ML20083P178
| ML20083P178 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Midland |
| Issue date: | 12/30/1982 |
| From: | CONSUMERS ENERGY CO. (FORMERLY CONSUMERS POWER CO.) |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20083P158 | List: |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8302030407 | |
| Download: ML20083P178 (46) | |
Text
MIDLAND VEGETATION MONITORING PROGRAM PREOPERATIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF VEGETATION AND VEGETATION DAMAGE SYNDROMES IN THE VICINITY OF THE MIDLAND ENERGY CENTER Consumers Power Company Environmental Department December 30, 1982 (O
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G 8302030407 830131 PDR ADOCK 05000329 A
^O ABSTRACT Approximately 22 squr e miles in the vicinity of the Midland Energy-Center were classified under the Michigan Land Cover /Use Classification System.
Large scale, false-color infrared photographs and ground-truthing methods were used in making these determinations. These photos and methods were also used in assessing existing vegetation damage in this 22 square mile area.
Type A damage, damage affecting individual trees, was characterized for 312 ten-acre cells containing dwellings and/or horticultural crops. Type B dam-age, damage affecting stands of trees 20.1 acre in extent, was mapped wher-ever it occurred in the study area. Over 40 percent of forested areas con-tained areas meeting Type B mapping criteria. The relative incidences of both damage types are discussed. Damage types and their expression in local species and under local site conditions are discussed briefly.
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O MIDLAND VEGETATION MONITORING PROGRAM.
PREOPERATIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF VEGETATION AND VEGETATION DAMAGE SYNDROMES IN THE VICINITY
-0F THE MIDLAND ENERGY CENTER' l.0 INTRODUCTION The Midland Vegetation ' Monitoring Program (VMP) is an integral part of Consumers Power Company's Midland Environmental Protection Plan-(EPP).
. The purpose of the VMP is to determine what effect, if any, icing attri-butable to the vapor plume from the cooling pond has on local trees and shrubs. This report summarizes the baseline data which were collected -
to allow an operational appraisal of this effect. The objectives of this i-report are twofold:
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To spatially describe and characterize vegetative cover and land use within approximately 3 km (2 miles) of the Midland Energy Center and g
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To spatially describe and characterize existing vegetation damage syndromes affecting trees within the same perimeter.
I Completion of the first objective provides baselin7 (or preoperational) data on both vegetative cover and land use in the vicinity. A compre-hensive study of this type had not been done previously. Completion of i
the second objective provides a body of baseline data. for future com-parison in the assessment of the impact, if any, of the Midland Energy Center operation on surrounding vegetation.
l Both land cover /use mapping ani vegetation damage analysis rely on an l
aerial photographic base verified by observations on the ground. The
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photographs are straight vertical, precision photographs of large scale to allow accuracy in data identification and transfer. The photographs were taken using false-color, near-infrared film. This film is well-suited for vegetation and land use mapping work and is widely used.
l These photographs will be preserved as the ultimate data base for com-parison'with future conditions.
i This report responds to a May 22, 1978 request by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to provide maps of offsite vegetation within at least 3 km.(2 miles) of the site boundary.(
The only description of vegeta-tion available at that time was Michigan State University's report (2) on j
the preconstruction vegetation within the site boundaries. At the time of the request, the photographic. base did not exist to allow detailed v/
land cover /use mapping. The photographic base was developed in June of 1981. In making their request, the NRC also specified that, where pos-sible, the same vegetation mapping units be used as those by Michigan
. State University.
The NRC did, however, allow latitude for the use of comparable systems. We have chosen to use the Michigan Land Cover /
Use Classification System.(3) There are several reasons for this choice:
1.
The Michigan Land Cover /Use Classification System is the official '
State land cover /use classification system. It is widely used by State agencies and natural resource professionals through the State.
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The Michigan system is derived from a national classification system; it is intelligible to land use professionala nation-wide.
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While less detailed than the system used by Michigan State in the ASER, the system both stresses dominant tree species and allows mapping through aerial photographic interpretation, which cannot be done with the former system.
It thus combines essentially equiva-lent information for a project of this nature with ease of data acquisition.
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The system used by Michigan State requires on the ground access to study areas. Consumers Power Company experience in trying to lease study plot sites in the =22 square mile project area indicated that such access could not be obtained in many areas.
