ML20080C807
| ML20080C807 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Grand Gulf  |
| Issue date: | 11/30/1983 |
| From: | Cermak J, Deborah Neff, Peterka J COLORADO STATE UNIV., FORT COLLINS, CO |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20080C800 | List: |
| References | |
| 2-95710, NUDOCS 8402080282 | |
| Download: ML20080C807 (90) | |
Text
I:
Physical Modelling of Contaminant Concentrations at Control Room--
Grand Gulf Nuclear Station, Mississippi Power & Light Company by J.E. Cermak,1-J.A. Peterka,2 and D.E. Neff3 prepared for Mississippi Power & Light Company Fluid Mechanics and Wind Engineering Program Fluid Dynamics and Diffusion Laboratory Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 November 1983 CER83-84JEC-JAP-DEN 20 Project No. 2-95710 IProfessor-in-Charge, Fluid Mechanics and Wind Engineering Program, and Director, Fluid Dynamics and Diffusion Laboratory, Colorado State University.
2 Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Colorado State liniversity.
3 Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Colorado State
' University.
-8402080282 840206 PDR ADOCK 05000416 P
PDR j
ABSTRACT A diffusion study with a 1:240 scale model of the Grand Gulf Nuclear Station (located in Claiborne County, Mississippi) was performed in the FDDL Environmental Wind Tunnel at Colorado State University to determine the extent of contaminant concentrations upon the control building of that power generating facility.
Additional tests included pressure coefficient measurements upon the control building and enclosure building surfaces, and a visualization study.
The model, which was studied for all wind directions at 22.5 degree intervals, included two major configurations:
simulation of two fully operational units; and a single operational unit adjacent to a partially constructed second unit.
Concentrations were measured and recorded at sixteen wind directions for both configurations and other variable operating conditions.
Pressure coefficients were measured upon control and enclosure building surfaces for all wind directions of the primary configuration and a 180 to 315* segment of the secondary configuration. The visualization study was documented on black and wl.ite photos and with video cassette.
i
h TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page ABSTRACT..
i LIST OF TABLES.
iii LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF SYMBOLS vi s
1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
I
1.2 Purpose and Scope
I 1.3 Modelling Parameters I
1.4 Report Organization.
2 2.0 EXPERIMENTAL CONFIGURATION...
4 2.1 Wind Tunnel..
4 2.2 Model Environment 4
2.3 Model.
5 8
2.4 Tracer Cases 2.5 Scaling Calculations for GGNS Model...
8 3.0 VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS 18 18 3.1 General..
3.2 Velocity Measurement Procedures 18 3.3 Velocity Data 20 4.0 CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENTS...
34 4.1 General.
34 4.2 Concentration Measurement Procedures 34 4.3 Concentration Data Calculation 36 4.4 Concentration Data Verification.
40 4.5 Concentration Data 42 4.6 Reynolds Number Tests.
42 5.0 PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS 60 5.1 General.
60 5.2 Pressure Measurement Procedures.
60 5.3 Pressure Coefficient Calculations.
62 5.4 Pressure Data.
64 6.0 FLOW VISUALIZATION.
75 82 l
7.0 REFERENCES
APPENDICES (SEPARATELY BOUND)
APPENDIX A - CONCENTRATION DATA FOR GGNS.
A-1 APPENDIX B - PRESSURE COEFFICIENT DATA FOR GGNS B-1 l
APPENDIX C - QUALITY ASSURANCE DATA C-1 D-1 APPENDIX D - FDDL COMPUTER PROGRAMS ii
LIST OF TABLES Table Page 3-la Hot-Film Profile Data at u = 5 fps 23 r
3-lb Hot-Film Profile Data at u = 10 fps.
24 3-Ic-Hot-Film Profile Data at u = 15 fps.
25 3-Id Hot-Film Profile Data at u = 20 fps.
26 4-1 GGNS Wind-Tunnel Concentration Test Program 44 4-2 GGNS Wind-Tunnel RNIT Test Program.
48 4-3 Flowmeter Settings for Concentration and Visualization Experiments 49 4-4a Maximum Concentration Locations and Values with Units 1 and 2 Installed - Cooling Tower Fans ON 50 4-4b Maximum Concentration Locations and Values with Units 1 and 2 Installed - Cooling Tower Fans OFF.
51 4-4c Maximum Concentration Locations and Values with Unit 1 Installed - Cooling Tower Fan ON/0FF 52 4-4d Maximum Concentration Locations and Values with Units 1 and 2 Installed - Mechanical Draft Fans Operating - Cooling Tower Fans ON/0FF 53 4-Sa Concentrations Measured on Control Room Poof from Unit 1 Outboard Vent Release of CH with Cooling 4
-Towers ON, for RNIT 54 4-Sb Concentrations Measured on Control Room Roof from Unit 1 Outboard Vent Release of CH with Cooling 4
Towers OFF, for RNIT.
55 5-1 GGNS Wind-Tunnel Pressure Test Program.
65 5-2 Tabulation of Mean Pressure Coefficients by Wind Direction, for Control Building and Unit 1 Enclosure Building.
66 6-1 GGNS Wind-Tunnel Visualization Test Program 77 6-2 GGNS Visualization Test Eequipment 80 81 6-3 GGNS Visualization Videotape Log.
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
' Figure
- Page, 2-1
. Environmental Wind Tunnel, Fluid Dynamics and
' Diffusion Laboratory, Colorado State University 11 2-2 Pictorial of Spires and Roughness used in EWT for GGNS Study.
12 2-3 Schematic 'of EWT Test Section 13 2-4 GGNS Model Layout on EWT Turntable.
14 2-5 Upwind (A) and Downwind (B) View of GGNS Model Installed on the EWT Turntable.
15 2-6 Location of Vents on Auxiliary Buildings 16 2-7 Diagrams of Operational Model Mechanical Draft Fans Assembled at CSU 17 3-la Vertical Profiles of Mean Velocity and Turbulence Intensity with Reference Velocity, u = 5 fps 27 3-lb Vertical Profiles of Mean Velocity and Turbulence Intensity with Reference Velocity, u = 10 fps.
28 3-Ic Vertical Profiles of Mean Velocity and Turbulence Intensity with Reference Velocity, u = 15 fps.
29 r
3-Id Vertical Profiles of Mean Velocity and Turbulence 0 fps.
30 Intensity with Reference Velocity, u
=
r 3-2 Log-linear Plot of Mean Velocity Profiles for Reference Velosities of 5,10,15 and 20 fps.
31 3-3 Log-log Plot of Mean Velocity Profiles for Reference Velocities of 5,10,15 and 20 fps.
