ML20081F900
| ML20081F900 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Midland |
| Issue date: | 10/28/1983 |
| From: | Bradley J CONSUMERS ENERGY CO. (FORMERLY CONSUMERS POWER CO.) |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20081F873 | List: |
| References | |
| ISSUANCES-OL, ISSUANCES-OM, NUDOCS 8311040031 | |
| Download: ML20081F900 (30) | |
Text
{{#Wiki_filter:y . October 28, 1983 p 14
~ STATE OF' ILLINOIS ).
.) SS.
COUNTY OF. COOK ~) UNITED' STATES OF AMERICA
- BEFORE THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING BOARD In the Matter of )
). Docket Nos. 50-329 OM CONSUMERS' POWER. COMPANY ) 50-330 OM
. ) 50-329 OL
.(Midland Plant, Units-1 ) 50-330 OL and 2)' )
AFFIDAVIT OF JOHN P. BRADLEY My name is John P. Bradley. I have previously 4 been a witness.in this proceeding and my professional quali-fications are in the record.. I swear that the statements made in the attached. Affidavit are true and correct to the best-of my. knowledge and belief. John P. Bra p y Signed and sworn t
- before. me this /9 day of & 62vr- , 1983.
' N 'f
' NOTARY PUBLIC d
3 8 1040031 s
~
me h ADOCK 05 - PDR ,
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, ,, c - ,- c g. ,, . , , , , ~ , - --
a- .,,,,,w.n., , . , , . ~ ~ . - , . , , , a--.- - ,.- - ,
October 28, 1983 AFFIDAVIT OF JOHN P. BRADLEY
' ON STEAM FOG DEPLETION BY TREES i.
I. PURPOSE OF AFFIDAVIT l During the hearings held on March 9 and 10, 1983, L the' Atomic Safety and Licensing Board inquried of witnesses
'for both the Applicant and the NRC Staff whether it would be useful'and cost effective for Applicant to plant a stand of trees in the near future along Gordonville Road to mitigate the effects of fog from the Midland plant cooling pond on the road. Tr. 12620, 12792. This affidavit considers the type, location and depth of trees that should be planted along Gordonville Road to be effective in fog depletion or as a fog barrier.
II. THE AVAILABLE LITERATURE Very little has been written on the subject of fog depletion by trees. Of the several books available on 1/ fog,-'only one volume (Studies on Fogs In Relation to Fog-Preventing Forest, edited by Takeo Hori and published by
-1/ In addition to the book discussed in the text, the following books may provide useful information:
Theory of Fog Condensation, by A.G. Amelin, pub-lished by the Israel Program for Scientific Trans-lations, 1967; Fog, by Alexander McAdie, published by MacMillan Company, 1934; Studies on Ice Fog, Final Report, by Takeshi
-Ohtake, published by the National Center for Air Pollution Control, 1970; Physics of Precipitation, edited by Helmut Weickmann, published by American Georgraphical Union, 1960.
1 w
. . .. - _ ~ _ _ _ _
. , . =..
~
2-
*' .TanneLTrading' Co.,:Ltd.,.in11953) proves-to apply to'the
- area of1 interest, Mand only'two articles contained within.
. m-
~
~
that. volume ("A TheoreticalLStudy on-the Changes of Liquid - WaterJContents of Intruding Stationary Sea Fogs Due to the
~
-Capturing Action of.a Forest in'the Coastal' Region", by >
.Takaharu Fukutomi;^and'"On the Capture of Fog Particles by.
a' Forest", by Hirobumi Oura):.'actually provide information helpful ~ in estimating- the usefulness. of planting strees between the Midland Plant cooling' pond and nearby Gordonville Road-as a way of reducing /the-effect of the fog produced by
- the cooling pond on the road.-2/
III. APPLICATION OF THE SITERATURE TO:THE-MIDLAND SITE. In order.to applyf the-Fukutomi data to the Midland l plant, we.must'make-the assumption.that the fogs caused by-the cooling pond would?have' characteristics similar to the sea
- fogs' analyzed in;the Fukutomi article.- However, it is not
~
l clear _that this assumption can be made. i One~ characteristic -- the ambient air-to-water tem-
, - perature range -- is of particular significance in comparing g
- the' source of fogs. . Another characteristic -- the degree to I -
' which the ambient air temperature drops below the freezing
; point of water -- is of particular significance in comparing the effectiveness of trees in removing fog.
~2/
' Copies of these articles are appended hereto as Attachments 1 and 2, respectively.
( yg g- s wy .= - - - - - -+ -- ,-w.,,w,, p.,w-,.%,-.y. pee n w q -e ,- .n .,a#,.e +g.,m%.g. . . .-gg.p-,p.we,p.4- % , w e.-n ,,% p g,,e,g. -w w-w . g y- y,m%.m..,,c
_3_ (With' respect to the first characteristic, the air-sto-waterEtemperature range,'the Fukutomi article.does not
. : set forth the -sea' water or ambient : air temperatures that '
occurred during the course of-the field studies.- However,
~
, ..there:are-certain-climatological expectations-for Hokkaido, Japan,;the areaLin which:the studies were conducted.
.The
.mean sea water, temperature in this location varies from 70'F..to 40*F.-from-summer to1 winter. The mean air temper-fature_ varies from-70*F to 20*F from summer to winter.~3/
These(figures differ from the anticipated Midland cooling
. pondisurface' temperature range of from 98.3*F to 70.9"F from
- summer to winter -4/ and from the anticipated Midland site
'ambientyair temperature? range of from 66.2'F to 23.0'F from
~E[
summer to winter. ' It' appears, therefore, that the air / water
~ temperature' contrasts experienced during the Hokkaido field studies were not as great as those expected at the Midland site. With a sufficiently low ambient air temperature, the b
jh/ See:Bernhard Haurwitz and James-M. Austin, Climatology, plates - 1 : and 2, - (McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. 194 4 ) See the Final Environmental Statement related to the
~
4 /- operation of Midland' Plant, Units 1 and 2, Nureg-0537,
' ~
~
Table 4.2,fp. 4-25; The figures'in.the. text are sea-sonal averages ~ derived.from the Table 4.2 monthly ~ average cooling pond' surface temperatures assuming that Unit 1 is
. back end limited and Unit'2.is operating with its'" valves wide'open" -- an operating mode yielding the greatest heat rejection to the pond.
3jb/ See Midland Plant, Units 1 and 2, Final Environmental
' Report,~ Table 2.3-7.. The figures in the text are sea- i sonal averages derived from the monthly averages given !
- in1 Table ' 2 .' 3-7.-
1 1 i
_4_
-larger air-to-water temperature contrast at Midland could
~
produce fog in greater frequency and of greater duration than at Hokkaido.- And, it is also possible that a " thicker" (more liquid water droplets per unit volume) fog might be produced at Midland because of tl.e larger air-to-water temperature contrast. A significant characteristic in comparing the effectiveness of trees in removing fog is the ambient air temperature in which the' fog is formed. Generally, at air temperatures above the freezing point of water, fog water droplets can be captured by stands of needle-leaved trees (see the discussion of the.oura findings, below). However, as the air temperature drops'below freezing, the fog water droplets,.while' remaining liquid, become supercooled, and
~
tend to plate out as rime ice when contacting vertical objects having sharp edges (see - Tr. 12567-12569 for a definition of rime ice and a description of its formation). All other things remaining equal, rime ice formation becomes more likely the further the air temperature drops below freezing. The formation of rime ice could close up air spaces between the needles of the fog sweeping evergreens, thus-reducing the effectiveness of the trees in removing additional fog droplets. Winter air temperatures at the Midland site drop below 0*F on occasion, whereas this extreme might not have occurred during the Hokkaido field studies. Therefore, it is possible that the Hokkaido data reflects a greater ability of needle-leaved trees to remove fog particles than would be likely at the Midland site.
.- - .- ---- - - ., y ,-g- , ,, -- - - - , -
~ , ~ . . - - - .
F P- 4 U : Tolapply the Fukutomi data to the Midland site,
.we must~ assume that the theoretical capturing coefficient
' fl.
. graph'given in_the Fukutomi article is applicable to the forests described in Oura's paper, and that the postulated
- Midland? tree plantings would sweep the fog in_a_ manner similar to the Oura forests. If these additional assumptions are entertained, we can interpolate values for the Midland site from-the Fukutomi capturing coefficient. graph, which plots-
'the liquid water content of fog versus'the downwind difference
~
into the stand of trees. The' liquid water content is expressed' as the ratio of the' downwind liquid water content to:the upwind liquid _ water content. 'All other factors. remaining equal, the_ liquid: water content may be (roughly) correlated l with. visibility, since theElatter-is proportional to the
- number of water droplets per_ unit volume-of fog.
Oura's article describes the most efficient. type
- of tree? stand for reducing _ liquid water' content as a com--
' paratively sparse (0;18_ tree /m 2 ): forest of needle-leaved
[ , trees, where the trees are approximately 12 meters tall with
=
no lower branches. - The affidavit of Clemens R. Nefe, filed concurrently with this affidavit, describes a postulated i planting of. White Spruce, Norway Spruce, Austrian Pine and
- Red Pine that compares favorably with this " sparse" forest so-long as the. planting reaches and is maintained at the 4
height and density-described by Oura. Unfortunately, this
~
- . 6/- See^p. 101 of the Fukutomi article, appended hereto
- as Attachment 1.
g = y - t-g - -- -w*e,~er+,*r-- , ,- g=-,y ,,,eg.--te+-+-w c' v vyr- ' * - w-+ *
- * .would not likely be the case. Until the planting matures, the low height and small diameter of the trees would render the_ planting almost useless as a fog depletion device;' fog could easily pass between . cur over the immature trees with-little or no liquid _ water content reduction. And, as is indicated in Mr. Nefe's affidavit, the trees would not reach the-approximate 40 foot height with touching crowns discussed by Oura until the end of the Midlan'd plant's operating life.