Thus, while the Michigan Land Use/ Cover Classification System differs i) somewhat from that used by Michigan State University in the ASER, we
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feel it is superior for this application.
As noted above, the preoperational data base characterizing existing vegetation damage was also created to enable an assessment of the opera-tion of the Midland Energy Center on local vegetation.
In addressing this issue, the VMP is consistent with the criteria set forth in the US Nuclear Regulatory Guide 4.11, " Terrestrial Environmental Studies for Nuclear Power Stations."
Together with the fog and ice monitoring program being conducted by the Consumers Power Company Environmental Department's Meteorology and Air Quality Section, the VMP focuses on an issue where, in the words of this regulatory guide, "an adverse relation-ship between station operation and the terrestrial community is reasonably thought to exist." Since experience at the Dresden Nuclear Plant indicates m
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v that physical damage to vegetation attributable to pond-induced icird vill probably be slight, the VM" further satisfies the monitoring criteria of the US NRC Regulatory Guide h.11 in that it provides a basis for evaluating "long-tem impacts or unanticipated changes" due to station operation.
2.0 METHODS The Study Area The map of the VMP study area is reproduced as Figure 1.
The study area-comprises about 22 square miles and includes the following lands: Sec 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, E 1/2 30, E 1/2 31, 32, 33, 3h, 3.5, 36 T1hNR2E (Midland) and Sec 1, 2, 3, h, 5, E 1/2 6, E 1/2 7, 8, 9, lo, 11, 12'T13NR2E (Inger-soll), Michigan. The study area contains the Midland Energy Center and D
includes a perimeter extending outward approximately 3 km (2 miles).
Portions of the Dow Chemical Company /Dow Corning Corporation industrial complex and small portions of the City of Midland lying north and east of that complex are excluded. Even within the nominal boundaries of the study area, certain lands have been excluded. These are Dow Chemical Company or Dow Corning Corporation lands where proprietary industrial equipment and processes are based.
The areas of primary interest to the VMP are forested areas or areas which are shrub-covered.
In Figure 1, forested areas are shown as shaded areas.
While largely accurate, the forest cover data is somewhat dated since Figure 1 is derived from 1973 United States Geological Survey (USGS) maps.
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Aerial Photography Aerial photography of the study area was conducted by the Abrams Aerial Survey Corporation of Lansing, Michigan. The photographs were taken in late June of 1981 to coincide with the period when all trees would be fully leafed and the new foliage would reflect infrared light at a high level of spectral reflectence.
False-color, near-infrared, color positive film (CIR) was chosen for this application because:
(1) Tree species have characteristic, dif-.
ferential spectral reflectances in the vide, near-infrared band, which aids in pecies identification and cover typing.
(2) the near-infrared band is very sensitive to deviations in spectral reflectance due to in-jury. While CIR film vill not detect physiological stress that is not
\\s visible in the visible spectrum, the contrast of visible stress symptoms 4
in CIR is more dramatic than that produced by films sensitive to the visible spectrum, making it the preferied medium.
(3) CIR film is less j
affected by haze than other films.
Color positive film produces 9 x 9 i
inch, color transparencies for mapping use on a light-table.
The photographs conform to high standards of precision and accuracy.
The photographs are straight vertical, 60 percent overlap sterco pairs with a tolerance of 15 percent accuracy in the center 6 inches of the 9 x 9 inch transparencies.
Two sets of large scale photographs were taken. The smaller scale, 1:6000 (1 inch = 500 feet) was used as the base scale for mapping both
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land cover /use types and vegetation damage. This mid-range scale was LJ useful in identifying spatial patterns in the vegetation that were not
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as apparent at the larger scale. The larger scale, 1:2000 (1 inch =
167 feet) was used for the analysis of single tree damage and to verify the identity of patterns visible at the smaller scale. Choice of these scales was influenced by Shipley et al.,
who found them useful in analyzing the effects of salt stress on vegetation attributable to drift from nuclear plant cooling towers.
Information Transfer The aerial photographs are the ultimate data source for the VMP. Infor-l mation from the individual aerial photographs, verified through on the ground surveys, was transferred to maps for summary and spatial analysis.