32 3-4 Velocity Coefficient and Turbulence Intensity Profiles for Reference Velocities of 5,10,15 and 20 fps 33 4-la Location / Identification of Sampling Taps in West Face of GGNS Control Building 56 4-lb Locatio../ Identification of Sampling Taps in Roof Face ofGGNS Control Building 57 4-2 Sampling System and Gas Chromatograph Used in GGNS Concentration Tests 58 4-3 Graph of Average Cc,centrations Measured on Roof of Control Building for RNIT 59 iv
-Figure Page 5-la Location / Identification of Pressure Ports in West Face of GGNS Control Room 67 5-lb Location / Identification of Pressure Ports in Roof of GGNS Control Room.
68 5-2a Location / Identification of Ports on GGNS Unit 1 Enclosure Building (north face) 69 5-2b Location / Identification of Ports on GGNS Unit 1 Enclosure Building (east face).
70 5-2c Location / Identification of Ports on GGNS Unit 1 Enclosure Building (south face) 71 5-2d Location / Identification of Ports on GGNS Unit 1 Enclosure Building (west face) 72 5-2e Location / Identification of Ports on GGNS Unit 1 Enclosure Building (roof) 73 5-3 Schematic Diagram of FDDL Pressure Measurement System 74 v
LIST OF SYMBOLS Symbol Description Cp, Coefficient of pressure
(-)
E Output voltage-(mv)
L Length (ft) p Dynamic pressure (psf)
-p Static (reference) pressure (psf)
Q Volume flow (cfm,ccm)
-R Sensor cold resistance ohms C
Sensor hot resistance ohms HL T
Temperature TI.
Turbulence intensity
(%)
u Wind velocity (fps) u
.Mean velocity (fps) u*
Friction velocity (fps) u Reference velocity (fps)
W Exit velocity (fps) z Vertical height (inches)
.z, Surface roughness (inches)
Subscripts-a Ambient, air bg
Background
g Gas
-i Tracer sample m
Model n
No rmalized
.p Prototype vi
Symbol-Description o
Initial r
Reference s
Source rms Root-mean-square Greek Symbols p
Density 6
Bounda ry. laye r K
von Karman's constant X
Concentration vii
1 1.0. INTRODUCTION l'.1. Background The Mississippi Power & Light Company is erecting a nuclear-fueled power generating facility near Grand Gulf, Mississippi, herein referred
.to as the Grand Gulf Nuclear Station (GGNS).
The GGNS plant site is located immediately south of the municipality of Grand Gulf and borders upon the easterly bank of the Mississippi River in Claiborne County.
The facility presently consists of a completed Unit 1 (with cooling tower) and a partially constructed Unit 2.
The Station owner is required to demonstrate compliance, or the ability to comply, with certain Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) operating and safety procedures / standards prior to full power licensing.
1.2 Purpose and Scope
-Bechtel Power Corporation, Gaithersburg, Maryland, as agents for Mississippi Power.&
Light, sub-contracted with the Colorado State University Fluid Dynamics and Diffusion Laboratory to conduct certain wind-tunnel-studies on a model of the GGNS, between October and December 1983.
The initial -contract provided for concentration and pressure tests upon the plant west face of the GGNS control building and an optional
. visualization study.
Subsequent amendments substantially increased the scope of the GGNS. wind-tunnel study.
Multiple configurations of the GGNS, additional sampling positions on the control building, a pressure study on the Unit I enclosure building, and specific visualization runs,
+.
'were' incorporated into a revised test program.
1.3 Modelling Parameters The GGNS model used in time wind-tunnel tests was provided by the sponsor, Bechtel Power Corporation (BPC).
Parts of the model were
2 modified and/or substituted, as necessary, to facilitate testing.
Surface roughness, boundary layer depth, flow rates, wind speeds, wind directions and related test parameters were also provided/specified by the sponsor.
Special attention to flow conditions is required in order to assure similitud'e between model and the actual Grand Gulf Nuclear Station, hereinafter called the prototype.
A detailed discussion of similarity requirements and their wind-tunnel implementation can be found in references by Cermak (September 1971, June 1981, October 1982).
Com-1 parisons which validate model and prototype similarity may be found elsewhere in the report.
1.4 Report Organization
-The remainder of the report is dedicated to documentation of the experimental configuration, test methods, test parameters and acquired data. A generalized format follows:
Chapter 2.0, Experimental Configuration, contains descriptions of the wind-tunnel, model structure, model
- location, and related in fo rma t i on.
Chapter 3.0, Velocity Measurements, provides a record of the profiles and related calibrations accomplished to establish the tunnel boundary layer, aerodynamic roughness and speed se'. tings.
Chapter 4.0, Concentration Measurements, contains tables of tests performed, sample locations, Reynolds number tests, measurement-analysis procedures and sample calculations of the measured concentrations.
Chapter 5.0, Pressure Measurements, contains a test plan, record of. tap locations, description of the test procedure and definitions of the pressure coefficients obtained.
3 Chapter 6.0, Flow Visualization, provides a record (which also serves as a key for identifying photos) of airflows documented, and a record of equipment used and platement.
The separately bound Appendices contain complete records of the computer processed concentration and pressure data.
Records of equip-ment calibrations, certifications, computer programs, and related docu-mentation to satisfy quality assurance standards are also presented in this section.
0
6 2.0- EXPERIMENTAL CONFIGURATION 2.1 Wind Tunnel Three large boundary layer wind tunnels are available in the Fluid Dynamics and Diffusion Laboratory at Colorado State. University for wind engineering' studies.
The Environmental Wind Tunnel (EW), largest of the three tunnels, was used for all tests on the GGNS model. Selection of _ the. EW permitted inclusion of all GGNS facilities at a relatively large scale of 1:240. Elevation and plan views of the EW are contained in Figure 2-l_.
The tunnel ' has a flexible roof which is adjustable in height to maintain a zero pressure gradient along the test section. The roof was a'dj us ted after placement of the model, and prior to all testing, to obtain the desired zero pressure gradient. A record of the roof adjust-ment has been inserted into the Appendices.
Thermal stratification in the EW corresponds to an adiabatic lapse rate in the atmosphere (neutral stratification) since the flow, without heating or cooling of the boundaries, is isothermal.
2.2 Model Envirorunent The test section area upst. ream from the model was covered with uniform roughness constructed from one-half inch wooden cubes to simu-late the proportional roughness associated with the prototype terrain.
Spires were installed at the test section entrance to provide a thicker boundary layer than would otherwise be availabic.
The spires were
-approximately triangular-shaped pieces of h" thick plywood, six inches wide at the base and one inch wide at the top, extending from floor-to-roof of the test section, and positione<1 broadside to +he airflow at 18" intervals.
m l
m 5
Selection of the roughness cubes and spire's was made to obtain a model surface roughness of approximately 0.1 inches; a boundary layer height of.at least' 2.18' ft; a'id power law exponent for a mean-velocity profile similar to that expected to occur in the region near the 1
modelled area.
Figure 2-2 contains a pictocial representation of the spires and two inch trip installed at the EW test section entrance, and a portion of the roughnesr. elements installed on the tunnel floor.
