.14 no core sample 412.02 gravel / pebbles, with clay and silt 411.78 96
till: clay, with silt and gravel / pebbles olive gray 411.53 till: clay, with silt and gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments olive gray to brownish gray . 411.23 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray 410.01 till: clay, with silt, with rare gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt olive gray
" mess bedded" at approx.409.15 ,
till: clay, with silt, with coarse sand and gravel / pebbles 409.15 till: clay, with silt, with rare gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt olive gray no silty layers 408.19 till: clay with silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray no silty layers 406.50 bottom [ 97
C (trench)- depth: 7.62 m, 25 ft surface at approx.- 421.82 m, 1384 ft backfill 420.91 backfill dry
'420.85-r backfill ';.
, dry ,
_, ]: ,, ; ,
'?
'"', 420.69 e', ,'
- 1. .
backfill
f ~f s '
_ ,J . 'I r f. moisi. t ', '
, 420.39, e t ' backfill ap3 orgar.ic material / soil
- qp , ,.
'I 420.18 ..
lacustrine (?): ^ silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles light olive gray to dark yellowish orange mottled, grayer at' top, oranger at bottom 41t 99 $'
. till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles 7
dark yellowish tifown Oith light olive gray fractures 3
. . 419.60
...- till: silt, witheclay and gravel / pebbles
/
lf.
- yellowish brown,'with light orange i ^419.32e coarse sa"n'd, with silt
\ . . ' - ~~ '
. f _/ - ' -
I.4i9.29 till: d ilt., with; clay and gravel / pebbles
,j' - 'c . 'yellowisn brown with light gray f rr.,ctures light' gray
/. .z g -
419.81 r ,
/ no core samplea
- at 416.95 till l .-
not oxidized ., 4 - J 414.20 bottom e l - ; - - (? , el
;)
f
./'
z.* u- 98 i ,
C2 (trench) depth: 15.24 m, 50 ft surface 420.15 m, 1378.5 ft no core sample 1 417.71 till: silt, with clay; with rare ghavel/ pebbles dark yellowish brown shale pebbles 417.53
, fine to medium sand \
dark yellowish brown
\
417.49 4 till: silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown, with rare dark yellowish orange shale chips; possible vertical fractures 417.25 till: silte with clay and gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown pebbles of shale'and vein quartz 416.49 no cote sample at 415.73 till a few unoxidized cuttings at 414.66 till all cuttings unoxidized 414.66 - till: silt, with clay and gravel /pebblea brownish gray at 414.51 to 414.36 with angular rock fragments red chips of shale 414.05 till: silt, with clay; with rare gravel /pebles brownish gray , 413.81 + till: silt and gravel / pebbles, with clay very pebbly till s 99
413.78 till: silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles brownish gray 413.29 i till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles 412.53 till: silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles 412.37 till: silt and gravel / pebbles, with clay very pebbly 412.28 till: silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles 411.86 till: silt and sand and gravel / pebbles very sandy and pebbly; nonplastic 411.80 till: silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles 411.61 till: silt, with fine sand and gravel / pebbles brownish olive gray many traces of disturbed bedding 411.22 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with rare fine sand 411.06 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with rare fine sand; with rare layers of coarse silt 411.00 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with rare fine sand 410.79 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles some large pebbles of limestone, quartzite, metamorphic rock 409.17 till: silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles at 408.84 with layers of fine sand actually blebs, not continuous layers 100
408.72 till: silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles 408.44 till: silt, with sand and gravel / pebbles 408.41 till: silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles 407.80 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles olive gray 406.43 till: silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles 404.91 bottom a I 101
D (trench) depth: 15.97 m, 52.4 ft surface.420.97 m, 1381.2 ft backfil1~ no core samples 420.05 backfill and organic material / soil 419.66 backfill 419.60 backfill (?) no core sample 418.53 backfill 418.47 backfill: coarse sand to fine gravel / pebbles; with silt and clay dark yellowish brown saturated, strong odor 418.35 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles dark ~ yellowish brown oxidized; fractured 418.07 till(?) no core sample 417.01 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles olive gray unoxidized c 415.94 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles I olive gray . more moist and plastic, softer than above 414.48 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with layers of silt and fine sand ; olive gray layers contorted or wispy 413.90 102
till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of coarse silt olive gray 413.47 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with layers of silt and fine sand medium olive gray and light orange layers contorted 412.86 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt medium olive gray at 412.44 to 412.28 silt, with sand and gravel / pebbles 411.98 silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles; with layers of coarse silt, silt with sand fine sand, fine to coarse sand olive gray layers contorted and steeply dipping at 411.67 fine to medium sand 06 m thick (0.2 ft); saturated 411.37 till: silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles olive gray at 411.09 silt, with sand and gravel / pebbles 410.52 no core sample 408.78 till: silt, with clay and fine gravel / pebbles medium olive gray pebbles 10-20% of core 408.44 till: silt, with clay and fine gravel / pebbles; with layers of silt and of silt with sand medium olive gray, with medium to light olive gray wispy partings at 408.32 ' fine sand, with silt; with rare coarse sand wavy layer 1 cm thick; highly calcareous; dry, loose 103
at 408.08 coarse sand, with clay and silt and gravel / pebbles as a layer 407.74 till soft and plastic ^ 407.25 till: silt, with clay, with rare-gravel / pebbles olive gray soft, very plastic at 406.71 fine sand, with silt light gray discontinuous contorted layer, 2-5 mm thick 406.58 till soft and plastic, 15-20% pebbles 406.19 till soft and plastic, 5-10% pebbles , 405.73 till firm and plastic 5-10% pebbles 405.00 bottom 104
D2 depth: 3.66 m, 12.0 ft surface 420.91 m, 1331 ft backfill brown to gray 419.69 backfill dark yellowish brown 419.48 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium brown ' vertical fractures at 419.29 with layers of gravel single layer 418.93 till: fine silt, with clay and sand and gravel / pebbles medium brown vertical fractures 418.38 no core sample 418.17 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown 417.95 till: coarse silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles 417.86 till: silt, with sand and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray with dark yellowish orange and light yellowish brown 417.74 sand,with clay and silt and gravel / pebbles 417.68 no core sample 417.25 bottom i 105
E Septh: 14.42 m, 47.3 ft surface 420.82 m, 1380.7 ft backfill: clay and silt 419.48
' backfill: sand 419.38 backfill and organic material / soil: silt and. sand 418.65 backfill: gravel / pebbles, with silt and sand 418.55 no core sample 418.07 till: silt, with clay'and gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown 417.92 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles branched fracture with iron oxide 417.62 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles olive gray 417.10 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles olive gray steep fracture 415.03 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles olive gray .
very soft 414.39 - till: silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles at 414.36 with layers of coarse silt, with clay and coarse sand 413.78 lacustrine: fine sand 413.75 lacustrine: silt; with layers of fine sand with silt dipping 20 degrees 106
413.72 lacustrine: clay, with silt; with layers of coarse silt 413.44 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of coarse silt olive gray 4 413.20 no core sample 411.98 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles 411.28 till: silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles; with rare icyers of coarse silt 411.06 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles 410.45 Shelby tube sample, not examined 409.84 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray 408.99 till: silt to fine sand, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt to sand medium olive gray 408.96 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray 407.04 coarse sand, with silt, to fine gravel / pebbles, with silt, with clay dark brownish gray 407.01 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray 406.40 bottom i 107
E2 depth: 3. 32 m , .10.9 f t surface approx 420.60 m, 1380 ft no core sample 419.45 backfill and organic material / soil 419.14 ti.ll: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium yellowish brown with gray to olive gray fractures reduced at 419.11 to 419.05 with olive gray and black black in fractures at 418.90 with olive gray and black black in fractures 418.81 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium yellowish brown fractures reduced 418.56 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of fine sand dark yellowish brown with medium yellowish brown mottled; discontinuous. partings of sand at top 418.47 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown, with gray fractures reduced, with dark films in cores 418.26 till: clay, with silt and gravel / pebbles dark yellowish-brown, with rare gray some fractures reduced 417.92 till: clay,with silt and gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown to olive gray-decreasing oxidation downward 417.56 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles f olive gray some oxidation at root tubes 417.28 bottom 108
F depth: 16.25 m, 53.3 ft surface 421.49 m, 1382.9 ft no core sample , 421.18 Shelby tube sample, not examined 420.57 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown fractures dip 45 degrees 419.35 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown with medium olive gray 418.47 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with layers of coarse silt dark yellowish brown, with dark yellowish orange layers contorted 418.41 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray calcareous at 413.44 with layers of sand single layer 3 mm thick 413.44 lacustrine: fine silt, with clay, with layers of coarse silt olive gray at 413.33 with layers of fine sand single layer 1 mm thick, deformed 412.89 sand dips 45 degrees 412.86 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray 411.43 Shelby tube sample, not examined 109
410.82 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray at 410.52
'with rare clay-at 410.09 with rare silt to fine sand
~ 410.06 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray at 408.17 with rare-layers of sand, with silt 408.08 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray firm and plastic 407.47 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of coarse silt medium olive gray vertical fractures 406.77 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray 405.94 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of coarse silt medium olive gray 405.24 bottom 110
G depth: 13.11 m, 43.0 ft surface 418.26 m, 1372.3 ft no core sample 417.95 Shelby tube sample, not examined 417.34 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium yellowish brown fractures not coated 416.58 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown fractures oxidized 416.18 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown to brownish gray fractures oxidized 415.57 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles brownish gray fewer fractures 414.96 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of coarse silt brownish gray with pinkish gray no fractures 414.75 till: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of coarse silt brownish gray 414.48 till: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles;with layers of coarse silt brownish gray with pinkish gray layers tilted 45 degrees 414.42 till: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles;
}
with layers of sand, with clay and silt and gravel / pebbles brownish gray
" mess bedded" 111
414.23 till: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles; with layers of coarse silt brownish gray with pinkish gray layers steeply dipping, wispy, calcareous 414.20 fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles brownish gray to medium olive gray no silt wisps 413.81 fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles; with layers of coarse silt brownish gray with light gray to pinkish gray at 413.59 to 413.56 sand with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles, to layers of coarse sand 413.47 till: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles medium olive gray 411.67 till: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of coarse silt layers discontinuous, wispy 410.88 till: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles 410.67 till: medium sand, with clay and silt and gravel / pebbles brownish gray 410.61 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with layers of sand with silt medium olive gray with brownish gray 410.39 till: sand with clay and silt and gravel / pebbles brownish gray chunks of underlying till near base 410.24 till: fine silt with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles medium olive gray no apparent bedding 407.89 lacustrine: clay with silt, to silt with clay; with i 112
layers of coarse silt medium olive gray wispy layers 406.55 till: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles medium olive gray 406.40 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray not p]astic, not " mess bedded" 405.15 bottom i 113
H depth: 2.69 m, 8.8 ft surface approx. 418.99m, 1374.71 ft (assume pipe 3 ft high) till: silt, with gravel / pebbles brownish gray 416.85 mottled colors 416.70 olive gray 416.30 bottom 114
l l I depth: 15.60 m, 51.2 ft surface 412.30 m, 1382.30 ft no core sample 421.00 Shelby tube sample, not examined 420.39 backfill and organic material / soil medium olive gray and medium yellowish brown and brownish black mottled 419.60 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium yellowish brown fractures 419.17 no core sample 418.10 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium yellowish brown to medium olive gray 417.65 till, fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray 417.04 no core sample 416.73 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray no fractures 416.28 till: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles;with layers of coarse silt medium olive gray wispy layers 416.03 sand, light gray with clay and silt; with rare gravel / pebbles 416.00 I till: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles; with layers of coarse silt 115
medium olive gray layers wispy 415.67 lacustrine: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles; with layers of coarse silt to fine sand medium olive gray layers 40 to 50% of sample 415.51 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray no bedding 415.21 till silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles medium olive gray 414.14 no core sample 413.99 till: silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of coarse silt medium olive gray with light gray wicpy layers 413.17 till: silt, with clay and sand and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray 413.01 till: silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles;with layers of coarse silt 4 medium olive gray with light gray wispy layers 412.47 no core sample 410.55 lacustrine: as layers: clay to clay with silt; silt; coarse silt to fine sand; fine sand, with silt all layers 410.36 lacustrine (?): clay with silt; with rare coarse sand and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of coarse silt to fine sand 410.09 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles olive gray to brownish olive gray at 408.50 116
clay gray 408.11 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles crudely stratified, contorted 407.95 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with rare icyers of coarse silt 407.80 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles 407.35 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles at 407.28 with layers of coarse silt to fine sand 407.13 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with layers of silt, with gravel / pebbles, and of fine sand olive gray 406.67 till: silt, with clay.and gravel / pebbles 406.37 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with layers of coarse silt to fine sand 405.70 bottom f 117
I2 depth: 11.58 m, 38 ft surface 421.30 m, 1382.30 ft no coreEsample 412.16 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles olive gray 411.55 till: silt,.with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles light brown at 411.31 with layers of fine sand with silt light brown layers contorted at 411.94 with layers of silt, with sand at 410.88 with layers of fine sand, with silt light brown layers contorted 410.85 till: silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles; with-layers of. coarse silt olive gray with light gray coarse silt blebs and deformed lenses. 410.73 till: silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles; with-rare. layers of coarse silt olive gray at 410.64 with layers of fine sand at 410.61-with layers of silt and coarse sand lenses at 410.39 with layers of coarse l silt single mass 410.18 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles olive gray 409.72 bottom 118
I3 depth: 7.84 m, 25.7 ft surface 421.46 m, 1382.8 ft no core sample 419.93 backfill and organic material / soil 419.81 lacustrine: silt to silt, with clay light olive gray to yellowish gray to yellow to brownish black 419.75 silt strongly oxidized 419.72 gravel / pebbles, with silt and sand grayish red to greenish gray at 419.51 with layers of clay, with silt dark yellowish brown single layer, dips 419.48 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium yellowish brown calcareous 419.32 till: silt, with clay and sand and gravel / pebbles 419.23 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles 418.93 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles fractures oxidized at 418.71 to 418.68 fractures not oxidized 418.20 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium yellowish brown and olive gray mottled 417.95 i till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles olive gray with medium yellowish brown 119
417.04 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles olive gray no oxidation 416.89 no core sample 415.18 till: silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles olive gray 414.90 till: silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of coarse silt to silt with sand 414.54 lacustrine: clay, with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles; with layers of coarse silt to silt with fine sand 414.42 lacustrine: as layers: silt, with clay; coarse silt; fine sand, with silt; fine sand all layers 414.23 lacustrine: silt with clay; with rare layers of silt 414.19 as layers: silt; silt, with clay; coarse silt; fine sand all wispy lenses 413.99 j lacustrine: clay with silt; with layers of silt at 413.84 vertical contact with till at 413.81 clay dark gray at 413.75 with layers of coarse silt single layer, dips 45 degrees at 413.72 with rare gravel / pebbles 413.72 till: -silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles 413.62 bottom 120
I4 depth: 3.35 m, 11.0 ft surface approx 421.06 m, 1381.5 ft backfill 420.00 organic material / soil (?) 419.69 till oxidized 418.17 till: silt, with clay, with rare gravel / pebbles medium yellowish brown to brownish gray, with light gray at 418.01 and 417.86 horizontal fractures filled with calcite 417.71 bottom l 121
J depth: 39.62 m, 130 ft surface 419.32 m, 1375.8 ft till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium yellowish brown with brownish gray. microjoints at 418.07~ with layers of sand single layer 12 mm. thick 417.19 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray highly calcareous 416.95 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with layers of coarse silt medium olive gray with medium yellowish brown coarse silt in " mess beds" and oxidized 416.79 till: fine silt,~with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray no bedding or oxidation 411.09 no core samples at 409.88 to 409.57, and 400.57 to 408.66, found water; implies sand 404.39 till: fine silt with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles medium olive gray 401.13 fine sand with gravel / pebbles , 401.07 till: fine silt with' clay; with rare gravel / pebbles medium olive gray 396.46 no core sample 394.94 till: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles medium olive gray more clay than above 122
389.76 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray 387.93 sand with gravel / pebbles 387.32 fine to medium sand, with silt and gravel / pebbles 381.53 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray many large cobbles 379.70 bottom l 123
.. . .. . _ _ = _
J2 depth: 5.67 m, 18.6 ft surface approx 418.95 m, 1374.58 ft alluvium gray muck 418.64 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles yellowish orange 417.73 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles medium yellowish brown with light gray gray fractures 416.96 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles brownish gray 415.90 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray unoxidized 413.76 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray 413.64 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles; with layers of fine sand olive gray with grayish red thin partings of red sand 413.34 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles 413.28 bottom 124
i J3
\x depth: 1.73 m, 5.7 ft surface 419.32 m-, 1375.8 ft no core sample 418.10 till dark yellowish orange and grayish brown 417.71 till oxidized; films on fractures 417.59 bottom 125 l
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J4 - depth': 3.'03 m 10 ft f surface-hpprox 419.56;m,<1376.58 ft alluvium . , .. mottled ,- 419.10
'till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium yellowish brown fractures oxidized.