Mylar overlays were made using 1:24,000 USGS quadrangle maps enlarged to A
1:6000, the same scale as the smaller-scaled aerial photographs. A grid composed of row-column-numbered 10-acre grid cells was photographically imposed on the mylar as an aid in orientation and data capture. A light-tsble was used for transferring mapping data from the 1:6000 transpar-encies to the mylar. Stereoscopes of 2x, kx, and a hand lens at 2x were used to aid in classification of cover and damage types. Minor adjust-ments were made optically to reconcile differences between the map and the photo resulting from distortion in either or both. The larger scale photographs with a proportional 10-acre mylar grid vere used as a refer-ence for the detail necessary in assigning cover type or vegetation i
damage designations.
Separate maps were created for:
(1) land cover /use typing, (2) Type "A"
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vegetation damage, and (3) " Type B" vegetation damage. These mapping categories will be discussed in more detail below. Original maps in all L
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V three categories will be retained for documentation. Copies of land cover /use maps and map's of " Type B" damage accompany this report.
Land Cover /Use Mapping The Michigan Land Cover /Use System (3) is based on a system developed by I
Anderson et al for use by the United States Geological Survey. The Michigan system, which is highly consistent with this national system, is a hierarchical system with four levels of complexity corresponding to the levels of resolution determined by the needs of individual studies and the resolution possible with various remote sensing tech-nologies. The hierarchy is an inverse geometric progression, with minimum mapping areas ranging from 235-3700 acres for level 1-(such units vould be suitable for mapping on a national scale) to 2-10 acres V
for local mapping units. The VMP uses level III, the level appropriate i
for State and regional planning 60 acre minimum mapping area. A listing of level III categories is found in the key preceding the VMP land cover /use maps, Figures 2-5 i
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Vegetation Damage Characterization
..The goal of this phase of the VMP study was simply to identify existing vegetation damage and more videspread damage syndromes in the study l
area. Identification of causal factors - responsible i w
.. damage was l
l not a goal of this study. The-VMP will not investigate causal factors I
of ' vegetation damage unless there appears to be a reasonable link be-tween that damage and the operation of the Midland Energy Center.
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A system for the identification of vegetation damage was modified from P A Murtha's "A guide to air photo interpretation of forest damage in Canada."
The modified system is far less detailed than Murtha's, but includes three of Ms four major damage types: (1) Damage Type I:
trees are completely, or almost completely defoliated; (2) Dam' age Type II: trees show some defoliation through the presence of bare branches, or malformation; and (3) Damage Type III: physiological damage - trees that show foliage as a color which is not consistent with normal foliage color of the species involved. Since the VMP focuses on structural dam-age due to icing, Damage Type II was subdivided into two parts: one damage type for tree tops, Where icing effects are often most evident, another for damage elsewhere in the tree. Murtha's Damage Type IV, 7-Q trees which show no visible sign of damage while still deviating from normal CIR color, was rejected because recent research has shown the category to be invalid.
Following Murtha, the four damage +.ypes were.further divided into Type A damage, for individual trees, and Type B damage, where groups of trees 10.1 acre in extent are affected. To Murtha's Type B damage, we added an index of severity:
(1) Class 1 = 10-20% affected; Class 2 =
20-40% affected; Class 3 = >h0% affected.
In applying this classification system in a study area of about 22 square miles, two levels of effort were used. For Type A, single tree damage, the mapping of every ailing tree in the study area vould be of dubious
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value. Therefore, we limited Type A damage assessment to those grid Q
cells containing dwellings or horticultural crops. A tally of trees in each of the four Type A damage types was made for each cell. Trees
9 included within the bounds of Type B areas were excluded from the tally.
In this manner, the valuable trees important in an urban forestry program were thoroughly assessed, as were orchards and ornamental nursery plant-ings. Type B damage assessment was mapped on a separate mylar overlay wherever it occurred. Again, photographs at 1:6000 served as the map-ping base; photos at 1:2000 were used for detailed analysis in both Type A and B mapping.
A field survey of grid cells meeting Type A criteria was made in 1982.
The survey had the dual purpose of ground-truthing aerial photos and recording vegetation damage which had occurred since the photos. The figures from this field survey have not been added to this study; the
('"N results presented reflect photographic tallys only. Results of the ks field survey will be maintained and updated as the need occurs.
3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Land Cover /Use Classification Land cover /use maps for the study area are included as Figures 2-5 A
map key precedes the figures for ease in interpretation.