Figure 2-3 s
provides furthe r. documenta tion in the form-of a scaled drawing of the entire test section length, which includes: spire location, total portica of floor area covered with roughness cubes, turntable position and pertinent dimensions.
(The locations of velocity profile measure-ments and velocity reference probes, discussed in the f ollowing section,
, are also located on this schematic.)
2.3 Model A circular area of 1440 ft radius about the GGNS control building was modelled by the BPC and provided for the wind-tunnel tests.
All
. structures were modelled in the detail necessary to provide accurate patterns'over the plant complex.
wind flos.i The model structures were installed on the 12 ft diameter EW downwind turntable, according to a layout diagram furnished by BPC.
Critical structures were sealed down with silicon to prevent leakage.
.After installatica was comnlete indices were placed on the turntable edge to identify true north, and other directions, in 22.5* intervals.
Figure 2-4 contains a schematic layout,of the GGNS model on the EW turntable.
Figures 2-Sa and b provide upwind and downwind photographic n
documentation of the model, as it appeared in the wind tunnel.
6 The control, auxiliary and enclosure
- buildings of the GGNS model were constructed of 'l/16" sheet plastic, while the " remainder of the facilities' were constructed from styrofoam.
Some 'of the model struc-tures were modified either before, or during testing, to accomodate test requirements. Those structures altered included:
- 1) the natural draft, circulating water cooling towers, 2) the' control building, 3) Unit 1 enclosure building, 4) Unit 2 enclosure building, and-5) the mechanial draft standby service water cooling towere. These structures are iden-tified as N&P, L, K, J, and A&B, respectively, on Figure 2-4.
The'two natural draft cooling tower structures were modified prior to testing to ' provide a means to simulate the natural draf t exhausts.
Necessary flow was obtained from 28VDC axial flow fans, vertically mounted inside the styrofoam models, to move air upwards.
Prototype volume flow, Q, was scaled to a model flow rate, Q,, using a volume flux ratio equality (see model calculations at the end of this section).
Velocity profiles measured across the throat of cooling towers were integrated to provide a relat ionship between centerline velocity and volume flow. The centerline velocities were then calibrated against the fan terminal voltage, which was later controlled to maintain a constant ratio of exit velocity to tunnel velocity.
(NOTE:
A nearly constant ratio was maintained for the 5,
10 and 15 fpc reference velocities only-the 20 fps velocity exceeded capacity of the axial fans.)
The control building model was altered prior to testing by the inclasion' of six additional sampling taps near the ground on the plant west face and the installation of sixteen additional receptors in the roof area.
Specific areas of all taps are contained in figures presented in Sections 4.0 and 5.0.
z s
aY 7
The Unit I and Unit 2 enclosure buildings joints were scaled with silicon to insure they were completely tight for all the wind-tunnel tests.
Each unit was modified to add vents, as indicated on Figure 2-6.
The //2 and I/4 vents were modelled to simulate prototype penthouse stand-i d
by gas treatment system (SGTS) vents, with each 1/8" I.D. brass tube extending to the approximate height of the building parapet, capped and containing four 1/16" horizontal outlet holes immediately below the vent cap.
The I/3 vents were installed for use only during the visualization studica to prevent obstruction of the relatively smaller vents from the titanium dioxide buildup associated with the use of TiCl for genet'ating 4
" smoke."
Prototype volume flow, Q, was scaled to the model flow, Q,,
using a momentum flux ratio cauality (see model calculations in this section), for source releases from the vents.
Additionally, the com-plete Unit I building was remodeled from Lucite plastic and fitted with total of 63 piezometer taps, prior to the pressure studies.
a The two mechanical draft cooling towers were also converted into operating systen s.
The structures were modelled from quarter-inch I.u c i t e plastie and the interiors fitted with a system designed to equally' distribute exhausi among the four fans, Figure 2-7 contains two views of the modelled mechanical draf t systems.
Flow out of the units was obtained from a pair of commercial compressors rated 100 cfm @
80 psig.
Prototype volume flow, Q, from each unit (4 fans) was scaled Q, value of 94.16 cfm at a reference velocity of 10 fps, using a to a volume flux ratio equality (see model calculations in subsection 2.5).
A velocity profile measured across the combined four fan flow of one unit was integrated to provide a relat.ionship between centerline veloc-itj and volume flow.
The input air supply was controlled with an t
u.
8 in-line valve and the centerline velocity monitored with a pressure meter to obtain proper flow rates at a reference velocity of 10 fps.
2.4 Tracer Gases Prior to testing, it was decided to simultaneously sample the concentrations from as many as three different sources, by using differ-ent hydrocarbon tracers.
A further decision was made to use neutrally buoyant tracers Since the small exhaust streams rapidly dilute into the atmosphere and the bulk of the dif fusion process occurs at essentially ambient wind density. As a result of the preceding decisions, neutrally buoyant mixtures of gas with methane, ethane, and propane, as the hydro-carbon tracers, were selected for use in the GGNS tests.
The neutrally buoyant tracer gas mixtures, supplied by Scientific Gas Products, Inc., Longmont, Colorado, were calculated in the following manner:
HETHANE 8.97% CH4 + 12.73% CO2+
.30% N2
.0897(16) +.1273(44) +.7830(28) = 28.96 MW ETilANE 10.00% C H2 6 + 4.50% CO2 + 85.5% N2
.10(30) +.0450(44) +.855(28) = 28.92 MW PROPANE 5.62% C "8 * %
3 2
.0562(44) +.9438(28) = 28.90 MW The gases are certified by SGP to be accurate within 12% for values greater than 100 ppm.
2.5 Scaling Calculations for GGNS Model Natural Draf t Cooling Tower Flow Rate Given: Q = 42,700,000 cfm @ ll3*F P
(no thermal correction required)
W = 14.5 fps u = 5.0 fps P
Scale = 1. /L = 1/240 m p
m.
(
e 9
2.
For volume flux ratic equality, flow rates of the model and
- prototype natural draft cooling towers are expressed by-(
) =(
)
or similarly, ut a
uL p
- u L
2-Q, = Qp ( [P )([)
-P Since Q,u and L,/L are all known, the equation becomes t
p Q,= 148.25 u,[cfal,
and the following model' flow rates may be tabulated:
(u )m r
1' (cfm)
(fp,)-
5 741.3 10 1482.6 15 2223.8 20 2965.1 tiechanical Draf t Cooling Tower Flow Rate i
Given: Two units with 4 fans each Q = 678,000 cfm for each fan e
p Q = 2,712,000 cfm for each unit p
W, = 315 ' fpm (5.25 fps)-
D.= 26'2" u = 5 fps 1-p Scale = L /L = 1/240 m
p-For volume flux ratio equality, flow rates of ' the model and prototype mechanical draft ecoling units are defined by 9
(
2)
- (^
)
- "1"Il*#l 'Y uL m
ut p
-- u L
2-Q, = - Qp ( [P )([}
P Substituting known values for Q, u and L,/L, the equation may be p
p p
_ rewritten, Q, = 2.354 u,[cfm/ fan]
or, Q,= 9.416 u,[cfm/ unit]
-w.,
y
- - - ' =
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~m1--
- m-
"""-T*
v, w
w-4,-
10 Since all tests with the mechanical draft units operating were conducted at u, = 19 fps Q,= 9.416 10 = 94.16 [cfm/ unit].