417.52 ' till:.. silt, with c1 4y and gravel / pebbles brownish gray - 416.51 bottom 4 l --
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126
d J5 depth: 1.58 m, 5.2 ft surface 419.32 m, 1375.8 ft alluvium (?) : silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles orange to medium brown to dark brown chunks 2 mm wide 418.80 alluvium (?) : clay, with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles dark brown flecks of iron oxide; gray on fractures 418.74 alluvium (?) r fine sand, with rare gravel / pebbles; with
-layers of clay, with silt dark brown iron stain 418.70 alluvium (? ) : gravel / pebbles, with silt to sand, with silt soft 418.45 till: silt and clay; wich rare gravel / pebbles brown, with orange and gray gray rims on fractures and root tubes 117.74 bottom 127
7 K depth: 15.24 m, 50.0 ft surface 422.40 m, 1385.9 ft till: fine silt, with gravel / pebbles light yellowish brown, and brownish gray to greenish gray pebbles of limestone and shale 421.18 till: fine silt, with gravel / pebbles light yellowish brown with brownish gray to gray gray fractures 420.27 till: fine silt, with gravel / pebbles gray with light yellowish brown visible joints 419.90 till: f'ine silt, with gravel / pebbles gray with rare dark yellowish orange 419.35 no core sample 417.83 till: silt, with gravel / pebbles gray pebbles of shale 416.28 medium to coarse sand, with gravel / pebbles 416.25 lacustrine: fine to medium silt, with fine to medium sand olive gray to yellowish gray beds torn and deformed 416.06 till: fine silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray 415.91 fine silt; with layers of silt olive gray layers are wispy blebs 415.54 no core sample 415.39 128
till: silt, with coarse sand and gravel / pebbles from cuttings, not core 414.78 till: fine silt, with gravel / pebbles , olive gray no bedding 414.02 no core sample 412.50 till: fine silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray no bedding 412.34 till: fine silt, with gravel / pebbles; with layers of coarse silt olive gray layers deformed, wispy 411.73 till: fine silt, with sand and gravel / pebbles olive gray no coarse beds 411.58 till: fine silt, with sand and gravel / pebbles; with layers of silt, fine sand olive gray more sand and gravel / pebbles than typical 411.45 silt, with clay lens without pebbles 411.28 till: fine silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray may be a sandy layer at base 410.97 no core sample 410.21 till: fine silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray at 409.91 with coarse gravel / pebbles one cobble 407.16 bottom 129
L depth: 13.86 m,-45.5 ft' surface 420.60 m, 1380.0 ft~ till: . silt, with gravel / pebbles medium yellowish brown from cuttings; no core 419.23 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown and olive gray mottled 419.14 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles olive gray oxidized on fractures and root tubes 418.41 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of sand olive gray sand layers are thin partings 418.23 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles olive gray 417.92 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles gray from cuttings; no core 416.61 lacustrine: silt, with clay, to silt; with rare gravel / pebbles olive gray layered 416.43 lacustrine: coarse silt, with coarse sand; with rare fine sand bedding highly deformed at 416.34 with layers of till lens of till dips 75 degrees f 416.12 lacustrine: as layers: fine silt; silt, with clay; coarse silt; silt, with coarse sand; silt, with clay and 130
gravel / pebbles all layered; silt at base dips 45 degrees 415.64 till: fine silt with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles olive gray 415.51 lacustrine: as layers: fine silt; silt with clay; coarse silt, with fine sand; with rare gravel / pebbles olive gray with light yellowish gray layered, highly deformed 415.27 no core sample 414.51 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles olive gray at 412.22 with layers of coarse silt single deformed layer, dips 15 degrees 412.22 no core sample 411.46 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles olive gray 411.16 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles from cuttings; no core 409.17 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles olive gray "slightly clayey" 408.75 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles brownish olive gray 408.56 no core sample 408.26 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt brownish olive gray layers deformed 408.05 131
till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles brownish olive gray 406.35 lacustrine: clay, with silt, to coarse silt deformed 406.89 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles brownish olive gray 406.74. bottom l 132
M depth: 15.95 m, 52.3 ft surface 422.53 m, 1386.3 ft no core sample 420.09 till oxidized; from cuttings; no core 419.48 till: fine silt, with clay anq gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown many fractures 419.23 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray fractures oxidized approx 418.26 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray fractures not oxidized 417.77 no core sample 415.51 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray no fractures or bedding 415.12 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with layers of silt with sand, to sand with silt medium olive gray with light gray layers distorted and wispy 415.06 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray no bedding 412.47 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt medium olive gray 1 mm beds wispy 412.22 no core sample l 133 l
411.70 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt medium olive gray 1 mm beds wispy 411.55 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray no bedding 411.25 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt medium olive gray, with medium gray 1 mm beds wispy 410.67 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with layers of silt medium olive gray with medium gray wispy beds 410.42 no core sample 410.12 lacustrine: silt; with layers of fine silt with clay; rare gravel / pebbles light to medium gray silt in wispy beds; other layers may be till 410.03 till: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles medium olive gray no bedding 409.34 till: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt, to sand with silt medium olive gray, with rare light gray 409.14-till: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles medium olive gray no bedding 409.02 till: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles; with layers of silt at 408.84 with layers of silt, with sand medium olive gray with light gray 134 ,
408.84 till: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles medium olive gray 408.41 till: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles; with layers of silt medium olive gray with light gray 408.20 till: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt medium olive gray, with rare light gray 408.11 till: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles medium olive gray no bedding 407.35 till: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles; with layers of: silt; silt, with sand; sand, with silt medium olive gray with light gray pebbles common in wispy beds 407.16 fine to medium sand, with silt; with layers of fine silt with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles, to sand with gravel / pebbles medium reddish brown with medium olive gray interbedded with till 407.10 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt medium olive gray, with rare light gray 406.89 Shelby tube sample, not examined 406.58 bottom 135
N depth: 14.63 a, 48 ft surface 422.65 m, 1386.7 ft no core sample 422.49 Shelby tube sample, not examined , 421.98 no core sample 421.12 backfill and organic material / soil mottled 419.93 backfill and gravel / pebbles 419.87 no core sample 419.66 till: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles medium yellowish brown, with rare medium gray gray fractures 418.74 till: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles dark yellowish orange and medium gray root tubes gray in center, oxidized beyond 418.50 till: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles olive gray, and medium yellowish brown to brownish gray fractures and root tubes oxidized 418.01 till: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles medium olive gray oxidation rims decrease with depth at 417.46 white blebs 416.40 till: fine silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles medium olive gray no bedding or fractures 414.32 no core sample 136
413.50 till: silt, with clay, with gravel / pebbles brownish olive gray at 413.35 and 413.17 with layers of silt, with clay, to coarse silt 411.22 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles brownish olive gray 408.02 bottom s 137
O depth: 3.40 m, 11.16 ft surface 415.82 m, 1364.31 ft backfill dry 415.52 colluvium (?) and organic material / soil 415.02 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles yellowish brown with yellowish orange orange stain and manganese oxides on fractures 414.92 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles; with layers of coarse silt 414.87 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles; with layers of silt; with rare layers of clay unoxidized except at root tubes and fractures 414.57 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles 414.12 till: clay and silt and gravel / pebbles relatively stoney 413.77 ' till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles; with layers of silt; with rare layers of clay 413.62 lacustrine and till: clay, with silt and gravel / pebbles; with layers of fine to coarse silt at approx. 413.27 with clay, with silt red 413.27 till: clay and silt, with coarse sand and gravel / pebbles unoxidized 412.42 bottom 138
P depth: 14.41 m, 47.3 ft surface 422.43 m, 1386.0 ft no core sample 421.43 backfill dark yellowish brown with medium yellowish brown 420.88 backfill olive gray with yellowish brown 420.51 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium yellowish brown with olive gray 419.11 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles olive gray with medium yellowish brown mottled 418.99 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray, with rare light brown at 418.77 with layers of coarse sand 1 to 2 mm thick at 418.74 with layers of coarse silt 1 mm or less thick 418.17 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray no more oxidation 417.46 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles at 417.25 with layers of medium sand at 413.90 with layers of fine sand dips 15 degrees 413.29 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt 139 l
b medium olive gray, with rare light gray layers wispy 412.89 no core sample 412.13 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray 411.86 lacustrine: silt, with clay, with rare gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of fine silt medium olive gray wispy streaks of fine silt 411.37 no core sample 410.55 lacustrine: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of fine silt medium olive gray wispy streaks of fine silt 409.78 no core sample 409.17 till: fine silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray 408.02 bottom 140
Q depth: 7.62 m, 25.0 ft surface 420.27 m, 1378.9 ft no core sample brown probably till 417.53 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles unoxidized 416.73 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles; with layers of coarse silt to fine sand gray layers highly deformed at 416.67 with layers of coarse silt single layer 10 mm thick, dips 45 416.55 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles gray 416.00 no core sample 414.17 till: silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles olive gray 413.87 till: silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of coarse silt olive gray 412.65 bottom 141
R depth: 7.68 m, 25.2 ft surface 419.75 m, 1377.2 ft no core sample 418.23 clay, to clay, with silt gray to olive gray to olive black roots.and white root hairs; swamp deposit 418.07 clay, to clay, with silt gray to light olive gray so.ne compressed roots or stems 1-417.92 lacustrine: clay, with silt yellowish olive brown, with gray, with rare brownish black and olive gray at 417.77 with rare gravel / pebbles 417.74 till: silt and gravel / pebbles, with clay mottled at approx 417.62 with layers of coarse silt red 417.62 lacustrine: coarse silt gray, with yellowish olive brown 417.46 lacustrine: coarse silt, to silt and fine sand light olive gray, to gray and dark yellowish brown at 417.31 with gravel / pebbles at 417.10 with layers of silt to fine sand 417.04 till: clay, with silt and gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown at 416.93 to 416.90 with layers of coarse silt, with clay 142
1 at 416.89 with layers of fine sand at 416.82 with fine sand and till 416.64 till: silt, with sand and gravel / pebbles brown to olive gray 416.46 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles brown to olive gray 415.85 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles brown to olive gray, with gray to dark gray unoxidized with darker blocks 415.64 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles gray to dark brown, with dark yellowish orange fractures oxidized to orange 415.39 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles olive gray no fractures 415.00 till: silt, with gravel / pebbles; with silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles olive gray inclusions of ,ebbly silt in matrix of till as above 414.90 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles olive gray 412.07 bottom 143
S1 depth: 4.45 m, 14.6 ft surface approx 410.04 m, 1345.33 ft alluvium: silt with clay 409.12 alluvium: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles 408.60 alluvium: gravel / pebbles, with silt and sand 408.51 colluvium or till: cisy with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles unoxidized 406.99 till: clay, with silt and gravel / pebbles unoxidized 405.59 bottom I 144
S2 depth: 1.71 m, 5.6 ft surface approx. 410.01 m, 1345.25 ft alluvium: silt, with clay light brown to dark brown, with rare black black flecks to 1 cm 408.93 alluvium: clay with silt; with rare organic material / soil; with layers of sand with gravel / pebbles oxidized 408.75 alluvium: clay, with silt, with rare organic material / soil; with layers of sand and gravel / pebbles unoxidized 408.69 alluvium: clay, with silt and gravel / pebbles oxidized 408.59 alluvium: clay, with rare gravel / pebbles; with layers of sand sand layers near base 408.41 medium to coarse sand, with gravel / pebbles dark gray unoxidized 408.29 bottom 145
T depth: 2.26 m, 7.42 ft surface 414.72 m, 1360.68ft colluvium to organic material / soil: silt dry 414.52 colluvium to organic material / soil: silt with gravel / pebbles dry 414.32 till: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles dry, mottled E 413.97 till: silt and gravel / pebbles, with c' lay dry, mottled 413.92 till: clay and silt, with coarse sand to fine gravel / pebbles oxidized 413.67 till: clay and silt, with coarse sand to fine gravel / pebbles variably mottled, strong oxidation on root tubes 413.27 till and/or lacustrine: clay and silt; with layers of i sand and fine gravel / pebbles disturbed bedding (?) , mainly unoxidized 412.90 till: clay and silt, with coarse sand to fine gravel / pebbles unoxidized 412.46 bottom 146