Preoperational Vegetation Damage Assessment: Type A Damage A total of 312 grid cells, (about 22 percent of the lh0810-acre grid cells in the study area) either contained one or more duellings or horticultural crops, dictating that they be examined for Type A vege-tation damage. Pype A damage sm:maries for these 312 cells are dis-played in histogram form in Figures 6-9 No descriptive statistics
(N have been run comparing the means and distributions of the data; such
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statistics would not be very meaningful. However, a few qualitative comments can be made about these histograms.
Trees _ categorized in Damage Type 1A (Figure 6) are dead or almost dead.
Since such trees are usually removed promptly from suburban yards and from horticultural plantings, it is not surprising that almost half of the grid cells investigated show no Type 1A damage. Nevertheless, it is not uncommon to see trees in this damage type that have not been removed. Usually, these trees are small and/or located some distance 4
from the dwelling. Birches (Betula spp.), Lombardy poplar (Populus n'igra), cottonwood ( E deltoides) and small American elm (Ulmus americana) are species commonly seen in these situations.
Commonly, Type 1A damage in a suburban setting involves from c a to I
several trees. Where single species plantings around houses have been extensive and a disease outbreak occurs (eg, Lombardy poplar fencerows),
numerous trees may be involved. However, most of the Type 1A damage seen in Figure 6 which exceeds five trees per cell results from counts made where houses have been built in wooded areas. In these cases, counts in the 10-acre cell around the house often include numerous dead trees which are not in the managed yard. The number of these high count cells would be even greater were it not for the fact that, in areas with extensive Type 1 damage, the damage is mapped as Type 1B.
Damage Type 2A (Figure 7) includes trees that have tops that are dead, partly dead, or malformed. This type of damage is common in urban areas, particularly where homes have been recently built in wooded areas or where old maples occur on farmsteads and in plantings along f
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v rural roads. Conversely, this type of damage is rare in recently built subdivisions which were developed on open ground where trees are not generally large enough to exhibit this damage type. The average devel-oped suburban lot or farmstead might have 0-5 Type 2A trees per developed lot. Numbers greater than that usually reflect a total count of the forest surrounding recently built homes. Red maple (Acer rubmm), silver maple (A saccharinum) and sugar maph ( A_._ saccharum) are comonly in-2 volved species. The upper b anches of the older,open-grown trees appear to be particularly susceptible to ice storm damage; older maples also suffer from what is comonly called " maple decline" syndrome. In sub-divisions recently developed in wooded areas, dead-topped trees are comon where construction activity has seriously impacted tree physi-ology through root damage, overfill, soil compaction, alteration of drainage patterns, sun scald, or direct trauma.
In Damage Type 3A (Figure 8), the top remains intact, but damage is evident elsewhere in the tree.
It is difficult to detect this damage type from the air since foliage above the affected area screens it from i
the aerial camera. On the basis of our field surveys, this damage type i
appears to be more comon than the photog *raphs indicate. This damage type is common in cottonvoods, American elm, veeping villow (Salix babylonica), box elder ( Acer negundo) and other species in the local area.
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In Damage Type 4A (Figure 9), tree foliage color is abnormal. This damage type is indicative of physiological stress which can result y
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species which exhibited Type hA damage at the time of the study were:
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quaking aspen (L tremuloides), American elm. Lombardy' poplar and the
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several native and imported birch species.
t Preoperational Vegetation Damage Assessment: Type B Damage The Type B damage category includes those damage syndromes that affect I
trees to the extent that spatial groupings of damaged trees can be identified. Often such damage occurs to only one species in the forest stand. For example, only quaking aspen or American elm may be affected, with other trees showing normal foliage. Such damage syndromes often reflect diseases which affect individual species. While the causes of i
these syndromes may appear to be species specific and rather clearcut, l
the etiology of these diseases is often complicated by both genetic and environmental factors.
In other cases, r.=y, most or all species in the stand may be affected to the same or varying degrees. These spatial groupings may reflect the impact of pervasive environmental factors such i
as drainage problems, fire, ice storms, excessive fill, airborne pollu-tion, and so on.
Insect outbreaks may also be pervasive and affect many tree species. All three types of spatial damage syndromes are apparent i
in the area.