Unit Vents Flow Rates 5
Given: Q = 4500 cfm (1274.3 x 10
,)
T = 622 R P
T = 530*R m
u = 5.0 fps p
Scale = L /L = 1/240 For momentum flux ratio equality, flow rates of the model and prototype vents may be equated by
[E 9 )
[P 9 \\
g g
I' l
24 24 (P "r /E (P "r /*
a a
~ Og u
L Q, = Q (p P)
( *)([)
p E
P P
m Pfl I
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8 L,
2-
- T,}\\ ( u, } ( i,~ } -
u Q, = Qp -( T P
P P
By substituting known values for Q, T /T, u and L /L, model P
m p p
m p flow-rates may readily be calculated from the resultant simplified equation:
Q,= 408.41 u,[ccm]
Flow rates for the specific GGNS model tests become:
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(fps)
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S MODEL SCALE: I" = 20' DWG, SCALE:
I" = 500' AS B-Mechanical Draf t Cooling Towers J
Unit 2 Enclosure Building K
Unit 1 Enclosure Building L
Control Building N
Unit 1 Natural Draft Cooling Tower P
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-s. y y
- s.
,:V p
y
~,
j r
,. / '...;
m
~,.
3,..
m
..,..., '.... > f..q. - -......,,.. \\. t,
.,,.-.s, g
~.1.... _ _.
,3 E
k Figure 2-5.
Upwind (a) and downwind (b) views of the GGNS model installed on the EWT turntable.
Er a
W-M E
M k-M
i l
E I
I
\\
W n
i A
E d
l I
i V
u B
y N
ra A
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N =
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N =
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h' "
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T T
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/
y PLAN VIEW o
O.
r o
O,
- .ji 1
.h 1:ig., 4}+
R ELEV. VIEW Note: All Dimensions in inches Figure 2-7.
Diagrams of Operational Model Mechanical Draf t Fans Assembled at CSU,
18 3.0. VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS
-3.1 General Hot-film anenceetry was used to obtain all velocities recorded in
. the _ GGNS tests.
Singic hot-film anemometers are capable of resolving any one-of the velocity components present. in a turbulent flow field.
The rnolvable component. is entirely dependent upon alignment of the film senscr.
For the GGNS. study, the element axis was installed to obtain velocity information relative to -the tunnel's longitudinal direction.
Mean velocity and longitudinal turbulence intensity profiles were measured from the surface to a point. approximately 50 inches _ above the tunnel ' floor, for four different wind speeds.
The measurements were taken to:
.1) set and monitor tunnel wind speeds during tests, 2) document flow conditions in the wind tunnel, and 3) determine the modelled boundary layer height, 6, surface roughness, z,,
and f riction velocity, u*.
3 '. 2 Veloci ty Measurement. Procedures Vertical profiles of mean velocity, ts, and-longitudinal turbulence intensity were measured on the - tunnel center-line at a position 40 int.Ses ' upwind from the turntable, as indicated on Figure 2-3.
Instriunentation used for ' this partion of the study included 1) a Thermo-Systems, Inc. (TSI) 1050 series anemometer, 2) a TSI Model 1210 hot-film sensor, 3) a - Datametrics Model 880-LV linear velocimeter, 4) a
.TSI Model 1125 calibrator and 5)'a MKS Baratron Pressure Meter.
Calibration of the hot-film sensor was accomplished by correlating anemometer voltages to velocities calculated from pressure differentials
-obtained with a TSI Model 1125 Calibrator and registered on a MKS
19 Baratron pressure meter.
Both anemometer and velocity outputs were fed to the HP-1000 "on-line" computer for fitting to a variable exponent King's Law relationship of the form 2
E
~
= A + Bu"
. H( H "c}.
where E represents the hot-film output voltage, u the mean-velocity and A, B and n are coefficients selected to fit the data.
R and R, " hot" H
and " cold" resistances of the sensor, provide a means of correction for changes in ambient temperature.
Facsimiles of the sensor calibrations are included in the Appendices.
Following calibration, the hot-film sensor, mounted on a computer controlled traverse, was used to determine vertical velocity distribu-tions. Signals from the anemometer and potentiometer device (indicating height) were directed to the HP-1000 computer.
The velocity was sampled 100 times per second, for 50 to 100 seconds, at each of approximately twenty heights and data stored in the computer, for each of the four profiles.
The computer program, after converting each sampled voltage into a velocity using the equation 2
. 1/n 7
u(fps) =
-A R (R -R )
H c
B computed the mean velocity, 0, the velocity fluctuation, u
and the
/U, at each measurement height.
In addition turbulence intensity, u to file s to ra ge, the data was returned to the operator at the wind tunnel on a remote terminal.
A pitot-tube and datametrics probe were installed in the tunnel at a = 47 inches above the location indicated on Figure 2-3.
These latter
20 l
two ' velocity monitoring instruments were calibrated with the hot-film sensor (positioned at z := 9.6 inches) to determine appropriate settings
- for; obtaining reference velocities of 5, 10, 15 and 20 fps. The pitot l
pressure was monitored on the MKS Baratron pressure meter, while the I
datametrics voltage was monitored with an Integrating Digital Voltmeter.
The MKS Baratrons used to monitor velocity were calibrated (see Appendix i
l-C) prior to use.
Copies of the pitot tube and datametrics probe
-calibrations are also contained in the Appendices. The hot-film sensor was removed from its position ahead of the turntable prior to testing, so as not to d'isrupt flow patterns.
3.3 Velocity Data i
Reproductions of the computer processed data for the four velocity distributions are presented in Tables 3-la-d.
Similarly, the mean l
velocity and longitudinal turbulence intensity profiles are contained in
- Figures 3-la-d.
.The four mean' velocity profiles are also presented on log-linear
- and -log-log plots, in Figures 3-2 and 3-3, respectively.
Figure 3-2 provides -a qualitative assessment of the modelled surface roughness and 1
boundary. layer.
An extrapolation of. the lower portion of each of the i-I
- four profiles would seemingly indicate a z, in the range of 0.08 to 0.1 -
' inches.
If the boundary layer thickness, 6, is defined to be the point where l the profiles flatten out, the observed values of 6 for the four mean-velocity profiles are all at least 40 inches.
The' log-log pre-sentation of - the four profiles in Figure 3-3, clearly reveals that the boundary -layer was. little af fected - by tunnel speed-a good indication of 'Reynolds number independence.
These plots further indicate good similarity in power law exponents, over the range of measured speeds.