U depth: 3.08 m, 10.1 ft surface 420.94 m, 1381.12 ft till brown to tan stony at base 419.41 till mostly unoxidized 417,86 bottom i 147
V depth: 45.72 m, 150.00 ft surface 422.40 m, 1385.90 ft till: clay and silt, with coarse sand to gravel / pebbles oxidized 417.83 till: clay and silt, with rare coarse sand to gravel / pebbles grading to unoxidized 411.73 till: clay and silt, with coarse sand to gravel / pebbles unoxidized 410.21 till: clay and silt, with coarse sand to gravel / pebbles; with layers of coarse silt unoxidized 408.99 lacustrine: as layers: clay; clay with rare layers of silt and gravel / pebbles; silt; coarse silt; fine to coarse sand all layered 407.47 till: clay and silt; with rare coarse sand to gravel / pebbles, with layers of clay to silt, with layers of silt relatively clayey; silt in partings 406.25 till: clay and silt, with coarse sand to gravel / pebbles; with layers of clay to silt, with layers of silt silt in partings t 1 401.37 till: clay and silt, with coarse sand to gravel / pebbles 399.54 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles possibly relatively pebbly 398.63 till: clay and silt, with coarse sand to gravel / pebbles may be unsaturated near base; unoxidized 397.10 148 k
l fine gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments, with fine to coarse sand; with rare silt oxidized 393.75 fine sand with coarse sand; with rare silt; with rare layers of clay with coarse sand unsaturated, oxidized 392.23 fine gravel / pebbles 392.08 fine sand with layers of silt unsaturated, oxidized 390.86 clay to silt, to clay with layers of silt; with rare layers of silt to fine sand at least lower part is lacustrine; clay to silt is upper part; boundary not given; only sand is oxidized 389.79 coarse silt; with layers of fine silt with clay; with rare layers of coarse silt; silt and sand oxidized; some deformation at 386.86 with layers of fine sand 386.44 lacustrine: fine silt to silt with clay; with rare coarse sand gravel / pebbles; with layers of clay; with rare layers of coarse silt gray to olive gray disturbed; good layering alternates with contorted layers and possible till 383.08 lacustrine: fine to medium silt; with rare layers of clay olive gray regular beds of silt, disturbed in some zones 381.56 lacustrine: fine to medium silt; with rare layers.of clay graded bedding in silt layers 380.34 fine to medium silt; with rare layers of clay, coarse silt coarse silt in partings 149
377.90 fine to medium silt; with rare coarse sand and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of clay, coarse silt coarse silt in partings; coarse sand and pebbles scattered 376.99 fine to medium silt; with layers of coarse silt; with , rare layers of clay coarse silt in beds 376.68 bottom 150
W depth: 42.06 m, 138 ft surface approx 421.43 m, 1382.7 ft till: clay and silt, with coarse sand and fine gravel / pebbles all oxidized 418.99 till: clay and silt, with coarse sand and fine gravel / pebbles oxidized on fractures and root tubes only 418.23 till: clay and silt, with coarse sand and fine gravel / pebbles not oxidized 417.77 till: clay and silt, with coarse sand and fine gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of clay to silt with clay 412.29 till: clay and silt, with coarse sand and fine gravel / pebbles; with layers of clay to silt, with clay, with fine gravel / pebbles 411.68 till: clay and silt, with coarse sand and fine gravel / pebbles 399.79 till: clay and silt and coarse sand and gravel / pebbles unusually stoney 396.74 till: clay and silt and coarse sand and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt to silt with clay unusually stoney 395.83 till: clay and silt, with coarse sand and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt to silt with clay 393.69 silt, with clay and fine sand; with layers of silt with gravel / pebbles with layers of various combinations of fine and coarse 393.09 silt, with clay and fine sand; with layers of silt with 151
I gravel / pebbles, and of fine sand, and of silt 392.46 silt, with clay and fine sand; with layers of silt with gravel / pebbles, and of clay, with silt and gravel / pebbles 388.82 clay, with silt, with coarse gravel / pebbles, with layers of coarse silt dark brownish gray partings of silt 388.51 silt; with layers of fine silt, silt with clay, coarse silt; with rare' layers of coarse sand to fine gravel / pebbles 387.29 silt; with layers of fine silt, silt with clay, coarse silt 383.03 silt; with rare coarse silt to sand; with layers of fine silt, silt with clay, coarse silt; with rare layers of coarse sand to fine gravel / pebbles 382.72 silt; with layers of fine silt, silt with clay, coarse silt 380.28 silt; with layers of fine silt, silt with clay, coarse silt; with rare layers of coarse sand to fine g gravel / pebbles 379.98 coarse silt, with layers of fine silt very disturbed and convoluted 379.37 bottom 152
X depth: 2.90 m, 9.52 ft surface 411.80 m, 1351.12 ft organic material / soil 411.65 till: silt, with gravel./ pebbles mottled, oxidized 411.10 t ill (?) : fine silt, with clay; with layers of coarse silt; with rare layers of gravel / pebbles olive brown, to tan, to light gray weakly oxidized; may be lacustrine at 41).60 with layers of sand, with silt actually blebs 410.60 till: silt, with clay; with rare sand and fine , gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of coarse silt medium brown to olive gray 410.45 till: silt, with clay; with rare sand and fine gravel / pebbles medium brown to olive gray 409.30 till: silt, with clay, with sand and fine gravel / pebbles unoxidized 409.05 till: silt, with city; with rare sand and fine gravel / pebbles unoxidized 408.90 bottom 153 q
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Y , depth: 2. 0 2 m , }6.'63 f t surface /410.94'm, 1348.29 ft organic material / soil; silt dark brown 410.79 till: silt, with clay, with sand and gravel / pebbles maybe displaced downslope; fractured, thoroughly oxidized 410.39 till: silt, with clay, with sand and gravel / pebbles grayish brown, with yellowish orange weaker oxidation; maybe displaced-downslope 409.99 till: silt, with clay; with rare sand and gravel / pebbles grayish brown, with yellowish orange weaker oxidation; maybe displaced downslope 409.89 till: silt, with clay, with sand and gravel / pebbles thoroughly oxidized, fresh roots at 409.79 with layers of silt 409.54 till: silt, with clay, with sand and gravel / pebbles fractures and root tubes reduced 409.09 till: silt, with clay, with sand and gravel / pebbles olive brown and olive gray mottled, traces of roots 408.92 bottom
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154
. 1
l Z6 depth: 2.90 m, 9.5 ft surface 409.54 m, 1343.7 ft silt to silt, with clay brown numerous roots 409.30 silt, with clay brownish gray, with dark yellowish orange to red brown many roots; oxidized near roots and fractures at 409.04 with layers of sand to gravel / pebbles streaks of sand or pebbles 408.84 clay, with silt; with rare sand light gray, with yellowish orange oxidation along root tubes 408.67 silt, with gravel / pebbles mottled 408.47 silt, with clay and sand; with layers of silt with clay 408.35 silt, with clay and sand; with layers of silt with clay, with organic material / soil abundant leaves and twigs 408.26 coarse sand, with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles 408.23 till: clay and silt, with sand and gravel / pebbles at 407.71 with rare layers of silt wispy silt beds 406.64 bottom 155
EB-1 depth: 2.70 m, 8.86 ft surface 413.33 m, 1356.14 ft organic material / soil;-clay and silt dark brown 413.21 till: clay and silt, with coarse sand and gravel / pebbles light brown and light grayish brown, with yellowish orange 413.00 till: clay and silt, with coarse sand and gravel / pebbles light brown and light grayish brown, with reddish brown and brownish black 412.14 gravel / pebbles, with clay and silt light to medium brown ., 412.05 till: clay and silt, with coarse sand and gravel / pebbles brown and brownish gray, with rare dark yellow orange oxidized, mottled 411.87 till: clay and silt, with coarse sand and gravel / pebbles olive brown, wtth rare light gray j 411.56 till: clay, with silt, with coarse sand and gravel / pebbles olive gray 411.20 till: clay, with silt; with rare coarse sand and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of coarse silt olive gray, with rare light gray silt partings 411.14 till: clay, with silt, with coarse sand and gravel / pebbles olive gray 410.63 bottom 156
l EB-2 depth: 2.05 m, 6.73 ft surface 412.63 m, 1353.85 ft organic material / soil dark grayish brown 412.33 till: clay and silt, with coarse sand and gravel / pebbles light to medium grayish brown, with yellowish orange many fresh roo'ts 411.73 till: clay and silt, with coarse sand and gravel / pebbles light to medium grayish brown, with gray 411.33 till: clay and silt, with coarse sand and gravel / pebbles mottled at 410.73 with layers of silt and fine sand wisps of silt and sand 410.73 till unoxidized 410.58 bottom 157
EB-3 depth: -4.57 m, 15.0 ft surface 413.45 m, 1356.54 ft colluvium and organic material / soil: clay, with~ silt dark brown 413.13 colluvium and organic material / soil:. clay, with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles medium yellow brown 413.04 alluvium: clay, with silt, with sand and gravel / pebbles yellow brown, with yellow orange and dark reddish brown 412.94 alluvium: gravel / pebbles, with clay and silt and sand medium yellow brown, with yellow orange and dark reddish brown 412.81 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt medium brown silt blebs 412.72 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray, with rare yellow brown 412.33 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles I olive gray no oxidation 410.53 till: of silt clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles; with layers olive gray, with gray streaks and blebs of gray silt 408.97 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray hint of bedding 408.88 bottom 158
l EB 4 depth: 1.74 m, 5.7 ft surface 413.04 m, 1355.19 ft organic material / soil: clay dark brown 412.74 organic material / soil: clay light to medium yellow brown 412.49 alluvium: gravel / pebbles, with clay and silt yellow brown 412.43 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles medium yellow brown, with yellow orange to yellow brown, with rare gray 412.01 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt olive gray oxidation on fractures and root fibers; blebs and streaks of silt 411.94 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray at 411.88 I with layers of coarse silt single layer, very thin 411.30 bottom 159
EB-5 depth: 3.14 m, 10.3 ft surface 413.19 m, 1355.68 ft organic material / soil: clay dark brown 412.89 organic material / soil: clay yellow brown, with yellow orange and dark gray to black floodplain? 412.46 alluvium: gravel / pebbles, with clay and silt yellow brown 412.34 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles medium brown, with yellow orange oxidation along root fibers 412.19 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray 411.67 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles; with layers of silt olive gray, with gray and brownish red wisps and blebs of gray and red silt throughout 410.05 bottom i 160
EB-6 depth: 1.08 m, 3.5 ft surface 413.21 m, 1355.73 ft organic material / soil: clay dark brown 412.90 organic material / soil (?): clay yellow brown streaks of oxidation 412.44 alluvium: gravel / pebbles, with silt brown 412.13 bottom I 161
EB-7 depth: 4.54 m, 14.9 ft surface 415.08 m, 1361.88 ft colluvium (?) and organic material / soil dark grayish brown 414.93 colluvium (?) and/or till: silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles oxidized; gray film on fractures 414.72 alluvium: silt, with fine sand dark yellowish orange to dark brown mottled 414.56 alluvium: gravel / pebbles, with silt oxidized 414.32 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles broad areas of weak oxidation 5 414.17 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles no oxidation - 412.28 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt silt wisps - i 412.12 lacustrine: fine sand, with silt 412.03 lacustrine; clay and silt layered; stones near base 411.79 lacustrine (?): silt, with clay and fine sand, with gravel / pebbles; with layers of silt disturbed lake beds?; silt partings, randomly oriented 411.61 lacustrine: coarse silt and fine sand unoxidized; massive lake beds 411.30 lacustrine: clay, with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles; with layers of silt 162
dark gray, with light gray bedding random near top, improves some near base; disturbed lake beds 410.78 lacustrine: silt, with clay, with coarse sand to gravel / pebbles; with layers of silt disturbed lake beds; sand and gravel in same proportions as in till above 410.54 bottom 163
EB-8 depth: 4.81 m, 15.8 ft surface 414.32 m, 1359.39 ft organic material / soil dark brown 414.14 till: clay, with silt, with coarse sand and gravel / pebbles strong oxidation on fractures and root tubes 413.80 till mottled along root tubes and fracture (?)' 413.10 till: with rare layers of silt randomly oriented fragments of silt partings 412.25 till (?) : clay, with silt, with coarse sand and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt unoxidized; distorted thin lenses and partings of silt ([ 5% of sample) 411.27 till (?) : clay, with silt, with coarse sand and gravel / pebbles; with layers of silt unoxidized; distorted thin lenses and partings of silt (5-10% of sample) at 410.36 4 with rare layers of coarse sand, with silt a few streaks 3 mm thick 410.05 till (?) : clay, with silt, with coarse sand and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt unoxidized; lenses or streaks up to 1 cm thick 4:9.51 bottom 164 i
EB-9 depth: 4.57 m, 15.0 ft surface 414.08 m, 1358.6 ft organic material / soil, clay, with silt dark brown to black 413.93 colluvium or alluvium: clay, with silt light tan roots common 413.87 colluvium or alluvium: clay, with silt yellow brown roots common 413.81 colluvium or alluvium: silt, with clay yellow brown, with yellow orange and reddish brown roots common at 413.53 with gravel / pebbles 413.53 alluvium: silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles brown to yellowish brown mottled, oxidation along roots 413.41 colluvium or alluvium: clay, with silt and i gravel / pebbles medium yellow brown resembles oxidized till 413.35 alluvium: gravel / pebbles, with clay and silt i grayish brown 413.23 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray mainly not oxidized, some oxidation along roots 412.95 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray no oxidation at all at 412.80 coarse silt to fine sand medium gray 165
layer approx 5 mm thick 412.80
.till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles; with layers of coarse silt to fine sand olive gray . . .