Moreover, to eventually achieve the comparatively sparse characteristic of the most effective Oura-described forest,_ thinning of the Midland planting would be necessary. Unfortunately, thinning would produce large gaps through , which fog could pass undepleted. Conversely, a failure to thin would likely lead to a reduction of fog depletion efficiency as the stand grew more' dense.-7/ Fukutomi concludes that the less dense the fog and the greater the depth of the forest, the more_ effective the capturing action of the forest. Thus, a lack of available space for tree plantings.at the Midland site would perhaps l 7/ Oura indicates that a forest of properly spaced but comparatively sparse'(0.18 tree /m2 ) needle-leaved trees is more effective in capturing fog particles than a thickly wooded (0.71 tree /m2 ) forest of similar trees. This appears to be because the sparse forest allows the fog droplets to fully circulate, making it more likely that the droplets will be swept out by the needles. A thicker forest provides more of an obstacle to the fog droplets, and presents less over-all surface area for the sweeping action because the fog cannot easily pene-trate the stand.
+ , lbe the most'significant factor in determining the effective-
- ness of such plantings for fog depletion. If.the proper i 4
tree. types.were planted atiMidland, and if the Japanese data islinlfact" applicable to the site, a 50-foot. deep planting ofiapproximately 40 foot tall, trees spaced-0.18 tree /m2 ' spanningfthe entire 1 southern portion of the cooling pond s
'might yield a roughly 10Lto 15 percent reduction in the liquid water content of.the fog before it' reached Gordonville Road.~8/ Unfortunately, the affidavit of David A..Sommers,:
-filed: concurrently with this affidavit, indicates that, because of-a Midl'and County Road. Commission right-of-way and'
_ 1 easement, aDDow pipeline easement, drainace-ditches, a securityifence and the need~to keep the slope of the cooling
' pond dike free from penetrating root systems, tne available space.for tree plantings at Midland'is limited to an average
~
minim ~um depth of 8 feet.; Even assuming that the trees were. sof the proper height.and spacing, a planting of this shallow depth could'not approach the 10 to 15 percent fog depletion ,
~ discussed above. .
In the affidavit of David A. Sommers, a postulated maximum tree-planting. varying from 68 to 109 feet in depth ca is discussed. Based on an interpolation of the Fukutomi capturing coefficient graph, the relativa effectiveness of-this. postulated planting would vary from 15 to 25 percent. 4
'8/- ! This calculation is derived from an interpolation of E the.Fukutomi capturing coefficient graph yielding down-wind to upwind liquid water content ratios of 0.85 F to 0.90, respectively.
a r ,
.n-em - % ce- ,,v-e + , . -,-..-a-e-mw
,. ~ m. o, a wy.,-. w,.ww-r y , gg4q~- , ,e+4wc-.-e,.,,ww-.,er,.-p-w,-ng, -.,.,:84-, m m er v:,-w- ,,,- ,
'Asain, these percentages assume approximately 40 foot tall trees spaced 0.18-tree /m2 .- Shorter trees and/or different spacing.would yield lower percentages.
It has been suggested that a stand of trees could
'be planted to act as a fog " barrier", deflecting rather Jthan capturing fog particles and providing an effect similar 9/
to a fog screening fence.- Such a barrier might deflect steam fog generated by-the cooling pond upward and away from Gordonville-Road. However, to have such an effect, the plant-ing~would have to consist of a thick (both in depth and close-ness together) stand of fully mature trees located as close as possible to the side of the road. In thin location, the trees could pose a greater driving hazard than fog: ice accumulating on branches'could fall on the road surface, and motorists running off the roadway would be in danger of hit-ting ~a-tree. Moreover, because of the Midland County Road Commission right-of-way and easement and the Dow easement discussed in the affidavit of David A. Sommers, such a road-side planting is highly unlikely at Midland. Even if it could be properly positioned, the planting would not fully mature until near or after the end of the Midland plant's operating life, and thus would provide little -- if any -- effectiveness as a fog barrier for-the greater part of the plant's lifetime.
-9/ For a discussion of the effectiveness of such a fence
_at Commonwealth Edison Company's Dresden Nuclear Power Station, see Murray and Trettel, Inc., " Report on Steam Fog Impact Engineering at Dresden Nuclear Power Station", Sections 4.6 and 7.2, May 26, 1978. Copies of this re-port were provided to the parties at the close of the hearing on February 18, 1983. Tr. 12362-12363. l t
-9 -
IV. CONCLUSIONS Certain types of trees have been found to be ef-fective in removing liquid water droplets from air, and the
> ' removal efficiency is directly related to the distance through the trees that'the' water-bearing fog travels.
If we could assume that-the observations of Fukutomi-and Oura are directly . applicable to the Midland site, we could expect a best-case liquid water-content reduction (and hence, visibility improve-ment) of approximately 10.to 15 percent for a 50-foot deep-planting of approximately 40 foot tall trees spaced 0.18 tree / m 2,. A 68 to 109-foot deep planting of trees the same height and spacing could yield approximately a 15 to 25 percent liquid: water content reduction. Unfortunately, because it is' not clear that the Japanese data is analogous to the Midland site, and because only a limited amount of space is
.probably available for the planting of trees that would, in any event, not fully mature until the end of the plant's operating life, fog depletion from a postulated planting at Midland would most likely be negligible for the better part of the plant's life expectancy. Moreover, a thick stand of trees would probably be equally ineffective as a fog barrier.
It is highly unlikely that Consumers Power Company would be able to plant such trees close enough to the edge of Gordon-ville Road to be effective, and, in any event, the trees would simply not be tall enough for a large portion of the plant's operating life.
ed - t
'.r 61 .
a ' 4... . d 1
'i p .
C O E ..f
.C c U ,
T. Fe=Me tG no p a about in times as larga me the former (cf. Owns (2)*). Large A 'Iheoretical Study on the Changen of .< value of n maken a large contribution to temperaturn ris, Liquid Water Contents of Intruding Sfationary Jf in favor of the evaporation of for. but in auch a wa7 gg g g that, while it in rather small near tha cenahnre,it grown rapidly g g in magnitude as tha dintance from the nennhore incresnes (notice a Forest in the Coantal Region the functional form : J r'f,(ti). That in to nay, the tempers. ture risa that rnight he caused by forents will become ap-preciable only when one gnen inland a few kilotnetern from f57 Takaharu FUMUTOMt the neashore. Far tha raan where e statiemory are far of finite thwkne== Intrudne gerpen- 9' d"'M"'""'"*"''"'""*"""'"'""'**W**"""*"'"dth'**** { Referencce ef Iwyskt ester swetente and air temswestore wh6rh are cessw=1 by th raptering mmh m eM cf % M h t ont MM d W. W i p f*H #E f R Iert u* 88 fFtdF. am dW theoretMy er W {3) Yeerde, K (196M Dinennt Omer of Air and Cemind Te,ngwore an M , s Farry Day On Japanese). Studice en Far Preventins Fweat foHowint samumptinne :
= a e h aO atursted with water varvir; ,{
l he Captwee of Fog Partirica ty the Forest II; gepar 08L b Two leyen esist h h air wram shove tha e ; la the Wer brw tha [3) 0=re. If : lsl Kweet==. D : Tha Turhulent Ihfrasian of For Water nene the Gemmd f"""*'""'*"'8*M**""D"*'*"*"**rt'*""'***8"*'**'*3 ; l i
.pd the Fan Pre.cntinn Frrect of an Artiftr=1 ha nnet raec.t: shrertunn ewmg ta the turbulent enntem effected by the wanas. while 6e 6
the upper layer the air is gens turholent and ima a constant eddy diff univity N: The thetelhup6nn of Foe i l4) If wetate..,,e c rm,e. T. med Afetownwen. --"~ d * *i ~ * - : ' enta .- . F.re t ,.,a.e ml. * ' ' " * * * "*"'*"I 3 K . One. T. and Yamep, K : On the Stre Distrit.atlan of Far Ih) Kertwee'Parttelee M D* f"R 1*N'el** *r* *$l d
- 889'e 8'88 and la'e th* "Sma ald?d'08"'It F '
in the Virinity of a Fair Preventlar Foreat ; Isi,r as the a6e and water vapne An en appluration of the thaney, e practirol eternple la given in a special emne, r where tha temperatore eroutet the farvet in speestion le regatent and the portirla ! ' s
._ . _ _ _ _ elva le en small tJet the effect of free falling een lo neglected. De reemite are '
- In this cannartlan. refererwe le te be meta la the gepere by the followins g.
innstested in Firs 1-a. j ; authore : ft K wref a*u lil : T TaAata. T. If arfa44. ased N Af afanwesere (4]. F l i Korf=m. 7' (see. e=1 K. Yemefs pl. II. Introduction e I I In tha investigations on fog preventing forent. tFat were f' rarried out from June to July in 19T,0 and 19 fit at Orhiinhi i Semenant in Un4&nido and in which the members of the Institute of 1,ow Temperature Science and thnna of S<rpfinrw Meteorolarical Obnarvatory participated with joint effortn. we measured the
.I far water contents in tha windward and thn leeward an well as at the top of a forent conniating of conifer treen. From 'l the results obtained,it was inferred that the fog water content ,,
l s i I !!
!I
! i , 1 .i a I
---e -
. - .. .n_
;hh l ,
m f ca.. .f Las.ed w.e.,c ress ef ruer.dsee saes ary S.e ps.