L 9
21 Profiles of velocity coefficients, u/u, and turbulence intensities r
(u
/U) for the four velocities are presented on the same graphs of Figure 3-4 to demonstrate the degree of superposition.
Both sets of profiles indicate strong Reynolds number independence-especially so at 10, 15 and 20 fps.
These results also demonstrate that a fairly u
=
homogeneous boundary layer was obtained.
Boundary layer characterinics were calculated by determining a best fit of the mean velocity data.
The regression used a formula of the form z.-
u*(En[)
u =
i o-where k, von Karman's constant is assumed to be 0.4.
The z, valt.ca obtained for the respective reference velocities of 5,
10, 15 and 20 fps are 0.084, 0.100, 0.119 and 0.104 inches.
If z, is scaled to reflect the prototype, values of 20.16, 24.00, 28.56 and 24.96 inches are obtained.
Friction velocities obtained f rom the regression were 0.44, 0.89, 1.38 and 1.79, respectively.
Normalizing the range of u* values with u provides values of 0.088, 0.089, 0.092 and 0.090, respectively. This similarity of coefficients indicates that the characteristics of the boundary layer were exceptionally invariant with tunnel speed.
A minimum boundary layer height of 26.1 inches (top of cooling towers); a surface roughness of 0.1 inch and a friction velocity of 0.762 fps were specified/ recommended model values, at a reference speed of 10 fps.
Since 6, z, and uk values of 40 inches, 0.100 inch, and 0.89 fps were measured in the tunnel, and all compare favorably with specified
22 values, reasonable probability exists that the required boundary layer, was adequately reproduced in the CSU Environmental Wind Tunnel.
Copies of computer programs used for velocity calibrations and data acquisition are included in Appendix D.
O
A 23 Table 3-la.
Hot-film profile data at u = 5 1'P s.
r z
O "res TI
-(in)
(fps)
(fps)
(%)
1.50 3.21
.79 24.54 2.04 3.56
.80 22.46 2.54 3.80
.81 21.25 2.95 3.91
.80 20.36 4.01 4.36
.76 17.45 5.03 4.5t:
.72 15.87 6.03 4.64
.73 15.68 7.02 4.84
.68 14.05 8.02 5.09
.65 12.84 9.62.
5.23
.66 12.61 9.62 5.16
.68 13.08 10.04 5.16
.66 12.77 12.02 5.48
.67 12.14 15.03 5.73
.52 9.04 20.01 6.00
.50 8.41 24.98 6.22
.46 7.33 30.02-6.47
.41 6.32 34.95 6.71
.42 6.31 39.99 6.95
.42 6.10 45.02 7.05
.41 5.84 50.00 7.32
.38 5.26 Hot-film located on. tunnel centerline, 40" upwind of turntable.
100 samples /sec for 100 seconds.
24 Table 3-1b.
Hot-film profile data for u = 10 fps.
r O
"rms T1 z
(in)
(fps)
(fps)
(%)
1.50 6.23 1.54 24.77 2.03 6.96 1.59 22.90 2.50 7.33 1.59 21.68 3.03 7.69 1.49 19.39 4.00 8.20 1.54 18.78 5.03 8.68 1.43 16.50
=5.96 9.00 1.45 16.15 7.01 9.40 1.40 14.93 8.02 9.74 1.38 14.17 9.62 10.17 1.24 12.19 9.62 9.86 1.32 13.34 10.03 10.17 1.26 12.40 12.01 10.61 1.17 11.05 15.02 11.27 1.11 9.81 20.02 11.87
.91 7.66 24.99 12.32
.85 6.87 30.01 12.74
.83 6.51 35.00 13.20
.83 6.32 40.00 13.58
.86 6.30 44.95 14.01
.84 5.97 49.99 14.57
.75 5.13 IIct-film located on tunnel centerline, 40" upwind of turntable.
100' samples /sec for 100 seconds.
N.
25 Table 3-Ic.
Hot-film profile data for u = 15 fps.
r z
O "rms TI (in)
(fps)
(fps)
(%)
2.02 10.22 2.34 22.93 2.54 10.77 2.30 21.32 3.04 11.23 2.29 20.37 4.03 12.06 2.28 18.91 5.04 12.62 2.19 17.35 6.01 13.29 2.11 15:87 7.04 13.93 2.10 15.07 8.06 14.52 2.03 13.99 9.61 15.09 1.95 12.94 9.61 15.20 1.98 13.05 10.02 14.94 1.83 12.26 12.01 15.86 1.76 11.12 15.03 16.56 1.70 10.28 20.03 17.99 5.13 28.53 24.99 18.34 2.20 11.98 30.00 19.10 1.22 6.38 35.00 19.69 1.23 6.23 40.00 20.35 1.23 6.03 45.00 20.90 1.17 5.61 50.01 21.68 1.13 5.19 Hot-film located on tunnel centerline, 40" upwind of turntable.
100 samples /sec for 70 seconds.
4
i 26 Table 3-Id.
Hot-film profile data for u = 20 fps.
r
~z O
"rms TI (in)
(fps)
(fps)
(%)
1.50 12.91 3.22 24.92 2.04 13.47 3.16 23.46 2.54 14.31 3.04 21.27 3.04 15.30 3.13 20.49 4.01 16.46 3.11 18.89
$.02 17.40 3.00 17.23 6.02 18.25 2.94 16.12 7.02 13.74 2.87 15.30 8.01 18.97 2.71 14.28 9.62 29.29 2.55 12.58 9.62 19.86 2.53 12.74 10.02 20.46 2.68 13.10 12.01 21.25 2.46 11.58 15.01 22.31 2.21 9.90 20.01 23.60 1.92 8.14 24.99 24.43 1.78 7.30 30.01 25.41 1.54 6.07 35.01 26.29 1.57 5.98 40.01 26.80 1.57 5.85 44.95 27.89 1.58 5.66 49.95 28.53 1.49 5.22 flot-film located on tunnel centerline, 40" upwind of turntable.
100. samples /sec for 50 seccnds.
I 1
i l
Il u"
0 i 3 y
t i
O co l
O ev 0
e i
s 2
c p
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)
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r
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y 1
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~
o 5 fps o
10 fps O.1
~
a 15 fps
[
o 20 fps I
0.01 O
10 20 30 MEAN VELOCITY, O ( f ps )
Figure 3-2.
Log-linear plot of mean velocity Profiles for reference velocities of 5, 10, 15 and 20 fps.
ll) l e
OO
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O OV#
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O n o D.w V#
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( ~UI) Z
34 4.0 CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENTS 4.1 General Concentration data were obtained for two configurations of the GGNS, two complete units with cooling towers and Unit I with its natural dra f t cooling tower and a partially completed Unit 2.
In addition to the two configurations, tests were accomplished with natural draf t and mechanical draft fans in various modes of operation.
The location and identification of concentration sampling taps installed in the GGNS control building plant west face and roof are recorded on Figures 4-la and b.
The taps are consecutively numbered from one through forty-two.