partings, wisps and blebs of silt to sand 412.40 till: clay, with silt, with. gravel / pebbles olive gray 411.64 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt olive gray silt partings, wisps, blebs 411.34 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray 410.27 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt olive gray silt partings 410.12 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray 409.51 bottom 166
EB-10 depth: 4.30 m, 14.1 ft 414.51 m surface, 1360 ft organic material / soil: clay, with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles dark brown 414.36 colluvium or alluvium: silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments light tan, with gray and brown and orange 414.02 alluvium: sand, with silt and gravel / pebbles gray and brown and yellowish orange and red 413.99 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles medium brown oxidation along roots, less oxidation near bottom 413.87 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray minor oxidation along root fibers 413.75 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray no oxidation at all 412.98 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt olive gray partings and blebs of silt 411.76 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles; with layers of gravel / pebbles with sand olive gray gravel layer approx 5 mm thick 411.67 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles; with layers of silt to fine sand olive gray distorted partings 411.46 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt 167
olive gray wispy silt partings 410.85 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray 410.55 till: clay, layers of silt with silt, with gravel / pebbles; with rare wispy silt partings 410.39 till: clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles 410.21 bottom 168
HAl depth: 1.53 m, 5.0 ft surface 417.85 m, 1370.96 ft till olive gray, with brownish gray and dark yellowish orange reworked till, mostly unoxidized 417.36 till reworked, oxidized and disrupted 416.87 alluvium: silt, with organic material / soil and gravel / pebbles medium to dark brown grass and weed stems at top 416.81 alluvium: gravel / pebbles, with sand; with rare silt 416.74 till oxidized 416.32 bottom i 169
HA2 depth: 1.77 m, 5.8 ft surface 418.07 m, 1371.68 ft till olive gray reworked, mainly unoxidized 417.61 till reworked, mixed oxidized and unoxidized 417.21 till reworked, mainly unoxidized 417.00 alluvium: silt oxidation along root tubes; grass and stems at top 416.94 alluvium: silt oxidation strong along close-spaced fractures 416.88 alluvium: silt, with sand, with gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of coarse silt to fine sand small streaks and blebs of silt to sand; oxidized, but decreasing downward 416.57 alluvium: gravel / pebbles, with silt and sand; with layers of fine sand I sand streaks strongly oxidized 416.48 till oxidized, gray on fractures 416.30 bottom i 170 1
4-4A depth: 12.12 m, 39.77 ft surface 423.1 m, 1388.19 ft no samples 413.48 fine to medium sand 413.45 silt; with rare layers of fine sand single layer of sand, 4 mm thick, dips 45 degrees 413.41 clay to clay, with silt; with layers of coarse silt olive gray silt zones dip 35 degrees 413.22 fine to coarse sand, with gravel / pebbles 413.19 fine to coarse silt; with rare layers of coarse silt, with silt and gravel / pebbles one layer, 15 mm thick, dips 45 degrees 413.10 coarse silt dipping, incoherent 413.06 I silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles; with layers of coarse silt dark olive gray silt layers discontinuous, subhorizontal 412.86 silt, with clay; with layers of coarse silt dark olive gray more silt than above, irregular attitudes 412.65 coarse silt nearly incoherent 412.61 fine to coarse silt massive 412.57 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles; with layers of coarse silt 5-10% pebbles 171
412.39 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles at 411.91 with rare sand at 411.82 with rare sand 411.50 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles more pebbles than above, approx 15% 411.14 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles more normal proportion of pebbles 410.98 bottom I I 172
5-2D depth: 11.96 m, 39.24 ft surface 422.22 m, 1385.30 ft no samples 413.62 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles - olive gray at 413.57 with layers of coarse silt to fine sand lens approx 3 mm thick, dips less than 30 degrees 413.41 coarse silt 413.38 silt, with clay; with rare coarse sand and gravel / pebbles wedge, upper and lower surfaces have different dips 413.35 fine to coarse sand; with rare silt 413.32 coarse silt; with layers of silt with clay
" mess bedded" 413.30 lacustrine: clay and silt and sand from cuttings f 413.20 coarse sand, with silt; with layers of clay with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles may be disturbed 413.15 coarse silt to fine sand; with layers of clay to fine silt; with rare gravel / pebbles layers dip approx 20 degrees 413.02 clay, with silt, to fine silt; with rare sand and gravel / pebbles beds dip approx 20 degrees 412.91 till: clay and silt; with rare to some gravel / pebbles; with layers of silt pebble content increases downward; silt in wisps 173
412.71 till:. clay and silt, with gravel at 412.62 with layers of sand . at 412.16
. with rare coarse silt 412.01 till: ' clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles more pebbles than above, some microlaminations 410.26 bottom
(
)
174
mm 5-2E depth: 9.19 m, 30.15 ft surface 422.25 m, 1385.40 ft no samples 414.05 till disturbed, soft 413.75 till: clay, with silt, with coarse sand and gravel / pebbles; with layers of coarse silt; with rare fine to medium sand olive gray fine to medium sand in one pod 413.67 lacustrine: coarse silt to fine sand; with layers of silt, with clay light to dark gray dips substantial 413.55 not cored, may be lake beds 413.35 lacustrine: fine silt, with clay; with layers of coarse silt distorted layers 413.20 coarse silt to fine sand; with rare layers of silt, with clay 413.11 fine silt, with clay; with layers of coarse silt to sand 413.06 bottom l 175
8-lc depth: 12.54 m, 41.14 ft surface 423.18 m, 1388.45 ft no samples 413.09 till: clay and silt, with gravel / pebbles olive gray 412.66 till: clay and silt; with rare gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of silt olive gray, with rare light gray wisps of silt, less gravel 412.55 coarse silt; with layers of fine sand; clay gray, with gray to tan and olive gray 412.21 coarse silt, with clay and silt layering lost, mottled, blobby at 412.16 with layers of fine sand brownish gray dips 25 degrees 412.16 coarse silt gray 411.37 clay; with layers of coarse silt olive gray silt in wisps 410.68 clay; with layers of coarse silt; with rare layers of coarse silt to fine sand olive gray, with rare brown 410.64 bottom 176
8-2A depth: 11.89 m, 39.01 ft surface 423.18 m, 1388.45 ft no samples 413.22 till: clay, with silt, with coarse sand and gravel / pebbles olive gray no bedding at 412.94 with layers of fine sand brownish gray layer is 1 cm thick 412.94 I clay with sand; with rare gravel / pebbles; with layers of coarse silt; with rare layers of fine sand 412.84 till: clay, with silt, with coarse sand and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers'of silt olive gray with rare light gray silt in tiny blebs, maybe only near top 411.51 till: clay, with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of coarse silt olive gray, with rare light gray silt in wisps and blebs, increases slightly downwards 411.29 bottom l 177
M 1 (from Giardina) depth: 15.54 m, 51 f t no surface elevation given 1.22 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles brown 1.83 no sample 2.74 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles brownish gray 3.35 no sample 4.27 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 4.88 no' sample 5.79 silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles gray 6.40 no sample 7.31 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 7.92 no sample 8.84 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 9.45 no sample 10.36 silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles ( gray
.10.97 no sample 178
l 11.89 silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles gray 12.50 no sample l 13.41 silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles gray 14.02 no sample l 14.93 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 15.54 bottom 179
2 (from Giardina) depth: 15.54 m, 51 ft no surface elevation given 1.22 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles brown 1.83 no sample 2.74 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles brown 3.35 no sample 4.27 clay, with silt; with rare fine to medium gravel / pebbles gray brown 4.88 no sample 5.79 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles dark gray 6.40 no sample 7.31 silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles gray 7.92 no sample 8.84 silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles gray 9.45 no sample 10.36 4 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 10.97 j
\
no sample 180
11.89 silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles gray 12.50 no sample 13.41 silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles gray moist 14.02 no sample 14.93 silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles gray 15.54 bottom i i 181
s* 2B depth:4.88 m, 16.01 ft no surface elevation given 1.22
? with fine gravel / pebbles brown gray 1.83 no samples 2.44 clay, with fine gravel / pebbles brown 3.05 no samples 4.27 clay; with rare gravel / pebbles gray and brown 4.88 bottom
)
I 182
2C depth: 4.08 m, 16.01 ft no stirfacr+ elevation given 1.22
?; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray to brown 1.83 no samples 2.44 clay, with gravel / pebbles brown 3.05 no samples 4.27 ?; with rare gravel / pebbles gray with rare brown 4.88 bottom 183 1
2D depth: 4.88 m, 16.01 ft no surface elevation given 1.22
?; with rare gravel / pebbles brownish gray 1.83 no samples
' '1 2.44
?; with gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments brown "looks like fill gravel" 3.05 no samples 4.27 clay; with rare gravel / pebbles brownish gray 4.88 bottom
\
( 184
3 (from Giardina) depth: 15.54 m, 51 ft no surface elevation given 1.22 clay, with silt, with fine gravel / pebbles brownish gray 1.83 no sample 2.74 clay, with silt, with fine gravel / pebbles brownish gray 3.35 no sample 4.27 clay, with fine gravel / pebbles gray moist 4.88 no sample 5.79 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 6.40 no sample 7.31 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray moist 7.92 no sample 8.84 clay, with silt, with fine gravel / pebbles gray very moist 9.45 no sample 10.36 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 185
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)
t 186
10.97 no sample 11.89 gravel / pebbles, with clay, with silt; with layers of silt gray silt lenses 12.50 no sample 13.41 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 14.02 no sample 14.93 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 15.54 bottom ? 1 1 id7
4 (from Giardina) depth:15.54 m, 51 ft no surface elevation given 1.22 clay, with silt, with fine gravel / pebbles brownish gray 1.83 no sample 2.74 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles brown 3.35 no sample 4.27 silt, with clay, with fine gravel / pebbles brown 4.88 no sample 5.79 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 6.40 no sample
\
7.31 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray moist 7.92 no sample l 8.84 gravel / pebbles, with clay, with silt gray moist 9.45 no sample i 10.36 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 188
l 10.97 no sample 11.89 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 12.50 no sample 13.41 clay, with silt gray at 13.87 with layers of sand 14.02 no sample 14.93 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles , gray 15.54 bottom l l l 189
6 (from Giardina) depth: 15.54 m, 51 f t no surface elevation given 1.22 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles brown 1.83 no sample 2.74 2.74 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles brown 3.35 no sample 4.27 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray moist 4.88 no sample 5.79 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 6.40 k no sample 7.31 silt, with clay, with fine gravel / pebbles gray moist 7.92 ' no sample 8.84 clay, with silt, with fine gravel / pebbles gray 10.67 no sample ) 11.89 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray { 190
l 12.50 no sample 13.41 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 14.02 no sample 14.93 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 15.54 bottom l l 191
I 6 (from Giardina) depth: 15.54 m, 51 ft no surface elevation given 1.22 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles brown 1.83 no sample 2.74 2.74 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles brown 3.35 no sample 4.27 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray moist 4.88 no sample 5.79 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 6.40 no sample 7.31 silt, with clay, with fine gravel / pebbles gray moist 7.92 no' sample 8.84 clay, with silt, with fine gravel / pebbles gray 10.67 no sample
)
11.89 silt, with. clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray { 192
12.50 no sample 13.41 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 14.02 no sample 14.93 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 15.54 bottom l l 193
7B (from Giardina) depth: 15.54 m, 51 ft no surface elevation given 1.22 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles brown 1.83 no sample 2.74 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles brown 3.35 no sample 4.27 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 4.88 no sample 5.79 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray moist l 6.40 1 no sample 10.36 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray moist 10.97 no sample 11.89 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray moist 12.50 no sample 13.41 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 194
moist 14.02 no sample 14.93 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray moist 15.54 bottom i f 195
1 8 (from Giardina) depth: 15.54 m, 51 ft no surface elevation given 1.22 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles brown 1.83 no sample 2.74 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles brown 3.35 no sample 4.27 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles grayish brown 4.88 no sample 5.79 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 6.40 no sample 7.31 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 7.92 no sample 8.84 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 9.45 no sample 10.36 i silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 10.97 no sample 196
11.89 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 12.50 no sample 13.41 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 14.02 no sample 14.93 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 15.54 bottom 1 197
9 (from Giardina) depth: 15.54 m, 51 ft no surface elevation given 1.22 clay, with silt, with fine gravel / pebbles brown 1.83 no sample 2.74 clay, with silt, with fine gravel / pebbles brown moist 3.35 no sample 4.27 clay, with silt, with fine gravel / pebbles gray moist 4.88 f no sample 5.79 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray moist 6.40 no sample 7.31 silt, with clay, with fine gravel / pebbles gray moist 7.92 no sample 8.84 silt, with clay, with fine gravel / pebbles gray moist 10.67 no sample 11.89 198
clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray moist 12.50 no sample 13.41 silt, with clay, with fine gravel / pebbles gray moist 14.02 no sample 14.93 silt, with clay, with fine gravel / pebbles gray moist 15.54 bottom 199
i 9B depth: 4.88 m, 16 ft no surface elevation given 2.44 7, with gravel / pebbles brownish gray 3.05 no samples 3.66
?, with fine gravel / pebbles gray
- 4.27 7, with fine gravel / pebbles gray 4.88 bottom l
\
200
9C depth: 4.88 m, 16 ft no surface elevation given 2.44
?; with rare gravel / pebbles brownish gray 3.05 no samples 3.66 7, with fine gravel / pebbles gray 4.27 clay; with rare gravel / pebbles gray 4.88 bottom 201
I 9D depth: 4.88 m, 16 ft no surface elevation given 2.44
?; with rare gravel / pebbles i
brown 3.05 no samples 3.66 clay; with rare gravel / pebbles gray 4.27 clay; with rare gravel / pebbles gray at 4.42 with layers of sand 4.88 bottom f ( l i 202