- r. F.4.r s ' c w
,.[ o f Ane and the wind velocity was 2-S m/see, the vertical distri- 4 was reduced in the leeward as compared with that in the butions of temperature were measured by the use of Aemienn'e h- windward. Since, however, the width of the forest ranted hygrometer just in front of, within.end just behind the forest.
}'
t W E only from 100m to 300m and the measurement intheleeward whose average height wee about 8m. Scme of the results. j (!
^
was extended not farther than 3 nom we have had no other recourse but to make theoretical inquiries, in order to estimate which were conRrmed by several repeated observations, are shown in Fig.1. It will be seen from the Agure that the i [ ]l the distribution of fog water contente for any width of the a C forest and for any extent in the leeward direction. For this temperature diminishee considerably from the ground surface up to the height of about lim and takes approximately constant 1
' [ ]
purpose, we conceived of hypothetical models of a forest and of atmospheric layers resting on semi-empirical basle, and ex-values from there up to 12m. then to decrease again with the increasing height. Thus it seems that in the forest rene thnre j f. i amined. through solving the fundamental didersetlal equationa esist three more or less distinct atmospherie layers, of which } the diminution of for water contente due to the capturing the lowest one undergoes little turbulent disturbances owing effect of the forest as well no due to the diffusion to the to the resistance of thick shrube and greenes: the Intermediate 6 ! upper air. layer (including the upper portion of trees and several meters , I Preliminary Con.ideration' above the tree crownel. , , f, t
- 12. where the uniform tempera-The problem concerning the prevention of advection foe, ture prevails, le the seat of i 8' ,
by foreste and its innuence over the inland has ance i,ees violent turbulence induced ; treated theoretically by K. TalaAsuM [1]. which wee based ce by branches or upe and downs + ! a the aneumpt8on that the advection fog has in6 nite thicknete of tree-tope: Anally the up-l and the fog water content e within the area of the forent is [ lgg+ , permont layer keeps its orig. , ' i vanishingly small at the grourwl surface (the height of the Inallees turbulent condition. ,e s >
,{' 4, e f forest being left out of account), while on the ground behind """ # ' '
r 0. g ' the forest no dinnipation of for takes place so that * . I f The investigations on ' " lie dealt mainly with the change of e behind the forent due turbulence were carried not k , g' il to the turbulent dituaion of tha for. IIIe treatment is none at the same time by other the less of interest because it is primitive, since it le a pioneer renearch members. Accord- #
; h' work in this field. ing to their renuite. the ver-
[. I 4 I
' Actually the condition rzo in the forent le not fulHled, tical component of turhu- 8 j except at the rear part of a very wide and thick forent, as lence in the neighborhood of '
will be seen later in Fig. 3. In which the observed for water the forest was predominant- ~ 2, ,,, i i content e le plotted againnt the dintance z from the windward ly of the frequency 0.4-0.5 c.; a 6 a '4 me f edge of the forent with reference to the value of e at the cycle, the wind velocity in yig. a. v.,,i,.l M,nienne et ' ll ; edge (g.). front of the forest being 2. t p,,.i., On July 1.1950. from 15' t017'30"*. when the weather was ' I J o' q .e s <
-~ ,A
' ' N %. ~2 =m & ,
.p V ' . , , ,
....'*54
,,s,_
.s ,
* * .- .. . g,' 1, .
..s
. .. :; : p .s ;.,,...,....
.4...;...
if . [*. s k b . ..
.k 3:3[.ya m.:.9 - L :c .;gQ.g'$'(.(y 3 .,, .
hy f .
. j. . .
I 4
...,-,,e.,,.,,_,_ ,, t
.t
- r. - - a
,and y= 2e, j
- 3. and Em/see at the height of im. 8m. and 14 m. respectively, who "* I8 8 e maximum value of u. i the s and further it was observed (i) that at the height of I m the (T* period). If a for particle of radius r, n;-h le no em !! I intensity of turbulence was remarkably reduced in and behind that the falling effect due to gravity can be ignored, le goa.
the forent as compared with that in front of the forest. (ii) tseg in the small air mass and moving in a vertical direction that at the height of Sm the turbulence behind the forest with such a velocity a that SW law remaine valid, t> ehe was of the same order of magnitude as ic the front, while equation of motion ein be expressed as within the forest it was markedly reduced and (iii) that at 4 the height of 14m (higher than the trees) it wan enhanced Although the g = ((u-s)* (2) considerably in as well as behind the forcet. spots, where these ohnervations were made, were different I" *hlCh C = -[.p6tr e, u n f nrtp_,),p.' viscosity of air.pe from those where the ahnve. mentioned measurement of temper- dennity of water, and * = density of a' I * "* "" ature was performed, thn results obtained from two entirely proximately the relation different sorts of measurement seem to be in harmeny with l g = #i'a.M8 we' 10d ,,e,,, each other at lenet quahtatively, F
'h in the intermediate layer. ance the wimt veincity is 3-5 J m/ nee, the aire of turbulence of 0.4-0.5 cycle becomen G- From (I) and (2) the vertical velocity e and the vertical dio- I Y. Tale.
13 m. and. taking the result .f the investigation by PI 8P8m'nt y can he derived, thus f Aenhi(2) for granted, the eddy difIunivity K comes out in he , cos A cos(pt-.A)* (4) of the order 10'em'/ nee. K. TaknAchi {3), on the other hand. obtained K of the order 10'em'/s for the wind with the (5) l ervation of thn diffunion y = "Pcon A ein(pt- A) + const. velocity of about 10 m/ nee from the of cloud at the height of f4 m shove tne ground. On the hagin We see therefore that, while the amphtude of air mane in of thene figures, we annumed in the following discunnions, juat for simplicity's sake, that the turbulence in the intermediate vertical direction la Y.,'"aa (fr m (1)). the amplitude of the layer in considerably more intenne than thatin the upper layer. j fog particle becomes y,n.m. ces . 80 that the ratio of these and consequently there prevailm uniform vertical distribution 'j amplitudes is of temperature and ing water content. it seems worth while tn give here brief dincuminnn about $. IO) I* = con A m ._. _1_ _
- l the questian how the fog particien are carried by the air turhu- p '
lence. Consider the air current simply am consinting of small ( Air mannen, each of which in ennveyed with wind velocity whde when { it maken in a vertical direction a minunnidal vihrstion of the p , 4,pri 7. (II same amplitude with the name phann. The vertical velocity ( gT T* l component is then given by Now. If we put the frequency of turbulence ro.4 cycle that u - main pt (1) s h l
., . .,.,n ~:. . :. , .n _ . . . ..u.
.. .. .. .s .: . .u ... .. 2 ua ,. . . s ., . . w .;. .
. 7. x < : ..t'
~
e' ' .... i : u .' .. : * .m
,.%.-.*JY: . . ....~: .n,3,..".. y
.yg .' u .-T ,e,-.*. . .',*" 4,.'
.- ,- ?
-. , . .; . n e < . .;. ' ,': .' '. ,
% , .4 94,. . - -
., g,.,
e ";y j t n ( . p*,W . .,3 V. p2 .g . .
,,.4*.,3......
*, )e . y C. p.,j,. 7, ,, .:
. . , . ;g % 4.
i ,. t 5
,i '-
, i,.N
;p . . . - g ca..,e. of rsr se war. co.onte of rar.dene,%.osomeerM no. nr
, T brh=r*='t
# - D width - L. lenath - ) exists, its front and rear space in T :- 2A mee, and r 10" em (or r,,10" em), we obtain being an open aren. Let r-axis be taken in the vertical di-rection upwardn, and s avis perpendicular to the length of ofw)3 (or 0.081), no that( 'F f can be neglected against unity. forest zone and directed hatkwards. Supposing that the phe-while if T becomes much smaller an sec. we get perpendicular to r-axis, and iirect our attention to the space f - ri x 10"em, that in to say. the fog particles of radius intervening between two suetennive p anes. (i may be taken which appear predominantly in actual capen, can still equal to L. so long as the wid;h of the forent is not too large; f a the turbulent motion of air maas. whereas the particles nimilarly, I may he put equal to the width of an open aren q'c ;/sh 7'
of radius ra p cannot any more ersetly move along with the if it is not very large.) We then conceive a horizontal plano cd in each space under consid, ration at the height of s + D.
9 h f to ing t enretical discunnionn on the changen of ( >D) shove the ground, dividing the atmonphere into upper [ r . aid water contents caused by the capturing eff ect of a forent. and lower parts. I.et the lower part of thickness e he called i I' ious factors such as distribu' ion of air temperature, temper- . Layer l'. the lowest layer adjacent to the ground of thicknean
'- 2 are of the ground, evaporation, free fall of for particlon due D, where there erints no turbulence being excluded from con-
'. D. i d the like will be taken into connnieration. so nideration. (Obvionaly the thickneen D, must be thicker within
$ f as t ces and what will be proved only insignificant shall the forest than in the open area.) The upper part above cd.
M/
-e u- be eliminated then and there from the discunmons. plane. which is considered to have thickness 4, will he denoted by "I,ayer il
- 63. A umption Pertainina to the Fore.t and Atmo.pherk
[p? 1.averet Introduction of Fundamental Equation.