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' Table I summarizes the extent of spatial damage syndromes in the study area. Some degree of damage with a spatial parameter is found in over i
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40 percent of the extant forest cover. Maps of Type B damage are in-cluded as Figures 10-13 l
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(G The most obvious syndromes, to scientist and layman alike, are the syn-dromes where trees are dead or almost completely defoliated. These account for more than 93 percent of the total damaged area and include nearly 1300 acres. The most videspread damage involves large numbers of dead or dying quaking aspen wherever they occur throughout the study area. Severe (1B3) damage to this species is not uncommon. Paper birch
( E papyrifera) is similarly affected, but is far less videspread. Both species appear to be affected by severe insect and disease problems.
Both these species and several other species are-also commonly affected by syndromes which appear to be drainage-related. Roads, pipelines, agricultural systems, etc, often interrupt local drainage patterns, re-sulting in permanent or seasonal flooding in portions of the study area.
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Many of the more severe instances of Type 1B damage appear to be caused v
by drainage problems.
In aggregate, Damage Types 2B and 3B comprise slightly less than 3 per-cent of Type B damage. These figures seem low when compared with their observed incidences in Type A damage, where they constituted proportion-ally more of the damage. Type 2B especially seems underrepresented.
This apparent underrepresentation may be due to two factors:
(1) the growth form of trees in forest stands tends to cover much of this dam-age with new foliage, making the damage difficult to detect from aerial photographs, and (2) the vertical growth form of forest-grown trees may be less susceptible to physical damage than the more horizontal growth' form of open-grown trees of the same species. These hypotheses are not Q-testable with the present data, but they both appear to be valid con-b tributing factors, as indicated by field observations.
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lh Damage Type kB was not recorded in stands where the above syndromes were more prevalent. It is thus somewhat underrepresented.
In a few areas, Types 4B and 1B seemed roughly equal, and both were recorded for the However, in sum, the majority of Type 4B damage, which con-same area.
stitutes about 4 percent of all damage types, represents new foci of damage in the forest stands.
h.0 SIBNARY AND CONCLUSIONS Land use in the vicinity of the Midland Energy Center is complex.
In-cluded in the study area are heavily industrialized areas, older resi-dential communities, new subdivisions and strip residential development',
sparsely settled farmland, and extensive areas of forested land. -Land Q
use in the. study area is also dynamic. A comparison of present land use h
patterns with those shown on 1973 US Geologic Survey maps shows an in-crease in strip residential development and subdivisions and a prolifer-ation of single family dwellings within forested areas. The increased number of dwellings within forested areas have both further segmented the extant forest and increased the probability of impact to vegetation, an impact that may not become obvious to a homeowner until several years after the houses and access roads are completed. Land use changes have resulted in an overall increase in the probability of landowner contact with vegetation damage syndromes.
Vegetation damage near houses and horticultural operations (Type A dam-
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age) in the study area appears not to differ from what would be expected in this area of Michigan. Planted birch trees suffer from birch borer
\\,g and leaf-miner damage; small elm trees in fencelines and yards succumb to Dutch Elm Disease. Lombardy poplar fencelines often show disease
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Evergreen shrubs show evidence of winter exposure or insect infestation. Trees around new houses often show evidence of top or limb damage due to physical injury or to problems resulting from overfill.
Near older houses, maples planted decades ago show signs of maple decline syndrome. Such damage is typical of what one would expect to find given the history of the land use-vegetation interface in this region.
At first glance, the incidence of Type B damage in the area's extant for-est seems high. Overall,10 percent or more of the trees are affected in 41 percent, or 1392 acres, of the forest. Howc rer, the majority of this damage is attributable to mortality and morbidity in aspen and birch, two relatively short-lived species inhabiting, for the most part, sites which
(N are relatively poorly suited for their growth. These damage rates do not V) seem unreasonable under these circumstances. Additionally, much of the extant forest is found on poorly drained, somewhat sterile soils that offer poor sites for most tree species. Again, the damage in the study area associated with these elaphic conditions is not unexpected.
In general, the healthiest forests are found where good quality sites are well-stocked with tree species suited to those sites. In the study area, the best sites for tree growth are also the best sites for agriculture j
and have been converted to that use.
I This study has fulfilled its objectives:
(1) spatially describing and characterizing vegetative cover and land use in the study area, and (2) spatially describing and characterizing existing vegetation damage syn-(
l dromes in that area. These data vill be sufficient for measuring what O
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effect, if any, operation of the Midland Energy Center has on local l
vegetation.