l l l 10 (from Giardina) depth: 15.54 m, 51 f t no surface elevation given 1.22 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles , brown 1.83 no sample 2.74 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles brown 3.35 no sample 4.27 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray moist 4.88 no sample 5.79 clay, with gravel / pebbles, with silt gray moist 6.40 no sample 7.31 gravel / pebbles, with silt, with clay gray moist 7.92 no sample 8.84 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray. moist 9.45 no sample 10.36 203
silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray moist 10.97 no sample 11.89 silt, with clay, with fine gravel / pebbles gray moist 12.50 no sample 13.41 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles j gray moist 14.02 ; no sample 14.93 clay, with fine gravel / pebbles, with silt gray moist 15.54 bottom l 204
12 depth:7.92 m, 26 ft no surface elevation given 3.05 clay, with gravel / pebbles brown 3.66 no samples 4.27
?; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 4.88 no samples 5.49
?, with gravel / pebbles brown gray 5.73 no samples 6.71 clay; with rare gravel / pebbles gray 7.31 clay; with rare gravel / pebbles gray 7.92 bottom 205
13 depth: 14.63 m, 48 ft no surface elevation given 3.66
?, with fine gravel / pebbles brownish gray 4.27 no samples 5.49 clay; with rare gravel / pebbles gray 6.10 no samples 7.31 clay; with rare gravel / pebbles gray 7.92 no sample 9.75 clay; with rare sand gray 10.36 no sample 14.00 clay gray 14.63 bottom 206
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2A (core log by Davis) depth: 7.32 m, 24 ft surface 419.52 m, 1376.43 ft organic material / soil 419.42 clay and silt gray and brown mottled; disturbed fill at 418.14 with layers of silt , 417.74 organic material / soil with roots, green and black layers; developed soil layer 416.77 clay, with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles brown weathered; tough and homogeneous at 416.16 signs of thin layers, material not specified 415.10 clay; with rare gravel / pebbles gray unweathered at 414.18 with layers of fine sand 412.20 bottom 208
9A (core log by Davis) depth: 7.01 m, 23 ft no surface elevation given 0.15 clay, with silt gray and brown disturbed fill at 1.98 with layers of silt silty partings 2.74 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles brown weathered 3.81 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles brown to gray transition 4.27 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles gray unweathered at 5.18 with layers of gravel / pebbles single layer of pebbles s 5.94 silt and fine sand, with clay and gravel / pebbles at 6.25 a one root hair 6.40 clay soft 6.55 clay with silt and coarse sand 6.86 clay at 6.92 with layers of coarse sand red gritty parting 7.01 bottom 209
1 l 1 (from log of samples by Bailey) depth: 15.54 m, 51 ft l i no surface elevation given; top and bottom of sample not specified at approx 6.10 m silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles light to medium olive gray no bedding at approx 9.14 as above at approx 10.67 as above ; at approx 12.19 as above at approx 13.72 as above at approx 15.24 as above 210
2 (from log of samples by Bailey) depth: 15.54 m, 51 f t no surface elevation given; top and bottom of sample not specified at approx 1.52 m silt; with rare fine to coarae sand and gravel / pebbles light olive gray with dark yellowish orange sand and pebbles randomly distributed at approx 4.57 as above light olive gray with dark yellowish orange and light orange then light olive gray with medium gray then light olive gray at approx 6.10 olive gray then olive gray with dark yellowish orange and medium brown at approx 7.62 silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles olive black to olive gray to light olive gray color depends on dampness of sample; no bedding at approx 9.14 as above at approx 10.67 as above at approx 12.19 as above at approx 13.72 as above at approx 1; as above 211
l l l 2A (from log of samples by Bailey) depth: 7. 31 m , 24 ft no surface elevation given 0.09 m silt, with fine sand and gravel / pebbles olive gray possible faint contorted banding 0.46 silt, with fine sand and gravel / pebbles olive gray, with rare dark yellowish orange orange on partings j 0.91 silt; with rare gravel / pebbles , light to medium olive gray, with rare dark yellowish orange orange oxidation bands and films 1.37 silt, with sand; with layers of organic material / soil olive black and yellow organic material black, in contorted layers 1.83 silt; with rare fine sand and gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown, with grayish orange mottled 2.29 silt; with rare fine sand and gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown more pebble than immediately above 2.74 silt; with rare fine to medium sand and gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown, with rare medium gray mottled 3.20 silt; with rare fine sand and gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown 3.66 silt; with rare fine sand and gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown 4.11 silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles yellowish brown 212
4.57 silt; with rare fine sand and gravel / pebbles yellowish brown 5.03 silt; with rare fine sand and gravel / pebbles yellowish brown 5.49 silt; with rare fine sand and gravel / pebbles yellowish brown 5.94 silt; with rare fine sand and gravel / pebbles yellowish brown 6.40 silt; with rare fine sand and gravel / pebbles yellowish brown 6.8E silt; with rare fine sand and gravel / pebbles yellowish brown 7.31 bottom 213
2B (from log of samples by Bailey) depth: 4.88 m, 16 ft no surface elevation given; top and bottom of sample not specified at approx 1.52 m silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles light to dark yellowish brown at approx 2.74 l light olive gray, with light yellowish gray at approx 4.27 yellowish gray, to light olive gray l at approx 4.88 light olive gray with grayish orange 214
2C (from log of samples by Bailey) depth: 4.88 m, 16 ft no surface elevation given; top and bottom of sample not specified 1.22 m silt; with rare silt and fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles light olive gray 1.83 bottom 215
l 1 2D (from log of samples by Bailey) depth: 4.88 m, 16 ft no surface elevation given; top and bottom of sample not specified 1.22 m silt, with fine sand; with rare gravel / pebbles light olive gray, with rare grayish orange and dark yellowish orange mottled 1.83 J no sample 2.44 gravel / pebbles, with silt; with rare fine sand yellowish gray and dark yellowish orange mottled 3.05 no sample 3.66 silt; with rare fine sand and gravel / pebbles light olive gray, with dark yellowish orange mottled 4.27 silt; with rare fine sand and gravel / pebbles light yellowish brown 4.88 bottom 216
3 (from log of samples by Bailey) depth: 15.54 m, 51 ft no surface elevation given; top and bottom of samples not specified at approx 1.52 silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles light olive gray one rootlet at approx 3.05 light olive gray, with grayish orange at approx 4.57 olive gray then dark yellowish orange then olive gray and dark yellowish orange chaotically mottled at approx 6.10 silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles olive black, to olive gray, to light olive gray color depends on dampness; no bedding at approx 7.62 as above at approx 9.14 as above at approx 10.67 as above at approx 12.19 fine sand, with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles light brown, with light olive gray poor porosity and permeability; no bedding at approx 13.72 as above at 6.10 at approx 15.24 as above 217
f 4 (f rom log of samples by Bailey) depth: 15.54 m, 51 ft no surface elevation given; top and bottom of samples not specified at approx 3.05 m silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles dark grayish orange at approx 4.57 light grayish orange then light olive gray J at approx 6.10 silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles light olive gray pebbles and sand randomly distributed; no bedding at approx 7.62 as above at approx 9.14 as above at approx 10.67 as above at approx 12.19 as above at approx 15.24 silt,with fine sand fair porosity and permability, approx. 40% sand; no bedding 218
5 (from log of samples by Bailey) depth: 15.54 m, 51 f t no surface elevation given; top and bottom of samples not specified at approx. 1.52 m silt, with gravel / pebbles yellowish gray, with yellowish orange up to 40% pebbles at approx. 3.05 silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles grayish orange to medium yellowish brown, with light olive gray then light gray at approx. 4.57 light olive gray then yellowish g' ray to light olive gray at approx. 6.10 light olive gray, with rare yellowish gray at approx. 7.62 as above at approx. 9.14 as above at approx. 10.67 fine sand, with silt light olive gray porosity and permability fair, sand 50%, no bedding at approx. 13.72 light olive gray, with rare yellowish gray at 15.24 surface material may be mixed in 219
6 (from log of samples by Bailey) depth: 15.54 m, 51 ft no surface elevation given; top and bottom of samples not specified at approx. 1.52 m silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles grayish orange, with light gray at approx. 3.05 yellowish gray at 4.57 olive black with light gray, then olive gray, with grayish orange, then light olive gray, then light olive gray, with rare dark yellowish orange at approx. 6.10 light olive gray to light gray at approx. 7.62 as above at approx. 12.19 as above at approx. 13.72 as above at approx. 15.24 as above n 220
1 7b (f rom log of samples by Bailey) depth: 15.54 m, 51 ft. no surface elevation given; top and bottom of samples not specified at approx. 1.52 gravel / pebbles, with silt and sand light to dark yellowish brown, with dark yellowish orange chaotic at approx. 3.05 silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles yellowish gray with light gray then grayish orange with yellowish brown to medium brown then grayish orange to yellowish brown mottled at approx. 4.57 dark yellowish brown then light olive gray at approx. 6.10 olive black to light olive gray at approx. 7.62 medium to coarse sand; with rare gravel /pebbl.es olive gray to olive black good porosity and permability; no bedding at approx. 9.14 silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles light to medium olive gray, to olive black sand and pebbles randomly distributed; no bedding at approx. 10.67 as above at approx. 12.19 as above at approx. 13.72 as above at approx. 15.24 as above 221
8 (from log of samples by Bailey) depth: 15.54 m, 51 f t no surface elevation given; top and bottom of samples not specified I at approx. 3.05 silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles yellowish gray, with grayish orange at approx. 4.57 light gray, then light olive gray at approx. 6.10 zilt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles light to medium olive gray sand and gravel randomly distributed; no bedding at approx. 7.62 as above at approx. 10.67 as above at approx. 12.19 as above at approx. 13.72 as above at approx. 15.24 as above i 222
l 9 (from log of samples by Bailey) depth: 15.54 m, 51 ft no surface elevation given; top and bottom of samples not specified at approx. 1.52 silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown, with light yellowish orange and medium reddish brown roots or stems present at approx. 3.05 light olive gray, with grayish orange then yellowish gray, with grayish brown pinpoint mottling at approx. 4.57 light olive gray, with grayish orange then olive gray at approx. 6.10 silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles light to medium olive gray pebbles and sand randomly distributed; no bedding at approx. 7.62 as above at approx. 12.19 as above at approx. 13.72 as above at approx. 15.24 as above 223
9A (from log of samples by Bailey) depth: 7.01 m, 23 ft no surface elevation given; top and bottom of sample not specified 0.15 silt; with organic material / soil and gravel / pebbles olive gray 0.61 silt; with rare fine sand and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray 1.07 silt; with rare organic material / soil and fine sand olive gray, with black irregular black layers or films 1.52 silt; with rare fine sand and gravel / pebbles; with layers of clay medium olive gray, with yellow yellow areas of clay, not really layers 1.98 silt; with rare fine sand and gravel / pebbles dark to medium yellowish brown 2.44 silt; with rare coarse sand and gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of fine sand dark yellowish brown, with light olive brown to grayiE yellow partings of fine sand in one end of sample 2.90 silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown 3.35 silt, with fine sand; with rare gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown ' 3.81 silt; with rare clay and fine sand and gravel / pebbles dark yellowish brown clays in irregular areas 4.27 silt, with fine sand; I 224
l l with rare coarse sand and gravel / pebbles medium olive gray 4.72 silt; with rare gravel / pebbles medium olive gray 5.18 silt, with fine sand; with rare coarse sand and gravel / pebbles light to medium olive gray 5.64 silt medium olive gray 6.10 bottom 225
9B (from log of samples by Bailey) depth: 4.88 m, 16 ft no surface elevation given; top and bottom of samples not specified at approx. 2.74 silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles medium yellowish brown, with light olive gray at approx 3.05 light olive gray, with dark yellowish orange at approx. 4.57 dark yellowish brown, with rare light gray l I i i l 226
9C (from log of samples by Bailey) depth 4.88 m, 16 ft no surface elevation given; top and bottom of samples not specified at approx. 2.74 silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles light to medium olive gray then light to medium olive gray, with dark yellowish orange at approx. 4.27 light olive gray, with dark yellowish orange and light brown at approx. 4.88 silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles light to medium olive gray pebbles and sand randomly distributed; no bedding 227
9D (from log of samples by Bailey) depth: 4.88 m, 16 ft no surface elevation given; top and bottom of samples not specified 2.44 silt; with rare fine sand and gravel / pebbles yellowish gray, with rare yellow yellow partings 3.05 no sample 3.66 silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel /pebbic light olive gray 4.27 clay, with silt and fine sand; with rare coarse sand and gravel / pebbles light olive gray gritty; no bedding 4.88 bottom i 228
10 (from log of samples by Bailey) depth: 15.54 m, 51 ft no surface elevations given; top and bottom of samples not specified I 1.52 at approx. silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles yellowish gray, with light yellowish orange at approx. 3.05 yellowish gray, with light orange and grayish orange at approx. 4.57 yellowish gray, then light olive gray at approx. 6.10 light to medium olive gray sand and pebbles randomly distributed; no bedding at approx. 7.62 as above at approx. 9.14 as above at approx. 10.67 as above at approx. 12.19 as above at approx. 13.72 as above at approx. 15.24 as above l 229
. 1
--- - 1 12 (from log of samples by Bailey) depth: 7.92 m, 26 ft no surface elevations given; top and bottom of samplec no specified at approx. 3.35 silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebble:
light olive gray, with grayish orange to dark yellowish orange mottled areas same texture as main; pebbles and sand randomly distributed; no bedding at approx. 4.57 light to medium olive gray at approx 5.64 light olive gray, with yellowish gray at approx. 6.71 light olive gray 4 1 i 230
13 (from log of samples by Bailey) depth: 14.63 m, 48 ft no surface elevation given; top and bottom of samples not specified at approx. 3.66 silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles yellowish gray, with light gray, and rare dark yellowish orange at approx. 5.79 olive gray at approx. 6.40 light to medium olive gray at approx. 7.01 as above at approx. 9.45 with layers of fine sand bleb of sand 15 X 25 x 40 mm on edge of sample at approx. 10.06 silt; with rare fine sand and coarse sand olive gray with light gray then light yellowish brown silt; with rare gravel / pebbles; with layers of fine sand olive gray, with rare light gr ay bleb of sand 20 X 20 X 35 mm at ? silt; with rare gravel / pebbles; with layers of fine sand olive gray irregular bleb of sand 10 mm thick at one end of sample at ? silt; with rare gravel / pebbles; with layers of fine sand olive gray irregular bleb of sand 20 X 20 X 40 mm at approx. 14.02 silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles olive gray, with light gray 231