.J _ h The manumed model of a forent and atmospheric layers is at (z.rl ha T and let the for water content in unit volume.
munt sted in Fig. 2. ah in the ground where a forent (height 9g l t at (r,r). he denoted by f, w and q renpretively, so that g {g- m + g. and further let both the wind velocity U and the eddy i j cf'M ;;cl -*" ! diffunivity K be regarded as constant. In Layer I. the mean
'- j wind velocity V in monumed constant within each apace of width
{ A{ a p. I naparated by vertical planes and the temperature 4. the for V( . r <-{ , , r m a* water content gl naturated vapor density W, and therefore
' j s()
l,
. dF I. . u , ,, t' {. ,
I I, the total water content Q( W e gh are connidered as inde-pendent rif owing to the violent turt:ulence induced by the { ' yf a r- L y - -, "i 6 branchen and leaves or by the upn and dons of the tree-torn Ibk pg,, t f h at f .rw and ai-i **d 3*W "*umed of the forent. 7%
.n uw ihearv bertical d" P"P*'I*' '* ""' An regards the influence of solar radiation, it P!ays the ; $ f.! in,,4,r nn. or the farvatl , f j. .
y.*. . ,
, cm.
m,m
-j '*p.d.l'.Q';dly .
pe.xAy b
~
-~
f?f, f ...lW-& rQ 6. '
- s. a,._ _ , _
? Lhy. . _ l: ,j ,. .[ c_.b[,7., , -.
.- 3 ; .v s ' . ' .'; ;.
- c. ...Gey,,,. . . . .
v.xs C.:~ <..;b Y
- m :
- f. ' ; ' . .f , . :
Ylh, .l. l, I , . .'
- '. .l ,
m.4 4 mw w 'w$w gem g -
.#.wpl.l f_y .
Plth$f g ..,,,;. . :. . . : -- o ,,, ,f , ,, ,,,,,, g, ,,,,,,, */ I'tendone .%m,, y, , T. m r.a.# ' as ceedinal7 8 mall compared to .*9 The fal role of raleing the temperature of the ground and so the # # 'I I'8 1 temperature of the lower atmospherie layer. The direct effect P""I'l* e la determined by st), g"" .
- upnn air molecules, water vapor and for particles will be left -
out of account. since the radiation will indeed largely he re- '
- 2ri 4-= 1.20 = 10= . r' em/rce' Rected back by the for layer but will scarcely be thereby p being the dent of air.
Even if this inference were wrong, the present Next w absorbed. **** d I'ayer I. The i " theory will safely be applied to the case of night fog. chance of tota Further. In order to elmplify the problem, a value is as- area and height (
" I" "* "lume with "" '
""
- I'* Tee Il may he "Prenned numed as the height A of the layer II such that up to this by the equation height the density p as well as the specine heat under enn-stant pressure c. may be regarded as independent of s and The error accompanying 8-
- K(19.},,,
da ,,g a- y, g,q. - y,PI'ed (10) of the variation of temperaturn T. x this simplined assumption is no more than about 6.5% oven In which KUV.i \ 3, / + *(fl... means the # for A = 500 m. ting ine, g'*F'r I] rom Layer Ig n t dWusion and free (1) Equations for Total Water Content. fall. -y, A. Q the inemane of water contenta conveyed by th z As was stated in 82. the for particles of radius not more ,gg than 20p can be considered to move constantly with the efe- ,,
'8Pp the quantity of water. of ,hlch the fog ,,,,,
mentary portions of air andIt water vapor, untens the falling 3nd In unit time (y, ) , deprev'd by the forent is therefore simply assumed d ng ha cour88 of unit distanc effect is taken into acequnt. "*mdy the capturing that the particles are all of the same size and have the name cient per unit volume of d'f*"da on the eddy diffusivity as the air mann. so that the falling The time effect ratemay , " , K" ration of tha forest.the mean wind city. the intensity additively superponed on the diflunion effect. "re. and no forth. Even i P*n ama, sinc, it of change of the total water content in unit volume g(e w 4 g) g """aIIy covered with ahruha and grannen. p eldered vanish'" I II. though much emeller th " "
- in 1,ayer 11 is then given by foreat. Tha lant t 4 in ne above ,,Instic
*7 - K "Y ~ ff M + ,"' , (8) amount ofio,, nf "
af **' M As aused by the free fal[to h* lowent layer adjacent to amund, where th where K *$ is the increase of g due to the eddy ditiusion in Now th "~ n turbulence. E't. (10) reducca to
#3 4 K a direction. -U #T- #
that due to the transtwirtationby the wind. 8 at
~ Frp . gy g) that brought about by the free fall of fog particles. (2) Equation, far Temper.e.,,
and a The increase of water enntenta rauned by the eddy diffusion , ne total heat content in unit volume of f,, Tee if k M
#$ is ex. dently given hy in 3-direction need not he taken into account.asan anwepp;ggggg ,y lh,; f.
4 y . . , . . g
. n . . , . , , , ., . ,m ,. . c . . , , . . _;, _ g . , ; ;., . _ ; , . . y ., . ,,- , 3 c.- n :. y ;. r. .- ,
. . y 2. , .; . - ; . , ,.y} g ': [ . . ' . : . .- ? . O e. , u : - ?
? -. ', ._, . _ y _ ~, ;. h .Q~. :; ; . _< . _ - , .;;: .
- - * ..nn . ; ; . , .... : g. 1 -.
,_ _ _ y 4.y, * * . ;*;* ...-
*\ 3,. .
6 I 7 y,,a cu ore of1.stwee water contanes ofinermtene sare. mary sm r=no et 0s T ue.T 4 *I . (12) the renult which justines the above-mentioned approximation.
- f
'iflc heat at con. Now.considering the time rate of change of the heat con-where r. la the dennity of dry SIF 'a w,' II
. and I the latent tent in unit volume, we obtain the following differential equa-stant prennure. c. the specifle heat of tion for temperature in layer II (cf. F.q. (R)):
heat of vnPati25tl*"- The atme,pbric temp *ramre on intay days ranres from , ,3T,
, g, ,a, _ _ g, aT ,,, gd . (16) as as as G to 14'C durina th monthe June Aur. in which the ad.
'I"" I "
t n th a F8 , of temperatore the re- Arnt and third terms on the right-hand side of Eq. (16) na w ., a + 6T or IU n i 64 Km .* + re. *$ $ r *~ Kn *{- + w.Tr . with a-3.43 alm aand k r o. col g/m'. dec holds with someient The ratio of the two terms in parenthence comes out to be ensity and the about 1:l/22, when we adopt the values: K--2= 10'. m erg 74.
'PP'**I"* "
*I, tem peraturo h ti t nr this n . 2 we obtain , e 10-*. radius of the for particle--10 f., e el.2G cm/see, T + al (14) c.-l Tr 10"C. r-05 g/m'. It becomes still smaller in actual Of tha three terme in the coeme. t of T. which *III h* a,. ennes where p< 0A g/m'. Thus the Fa.(IG) reduces to mted by m in the follow _ng i ce to 9 '{
47 M , g # Tar
- 4as aT g g se small compared to the first or the third term that g may e be replaced by its mean n e me n fog water content of UA energy contained in the volume ex1x 1 in IAyer I. the dif.
temperat are of afm'.4 heromes approxi 2 g ( r- 8.7 4 05). Thus, anh- ferential equation
'tituting the vaines am - - - Km - + w.(T.g). - Unm }
f,-- 1293 (g/m') w n.212 - 312 cal /deg . at at - m.4 p + k(T. e).
. as 4 c, w 9.2,1.0 - S2 } - in which the first and necond of the right-hand members re-g ,0. col w f47 - 353 +
present the increase of heat content brought about by diffusion there reaujto and by free fall of fast particien, respectively, the third member
" ' I'/* * ' g - c en der. stands for the decreann of heat due to wind now the fourth Since the temperature ranza that comen into eat. n i, gg the heat Ions resulting from the free fall of fost particles to gg g fiC and the {pg water content peldom Surp ro m n e p4nc,4 gy the ahnence of turbulence), and the Ofth corresponds to the f
R m' heat rain from the undermont layer or from the trees (T.: the replacement the maximum of g bypercentage er is erro mean temperature of the ground and trees t 4: coefficient of 3 4.c. _ ( tn + 0h l I nr 04's. heat transfer). Since (T e). "# p. the above equation re-
, c74 200 d e to
I r werer cm,no re of rarrumme sarmen y sea ree. cs .o.e ofIs est es
- 7. p .ee**
and p by making use of (21) and (22), obtaining p g aT c.,-( g), v."as" -+ * ? 7. R). _aT_ ,. ,, aT , ar z333 _ar' 7.,'y*>c. T nT - 3 Summary of M"*#* . that, within the error de + d
\
# " ( 4}
- , v. gg rollows fran ty aW,, re aid at W N
" ( 'Ni : _a, , ,, a*,,
og 4-T.84. the follo* "," he radil less than 10P as ar' , , ,a, ar (25) Jy g, whnne particle
- s a :. g, , , + s t hT . ,d4 {a, dr 7g g
\ ar .
i& c - U -) " : . I r idY" U 2# . r K .*3 For Layer it we give the boundary condition A:Ai?-- af . K _ T _ y # . ) -*I-e0 "
- m%
- t. V !"'t g as- 2s ar .' = 0 at a w A. (27)
' , , g,e ,
Q*I+ It is a well-known fact that the invasion of ses for is always n jf '! ; .
,4Q .K -Y-Q VI I* IO' I#I* l* (20) accompanied by the presence of temperature inversion up to
'* W .g at 8 ***' 3, k T the height of several hundred meters shove the ground. and j (.[ that in mont cases the top of the for lies a little below the t d. ae_K{*T}..._y**+g.8).
~pg e ar top of the inversion layer. Moreover it is reasonshte to con-A !y% o - in the case og ,tationary stat
- th'** ations become sider that in the inversion layer the water vapor is in a sata.