All concentration measurements were made with a 10 fps tunnel speed (measured at the 9.6 inch reference height), except for the Reynolds number independence tests (RNIT), where speeds ranged from 5 to 20 fps.
Table 4-1 contains a complete tabulation of run numbers assigned to the concentration tests, along with other pertinent. test parameters /
conditions.
Table 4-2 itemizes the pa ran+ te rs which were taken into account for the RNIT.
4.2 Concentration Measurement Procedures Concentrations were measured at each of the sampling taps installed on the GGNS control building surfaces.
The test procedure consisted of:
- 1) setting the proper speed in the wind tunnel, 2) releasing metered mixtures of source gases of the required density from the prescribed sources, 3) withdrawing samples of air from the control building receptors, and 4) analyzing the samples with a Flame Ionization Gas Chromatograph.
These procedures are addressed in more detail in the succeeding paragraphs.
Photographs of umm
[.-[_[.-jY, ;..'y [,l_:&.*$ $ _ Q.;%. G l ll - 4y,w-l)'..,,. ;:.., -. _. ') ~. f, ;.- f ' c ~;., -Q. r l ?.} [ [
~
p-p e,-.
C.J 3 s. *.. <
35 4
4... '. -
,.4.y j
. ' ' 4.'.
..I the sampling systern and gas thromatograph used in the tests are f..'f g reproduced in Figure 4-2a and b.
s;
..a,...
'l ' M4
,.q'i Tra ce r gases released from the Unit. I and 2 sources were routed 2.
% :3.;s;
- . 4.-
v
. ~ -
h
. [i. "..
through flow meters to preciscly model and control the flow rates. All i "
4
.l.
4 di; flow meters were calibrated prior to the tests with the particular c
e.
3 8, Air) to be regulated.
Flow meter calibration 7
(g tracer (CH, C N '
N 4
26
,$. 'O A
data and graphs are included in Appendix C.
Graphs of the calibration fd'
' }
points indicate ellent linearity throughout points extending well w.q
'.h,*
'I beyond flow ranges used in the tests, in all cases.
Specific flow meter 9
s 91
- s s<
/- f,. s ;
settings for the concentration tests were obtaind from a linear f g ",. l./
(.' I
- ]; c..
regression of the calibration values, and appear as Table 4-3, herein.
f e-
- . U..[
The forty-two model taps were connected to a
fifty-sample 3.
w...
g.s u
a
< ;%.. ;;9 collection system (which was located adjacent to the wind tunnel) with d.
.m c.
u =.q W.
.;.. V. v.i one-sixteenth I.D.
Tygon tubes.
The collection system
(" Sampler"),
4,-
d -
.'*.,L]
which was designed and fabricated in the CSU Engineering Research
(#;
kg,s.
p..
?-
$.a
- cQ Center, basically consists of a circular array of 30-cc syringes, a 7
.. y
~--'. F~. M, hl.
network of check valves and a manifolded vacuum system, all intercon-
. +=
.L.:., / -
N.
nected, and completing a path from sampling port to gas chrcmatograph.
&l
.,: ~)
!.3. ',3 Sampling time and vacuum pressure of the sampling system are adjustable.
M.
J
.v n
J7 w
.j The sampler was calibrated both prior to, and immediately following, y
.4j?j the concentration test program to insure proper function of each of the k..
4 r T. -3 l' '.
7, assemblies (tubing, check valve, syringe).
This was accomplished by c/
, ;., ;. ?
$.f d-enclosing the control building model in a plastic cocoon which was 1
y+
r
- ,'.'.,.d3 filled with a tracer gas prior to withdrawing samples.
Assemblies which M
3
[
LI provided concentrations deviating from the mean were inspected for g..,,
.(*,[Q leaks, or mechanical malfunction, and repaired prior to testing. Copies
.t..;
7 4 3.1,.?
of the sampler calibrations are included in Appendix C.
h...
u
..). y y f.,.
f, ',..' 4f~.*I
.,(',-*#
- r. $
? E.". e $ '..?
}
e +...
n m
n.
\\
- e '%,..
- h ' - *,,' W, ( ' b ^ -..
4,,. 4..;; { 9.::. + 2i. $
-[* h.'
- h,,...., ". ' :h 4.a.; y,.,);j% w:
.1, Y g, 4 ((,,' (* gA~ kY f'.*,
- ...L..c '.
M
-5 4
,,, 7
".% g 4 t
.i
..)
+ Y % z ;
t..
w
36 g.
The samples, thus collected in the sampler, were injected, in turn, computer controlled stepping motor and Scani-valve with ' the~ aid of a
..into a gas chromatograph.
-Analysis of ' the tracer gas samples essentially consisted of:
1).
- introduction of two cubic centimeters of the 30-cc sample withdrawn from the wind tunnel.into a gas chromatograph-flame ionization detector (GC-FID), 2) routing the output from the electrometer (in microvolts) to a Hewlett-Packard 3390 Integrator, 3) analysis of the output signal by the~ l'o-3390 to obtain the proportional amount of hydrocarbon (s) in the. sample. and. subsequent integration of the record and determination of hydrocarbon content of the samples by multiplying the integrated signal (pv-s) by ' a calibration signal..(pps/pv-s), 4) providing a stumnarized printout of the integrator analys.is at the wind tunnel and simultaneously routing the data to an HP-1000 "on-line" computer system,
- 5) input of pertinent run parameters to the HP-1000 computer via a
remote terminal, and 6) conversion of the stored data into normalized and printouts of the results in (Xu I9)p
_ prototype concentrations r
designated format.
A more technical / comprehensive explanation of the analysis ~ process.is contained in the next sub-section.
4.3 Concentration Data Calculation 1)
A certified calibration. gas (538 ppm CH ; 550 ppm C H I ""
4 26 balance N) was introduced into the GC-FID.
The HP3390A integrator 2
analysis.of the signal from the GC-FID yields an area count, A g, in units of 0.125 pv-s for each of the known hydrocarbon concentrations.
2)-
The HP3390A was programmed to convert all subsequent samples directly_ into the appropriate hydrocarbon concentrations in ppm via
37 multiplication ' of ' the. area count of the~ sample, A, by the calibration factor for the hydrocarbon analyzed.
' i.e. ' CH sample conc.-(ppm) = A - (538 pps/A
)=X
- 4 3
3 CH sample conc. (ppm) = A (550 pps/A 7)=X2 26 2
CH sample conc. (ppm) =~A (550 pps/Ag)=X3 38 3
CH 38 44 NOTE:
[A 1.01 A
y cal 30-1.01 A,7
, where the
=
c 3
H 2
2 26 correction factor of 1.01 is that suggested in McNair, 1969]
3)
The HP3390A prints out the values X,
X and X for each 3
2 3
. sample analyzed.
In addition to this hard copy it sends these values in ASCII format to the HP1000 "on-line" computer for storage and further
~
analysis.