B-1 (N of trench) depth 46.33 m, 151.5 ft surface 408.8 m, 1341.40 ft fine to coarse gravel / pebbles, with clay, with silt brownish gray some cobbles 407.01 clay, with silt; with rare fine to coarse gravel /pebi gray 389.03 silt, with clay; with rare fine sand gray 382.63 gravel / pebbles no core samples 382.02 silt, with clay; with rare fine sand gray 381.10 clay, with silt dark gray 378.21 silt, with clay gray 377.90 clay, with silt, with fine gravel / pebbles gray 375.16 fine to coarse gravel / pebbles, with fine to coarse sand and, with rare clay gray 374.25 clay, with silt gray 368,00 silt, with clay , dark gray 362.82 clay, with silt dark gray 362.51 bottom 232
\
B-2 (N of trench) depth: 30.94 m, 101.5 ft surface 407.24 m, 1336.14 ft organic material / soil and clay, with silt ( brownish gray 406.78 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of fine sand gray 406.71 fine to medium sand; with rare fine gravel / pebbles dark gray 404.49 clay, with silt; with rare fine to coarse gravel / pebbles gray some cobbles 389.71 fine sand; with rare silt brownish gray 385.75 fine to medium sand; with rare silt brownish gray 385.44 fine gravel / pebbles, with fine to medium sand brownish gray 384.68 silt, with clay gray 380.11 fine to coarse gravel / pebbles, with clay; with rare silt and fine to coarse sand gray 378.59 clay, with silt; with rare fine to coarse gravel / pebbles gray v 376.30 bottom 233
l B-3 (N of trench) depth: 30.63 m, 100.5 ft surface 404.78 m, 1328.08 ft clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles I and organic material / soil gray 402.95 coarse gravel / pebbles no core sample 402.04 clay, with silt, with fine to medium gravel / pebbles gray 381.92 fine sand, with silt brownish gray 376.12 fine to coarse angular rock fragments, with silt; with rare clay and fine to coarse sand gray 374.15 bottom 234
B-4 (N of trench) depth: 30.78 m, 101.5 ft surface 415.18 m, 1362.2 ft fine to coarse gravel / pebbles, with clay; with rare fine to coarse sand brownish gray 414.26 clay, with silt; with rare fine to medium gravel / pebbles gray 404.51 fine to coarse gravel / pebbles, with clay, with silt; with rare fine to medium sand gray 404.05 clay, with silt; with rare fine to medium gravel / pebbles gray 402.68 fine sand, with silt gray 402.22 clay, with silt, with fine to medium gravel / pebbles gray 394.15 fine to medium sand, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 393.39 clay, with fine silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of fine sand gray at 384.40 fine sand, with silt brownish gray 384.40 bottom 235
B-5 (N of trench) depth: 31.09 m, 102.0 ft surface 414.48 m, 1359.9 ft clay, with silt; with rare fine to coarse gravel /pebb gray some cobbles 384.61 fine sand, with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles brownish gray 383.39 bottom 236
i B-6 (N of trench) depth: 30.94 m, 101.5 ft surface 392.20 m, 1286.8 ft clay,with silt, with rare fine sand and gravel / pebbles brownish gray 391.74 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray at 390.37 with layers of sand 376.96 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of fine sand gray sand lenses 374.82 silt, with clay; with rare fine sand gray at 368.12 gravel / pebbles no core sample; pocket of gravel 366.29 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 361.26 bottom 237
B-7 (N of trench) depth: 21.94 m, 72 f t surface 421.45 m, 1382.78 ft fine to contse gravel / pebbles, with fine to medium sa with rare silt brownish gray 420.99 silt, with clay; with rare sand and fine to coarse gravel / pebbles brown 419.93 clay, with silt, with fine to medium gravel / pebbles gray 414.14 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles gray 406.21 clay, with silt, with coarse gravel / pebbles gray sone cobbles i 403.47 clay, withsilt, with rare gravel / pebbles at 401.03 gravel / pebbles no core sample; pocket of gravel 400.42 silt, with clay; with rare fine sand gray 399.51 bottom 238
TP-1 (N of trench) s depth: 3.66m, 12 ft surface 414.51 m, 1360 ft organic material / soil and clay, with silt; with rare fine to coarse gravel / pebbles brownish gray many roots and fibers at 410.85 brownish gry and gray brown, with rare orange brown some cobbles , 410.85 bottom k 239
F TP-2 (N of trench) depth: 2.74 m, 9 ft surface 416.03 m, 1365 ft clay, with silt, with sand; with rare fine to coarse gravel / pebbles brownish gray some roots; cobbles at 415.42 m 414.96 clay, with silt, with fine gravel / pebbles brownish gray some roots 413.29 bottom \ i 240
TP-3 (N of trench) depth: 2.74m, 9 ft surface 420.60 m, 1380 ft clay, with silt; with rare sand yellowish brown to brown 419.69 clay, with silt; with rare fine to coarse gravel / pebbles brownish gray 417.86 Lottom 241
TP-4 (N of trench) depth: 2.59 m, 8.5 ft surface 416.03 m, 1365 ft clay, with silt; with rare fine to coarse gravel /pebb brownish gray some brown staining 413.44 bottom 242
TP-5 (N of trench) depth: 2.43 m, 8 ft surface 412.98 m, 1355 ft clay, with silt, with rare sand and gravel / pebbles brown some roots 412.37 clay, with silt; with rare fine to coarse gravel / pebbles brownish gray 410.55 bottom l l l l l 243
t TP-6 (N of trench) l depth: 2.74 m, 9ft surface 416.03m, 1365 ft clay, with silt, with coarse grave)/ pebbles; with rare sand brown much gravel and cobbles 415.73 clay, with silt, with sand and fine gravel / pebbles brown 415.27 clay, with silt; with rare fine to coarse gravel /pebb brownish gray 413.29 bottom 244
/
TP-7 (N of trench) depth: 2.81 m, 9 ft surface approx. 426.70 m, 1400 ft fine to coarse gravel / pebbles, with clay, with silt brown with cobbles and boulders 423.96 bottom i 245
DM 1 (plant) depth: 18.90 m, 62.0 ft surface 423.28 m, 1388.77 ft surface 423.2ay, with organic silt, with clay, with organic material / soil brown and gray mottled, with roots 422.22 gravel / pebbles, with sand gray 421.30 clay,with silt, with gravel / pebbles brownish gray 413.23 gravel / pebbles, with sand grayish brown 412.86 clay, with silt and sand, with gravel / pebbles brownish gray at 409.87 grading to less silt and sand 404.38 bottom a 246
DM 2 (plant) depth: 23.47 m, 77.0 ft surface 423.77 m, 1390.38 ft clay, with organic material / soil brown 423.46 gravel / pebbles, with sand brownish gray J 420.41 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles; brownish gray 400.53 clay, with silt; with gravel / pebbles; with rare sand brownish gray 407.31 gravel / pebbles, with sand 407.00 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles brownish gray 400.30 bottom 247
DM 3 (plant) depth: 8.23 m, 27.0 ft surface 422.46 m, 1386.10 ft silt and sand and gravel / pebbles brown and gray mottled 421.55 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles brownish gray 414.23 bottom 248
4 DM 4 (plant) depth: 8.23 m, 27.0 ft ., surface 422.46 m, 1386.10 ft silt and sand and gravel / pebbles brown and gray mottled 4 l 420.02 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles i brownish gray 414.23 bottom 1 4 249
DM 5 (plant) depth: 12.80 m, 42.0 ft surface 424.86'm, 1393.97 ft silt and sand and gravel / pebbles tan and brown mottled 422.42 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles brownish gray 415.72 silt and sand gray 415.41 gravel / pebbles,with sand 414.96 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles brownish gray 412.06 bottom I 250
DM 6 (plant) depth: 12.80 m, 42.0 ft surface 423.82m, 1390.56 ft organic material / soil 423.52 clay and silt and gravel / pebbles brown 422.07 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments brownish gray 417.73 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments; with rare sand 416.20 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments 411.02 bottom f 251
DM 7 (plant) depth 50.29 m, 165 ft surface 424.88 m, 1394.03 ft clay, with silt, with organic material / soil and gravel / pebbles 424.27 clay and silt and sand and gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments tan and gray mottle 6 421.22 clay, with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles brownish gray 418.17 clay, with silt 412.69 clay,with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles 400.50 silt and sand, with gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments dark gray 396.23 fine sand, with silt; with rare layers of clay dark grayish brown clay layers are lenses 393.79 silt, with clay dark gray 385.26 silt; with rare clay 376.72 silt; with rare clay and gravel / pebbles 374.59 bottom 1 l 252
DM 8 (plant) depth 12.80 m, 42 ft 4 depth 12.80 m, 4, 1396.99 ft surface 425.69 m,'1396.99 ft i i silt and sand and gravel / pebbles and angular rock-fragments l brown 422.34 i clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles 412.89 bottom 1 1 i i-253
DM 9 (plant) depth 7.32 m, 24 ft surface 424.79m, 1393.73 ft clay and silt and sand and gravel / pebbles brown 420.83 clay, with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles gray 417.47 bottom i 254
i DM 10 (plant) , I depth 8.24 m, 27 ft surface 424.79 m, 1393.73 ft silt and sandand gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments brown 421.13 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles brownish gray 416.55 bottom i 255
DM 12 (plant) depth: 24.99 m, 82 ft surface 423.61 m, 1389.88 ft organic material / soil and clay, with silt grayish brown 422.55 clay and silt and sand, with gravel / pebbles brown 416.28 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments brownish gray 414.17 clay, with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments
- 398.62 bottom i
l l l 256
DM 15 (plant) , depth : 8.22 m, 27 ft surface 420.05 m, 1378.2 ft organic material / soil and silt with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles brown 419.83 silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles brown 417.92 clay, with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles grayish brown 411.83 bottom a 4 I l 257
DM 16 (plant) depth 18.90 m, 62 ft surface 429.50 m, 1409.18 ft organic material / soil and silt, with clay, with gravel / pebbles brown 429.45 silt, with clay, with gravel / pebbles brown 428.58 clay and silt and sand, with gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments tan and gray mottled 421.42 clay, with silt brown 4 421.14 clay and silt and sand and gravel / pebbles brown 417.61 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments brownish gray 410.60 bottom 258
DM 17 (plant) depth: 12.80 m, 42 ft ; surface 428.73 m, 1406.67 ft organic material / soil and silt, with clay, with gravel / pebbles brown 428.63 silt, with clay, with gravel / pebbles brown 427.82 clay and silt and sand and gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments brown - 423.70 clay, with silt; with layers of gravel / pebbles brownish gray 421.42 clay and silt and sand and gravel / pebbles brown 419.13 clay, with silt; with layers of gravel / pebbles brownish gray 15.93 bottom 259
DM 18 (plant) depth: 20.42 m, 67 ft surface 430.87 m, 1413.69 ft organic material / soil and silt, with clay brown 430.80 silt, with clay brown 429.96 clay and silt and sand, with gravel / pebbles brown 424.32 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments brownish gray 423.25 clay, with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles brownish gray 418.38 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles; with rare fine sand brownish gray 411.67 clay and silt and sand and angular rock fragments green 410.45 bottom l l l 1 260
l Dti 19 (plant) depth: 15.84 m, 52 ft surface 431.51 m, 1415.8 ft organic material / soil and silt, with clay brown 431.36 silt, with clay brown 430.91 clay and silt and sand and gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments brown 427.71 clay, with silt, with rare sand brownish gray 420.39 clay and silt and sand and gravel / pebbles gray 419.32 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles gray 418.56 clay and silt and sand and gravel / pebbles gray 415.67 bottom 261
DM 20 (plant)
, depth 24.99 m, 82 ft surface 430.83 m, 1413.56 ft organic material / soil and silt and sand and gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments brown 430.76 silt and sand and gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments brown 429.31 gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments, with silt sand brown 424.28 sand; with rare fine gravel / pebbles brown 423.67 clay, with silt; with rare sand and fine gravel /pebb brownish gray 420.16 clay, with silt; with rare sand and fine gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of fine sand brownish gray 418.95 clay, with silt; with rare sand and fine gravel /pebb' brownish gray 416.81 silt and sand and gravel / pebbles, with clay brownish gray 415.59 silt and gravel / pebbles, with clay brownish gray 413.15 clay and silt and sand and gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments greenish gray 409.19 clay and silt and sand and fine gravel / pebbles, with angular rock fragments greenish gray i
l 405.84 bottom 262
. _ =
DM 21 (plant) i depth 24.38 m, 80 ft surface 432.03m, 1417.5 ft organic material / soil and silt and fine sand; with rare gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments dark brown 431.88 - silt and fine sand; with rare gravel / pebbles and angulas rock fragments dark brown 431.73 clay and silt.and sand and gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments brown 430.20 gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments, with clay and silt and sand brown 425.63 clay, with silt; with layers of gravel / pebbles brownish gray 423.19 clay, with silt; with layers of fine sand with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles brownish gray 421.67 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles brownish gray 420.15 clay, with silt brownish gray 417.10 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles brownish gray 415.57 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles brownish gray 414.36 clay and silt and sand and gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments greenish gray 263
408.56 bedrock 407.65 bottom 264
DM 22 (plant) depth: 22.55 m, 74 ft i surface 430.34 m, 1411.96 ft organic material / soil and silt and fine sand; with rare gravel / pebbles dark brown 3 430.19 silt and fine sand; with rare gravel / pebbles dark brown 429.89
. clay and silt and sand and gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments brown 423.03 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles brownish gray 421.20 clay and gravel / pebbles, with silt brownish gray 419.98 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles brownish gray 418.85 418.85 clay, with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles
! brownish gray 413.88 . clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles brownish gray 410.23 clay and silt and sand and gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments greenish gray l i 408.40 bedrock 407.79 bottom 1 265
s . n _ _ _ _ DM 23 (plant) depth: 23.62 m, 77.5 ft surface 427.77 m, 1403.5 ft organic material / soil and clay and silt and sand and gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments brown 427.67 clay and silt and sand and gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments brown 424.41 clay, with silt brownish gray 423.19 clay, with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles brownish gray 421.37 clay, with silt; with rare gravel / pebbles; with layers of sand with silt brownish gray 413.75 clay, with silt and gravel / pebbles brownish gray 412.22 gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments, with clay silt brownish gray 408.56 clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments brownish gray 404.91 clay and gravel / pebbles, with silt brownish gray j 404.90 clay and silt and sand and gravel / pebbles and angalar rock fragments greenish gray 404.15 botto.n 266
sN y ,e
. 'J )
DM 24 - (plant) s depth: ' 12.80 m, 4 2 f t- t , surface 429.03 m, 1410.28'ft silt and fine sand and fine gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments brown - 429.07 gravel / pebbles, with silt and fine sand and angular rock fragments brown 426.78 , angular. rock fragments, with silt and fine sand and gravel / pebbles
/
brown , s 426.17 , a
+
clay, with silt, with rare fineggravel/ pebbles
- brownish gray- i 3, ,
r
;- ~ .e .
. ,_/ ,, ..s [ <
l
^
> -i r# ^~,
424.65 . clay andi s'ilt'; with ' rare fine gravel / pebbles - brownish gray 1 _ i . .. 423.58 ,1 b sand;,with rare' fine l gravel ' ~
/ pebbles brown '
, , s 422.21 .' .c clay, with silt, with gravel / pebbles y gray <
420.99 ,, clay and. gravel / pebbles, with silt gray , ' 419.92 clay, wl'th silt, with gravel ~./ pebbles e gray /',_ . 419.47 clay, with silt / .
*[,.
gray 417.95 J } clay,.with' silt, with gravel /pebt(les gray >, * , s-417.03 bottceis -' I y. 267 .