V:' !., rated state when the fog le sufficiently denne. [( d # q*v+8*"'*"#6T* ...',s*- K Ifence.if we take the top of the inversion layer as the upper ag houndary s= A. the condition (27) turns out to he a natural
'as ,,* *38$ +**e *' . go, Layer it. (211 consequence. In practice however, as will be seen later, it aT matters little how to assume the condition at ** A. untens the g37 " *,7
- 1 thickness of for le unduely small and to long as we take no account of the phenomena at considerable values ei z or in g 4 gr - $+a ,64 g uppermost regions of for.
(f " , y
- a ,,aVm _ k _,,
r .
.dQ - t
- for 14Y" I- As the initial conditions at z nD I.e. at the immediate
#8 ,
front of the forest, we assume that the temperature and the I ' + 2T. inn water centent of the invading air mans are d4 dz 4 ao - t(ar a .- t T.,
- f(r) . p., - F(r) .
I 4- Solutione for Mapnm N '" the solution of D . I(23) that sationes the condition Since the requtred, quantities ar*
- t the total(27) wate*as g.iven by co#'go, we replace e and Q by ,
unts but the fog **I* U p i e 5 . ".-t . . . .
. - . . - l 4; % A. .._ . .. : .7 4; : (fpit.,;3- . ; . ,c .:'t . >, y ,
g l t 1 i
- o. .n a w~ c .,,.,, .,.,-., ,,,. ,, N.
; 'I; '<
l . which, by the use of the relations i T - ,$, A. (tan pA . sin p,r + con p,r) e * **** + C.. (29) .! '* so that . r.r.dr , '*.y for <vn. g4 ,l
""d b T. ., i.. .
Ar ** * ' 4 C. . (3a) I, (,T)_g;,,,,,,,,p3......., can .{.1.r.er , (a + A tan *,> + 1*",5) r- < - n . , Therefore we can we 'q. (24) through substitution of (31). R rans wmed into obtaining 2 f ',' lf(0)- T.} + f(p)-T. l y,( ,,w)d *
. ,g A,p. tan pA ,,.... . + T. + C.e-. (32) A* " ,~ -
... J - s'p! . (u) 2 ", + A + A tan'pA & tan pA Fince Eq.(32)should coincide with Eq.(30), it is required that l'*
j lt in to be noticed that the values of A, are negative, since l4 1 C - T. , f'. -0 f(r) -T. o. id, ' j , and 0 p, tan FA + ' p! ~ , (33I The particular solution of (25) which satinRen the condition N 7 7 (27) in Thus we get the distributions of tamperature in Layer It snel i Layer I: e - "'
$ li.l tan (B,4 e e,)ning,r + cos,1,rj e***.e-5 8e'* **-
f). T -- $ A,(tan pA.nin p,r e em p ri e-' + T., (30 4 .h',1),(tan (,1,4 e e,)nin A. e enna,rle-*.**** c-**. v whern (39) )} l n .E.. Ar * * 4 T. , W) . i i e i ; in which p.*n are given by the infinita number of ronta of Eq. 2,** """*"p,,* j (33), and the values of A,can ha chtained as follows: If we put
, , , (40) -
3, ~ J p *. tan s. w j y,(p, r) - tan pA . pin p. 6 cmpor. (.Y.) . > I' we ges frnm (34) and (2H) A, j ,
. uhntituting (4-T.) given by Eq. (35) into Eq. (26), we get, on !U f(r) -T. ~ $ A,y,ip.. r) . the other hand. '
(37) , 1 pa that. multiplying hnth eilen nf thin equation by y (p r) and *N ~ I( 4b, A # ~ * * *'* * (20)* integrating with respect to e from 0 to h, thern resulta g A, y,y/f t - (f(r) 7.l y.(p r)d l't9), thun ylalding j
! i
,l i
i s f'.1 P o} l:. s
.g. n _ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - -
,e
*' . i -
r .-
.L
.Q q # ", ;.:g . .y,., .5
.g, ,. c , ; l gj.g~
W- .--., - - . 7 1 3. wm,,,,@ q
.(
. f og T. F*bere=4 .
thesee of1.sent.t waner t'rere re of tere dtee.4erenmery.% Tore er
# l
+ pp = rf R.lA tan (AA 4 e,)--al e-'8 e '*"** Put t
+...
},;fMA 4 FI). (A. tan (,1,4 + y.)--nl]e-****** (41) y(,3 , o.g a,(p an (.o + ,.) .in n., + ,,-s'r')- r(A, tan (.,,4 & 9.)--
g l .... ( ,, ;3-The particular solution of thin equation la p-, n. b "" , * - - *
, e.* o *w *. y, p,,,) ,, g3, g,g , ,,),;,g, , ,,,g,, g49) then, from the condition (28).
, gMA. + TD. ( A. tan (.,,A + r.) -a) ,..... .
p e p, (42) ,$ R.Y.(A.s) n lF(r)- M(s))e** . (M) which is to be coincident with fultiplying both sides of this equation by Y.Q ) and in-(g), , g R, tetrating with respect to a from 0 to A. we get
*-* e" 8**"** ** + 9, D,e ***** ** . ,
, (4'II so that we have the relatinns yf7.f,. Y.Y.ds =f,.lF(r)--M(r))e* Y.(A. )de .
l Atan(A4 4 a.) E- d'-- T 3 i
#T 4 8 (44) and f.Y.Y.tfr e 'j for fir m ,
N' " (p . n pD(.i, tan)i.5'+ ;.) al * + g Suistitution of (4ri) into (*t'1) and (43) given therefore 77 ,,, 1 gg { g , ,.) , (w4.; ,)p,. . ..) g
. 21 4 (fr. 4 ,1 lg g ,_
, gn. [tanaA ..i.in A,4 c- Arj e- e-8 '" - (= :- tan (A4 4 a.))
+ " N ^u,, 4,.),in tant ,tc..t.,. . ,w ,,.,. t a n t .o . ,. , . . . n '. .. ,. . . .. ,,,
a t,d " "l lem -um; +J frw-uwle
= ,
Y.v..#>~]'
, , g. . .n, ..e... ..,. , u g
- Ar * '- l '~ 2(sy.yG,;);.(a.
m;+ n
.iv. :w
...tp e p") -3 (J, tan (A,4 4 c.) a) .
(r:1) (47) 1 which represent the digtributions nf for water contents in Layer Now let us investigate to what extent the capturing effect of the forest and the falling effect of for particles contribute , ll and I.nyer I. respectively, liera A's are obtained an the rmt. to the total diminution of fog water contents. f of I'.q. (44) and D/a can ha calculated, just in the nama wn.r na in the cape of A.'s, by the following procedure: Since the amount of for water a captured by the forest [f, of width 1, in unit time is I i' I I i l-l
_ . . _ _ - - _ - - . - .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ' ~ ~ ~
^ ^ '
en T Fontent l. t%eenee ofIArned Water Caerente ofintredbee anonemern se .%e Teen g
, ,, y,p ' pas = _V8P Ne *
. * ,5 + , l} _e-<s. *eva } $$. Application of the Formulee to e Special Csee If the size of for particles be sasumed sufficiently small. '
4 y...p3(p-- g . __ "p3 A. -r{3 (I -',I*').__ .- ] (r.2) tan (AA 4 9.)-al) the falling erect becomes negligibly small, so that e and there- t ' i while the total amount of fog water N Intruding aerem the fore , may be put eeuni to aero in the formulas obtained in . plane ss0 is the preceding section. Suppose further that the temperature is constant throughout the foggy atmosphere, a supposition 3 N = YaF(0)+ U)re , ,(s)dt
- which le not far from the truth in the case where it is windy .
beyond a certain measureand where the observationaldata to the decreasing ratio R at rsL due to the capturine enect be dealt with are those obtained within the limited region of becomes t meters in width. Now that we can put A,=0 besides nuo,
,, e,,
N the formulas simplify to j 4.(3-* **'I - j ' P h%p,; b.,,,. .e...., l gf.... vira-s~pf( rH.saaA4f eel-*l' .
~
f " ,{ B.(tan g,4 ming,s + cos p,r)e-e '.' , gra) g e .
. rtne t + g . siy 1
,e r*f tsid*g 4 p , E. R,e- 8.',
. tro)
(r.n where The ines of fog water in the forent zone cauwd by th' falling erect in unit time in, on the other hand. R, 2 2k#)F(0) 'F(r)p(r r)
, I ,?
2 \r/4 I& (Go) j ,,, e j* pasV8Pm '"' (r.9 (1, tan,A,4)+ p. 8 and and seenrdingly the decreaming ratin J at z -L due to the fall-ing erect is given by p p ' y y i _p _g, p y_N %*P t r.8) The amount of for water captured by the forent an a whole ' in unit time becomen If we annume the values e-4 1.2 Gem /nac(corresponding to r-y,, p p,( 3 10.). V= 4.2 m/ nee. and p - 0. ors (nee the next section), th, n_ _e,,, ,, ) , (c) f ratio J/R comes out to be 0.0Rn: in other words the captur- ,. g, ,f} { [ ing erect plays a much greater part an reducing the amount and the decreasing ratio of for water at r- f, due to the of fog water than the falling cRect (more than ten timen se great). The resultant diminishing ratio in evidently given he _
.f L U. (1. e-*'s.'t w.n.f,(,,y)u. e.n ,
"-1. ,,,4;;y u u-),,z, ,.; <~>
d}
)
b,v Ie
. b
- w. m* - ^ ^
[ '. * ' ' [.. , / ;, ,,4
. N-f .- .. , y .l .] ,'<
. . . } .7, ; ; ,. ,
.q . ,. .s ,.