4)
. Program.GC, listed.in Appendix
.D, controlled the data acquisition sequence for the 42 samples analyzed for. each run.
Upon initiation it creates a data file for the test being performed.
The
,first' four records of this file contain the following run information:
RECORD l'- Run No., Data File Name, Operator Name, Day of the Year, Year, No. of Tracer Gases Used RECORD 2 - Model Velocity, Height of Model Velocity Measurement, Air Temp., Height of Air Temp. Measurement, Model Flow t.
l Rate for each Source Gas RECORD.3 Model Temp. of each Source Gas at Release Point, Hydro-carbon Tracer used in each Source Gas
~
RECORD 4 - Tracer Concentration (ppm) for each Source Gas, Background Concentration upwind of the model for each Hydrocarbon Tracer.
I:
1
38 The 42 subsequent records stored the tube number, the model X, Y, Z
location - of the tube, and the source normalized concentrations (ppm)
-for each of the sources (see Step 8 for definition of source normalized conc.).
5)
The input information contained in records 1, 2, and 3 along with. the tracer concentrations in record 4 are updated by the operator at the start of each new run. The mixture of source gases are certified
.by Scientific Gas Products, the Vendor, to be accurate within itwo percent.
6)
The two sampler syringes containing the background tracer values in the approaching air flew are analyzed first.
The program then allows the operator to take an average of the two values for each tracer present, the maximum values, or to input other values.
7)
After placement of the proper background values into record 4 of the run file, the program controlled the sequential injection, the operation of the HP3390A integrator, data reduction, the integrator readout.and the on-site printout of concentration data on a remote computer terminal for up to 48 different samples.
8)
The data reduction performed within program GC was the conversion of the measured tracer concentration for the sample, the background measurement (sent to HP1000 computer from the HP3390A integrator) and the concentration of tracer gas within the source into a source normalized concentration, i.e. the percentage of source gas (not just tracer gas) at the sample location. This calculation is summarized in the following equation:
l l
......=
i l:
39 X -X f bg 6,
i (1)
=
10 where X"i
= source normalized X"i Xs 'Xbg concentration (ppm) g X*. = sample trace r concentra-tion (ppm)
X
= source concentration s g (pp,)
X
= tracer background 8 1 concentration (ppm) i = 1 for CH tracer, 2 for 4
CH tracer, 3 for C H 26 38 tracer.
9)
Program GGRP, also listed in Appendix D, was used to convert the source normalized values stored in the run files by program GC to field equivalent values of in units of [m" ] and create the concen-([)Q s
tration files contained in Appendix A.
(u E approach flow wind speed r
at a height of 192 ft, T, E ambient air temperature, T E s urce gas s
tempera tu re at exit, and Q E total source release rate evaluated at source exit tempt.cture). This calculation is summarized below:
l 6
i 2
X"u (X IPPm]/10 )-(u[cm/s])
2 L
4 (2)
T I l" l*
- (10 g
),
T 3
m L
' [s
([)(Q[cmj,j)
( )Q l
l p
p s
'm where the subscript p designates prototype values, the subscript m designates model vaines, X' "p, (T,/T,) and Q are defined above, u,E n
model approach flow wind speed at the scaled height of (L,/L ) = 0.8 f t, p
and L /L 1/240 E model to field length scale ratio (note that square
=
m p bracketed values in equation (2) are units designators).
- 10) The GGRP Program calculates a lower limit cutoff for the source normalized concentration, X, through inclusion of the following n
instructions:
40 If. X. < 1.3
- X
+X
= 0, for Xg > 1 ppm i
bg n
g g
~
+X
= 0, for X<1 ppm-If Xg < 0.3 + Xbg n
i g
g Whenever a sample tracer concentratica, X.
is sufficiently small 1,
to produce a. source normalized concentration,.Xm, equal to zero, the 1
field e'quivalent concentration values (calculated as set forth in equation (2) of the preceding paragraph) also becomes equal to zero, as is reflected in many of the data points tabulated in Appendix A.
- 11) Program GGRP also computes and reports:
the ave rage of concentrations measured on the control building roof (i.e. tu'oe numbers 27-42); the average of concentrations measured at elevated locations on the west wall of the control building (i.e. tube numbers 7-26); and the
-maximum observed concentration for each run.
4.4 Concentration Data Verification As a verification of the computer program calculation, the following hand calculations of tube number 29 on run number 15C were performed:
1)
The area counts-for the prerun analysis of the calibration gas were. reported on the HP3390A integrator output to be, A,
= 1,671,326 (538 ppm CH )
4 c
A
= 3,327,686 (550 ppm C H )
cal,,
26 CH 3g
'A,g =g 1.01 A,g
= 4,929,412 (550 ppm C N )
c c
38 3
CH 3
26 Thus the linear calibration factors stored within the HP3390A integrator for the ~ conversion between area counts and concentrations in ppm were
-C
= 538/1,671,326 = 3.219x10
~ ppm / unit area 3
= 550/3,327,686 = 1.653x10 ' pps/ unit area
~
C2 C
0/4,929,4 2 = 1. N 0 pps/unk ama 3
l 41 2)
For tube 29 in run 15C the area counts were A = 39,636 g
A = 26,998 2
A
- II' 3
multiplication of 'these values by the calibration factors yields xC = 12.76 ppm y3=A3 3
2 4.46 pprc X
A xC
2 2
2 1.28 ppm X
=A
=
4 3
3*
3
- 3) These X, y and X values were routed to the HP-1000 "on-line" 1
2 3
computer for reduction by equation (1) into source normalized concentra-tions (ppm) and storage in the run data file, by program GC.
From the input data for run 15C X
= 8.80 ppm, X
= 1.95 ppm, X M
bg bg bg 1
3 X
= 89700 ppm, X,
= 99800 ppm, X
= 56200 ppm s 3 Using equation (1) yields 6
6 X
= 10
(
) = 44.2 ppm n
g 3
6 * ( 4.46-1.95 X
EP" n,
99800-1.95 4
- ( 562 f
g ) = 10.74 ppm X
n3 These values X were written to the run data file.
4)
The conversion of model data into field equivalent values of i
Xn "r g
were Performed by program GGRP, according to equation (2). From T
(f)Q I
L s
the run input information 3
u,= 304.8 cm/s, (T,), = 22 C, (T,),= 22 C, Q, = 68 cm 7, thus l
l
r u
42 u"
~X"1
~(44.2/10 )(304.8)'(10 )( I 2)
= 0.344x10' m'
6 y
T (273+22) (68) 240
([)Q L
273+22
.I 8
.P
-u" x"2
~(25.2/10 )(304.8)~
0
/
(10 )( I 2) = 0.196x10-4,-2 4
T 273+22
( )'Q
. (273+22} ( }
S P
u" "x"3 6
g '(10.74/10 )(304.8)~(10 )( 1 2)
= 0.836x10-5,-2 4
([)Q L.