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LITERATURE CITED 1.
Consumers Power Company, 1981. Midland Plant - Units 1 and 2, Environ-mental Report. Operating License Stage,.NRC Questions and Responses, TEC1, TEC2 (June, 1981).
2.
Consumers Power Company (Compiler) Midland Plant Units 1 and 2, Applicant's Supplement to the Environmental Report (as amended) Section 3.1 (October, 1976) Consumers Power Company.
3 Michigan Land Use Classification and Referencing Committee, 1976. Michigan Land Cover /Use Classification System. January 1976 revision of a July 1975 t
document.
h.
United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1977 Regulatory Guide h.11.
Terrestrial environmental studies for nuclear power stations. (Revision 1, August 1977). -
5 Everett, R.
G., and G. A. Zerbe 1977
" Winter field program at the Dresden Cooling Fonds." Argonne National Laboratory, Annual Report, Radiological and Environmental Research Division,1976, ANL-76-88, Part IV, pp 108-113 6.
Murtha, P. A. 1972. A guide to air photo interpretation of forest damage p
in Canada. Canadian Forestry Service, Pub. No. 1292. Ottava (Canada)
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1972.
7 Shipley, B. L., S. B. Pahva, M. D. Thompson, and R. B. Lantz,1980. Remote I
sensing for detection and monitoring of salt stress on vegetation: evalua-tion and guidelines. Final Report; September 1976-March 1979 Intera Environmental Consultants, Inc., for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission NUREG/CR-1231.
8.
Anderson, J.
R., E. E. Hardy, and J. T. Roach, 1972. A land-use classifi-cation system for use with remote sensor data. Geological Survey Circular G71.
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TABLE I
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INCIDENCE OF TYPE B VEGETATION DAMAGE IN THE STUDY AREA j-i j
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Damage Type
- Acres Affected
% of Forested Area **
l 1B1 775 23.0 f
1B2 354 10.5 l
1B3 171 5.1 2B1 18 0.5 j-2B2 8
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3B2 7
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3B3 0
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32 09 kB2 18 05
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Total 1392-41.2 4
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- See key to tree damage designations preceding Figure 6.
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- Total calculated forest acreage = 3375 acres.
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Key to Figures 2-5 Michigan Land Cover /Use Classification System Level III 1
URBAN & BUILT UP 11 Residential 111 Multi-family, medium-to high-rise 112 Multi-family, low-rise 113 Single-family / duplex 114 Strip residential 115 Mobile home parks 116 Group and transient quarters 119 Other residential 12 Comercial, Services, & Institutional 121 Primary / central kusiness district 122 Shopping Center 123 Strip development 124 Secondary / neighborhood business district 125 Other comercial and services 126 Other institutional 127 Indoor cultural, public assembly, and recreation 13 Industrial 131 Primary metal production (milling, smelting, forging) 132 Petrochemicals (storage, refining, etc) 133 Primary wood processing (lumber, pulp, paper) 134 Stone, clay, glass (cement, brick, etc) 135 Metal fabrication (secondary manufacturing) 136 Non-metal fabrication 139 Other (miscellaneous) 14 Transportation, Comunication & Utilities 141 Air transportation 142 Rail transportation 143 Water transportation 1hh Road transportation 1h5 Communications (areas of towers, etc) 1h6 Utilities (15) Map Industrial Parks under appropriate category in Comercial Services &
Institutional (12) or Industrial (13) 16 Mixed bv i
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AGRICULTURAL LAND r
21 Cropland, Rotation & Permanent Pasture
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211 Cultivated cropland 212 Hay, rotation and permanent pasture 22 Orchards, Bush-Fruits, Vineyards & Ornamental Horticulture Areas 221 Tree fruits 222. Bush-fruits and vineyards 223 ornamental horticulture p
23 Confined Feeding Operations 231 Livestock 232 Poultry 239 other (28) Inactive Land (These plant communities vill be mapped under herbaceous rangelands (31).)