+ : .
mggg $$@ggg @ @@g,{
,h v
t
., ~ :
a . , . . - . . ,, e .,...t - ..,,.t .e - .t . l l It is to be noted that if. In addition, the condition F(r) r.- g constant can be taken for granted.the enpremion(60) rednees to ,h .f [ 6 0 n.-(3)/p+ + ;"r(4;-a)'j.(M -). - \[N:; .. , (G4) m ,
. .. ' * -r ,
' s
. Io. E..mpie, . 2 - L> I Since the application of the gevieral formulas derived in i \ ".,' .s 14 to the actual canas is impoenible owing to thelack of exact
.,,' e ;
knowledge es to several quantitles such as the diffunion con. l I { ,,,,
- 4 l
stants or the vertical distribution of fog water contents in the .g 8 i _ _,jy.. i{ , upper atmanphere, we must at the present stage content our- , , selves with considering the cane of rough approxhnation stated
, Fig. 3. Rela, inn twitweme the entle of fag wet.r c.iteint in in the preceding section. TFe general feature of the ph,. ""'"'*"*""I'""'***'""""**'"**"*"
nomenon might, however, he inferred from such simplined calculations, with the observational results and was found to be 0.005. Cen-The adopted numerical values of the conntents are as foi- verting p into the capturinst enemcient p. per unit effective y laws: e-7 'a m. Fa 4.2 m/ nee in the forest area; e al2.1 m Y - , volume of the forent, we Anally get 2.4 m/ase behind the forest: K - 2.2 = 10'em*/ pee (not qmta sure " j )f ' but provisionally annumedh Un 4.0 m/s. s'
- K/U-DEGm, . , p. -
--U " O' p = 0.oll/m'.
- Va/U r7Er m: 4,100 m: F(*) . r.: 1(the absolute value of for I
I water content is not needed). (2) Variation of fog wanee contents in Laver 1 in the fore =t rone. ( l - (1) Estimation of fos carturins coefEclent of the forest. The above-ohtained value of p(0.005) being inserted in (61) First, in order to estimate the order of magnitude of the and f.64), the calculation of the summation (59) was carried out, mean capturing commeient per unit volume in Layer I. we of which the first twenty terms were taken into account. The solved F.q.(26) without taking account of the fog water comine result is ahown in Fig. 3 by the solid enrve. and also in Fig. g 4 where the width of the forent is taken equal to 1.000 m. q ,j . from 1.nyer II by dint of diffusion, obtaining ; 4~F*#' * (66I (3) vers.tlon of fos water contenta in Lever Il in the l f forest zone, j where p' simply indicaten a roughly estimated value of P. Ily reference to the ohnerved relative fog water contents shown The results obtained by the une of the formula (5R) are ( , in Fig. 3. it was then noted that the value of p' ranged roughly illustrated in Fig. 5. in which the equi. fog water-content curves p [' from 0.On2 to 0.fwe. Now, taking the diffusion from I.ayer 11 for the values 0.95. 0.75. 0.f4 and 0.25 are given, the for water i evntent of the intruding for being taken as unity. If we
- [j into consideration, the value of p was adjusted so as to At in i
l . l l
\\
o fi.f. I i e tp g m,g, , g'* %,' ;., g.fg g$.h .
. I
-;-~c ._,.+s.
- z. ; .; --- ~ , . ..i.v. - m ...r;. -
- m. , - ' ' .b ' " %. :' f . .; ' * * : a-: _;*n . j . . . . . .K . c ' : , .' i . b ^ ' " - . ' '
j?lW
+ w- h__.
&&d -
n==- x
&&fg .
s- -.m i
' p$m,% @_
,M B a gis t BER E =GEi, .
i
.-.,,-r.,,~..e- -
h water contents just at the back of the forest is given by p l
- and g(s) obtained in tles preceding paratraph for s =-200 m. i The results are shown in Fins. 6 and 7. It le a natural enn- ! i
.* g sequence that the p values increame gradually with increasing )
] z behind the forest, since by virtue of turbulent diffusion for ;
.. 9 intrudes from the upper layer into the open space where p=0 -
T. to make up for the Ices caused by the forest. The black spots ,
,, I in Fig. G indicate the actual values of relative for water con- J.
tents at 1-3 rp above the ground ohnerved during the fleid I investination in 19r,0. Although the number of observations
, f i
- t e - - - -- \
yte. 4. Variation of fat **lrF .*RI*"I I" I'F I^ \ Y -- pc
.e --.{ \# e h
. .Y 5
. se .
j l
=
t .
- j. 3 4 '
e
- e. , g -* %. .. .. . e.
.c d **' y M na. rio. e. IMrihetion of few water enetent in the rear af the farent
- 0 ,_. y I (Impre II (An esemple far the fore =L Sene in bevedtM i ris g, pi. trit tion er tas water centent la Ist" II- ,,.
/ I regard the portion underlying and bordered by 0.M-eurve as ,
,/ / / / a*#
the region afected by the influence of the capturing action ,,,,, 'g ,, ~ , t of y f of the forest. It will be neen that the thlehness of the nWerted , region is oe.ly about 3 m above the top plane of layer I at l , , s = 200 m and not more than to or 11 m even at z= 1.000 m. _ (4) Verlation of fos water contents in Layer l'andlater ,
/ / . , ,
11" behind the fore.t. Q .g '~ N
% * - E-G
- g Ilere it was annumed that the width of the forest is 2cim
,,, ,h* , ,,, ,,,, ,,, %
j and the capturina etnciency p is i.ere in the open area hehind rio. v. pi.trih.ii.n .e r., ,e t,.t in u. ,,.c .c the tor the forest. and further that the vertical distribution of for it rce r:1 (An pi tor the r t sem in heredth O I o 1 .~
[ .[ ., y/M. . . C. Mkk h. ,.y.,[.Q[ };),(.['[ . jg.,. ,;. j p7 [-{ ' .,,1.Wy.}jp.gy
+.< I[
- * :.5.f4;;y.v '] *.je .h , :. %' .,v. , . .Q f. Q......
* ., ,; , n .' ,..u, e "
- : . 4 ": . ,2,. .j g .: : ' L t. : s..'
h;l , A: - ,
~
.~ .', ), . .
"D.%'Y Y.%f W'W* $5 4 ?l. i.
' ? i %.t:l x. ryw%ewie$
R y %;.%[_ $W"n*.
} p f.9 LL %ll.. ~: O 9 . ' k.- '~ ' & ': ' * ' ' - -
'I
[ d,f..;&e .ya, y..,Q .. q ..i-;. ~..
...f., .l-? , j.', Q.d Q tiY
.D - '
m . g. l' 4 si g
,._t is too fs-v to draw any de nelus t is Y'fF A 'Theoretient Stusly on the Distribution
( nn te t h I "" of Fog Denalty In a Forew assumed for the open area behind the l emall. value o p wer I forest, which is actually covered with shrubs and graance all
,, he distribution of fly Zyunsa YominA j on tog water contente in I,ayer
/ It* shown in Fig. 7 seems ta
*e-" g indiente that here the in-nuence of the forest is mech on th. e,=wnpainn u t et* wtirot saatian et a tan particle es==417 tert =-
i,nce at air in ti= far e is ow anme es tw e.entias a r _" *renaien {l
**it". tha wtiral done'htlan of fas partici*a in tw rar,.t in daend tunt6canv. j more wide-spread than over *""'""**'*"d*F""d"'d"*P"**'"HF O'enesh
./*[ the fo. rest,but actually. when
_ sk / -8p viewed in large reintiona. the 1. When for is flowing over a forest carried by wind some region under noticeable in- of the fog particles leave the prevailing wind and enter the
/[ -
d fluence is restricted to the undermost narrow space in forent at its top. They are transported downwards by the turbulent motions of air into the forest and on it: sir ways M ** **
-*W f-
^ 1.nyer ll'. some of them are enught by the leaves of trees. In this way there appears a distribution of for dennity in the forent such
*~n yi , ,, g,i.ti i ..en tha daemaim (5) Totat iliminution of fat that the density diminia;wn gradually in the downward direc-rati er i e' ****d*' watee stue to the captur-
""* dennity distribution in an idealized forent-innnitely wide and +
go, t n4 ui wad
- t th. Fig. A shnws the total re-r t far wha fan inym et uniform-when the wind is supposed to continue nowing with !
aier.r t thirkna=* 1stive decreate of for ** an invariabla velocity for carried by it being kept at a con- t fh dth ntsnt dennity. ;
" tents R. eniculated from F4 (c1) as a function o t e 'vi It 18 P" frmn the figure that the smaller the forent L. L 2. We reNace W kest by a layn of imadnary pmus sub-he thicknean of the for and the larger he *M6 d W i stance which filla uniformly the whole space between the ground the more effective becomes the capturing act,on of the inrest.
surface and a horir.ontal plane lying at the same height as that t,f the forent. The porous substance imagined here is References represented by an annemblage of leaves distributed in space
"" th, r ,*urtw of F
- br " with the name density as the mean dennity of leaven in the I e I rodadt K- i a (*":
tin hima a4 E*P *" F actnal forest.
* \* ,,, y' i,,,,, .t air iteistin ta th, actinri i Fir. I reprenents a vertical sectica of the forest cut parallel (si Tdd* et For (in hPa*a,t gstig y ag.
to the direction of wind blowing from left to right. Our Da lleet*K problem in to determine the for dennity at a point in tha g a g rad.dd, K. O**68 : twu.'h" g;. 3por.,t , p a7.A' tin'I" gu,,,6ptinn et Far l'r forent lika the one indicated by P in Fig. l. Let the vertical
. E gl l4 ; y M. ?. ">
d N ., L l h,gh , ' I. m,_4. m,.. x s,,; n .~: w y (.w
; - ~ a . . ~ w .n .