DM 25 (plant) , depth: 22.55 m, 73.5 ft surface 430.52m, 1412.55 ft organic material / soil and clay and silt and fine sans with rare gravel / pebbles dark brown 430.45 clay and silt and fine sand; with rare gravel / pebbles dark brown 430.37 , clay and silt and sand and gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments brown 428.24 gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments, with clay and silt and sand brown 405.65 clay and silt and sand brown 425.04 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles brownish gray 424.23 l fine sand, with clay brown 423.36 clay, with silt, with fine gravel / pebbles brownish gray 423.21
. clay, with silt and sand and gravel / pebbles brownish gray 420.62 clay, with silt, with sand and gravel / pebbles
- brownish gray 415.29 clay and gravel / pebbles, with silt and sand brownish gray
! 414.98 clay and silt and sand and gravel / pebbles 268
and angular rock fragments greenish gray 408.12 bedrock? 407.97 bottom t 269
DM 26 (plant) depth 23.01 m, 75.5 ft surface 430.05? m, 1411 ft gravel / pebbles, with silt and sand grayish brown 423.96 clay, gray with silt; with rare fine sand and gravel /peb 422.74 fine gray to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles, with clay 420.30 clay, gray with silt; with rare fine sand and gravel /pe~bl at 414.81 with layers of sand sand in pockets 412.68 till; fine to medium sand, with silt, with coarse san and gravel / pebbles gray 407.04 bottom F 270
DM 28 (plant) depth 10.06 m,33 ft surface 431.88 m, 1417 ft silt; with rare organic material / soil and sand and gravel / pebbles brown 430.20 silt, with sand, with gravel / pebbles , dark brown 427.92 bedrock light gray weathered shale 425.78 bedrock gray less weathered shale 421.82 bottom 271
DM 29 depth: 12.81 m, 42 f t 424.57 m surface, 1393 ft organic material / soil and silt, with sand dark brown 424.26 , silt light brown 420.60 clay, with silt brown 421.82 clay, with silt gray 421.06 clay, with silt, with sand and gravel / pebbles gray 415.42 clay, with silt, with sand and gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments gray 411.76 bottom 272
DM 30 depth: 38.10 m, 125 ft surface 426.09 m, 1398 ft silt, with sand, with organic material / soil and gravel / pebbles brown to brown and gray 424.87 clay, with silt brown and gray 423.65 fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles, with clay brown 421.82 fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles, with clay, with silt brown 421.21 clay, with silt gray 415.73 silt, with clay, with fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles dark gray 405.67 fine to medium sand; with rare silt dark gray 403.84 silt, with clay, with fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles dark gray 398.66 silt and sand, with gravel / pebbles dark gray 395.31 silt, with angular rock fragments dark gray 390.89 f bedrock i gray shale 387.99 bottom 273
DM 31 depth: 12.80 m, 42 ft surface 427.92 m, 1404 ft silt, with sand and gravel / pebbles brown 425.78 silt, with clay cnd sand and gravel / pebbles brown 425.63 fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles, with silt brown and gray 421.06 clay, with silt; with rare layers of silt dark gray 417.25 clay, with silt, with sand and gravel / pebbles dark gray 415.12 bottom I
\
274
DM 32 depth: 65.53 m, 215 ft surface 420.00'm, 1378 ft silt light brown 419.09 fine to coarse sand,-with silt, with gravel / pebbles brown 417.87-clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 415.42 clay, with silt; with layers of fine to medium silt, with sand; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 413.59 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray stiff at 409.10 with layers of fine sand, with silt layer is 0.15 m thick 397.75 clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray medium stiff 394.09 silt; with layers of silt, with clay grayish brown 392.87 silt; with layers of silt, with clay gray 391.95 silt. gray 385.25-fine to coarse sand, with clay } 9tay 384.64 till: clay, with silt; with rare coarse sand and fine l 275 l
gravel / pebbles dark gray 379.46 till: silt, with clay; with rare sand and fine gravel / pebbles dark gray 377.32 till: silt, with rare sand and fine gravel / pebbles dark gray 360.57 silt, with sand, with gravel / pebbles gray some cobbles 357.21 bedrock gray shale 354.47 bottom a 276
DM 33 depth: 20.88 m, 68.5 ft surface 432.67 m, 1419.58 ft silt, with clay and fine to coarse sand, with fine to coarse gravel / pebbles brown 428.10 clay with silt; with rare fine to coarse sand . gray 419.26 clay, with silt and fine to coarse sand, with fine gravel / pebbles gray . some cobbles 416.67 clay, with silt, with fine-to medium sand and gravel / pebbles gray 412.86 clay, with silt; with rare sand and gravel / pebbles gray
, 411.94 bedrock gray shale 411.79 bottom l
? l r l l 277
DM 34 depth: 24.54 m, 81 ft surface 434.11 m, 1424.8 ft silt, with clay and fine to coarse sand, with fine t coarse gravel / pebbles brown 427.40 clay, with silt; with rare sand and fine gravel /pebb gray 420.39 clay, with silt, with fine to coarse sand, with fine gravel / pebbles gray 414.29 clay, with silt, with fine to coarse sand; with rare fine gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments gray 411.40 bedrock gray with light blue gray shale, with dolomitic limestone 409.57 bottom W 278
DM 35 depth: 22.86 m, 75 f t surface 432.46 m, 1418.9 ft silt, with clay and fine to coarse sand, with fine to coarse gravel / pebbles brown 427.28 clay, with silt and fine to coarse sand, with fine to coarse gravel / pebbles gray 423.77 clay, with silt, with fine to coarse sand; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 417.68 silt, with clay and fine to coarse gravel / pebbles, with fine to coarse sand gray some cobbles 412.19 bedrock gray, with rare light blue gray shale with some dolomitic limestone 409.60 bottom 279
DM 36 depth: 29.87 m, 98 f t surface 432.46 m, 1418.9 ft fine to coarse gravel / pebbles, with fine to coarse sai with rare silt, with clay brown 424.84 fine to coarse sand, with clay, with silt; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 422.40 fine to coarse gravel / pebbles, with fine to coarse sa-with rare clay, with silt gray 416.92 fine to coarse gravel / pebbles, with fine to coarse sa with rare clay, with silt gray some cobbles 414.17 clay, with silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles gray 412.95 clay, with silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and coarse gravel / pebbles gray frequent cobbles 411.73 bedrock gray, with light gray weathered shale with little dolomitic limestone 410.21 bedrock gray, with light blue gray shale with many layers of dolomitic limestone 402.59 bottom 280
DM 37 . depth: 25.75 m, 84.5 ft surface 433.19 m, 1421.3 ft fine to coarse gravel / pebbles, with fine to coarse sand; with rare silt, with clay brown 422.68 clay, with silt; with rare fine to coarse sand gray 417.04 silt, with clay, with angular rock fragments gray fragments of weathered shale 415.51 bedrock gray and light blue gray shale and dolomitic limestone 407.44 bottom t t 281
DM 38 depth: 6.25 m, 20. ft surface 437.06 m, 1434.0 ft silt, with clay and fine to coarse gravel / pebbles; w$ rare fine to coarse sand brown 434.62 fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles, with clay, w$ silt gray 430.81 bottom l l 282
DM 39 . depth: 21.49 m, 70.5 ft surface 431.30 m, 1415.1 ft silt, with clay and fine to coarse gravel / pebbles; with rare fine to coarse sand brown 426.88 clay, with silt, with rare fine to coarse sand and fine gravel / pebbles gray 425.21 fine ta coarse sand, with silt, with clay, with fine to coarse gravel / pebbles brown 423.68 fine to coarse sand, with silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles brown 422.62 clay, with silt, with fine to coarse sand; with' rare fine to coarse gravel / pebbles gray 414.84 fine to coarse sand, with silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles gray 413.47 clay, with silt and fine to coarse gravel / pebbles; with rare fine to coarse sand gray 411.19 silt, with clay and fine to coarse gravel / pebbles;.with rare fine to coarse sand and angular rock fragments gray with weathered shale 409.97 bedrock gray weathered shale 409.81 bottom 283
393.17 clay, with silt and fine to cos.rse sand; with rare f to coarse cravel/ pebbles gray some cobbles 392.41 silt, with clay and sand and fine to coarse gravel / pebbles, with angular rock fragments gray shale fragments 390.89 bedrock gray and light blue gray shale and dolomitic limestone 388.60 bottom 284 l
DM 40 depth: 41.15 m, 135 ft . surface 429.75 m, 1410.0 ft silt, with clay and fine to coarse sand, with fine to coarse gravel / pebbles brown 422.13' clay, with silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles gray 420.30 clay, with silt and fine to coarse sand; with rare fine to coarse gravel / pebbles gray 419.23 clay, with silt; with rare fine to coar'se sand and gravel / pebbles gray 414.51 clay, with silt and sand and gravel / pebbles gray 410.55 s.ilt, with clay and fine to coarse gravel / pebbles, with fine to coarse sand gray some cobbles 408.72 silt, with clay and fine to coarse gravel / pebbles, with fine to coarse sand and angular rock fragments gray shale fragments 401.19 clay, with silt; with rare sand and gravel / pebbles gray 396.22 clay, with silt and sand and gravel / pebbles gray 395.31 clay, with silt and fine to coarse sand; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray 285
I DM 41 depth: 11.12 m, 36.5 ft
- surface 436.57 m, 1432.4 ft silt, with clay and fine to coarse gravel / pebbles,e fine to coarse sand brown 433.53 clay, with silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles gray 432.15 silt, with clay; with sand and fine to coarse gravel / pebbles gray 430.17 bedrock gray shale, some limestone 425.45 bottom I
1 1 286
DM 42 depth: 20.73 m, 68.0 ft surface 434.87 m, 1426.8 ft silt, with clay and fine to coarse gravel / pebbles, with fine to coarse sand brown 429.99 clay, with silt; with rare to some fine to coarse sand and gravel / pebbles gray 427.55 clay, with silt, with fine to coarse sand gray 419.63 silt, with clay, with angular rock fragments gray shale fragments 418.87
-bedrock gray-and light blue gray shale and dolomitic limestone 414.14 bottom I
l 287
DM 43 depth: 16.46 m, 4.0 ft surface 437.52 m, 1435.5 ft silt, with clay; and fine to coarse gravel / pebbles o fine to coarse sand brown 432.95 clay, with silt; with rare fine to coarse sand and-gravel / pebbles gray 428.83 silt and fine coarse sand; with rare fine gravel /pe gray 425.33 silt and fine to coarse sand; with rare fine gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments gray shale fragments 422.89 angular rock fragments gray shale and limestone 421.06 bottom l l 288
1 0 4 DH-3 depth: 22.12 m, 72.58 ft surface 426.21 m, 1398.40 ft angular rock fragments, with silt and sand yellow brown wet, compact 423.16 angular rock fragments, with silt and sand gray 422.25 silt; with rare clay and gravel / pebbles gray dry, hard . 417.68 fine gravel / pebbles, with silt; with rare clay and coarse sand gray wet, compact 412.19 silt; with rare clay and sand and fine gravel / pebbles gray wet, medium 410.06 fine gravel / pebbles; with rare to some clay and silt and coarse sand gray wet, compact 408.99 sand, with silt; with rare to some gravel / pebbles gray wet, firm 407.31 gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments, with silt; with rare clay compact 406.45 bedrock 404.09 bottom ( 289
DH-4 depth: 36.83 m, 120.83 ft surface 430.78 m, 1413.39 ft silt; with rare to some gravel / pebbles red brown loose 430.17 silt; with rare to some clay and coarse sand and gravel / pebbles brown medium 426.21 silt; with layers of fine sand red brown medium 425.60 silt, with sand and gravel / pebbles; with rare clay ar angular rock fragments brown hard 419.20 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray medium to hard 412.49 gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments very hard 411.88 sand, with silt and gravel / pebbles gray very compact 407.31 silt; with rare to some sand and gravel / pebbles gray very hard 398.78 silt, with clay and sand; with rare angular rock fragments gray very hard 395.55 bedrock 393.95 bottom 290
l l DH-7 depth: 55.32 m, 181.50 ft surface 422.18 m, 1385.17 ft silt; with rare clay medium brown gray hard 419.74 silt with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles gray medium and plastic at 408.46 soft and plastic 397.80 silt, with sand and angular rock fragments very hard 396.27 sand, with silt and gravel / pebbles brown very compact 390.18 silt with fine sand; with rare fine gravel / pebbles brown very hard ! 381.95 silt with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles gray medium and plastic at 370.37 hard 366.86 bottom 291
DH-13 depth: 9.60 m, 31.50 ft surface 418.06 m, 1371.66 ft sand; with rare silt-and fine gravel / pebbles brown-firm 415.32 silt; with rare clay and fine gravel / pebbles gray hard 412.58 silt, with sand and fine gravel / pebbles; with rarer gray medium 411.36 silt; with rare to some clay and fine gravel / pebbles gray medium 410.44 fine gravel / pebbles, with silt and sand; with rare 4 gray firm 408.46 bottom ( i l i i 1 1 4
- 292
PAH-3 depth: 8.07 m, 26.45 ft surface 422.22 m, 1385.32 ft silt; with rare clay and sand and gravel / pebbles yellow brown compact at 419.18 with layers of gravel single layer 0.05 m thick 417.65 silt; with rare to some clay gray medium, plastic 416.13 silt; with rare clay and sand and gravel / pebbles and angular rock fragments gray medium 414.61 sand; with rare silt gray compact 414.15 bottom 293
s PAH-4 depth: 8.07 m, 26.50 ft surface 421.06 m, 1381.51 ft silt;'with rare clay and fine gravel yellow brown hard, mottled 418.63 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel gray medium, plastic 414.36 silt; with rare clay; with rare layers of fine sans gray medium 412.99 bottom I t L+ i 294
i
'?'W
.r L
f r PAH-5 depth': 9.60 m, 31'.50 f,t surface 422l27 m, 1385.48 ft silt; with rare clay and gravel / pebbles yellow' brown dry, medium stiffness 420.A4 , slit and fine sand; with rare clay , yellow brown medium moisture and stiffness 419.23 silt;,with rare clay and fine gravel / pebbles 3 gray _ medium noisture and Etiffness r 416.18 silt, with sand gray wet, medium to firm 414.65 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel gray wet, medium and plastic 413.74 silt, with fine sand; with rare clay and angular r'ck o fragments 1 gray l wet, medium stiffness 412.67 bottom L F ( i ' 29'5 f
TAH-13 depth: 6.55 m, 21.50 ft surface 417.17 m, 1371.83 ft sand, with angular rock fragments; with raro silt brown compact 411.38 silt; with rare clay and fine gravel / pebbles gray hard 410.62 bottom 1 t, 296
Pall-16 i depth: 3.50 m, 11.50 ft surface 418.11 m, 1371.83 ft sand, with fine gravel / pebbles; with rare silt brown wet, firm 415.68 silt; with rare clay and fine gravel / pebbles gray medium moisture 414.61 bottom 1 297
PAH-18 depth: 12.74 m, 41.80 ft surface 421.94 m, 1384.38 ft silt; with rare clay and fine gravel / pebbles brown hard, mottled 417.98 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray medium and plastic 409.20 bottom t I f l 298
PAH-19 l depth: 12.65 m, 41.50 ft surface 420.24 m, 1378.81 ft silt; with rare clay and fine gravel / pebbles yellow brown hard 416.28 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray medium and plastic 414.15 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles; with rare layers of sand gray medium 412.62 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray medium and plastic 407.59 bottom 1 299
PAH-23 depth: 9.60 m, 32.50 ft surface 434.32 m, 1425.01 ft silt, with sand and gravel / pebbles brown loose 433.71 silt; with rare clay and sand and gravel / pebbles brown medium 430.97 { silt; with gray brown layers of sand and angular rock fragmenti medium to hard 428.23 silt; with rare clay and sand and fine gravel /pebbic gray medium 424.72 bottom I l l l l 1 300
PAH-29 depth: 11.13 m, 36.50 ft surface 422.25 m, 1385.39 ft silt; with rare gravel / pebbles brown 420.72 silt; with rare clay and fine gravel / pebbles gray brown 419.20 silt; with rare clay and fine gravel / pebbles gray 411.12 bottom 301
PAH-30 depth 11.13 m, 36.50 ft surface 421.65 m, 1383.43 ft silt; with rare clay and silt; with rare clay and gravel / pebbles yellow brown medium to hard at approx 419.21 gray brown 418.30 silt; with rare to some clay and fine gravel / pebbles gray medium and plastic at approx 412.51 firm and plastic 410.52 bottom l 1 i i 302
PAH-32 depth: 9.60 m, 31.50 ft surface 426.30 m, 1398.68 ft organic material / soil 426.14 silt; with rare clay and fine gravel / pebbles yellow brown medium 423.86 silt; with rare clay and fine gravel / pebbles t gray medium and plastic 416.70 bottom I l 1 l l 303
. _ - - - - _. _- _- - = . - - -
PAH-34 . depth: 9.60 m, 31.50 ft surface 418.20 m, 1372.13 ft organic material / soil ! 418.10 l silt; with rare clay and fine sand and fine j gravel / pebbles-
! yellow brown medium
, at 415.16 l brown gray 414.24 silt; with rare clay and fine gravel / pebbles i gray i medium and plastic 4 at 409.67 soft and plastic 3 !, 408.60 bottom
}
l i 304 l
. , . , . . . _ . - _ , , ~ _ - _ _ , ,
l PAH-35 depth: 10.21 m, 33.50 ft surface 425.47 m, 1395.97 ft fine gravel / pebbles, with silt and coarse sand yellow brown compact 422.12 silt; with rare to some clay and gravel / pebbles gray medium and plastic 415.26 bottom l l l l 305 l
PAH-37 depth: 9.60 m, 31.50 ft surface 421.23 m, 1382.07 ft silt; with rare clay and sand and fine gravel / pebble brown medium to hard 418.80 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray hard at 415.75 becoming soft and plastic 411.63 bottom i i l I 306 i
PAH-39 depth: 9.61 m, 31.50 ft surface 426.14 m, 1398.15 ft silt; with rare to some clay and gravel / pebbles brown gray medium at 423.70 gray 421.56 silt, with clay and gravel / pebbles gray medium and plastic 416.53 bottom l 307
PAH-40 depth: 6.55 m, 21.50 ft surface 419.17 m, 1375.29 ft silt, with fine gravel / pebbles; with rare clay and si brown yellow medium 417.03 silt, with clay; with rare to some gravel / pebbles gray hard at 415.51 becoming medium and plastic 412.62 bottom
\
308
FAH-42 depth: 9.60 m, 31.50 ft surface 428.86 m, 1407.08 ft silt; with rare layers of clay and fine sand brown yellow gray medium 425.20 silt, with clay; with rare fine gravel / pebbles gray medium and plastic 419.26 bottom e l 309 l l
PAH-44 depth: 9.60 m, 31.50 ft surface 421.39 m, 1382.57 ft sand, with silt and gravel / pebbles yellow brown 420.47 sand, with silt and gravel / pebbles gray 418.34 silt, with clay gray 411.79 bottom l 310
. = ._ . .. .