l 29 Other Agricultural Land 291 Farmsteads 292 Greenhouses and mushroom houses 293 Race tracks 299 Other 3
RANGELAND 31 Herbaceous Rangeland 311 Upland herbaceous rangeland 312 Lowland herbaceous rangeland 32 Shrub Rangeland
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321 Upland shrub rangeland (322) Lowland shrub rangelands (for level III use vetlands 612)
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FOREST LAND 41 Broadleaved Forest (generally deciduous) 411 Upland hardwoods 412 Aspen, white birch, and associated species 413 Lowland hardwoods 42 Coniferous Forest 421 Upland conifers 422 Lowland conifers h3 Mixed conifer-Broadleaved Forest 431 Upland hardwoods and pine associations 432 Aspen, birch with conifer associations g
433 Lowland hardwoods with cedar, spruce, tamaract, etc, associations 434 Upland conifers with maple, elm, ash, aspen and birch, etc, associations 435 Lowland conifers with maple, elm, ash, aspen, birch, etc, associations 5
WATER 51 Streams & Waterways O4 511 Small streams and rivers 512 Medium streams and rivers 513 Large streams and rivers 52 Lakes 521 Ponds 522 Small Lake 523 Small Lake 524 Medium Lake 525 Medium Lake SE6 Large Lake 527 Large Lake 528 Very large Lake t
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532 Rmall Reservoirs 533 Small Reservoirs 534 Medium Reservoirs 535 Medium Reservoirs 536 Large Reservoirs 537 Large Reservoirs 538 Very large Reservoirs 539 Very large Reservoirs 54 Great Lakes
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622 Mudflats 623 Shallow marshes 624 Deep marshes (625) Open water (refer to Water 5) 7 BARREN T1 Salt Flats (not applicable to Michigan) 72 Beaches & Riverbancs 721 Sand beach 722 Gravel beach 723 Riverbanks 729 Other 73 Sand Other than Beaches 731 Sand dunes 739 Other Th Bare Exposed Rock Th1 Rock knobs Th2 Escarpments Th3 Shoreline rock outcrop 7h4 Riverbank Th9 Other 75 Transitional Areas 79 Other-GAD /12-13-82 O
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s MIDLAND VEGETATION MONITORING PROGRAM MICHIGAN LAND COVER /USE CLASSIFICATION SOUTHEAST QUADRANT OSO:[40,100]MIDMAPSEO,001 Figura 5
i MIDLAND VEGETATION MONITORING PROGRAM KEY TO TREE DAMAGE DESIGNATIONS Condition Designation 1.
Tree (s) defoliated or almost completely so; 3
single trees, scattered trees, or groups of trees (0.1 acres in extent 2.
Trees defoliated, or almost completely 1B defoliated; groups of trees E 0.1' acres in extent 3.
Tree top (s) show(s) some defoliation or 2A malformation; single trees, scattered trees or groups of trees <0.1 acres in extent e
k.
Tree top (s) show(s) some defoliation or 2B.
malformation; groups of trees 2 0.1 in extent 5
Tree defoliation evident in parts of the tree (s) 3A-other than the top; single trees, scattered trees, or groups of trees <0.1 acres in extent p
6.
Tree defoliation evidsnt in parts of the trees 3B
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other than the top; groups 3 0.1 acres in extent 7
Tree foliage color is abnormal on near-infrared
kA photographs or as determined by grourd inves-tigation; single trees, scattered trees, or groups of trees <0.1 acre in extent 8.
Tree foliage color is abnormal on near-infrared hB photographs or as determined by ground investi-gation; groups of trees > 0.1 acres in extent Type B Damage Severity Index Class 1 = 10-20% affected Class 2 = 20 h0% affected Class 3 > 40% affected Example: A group of trees > 0.1 acres in extent, 25% of which showed top damage or malformation, would be rated 2B2.
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MIDLAND VEGETATION MONITORING PROGRAM DAMAGE TYPE 1 A FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE n=312 160 - 48 J
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MIDLAND VEGETATION MONITORING PROGRAM DAMAGE TYPE 2A FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE n=312 l
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195 LEf 190 MIDLAND VEGETATION MONITORING PROGRAM 180 DAMAGE TYPE 3A FREQUENCY OF OCCURENCE 170 n = 312 160 150 140 130 d
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MIDLAND VEGETATK)N MONITORING PROGRAM 3,ff1 DAMAG2 TYPE 4A 1
FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE 170 e
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. TREES AFFEbTED BY DAMAGE TYPE 4A/ CELL Figure 9
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LOCATION OF EXISTING ' TYPE B' DAMAGE SYNDROMES NORTHEAST DUADRANT Figure 11 OSO:[40,100]MIDMAPNEO.001 r
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