4..,yy
.y
)
Me . ' i s 'gM....~. .
-J'j'T *: %- ;
l
. l I
1 T Shmtemi and A .%eem<a $
. un i It might be worth noticing that, if there were no fluctua- m
,, tion in the erective mean radius of fog particles tr), a single On the Capture of Fog Particles by a Forest (I) 4J T* measurement either with A or with it would be sumcient for the determination of fog water contents. As will be seen from h
, the following considerations, however, the fluctuation of r can- E
.C ll ,I not be ignored in actual cases, so that neither A nor il can Pl be dispenned with. D* eman's of fas **'ar *aina sad beviar u rer.et in a i risontas y I '
On the assumption that r has a constant value (r.= lt.Gr. ''" *"* ""**"'d bF U* ** er wwural wwe arreens set 6. front of and p
* ' * ' ' " ' ***'"'***"""****'"*d'""*'""'"* 4J which is the mean of the r values given in Table 2) for dif. *..u*d dweet.n ."es determuned by neung use of a honanntal arree. een a
l forent fogs, the values y, and ye are calculated provisionally ea e u. two erewas whlen wee Atted om e - curtain hung from 6te 4 M by subetitution of f. and f, in (3) and (4). respectively. The te=ma h U"" a' '"" ""* "'"'*"d ""'"l****'"*"F I b results are indicated in Table 3. in which the corresponding t i.ty of captunng fog gertalen The punt** "ove""forset was found to eGec tw the
'
- values of r and y that were obtained in our actual experiment e s-neung.reuvelf aterm-ty wo moedleleeved trese hmoma ne bswer branthra ll are also given for comparison. It can be seen from the Table sw turns nest ta th. . unickir gro.. .o n.edieh..e4 tr.e .e 4, nee
]' - that the deviation of y, and ,, from e is considerable, and k'**' hmartwo. *"d #* bat one was unt which eenested of needseleeved in I f the larger the diference between r and r., the larger is the *""d**b'"*db*"d*"d"**d'"*F***'"""*****6**""***'
I< .s , u. euwe t.. deviation. We thus arrive at the conclusion that in the present it was foru.e ==,etained tant um front surface of the formt was shout three type of fog meter it is inevitable to use two fog collectors unne as eGat . as the imp owrace r
.g having different capturing coeflicients. which involves the simul-l i
, I taneous measurement of the effective radius of fog particles. 11. IntroJuction ,;
lI (The mean capturing coemeients of A and it are found to be The capture of fog particles by the forest near the coast performs an important function in protecting the land against 'I f 0.28 and 0.80, respectively, froni the data given in Table 2 and (j ' the formulas (1) and (2).) the invasion of sea fogs, i It has been pointed out by many observers that the amount ! Tan e 3. v. oruf g, Caleukats! un tat Annumphs, Ii fAnt r r sJp. Cmaparaf with , of for water caught by the forest is not at all negligible, j 1 p Mur&4A [1] noted that the forest on the summit of TaMr Afamtain l l , Na 6s Tama 3 t 3 3 4 a e 7 s e near Cape Tuuss grew luxuriantly without any rain but solely e e bd a.s is.e s.7 u es s4 m.s is.7 as with fog, and using his instrument "Nebelfanger"(a rain gauge e'
, ung mi iss 2.i e1 in4 in4 is: ::ss un iso I with a bundle of granses which was enclosed with metal gauze ;i ew s.s and so arranged that the fog deposited on it would run into i J. '
8
- c. teng<in3 to ut sia ian iss isa sus m:a es the gauge) he sacertained that the forest arrested a number ils 24s se7 las :38 ise us era i:s '
l(y es hna'mi of for particles even when none was collected on the ground. Links (2) called attention to the fact that a rain gauge put :I
. [! References t il A16rerAr tieiil: n.,a Ze.in he 32, 44 one year d m at IWM m Wn in- [i ,3II j ts) smen, s. Lives : c ia,a ns.g 2s, sn. dicated the amount of water about twice as much as in the s le .
l
- l i' i :l
;i 1
# l
,1 n
. . . -i .m r .
%g
. g
l_ a -
, * . wr W . = = - g 4, . ,,
i k v .1 n , r.,,......,,s...,m m," n.o . ,
- v. , j
, i .I se d 4' .r r 51 lim .Iu r. r.. i n '.c r e m ' h i .i g ' f. .r the [ r tu . L t is t a n s t
- I 19 in ;r. e6 i t. ! !!"
h e ! !, d . ti q.o v t , f
. f r+ t .a i. iar l y he e t.* r s e i. tro i r s r .. e , r. 'n es t L o I g g ? el * .$t er con t e n t o f f ,g in on.t vo;.ime of air :
ft e bu m n in the 10 :< ,... M ou nt o n, +'oi.. i i.r i r arr -n . 6 i z g i r ' v sl i eqd. nato al t r er t i n g u i w .a rd . '
. . o f. .g g y d it y n c ai b ) . 4 r. f i nt t h e r ..n g 4 m. ia n Nt r m .. : tho ,
f; ic f il . n.r b el i it y of a , 4rticie with ratta9 r- l e lge of the fori nt the ano o r.t sf *4fer a . i r .i g n g I.. ' ol fr n u.i t cr of f og parttrieg w 5t h r 4.lius r an u nit 6 ol uine !
; t ri s t i n t he ope n a n.1 t o # r 1 the . n t e r n .r 1.' i lhe n os s % 4 t aj w e re :tm n.1 '.w o res; e t.* cly M, r rr .o . t ! . /
- d ', a . n ef a.r lhe !.r st teno represenin the t u r buletit dilius on unl the
*, l t; a.n, en pha
' . I t h s . n. g h L a e = pe r ... in . it Mt 1".I. .tn ini pt.r t en. e 6f the I r e u lo t.a t .on i.I f. g s ilt,i the f .t e %t an' nc ~n t te s in the f e.in na c hr t of fog i r ticlea Accor bnalv.
if .e < n ot.t ain t ho am .onts of A.. v . u . a nd fir i e x peronent 4 N v.
, the nini i of a ster in t he it.c r o t .Ast. tho 4, s h 1. > /ah.cr ,
i
*a shall be a ble tn enh ulato the net amount of Indow throagh i t ,. ne e ' t .e ne r al So r s in " w rit ten by } -o lo h,*. in e r ter t a n , ni e in t > t t.. f .t 6 s. si nt o a f o m t o n the u pper n it f c. of the f or r mt 'l,ol.it. and ot hern U.,i carried h
I o ,t the n.ca4 o en cnt along this hne. and their rea sita were of a f.a cst in the r $e o f se a f $ 4. in w hn h m e $r e .n te re st ed.
?
me tui .e t ried to de t e s in.ne t he an m nt of fog w ate r capt n ed con p.s t ni w it h t h em ol 14t ned f rom our dirert ine48.4rement, a t ole r4 t,f.9 ag r eement having bee n f o u nd . i I.. the lorent hv n.enn at ing the as i o unt nf fg eliterstg i t.e i I rom uar i s peiiment s it w as 3.14o nhecrs ed t h t t he amou nt i lorrat. nn the i nn h n i a nd t h.s t lea s a.g it, i n t he ot her han i o f c41 t .a r ed fog w as largely alferted by the conditionn of thet
- l. ht ti e n4ri e time t > .w e hw tha t .4; t o r ois f a n t -n on the Mir ature of the f oi e st It leg en h f or est n.n h M t h. irk nena or kind of trees.
e'l that at
,'[
the s n.l . .o l m a rg .n <.f t he f ' re <' t he r e
.a to h.
s .:
..nl. f, g4 t '. i t i: 1.pt r one n t I M e th..J
.rter t h.$ f a est. a. rn e t '.e w m l a ,u l . . o p-n. t if turn ,ho t g . , , ,, , pp g, n ,, ,, , n , ,. n n. n , . s u p p, ,,,, that tho f or e nt ni
'l
, n.. t o in o f u. r d oe g tr .t e. v. e'l t hr n..61 a n l vr it y A t l '. n e r.u t enchnod w it h an unh a a n4 r y a.ir I4,'e 4M bbo
- n h V
,t i. w o r a n .o a ni i L. n e w r , i he s.i, m .. n o una f. a , naa ,,.,,,nn,, , , , , i i 3,, , , , , , , g . n , , , , c ,, , , , ,, , n ., p , , n a ,. ,
. i ai r fi em the f oi r st A s r epo ds i h. u pt er wila o f i n.
f, .+ h... ,,. w..L.,,,-...,,r. . . - m, h , s. i o . , ..,i, ..
.n ..r o i t through tfon narface Thus the dilference bet acen m .. ,,, _ , f ,, _ , . ,
, of f ugi. ht . 4use there r- in . e .i the b e r t n al a .at. pi. ie ..t o f' l o r ) .a
<4 r i."l nn U1 M'l t h a s' H' M wnt no..,
j, m.m._ na a y o.+ t. n
, ,a g,, ,,,,,,,,,,,a.s, t{ Lp j ei.g ag..a na w h.c h .e ,iha a ., , a., in a. t a r.a m c ..
w._. . m .. .. . _ ,
, , , s , , . ., in f, u, . e r e n..
m.g, if++ 4
,;; g {} W :
an....n,t s of nai.m a ,,a n o nt.w ra i he nua g a.. . n i .- a. e n n nr i
.m..*.-.._.,_...Ii,-,..,. ..,_, m -, . _ . .
f,,,.,,,,,,,3 n,,, ,,, ,_ { ;- -
' nu a r, w hile t h. * + st i tho u } pei 4.a r f.a
., _,e _, a .m.
kre A < 6n l'c s ai r .d :s t r l ,g g p 7 g ,, g , g gg Il8 I
- w it h t he. L. l l-. of t he e m pi rag.on l h t . e i ht I4 st w e'I'o i im TM 6n'a 4 MedI le or liN .
i,
,c t ,, , , , ~ n d .. , g . . i i.. ..o .a of ..u-cica maer ta on , . n hv ihe
, r od .o I i 4 uni 6clo 51y. i h.pnd w ater rootent of fog, i a s e,a 1 i 4
l l l I o ll f h I 4 h
. . .a .