PAH-61 depth: 12.19 m, 40.00 ft surface 428.88 m, 1407.17 ft silt, with sand and gravel / pebbles brown 426.75 silt; with rare sand brown 425.53 silt; with rare to some clay, with rare angular rock fragments gray 423.70 sand and gravel / pebbles brown 422.79 silt, with clay; with rare gravel / pebbles gray 416.69 bottom ( 311
. - -. .. ._ . . - - . . _ . . - . ~ . . .-
j PAH-71 depth: 11.12 m, 36.50 ft i surface 433.56 m, 1422.52 ft silt, with sand and-gravel / pebbles , brown hard 4 428.38 silt, with rare clay and gravel / pebbles
- gray medium and plastic 426.55 silt and sand gray I loose I
425.03 i silt; with rare to some clay, with rare' fine sand and ! gravel / pebbles ! gray
- medium and plastic
, 422.44 bottom ) I a i k I. l l I i 312
PAH-74 depth: 6.40 m, 21.00 ft surface 440.90 m, 1446.59 ft silt; with rare sand and gravel / pebbles yellow brown hard 438.44 silt; with rare to some angular rock fragments gray brown very hard 435.72 silt; with rare to some clay and angular rock fragments brown very hard 434.50 bedrock bottom f 313
PAH-84 depth: 13,71 m, 45.00 ft surface 420.91 m, 1381.01 ft silt; with rare clay brown 419.39 silt; with rare clay and fine angular rock fragments gray 416.34 silt, with clay gray 407.20 bottom 314
PAH-85 depth: 3.66 m, 12.00 ft surface 440.870 m, 1446.25 ft silt; with rare clay brown 438.36 silt; with rare singular rock fragments brown gray 437.14 bottom I i I l 1 315
i APPENDIX B. Gravel Grainsize Analyses Gravel Samples Analysis Number Analysed by Geological Unit
- 1. 80-1-F NYSGS Holocene Alluvial Fan Gravel
- 2. 80-2-E NYSGS Holocene Alluvial Fan Gravel I
- 3. 80-2-F NYSGS Holocene Alluvial Fan Gravel
- 4. 80-5-B NYSGS. Wisconsinan Fluvial Gravel
- 5. 80-5-C NYSGS Wisconsinan Fluvial Gravel
- 6. 80-5-F-A NYSGS Wisconsinan Fluvial Gravel 7 80-8-B NYSGS Holocene Alluvial Fan Gravel
- 8. 80-8-C NYSGS Holocene Alluvial Fan Gravel
- 9. 80-8-G-A NYSGS Holocene Alluvial
'- Fan Gravel 10, 80-8-J MYSGS Holocene Alluvial Fan Gravel
- 11. 80-8-G-B NYSGS Holocene Alluvial Fan Silt
- 12. GS2 B, T, &D Holocene Fluvial Terrace Gravel
- 13. GS3 B,T, &D Holocene Floodplain (Lacustrine) Mud
, 14. GS4 B,T, &D Holocene Fluvial i Bar Gravel l f 316 l l i
I i
- 15. GSS B, T, &D Holocene Fluvial Bar Gravel
- 16. GS6 B, T, &D Holocene Fluvial Bar Gravel
- 17. GS7 B, T, &D Holocene Fluvial Bar Gravel
- 18. GS8 B, T, &D Holocene Fluvial Bar Gravel
- 19. GS9 B,T, &D Holocene Fluvial ,
Bar Gravel
- 20. GS10 B,T, &D Holocene Fluvial Terrace Gravel
*B,T, & D refers to Boothroyd and others (1982). } }
317
100'
,,/ /
Z W E 80' O C 70- [ I-Z GRAVEL 1 W 60' / Symbol Analysis No. W e 2 W / " Q- 50' a 5 f-
- 6 1 o 7
$ 40' o 8 W o 10 30' W
2 ' l-- 4 20' _J f D e. 1 Y D 10' u / O - - - - - - . . - - . , . . . . . .
-6 + G ra ve l -> -1 + S a n d -> 4 + S i l t -* 8 + C l a y -* 12 GRAIN SIZE (@)
Figure 23. Graph of grain size distributions for Group 1 of the surficial gravel samples. 318
l 100' 90' S 80' 4 O U ' 70~ l-Z W p U 60-(Y af W K 50-I GRAVEL 2
$ [,I f
Symbol Analysis No. S y 40' , 3 3 a 2 { W 30' 20~
- n' D /
I D 10~ h ff U f a 0 8 6 C l a y -* 12
-6 + G ravel -+ -1 + Sand + 4 e S i l t -*
GRAIN SIZE (@) Figure 24. Graph of the grain size distributions for l Group 2 of the surficial gravel samples. 319
10 0' 90' W W 1
< 80' O
U 70' l-- W U 60' t W Q_ 50' F-I L9
- 40' W GRAVEL 3 3 Symbol Analysis No.
W 30' . 9
/ l 20'
_J D 1 D 10' U
./
O
-6 *- G ra ve l-* -1 <- S a n d -+ 4 +- S i l t -+ 8 +- C la y -> 12 GRAIN SIZE (@)
Figure 25. Graph of the grain size distributions for l Group 3 of the surficial gravel samples. 320
; APPENDIX C. Till Grainsize Analyses Till Samples Analysis Number Analysed by Geological Unit
- 1. Snake Run Road NYSGS Kent Till
- 2. GS1 B,T, &D Kent Till
- 3. GSil B,T, &D Kent Till
- 4. Connoisarauley NYSGS Lavery Till Creek Road A
- 5. Connoisarauley NYSGS Lavery Till Creek Road B
- 6. Connoisarauley NYSGS Lavery Till Road
- 7. West Townline NYSGS Lavery Till Road A
- 8. West Townline NYSGS Lavery Till Road B
- 9. 80-5-F-B NYSGS Lavery Till
- 10. 80-8-L NYSGS Lavery Till
- 11. 80-10-E-2 NYSGS Lavery Till
- 12. 80-10-F NYSGS Lnvery Till l
- 13. 80-10-I-A NYSGS Lavery Till l
- 14. 80-10-P-A NYSGS Lavery Till 15, 80-10-P-B NYSGS Lavery Till (Inter-bedded Silt-Clay)
- 16. 80-10-0-A NYSGS Lavery Till (Inter-bedded Sand)
- 17. 80-10-0-B NYSGS Lavery Till (Inter-bedded Silt)
(
- 18. 80-10-R-A NYSGS Lavery Till (Inter-bedded Sand) 321
.- s
- 19. 80-lG-S-A NYSGS Lavery Till (IntG i
i bedded Silt)
- 20. 80-10-S-B NYSGS Lavery Till (IntG bedded Silt) 21, 80-10-T-A NYSGS Lavery Till
- 22. B 33.5-34.0 ft USGS Lavery Till (IntG bedded Silt)
- 23. C2 32.5-33 ft USGS Lavery Till
- 24. D 14.5-15.0 ft USGS Lavery Till
- 25. D 30.8-31.3 ft USGS Lavery Till (Inte i
bedded Clay)
- 26. E 34-36 ft USGS Lavery Till
- 27. F 35-35.5 ft USGS Lavery Till
- 28. F 45-45.5 ft USGS Lavery Till
- 29. G,25.2-25.6 ft USGS Lavery Till
- 30. G 30.5-31.4 ft USGS Lavery Till
- 31. G 36.3-36.8 ft USGS Lavery Till (Inte0 bedded Clay)
- 32. I 19-19.5 ft USGS Lavery Till
- 33. I 38.3-38.8 ft USGS Lavery Till l
- 34. I 48.3-48.8 ft USGS Lavery Till
- 35. 12 32.5-33.0 ft USGS Lavery Till
- 36. L 4.~7-5.2 ft USGS Lavery Till l
- 37. L 15.8-16.3 ft USGS Lavery Till (Inter.
bedded Silt)
- 13. M 51.3-52.3 ft USGS Lavery Till
- 39. R 23-23.5 ft USGS Lavery Till
~
- 40. EB-7 USGS Lavery Till (Inter' i>
bedded Sand)
, B, T,1and D refers to Boothroyd and others (1982).
I 322 _. _ - _ - .t - -
10 0' , L AVERY TILL, GROUP 1 g 90 W Symbol Analysis No.
- 9 80' ' 32 -
- 26 Q ,_,. s) g o 29 .P '
o 10 O' O 11
)._ .'
Z ' > 12 j W + 13 1/ O 60' .' 0
' 14 ,
1 21 W O_ ' 50' . f-- , I , (D .-
] 40' W 30' '
}- X ,
20- > g - M - D 10' U " r: , G - . .. - - . . -
-6 <- G ra ve l . :21 <- S a n d ;-> 4 <- S i l t -> 8 <- C l a y -> 12 GRAIN SIZE ( ) ) Figure 26. Graph of grain size distributions for Group 1 of the Lavery Till samples.
f
) ,f 323 ,
a I
100' W g 90' LAVERY TILL, GROUP 2 '<< Z . Symbol Analysis No. 4 o g a a 8 28 i N o 33 g Z c 35 LIJ U 60' 2 W Q_ 50' I O y 40' 3 W 30' F-- 4 g 20' D 1 D 10'
. . _ :: A. . .,-w= - "
-6 *- G' rave l -> -1 + S'a n d -> d 5 S il t -> 8 & C lay -$ 15 GRAIN SIZE ( )
Figure 27. Graph of grain size distributions for Group 2 of the Lavery Till samples. 324
1 100' 90~ LAVERY TILL, GROUP 3 g g Symbol Analysis No. W e 4 BO' s 5 /
' 6 -
O o 39 g 70' l p_ o 38 Z ' 24 LLI + 27 O 60' o 30 o 23 LU 36 1 x 50' l-I O g 40' 3 W 30' l-4 _j 20 D
-^
2. D 10' - U
/ ;
O ' - - - 8 + Cla y + 12
-6 + Gravel-* -1 + Sa nd + 4
- S i l t ->
GRAIN SIZE (@) ) Figure 28. Graph of the grain size distributions for Group 3 of the Lavery Till samples. / : 325
.l' l t i
- 100' T
hj 90' W Z
- 4 om U
h 70' Z W U
% 60' Ltj Q.
F-- 50' 7 LAVERY INTERBEDS,
- g CLASS-1 Ld 40 y of . Analysis 'No.
g a 16 e 18 ! W 30' F-i 4 g 20' ! O k
] 10' U
0
-6 +- G ravel -k ~ N + S'a n d -> '
4 + S i l't -*' 84 Clay 4 15 l 7 GRAIN SIZE (0 )-
. Figure 29.
Graph of the grain size distributions for-Class 1 interbeds in Lavery Till. 326 l
. _ . . . . . ~.
I 10 0' t i E LL) 90-W 1 .g 80' LAVERY INTERBEDS,
'g CLASS 2 Sym ol Analysis No.
H 70 Z e 15 W e 17
;' 'O 0 19 g . 60-LIJ o 20 l O_ I
- l-T O
5.40' 3 W ~ 30-l- 4 . : _i 20-
- D 1
D 10' U j 0 ' N E Siit4 8 5 C I'ay 4.1$.
-6 +- dravel b '1 *- $a n'd ->'
l GRAIN SIZE ($) y Figure 30. ' Graph of the grain size distributiom for Class 2 interbeds in Lavery Till, f-1
-327
lll l F g i U 32 DJ 4> >W 3 OIW QWtQdZ _ OO<&WWg u O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 r 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 e 6 ~ - ~ ' ' ' - 0 ' 3 1 +- S L G r - - y CA a o
- a . m LV CG a AE lr v e - =
b ol SR aa l S Y sp - sh *. : A 3I N 3o f R Gm 1 : 2 3 4 3 21 y n a l T E R i 5 7 0 2 s B nt th ee A +- I S si E D N r bg Na- n o.
,S er dT -
da 3 si S *- T 2 n I 8 i ns Z Lz i E4 A ae + , S. k v ed i l ri ( t . ys Tr ii t
)
lb 8 . lu t i o C. r l a. s y f o *. r 1 2
100-90-E y KENT TILL M 80- Symbol Analysis No. C e 1 4 2 a Q U 70~ m 3 l-Z LLI 60-U m W Q 50- si l-I g 40-W 3 30-W H 20-
<C 1
D 1 10-o 0
$ 4-Clay 4 12
-6 <-Gravel' >
-1 4- S a n d'-> d < ' S i l't ->
GRAIN SIZE ( ) ) Figure 32. Graph of the grain size distributions for Kent Till samples. 329
A82-1 NYSGS,1982 416.35 m 1366.04 f t COL SIZE HOM L B G m C LSGR L RN 10 ft
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l NRC e Oru 335 U.s. NUCLEAD REOULATORY COMMISSION i
111 610 BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET NUREG/CR-3207 2.fLeeve bim'hl
- 4. T1TLE ANO SU8TlTLE LAdd Volume No.. of wormrosul Geologic and Hydrologic Research at the Western New York Nuclear Service Center, West Valley, 3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSICW NO.
New York, Annual Report: August 1981-July 1982 S. DATE REPORT COMPLETED
- 7. AUTwoRLSI J. R. Albanese, S. L. Anderson, L. A. Dunne, and uC~TH lve^a B. A. Weir Januarv l orn DATE REPORT ISSUED
- 9. PERFORhNG ORGANIZATION N AME AND M AILING ADDRESS (include 29 Codel ^"
"oN7" New York State 6eological Survey / State Museum March l1983 New York State Education Department 5""'"*
Albany, New York 12230 l 8. (Leave om'kl
- 12. SPONSOtlNG oRGANIZ ATION NAMd AND MAILING ADDRESS (/nclude 29 Codel 10. PROJE CT/ TASK / WORK UNIT NO.
Division of Health, Siting and Waste Management
- 11. FIN No.
Off'3ce of Nuclear Regulatory Research U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission FIN B6350 Waslington, DC 20555 NRC-04-79-205 PE RIOD COVE RED (inclus,re ases/
- 13. TYPE O REPORT 14 8"' 8'#'"#
- 15. SUPPLEMNTARY NOTES
- 16. ABSTR CT 000 words or less1 This report details the research accomplished during the second part of the 1 w York State Geological Survey's three part program of geologic and hydrologic j
vestigr.ti ea Surficial gravel ly 19 we're)m.ons d atand the theWestern underlying till surface New York of theNuclear North Plateau Service Ce
- -[ai. opach maps are included and show the surficial gravel layer to be lenticular easured using core log data and seismic techniques. Contour and ir,' cross section and approximately forty feet thick at its center. The history of' drilling at the site and all available subsurface information pertaining to si te stratigraphy has been compiled and standardized. Geologic sections based upon the locations of all wells and their geologic logs show that a sandy stratum, previously reported to extend under the entire site at an elevation of 1350 feet, is, not a continous layer. Analyses of surface and subsurface till samples show that lavery Till can be subdivided into thres subfacies using grain size distribu-tions and the Kent Till can be distinguished. Initial measurements for movement determination on two landslides yield an average downslope movement rate of 0.23 meters / year. A site slope domain mao, establishina five domains of yarvina sliding 60tential, has been comoiled from aprial nhntne and finld m pping.
17a DESCRIPTORS
- 17. KEY WDR DS AND DOCUMENT AN/. LYSIS 17b IDEh TIFIERS OPEN ENDED TERMS 19 p 5 (Tnes reporrt 21 NO OF PAGES
- 18. AV AllABILITY STATEMENT ]RIT Urlimited 2o SECURITY ctASS (ra,s oee i 22 price Unclassified S NEC F OR4 335 t11-811 ey,3, N"D RI;c2 n GFFICE 1983 0 - 433-021
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