W
?
, s.: 11 d=re
. .., g,, c ,,.n, , ,, , g g,, , , g , g,
( ' l of the acti enl . lcollecting elbnency of the nereeni In order f, post, of ob c,,3rn,ns: Vert u .il n s eens were placert in to estiinate the elfective heig ht of the forent, the strear" 5 g hnen of wuol were traced by the use of amiise or a s.nall front r A point *I anil in the rear ill. Point) of the forest at the
*' hvorhtg of lin and 6pt tFigs 3 and 4b. and three pairs of ballos,n with no bun > anc y carrie.1 f reely by the wind. *l he h q u..ntal *ca rens w ere in t at point s X., X and X, alme t he
' s.into nort nf sne.anutente nt w as also saade on the lee w ard '
' aide of the forest. tre es ow ns t fig f. i A not her p.n r ne t a t A. In the open at the hesht of 2 f.nt i j ig. 6i w as The 6 alt.es of Si and ST + N. from w hich the arnount 3f N lt int e nd ed for m e.4 4u r i n g the "
entering the forest from above can be cornputed, were obtained l in the following w ay. A pisir of wire screrna was placel hori- a t i .nont of for particles cap- ( tired by tha ground surface. l [} zontally above the forest. one for 31 + N and t he (t her for U e Af. 'lhe one for Af e N was a ningle nercen. w hich had no pref- , erence 1,etacen upw rd anl dow nw ard motions of turhalent ~~ air. The one for 31 w as of such a construction that it kept i' the fog particles innving upw ards from arrning at the screen. {-t ;
' namely, it w as fitted with a ainall ordinary snon puta curtain j
..e _.
hung down froin the framo hohhng the wire wereen II tg. 2c). ' , l The fog water collected by ca. h of tho mercen$ w ita led a"I'a-rately to the ailf recor.img gauges placed on the acrounil. g j l
. ** , .. )
i ,o 3 y< />g l& . jw(n f el
,1........ . ..w, l +
l , i
,, , . e.o .. >. ,f.s .
i g i b e -[. 8 lig 1 t ope r er. cot by sha of t.li...n. .t . g.ont u=e. f ig 4. fl. gennt 1 .._ ; ,} [- \ *., Ne ulv all tho lorest area was occupied I y needle le:ned {! j ,j
' ~ ~
/" / f r e. g i t'u or f il, li ra l encept in t he neight.or boral of X. pmnt.
, g , /, ss ji w hei r llo re w er e nome broad leased trec1 ILehe nem m e s t.:
[ . I an.1 /kfulo l' neon.is nu ned wit h the needle leased ( Alure wa 7,ol,
..a,,
I l I * * " ' ' ' ' g 'I be foi est at oon.13.- point w:Ls very thicis i f,li tree 9 within i
- l. ,,
a circle of radius fe rn, t h at n. Il 71 t ree i.er I m 6 anil tha trees 'j,4 g #
,, h ona fe to !P m in height had many lower branchen 'l he le vel 1' . ., g I at wbich the acreen.e wern placeil w as M Cm alsove the ground.
/
p . ' I.
- n, t.. s te l. 4i.p n o .n, t.1,, If,.
i . lag J. therie.gtal snel vertu al e ste o riens Nr v ey w ht u-n I., I a.f the gunst, of olencesstion, are "Gencesi l i,s Le ( l , '. s% 5 l i i e i h 6; i
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Si g t.in.sig t hat the fog w &'.r r s ont ent ini read + m hnearly w it ri t:e ght and us.ng the data ot tainal *ith tha s e r tic al e. ree n tIII the C ng ture of l og Partkles lig as f orent .lli !
- f. met in f ront of the forest.
- e r ame to t he fin htig that for t ha ,
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fog w h a.o V // m inA a bwa t 30 the c:f ea t of the. f r ontal p a s f ai r a i ib lisrobun>. t il H g , e eithe forent w aa evs n t aient to (Nat of the u g l+ r mo r f 4+ +* (f as n.orh dog th an als he , bt f J the foreet w i t h s're a t .l t 6 air .e .$.,,,o,,,
.c.ri .....r,#,..e, p..,
't he seine nort of n.nm.derataon )sel. led t h" r e nl e t that the I.. n e..
' ** * *4 * "+ad'**' ".*M .a a ."q = -t a to t'et .t amount of fong w a t e. r e sc a ping f roin t ria ferent at da ca.' k ' *' * * " * '* " " ' d ' I"'"-
marfain waaalo+ ona twentieth of that entering at the f ront . .
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..r'o.,,,...* .* ,* ,* ,* ..' , r* w* ri
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. ~ . n...r..,,,,,,....., .....,t .,,,,...., ..t,,
r. l' t,4 . . u. u n o,, . . n i 4 T he nothor m inh, n t o e a trna h.4 gratit ade to l'rof . K. 14.. i . .e .i. n~1 o,.. . o .i . . g i , en- j Mr. J. St.uwarals an t M r.1. Tem n f or s a'uaUe . l we 4. lie in ist o indcht.d
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- 8" ' " f t N- .c a r. h and i k.s ytd s.*n ..I' t he i ..re.t ,
l' rois r n ge.in e n t an.1 kind ca..i ration l'rof. 2 l'enl.a f ar snan/ helpf ul d.netinii'ans krid suggearv' tid t> in the L u s i
- t i,z i t iori .t. A 4 4 r st. s s': liiM *s ci.sl at te rstr ui {
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.s .u de u.t c l t o the fog ui torire f uncfmn of a gr m fw!d a
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.n or le t that me soa v t .e able to romtvie it with that c I the f n,1,,,n... m , e.. , , i a s. e , d n.e n. ..,1 ,,,,x..
j n j"'r fo,i"th r a4 ua,.na..a t o en A t lii u .. o.,. ..m i ., _n , .r u... . o . i i. e t w . .. e - , , , .
'""""r" "' "O "f "? to the ant ny E
"*'"'"*"'*'t m ag w ru antshi.ated that theerotn.n r.f t , l
!* vre. t , ov4 t on .e. t, aoi m s i. l u<a 4....en .o r te n c o i n 1" o r .c h t l u gei v de pef t on t he h.c..I ch r .-ti r of it.c
), u.s z...e s. r.c ]
I "' " 't- *" t h
- t t he m e i* s ref an.nont o' fog m atrr ro.g ht show lui l .u . e n o n N-.scr= u.v n-.r.4 uno r lesa a M.' /. .t n
^+do 5 r i..t ;on accor hi
- to the him al.t y of the roi .sna r i ng iti . 2n. J'T
.. aratog i g l
' l36 f ,.4 . .1 t i w nq hew. t. rar Ni . re ta .eoninonic w. tr. ite o.iero ja l i n.. . u . n., ,... n g, .r c. ,n < , , n , r. .e ., .,,,,,..o,,,
u.4 . u .t ut ..i.. Iel F.4., r. A t iv ..t ller het.-leo.Ari. hed ao W all i.u.I == ene V is*us . n,g,o e,g ,n gg y g,nitr\n loan anil
- 4.* r ed aced in ar >e tie one this l
> n.,_im, s,,o 2. . v i:. ,d ,w o,,,,.,,,,, d m, , , , , , , , g,,,, , , g _, ini fl eu k . T,f Naa T erw 4f.as s i.m e.a. N i% U. h .' r t.a . e .f e ogren. c :4 : h P 4tf a on 9t mg of Screen #
- it h and wit hou t .m es t .qi W ater 4 a.eitetite hp U.sh.'..et taf pl.T' gre asl . F i g .ip.E ,, g e,. f 16 1 ' ' ' ' *d9 t& ube t he f ree Crow ns 41
( be' jej u co.g / (Ivu hut.o sin U f . gr l'r..<f t .. 'la n d.t . f F .*.st ru e,
- ' # I' *N th of r tuo W m Met at f 6N 2 if (khus4s ho Jagerne 1 ' 9es on i %g l'rco nitmg f ore t Il I. ,
m,.n.., o sm,. i,,e m ,t e m in sa lit ~.. t .,
...,. g ay..o in t h.,
p s r ,... .i % ..n u m ,... ..r i %..i w.u , ih . t t o on.hr ena, w ere ou t oi . nae do. n on the fore.t gr ouna ivi t u .. .. r i g, g entenia of b.t ries og t.t ,..eu.r, No t o.a.1 %. t.. t he t apt.<.ng 4t i . No i 1. In a.r de r to ruil er t the fog
- ater de t=ma ted on n.1 ds ,; g og f rooi t he f ohage of t r e e's in the open ne ar the Ai nun of . f .r.wt in We t '. ant.l ikgion . s ei r iM g
j s , 4* ' '*rb 6 t r t h i .o w it fii t re ci w it }ia sta t e.4 f t .a ils m .a1 nel sin 190 L4re grosnd 6 t i,t .t r .s ud anot her screen with cu r t ain m .s i l I e I I l ( , s Q' u.- .}}