(273+22) (68) 240 s
.p
- 5) The above values can be observed to be the same as those listed 4
.in the Appendix A, Run 15C.
4.5 Concentration Data The normalized prototype concentrations measured at each control building surface tap were calculated by the on-line data systeu computer and tabulated along with other run parameters. The complete compilation of concentration data is included as Appendix A.
Maximum concentration and location for each source, wind direction and configuration, were compiled and are presented as Tables 4-4a through 4-4d.
Computer p rograms used to process the concentration data are included in Appendix D.
4.6 Reynolds Number Tests To affirm the independence of the test results from Reynolds number, concentration tests were performed at tunnel wiad speeds of 5, 10, -15 and 20 fps, as measured at the established -9.6 inch reference height.
The simulated wind direction was predicted by the measurements from a previously completed set of concentration data.
The test direction was rotated f rom south-southwest to west after determination
43 that operation of the cooling towers affected both model position and magnitude of maximum concentrations.
Neutrally buoyant tracer gases, released from the Unit 1 outboard capped vent (methane) were measured at each of the sixteen sarrpling taps installed in the GGNS control building roof.
Volume flow rates of the tracer gas through the vent were changed for each test to maintain a constant ratio of exit velocity to ambient velocity.
Exhaust from the cooling towers was also adjusted to maintain a constant velocity ratio, to the extent possible, for the tests with " fans ON."
Tables 4-Sa and 4-5b contain tabulations of the normalized prototype concentration (xu /Q) values measured at each receptor for the different wind speeds. As can be seen from the tables, variation of
~
(Xu /Q) at a fixed location for the three higher speeds is generally less than ten percent.
An average of the sampled concentrations, calculated for each of the tests, is also contained in the tables.
Figure 4-3 contains plots of these average concentrations versus the wind speeds.
The graph indicates that acceptable Reynolds number independence was achieved for all tests in the 10-20 fps range.
Table'4'-1.
GGNS Wind-Tunnel Concentration Test Program Natural ~ Mech.
Run-
.. Wind Plant Draft Dra f t -
No.
Wind Speed Units Fans Fans K4 K2 J4 J2 (f 8)
P IC N
10 1&2 ON OFF M
P.
^l ICA N
10 1&2 ON
-0FF M
P 2C NNE 10 1&2 ON-0FF M
P-2CF NNE 10 1&2 0FF OFF M
- P
'3C NE 10 1&2
.ON OFF~
M P
3CF NE 10 1&2 0FF OFF M
P 4C ENE 10 1&2 ON OFF M.
P SC E
10 1&2 ON OFF M
P 6C ESE 10 1&2 ON,
-OFF M
P 7C SE 10 1&2 ON OFF M
P l
8C SSE 10 1&2 ON-0FF M
P 9C S
10 1&2 ON-0FF M
P 9CF S
10 1&2 0FF OFF
-M P
IOC SSW
- 0 1&2 ON OFF M
P 10CA SSW 10 1&2 ON OFF M
17C SSW 10 1&2 0FF 0FF M
P 17CB SSW 10 1&2 0FF 0FF M
11C SW' 10 1&2 ON OFF M
P 11CF SW 10 1&2 0FF OFF M
P 12C WSW 10 1&2 ON OFF M
P 12CA WSW 10 1&2 ON OFF M-P 12CC WSW 10 1&2
,0N OFF M
P 12CF WSW 10 1&2 0FF OFF.
M P
13C W
10 1&2 ON OFF M
P 17CA W
10 1&2 0FF OFF M
14C WNW 10 1&2 ON OFF M
P 15C NW 10 162 ON OFF M
P ISCA NW 10 1&2 ON OFF M
P 16C
-NNW 10 1&2 ON OFF M'
P i
Table 4-1.
(continued) l Natural Mech.
Unit 1 Unit 2 Run Wind Plant Draft Draft No.
Wind Speed Units Fans Fans K4 K2 J4 J2
' fps) 24C N
10 1&2 ON OFF M
E 25C NNE 10 1&2 ON OFF M
E 25F NNE 10 1&2 0FF OFF M
E 26C NE 10 1&2 ON OFF M
E 26CF NE 10 1&2 0FF OFF M
E 27C ENE 10 1&2 ON OFF M
E 27CF ENE 10 1&2 0FF OFF M
E 28C E
10 1&2 ON OFF M
E 29C ESE 10 1&2 ON OFF M
E 30C SE 10 1&2 ON OFF M
E 31C SSE 10 1&2 ON OFF M
E 32C S
10 1&2 ON OFF M
E 33C SSW 10 1&2 ON OFF M
E 33CF SSW 10 1&2 0FF 0FF M
E 34C SW 10 1&2 ON OFF M
E 34CF SW 10 1&2 0FF 0FF M
E 35C WSW 10 1&2 ON OFF M
E l
36C W
10 1&2 ON OFF M
E 37C WNW 10 1&2 ON OFF M
E 38C NW 10 1&2 ON OFF M
E 39C NNW 10 1&2 ON OFF M
E l
3
FR s
Table 4-1.
(continued)
Natural Mech.
""I' U"I'.
Run Wind Plant Draft Dra f t No.
Wind Speed Units Fans Fans
'a4 K2 J4 J2 (fps) 56C S
10 1
ON OFF M
.57C SSW 10 1
ON OFF M
57CF SSW 10
.1 0FF OFF M
58C SW 10 1
ON OFF M
58CF SW 10 1
0FF OFF M
59C WSW 10 1
ON OFF M
60C W
10 1
ON OFF M
,e 61C WNW 10 1
ON OFF M
62C NW 10 1
ON OFF M
63C S
10 1
ON OFF M
64C SSW 10 1
ON OFF M
64CF SSW 10 1
0FF OFF M
65C SW 10 1
ON OFF M
65CF SW 10 1
0FF OFF M
66C WSW 10 1
ON OFF M
67C W
10 1
ON OFF M
68C WNW 10 1
ON OFF M
69C NW 10 1
ON OFF M
I
Table 4-1.
(continued)
Natural Mech.
nit 1 Unit 2 Run Wind Plant Draft Draft No.
Wind Speed Units Fans Fans K4 K2 J4 J2 (fps) 70C NW 10 1&2 ON ON M
71C NNW 10 1&2 ON ON M
7_C N
10 1&2 ON ON M
73C NNE 10 1&2 ON ON M
73CF NNE 10 1&2 0FF ON M
74C NW 10 1&2 ON ON M
75C NNW 10 1&2 ON ON M
76C N
10 1&2 ON ON M
77C NNE 10 1&2 ON ON N
3 77CF NNE 10 1&2 0FF ON M
LEGEND:
A, B - Repeated Test C - Concentration Test E - Ethane Tracer F - Natural Draf t Fans Of f J - Unit 2 K - Unit 1 M - Methane Tracer P - Prepane Tracer 2 - Inboard Capped Vent 4 - Outboard Capped Vent
Table 4-2.
GGNS Wind-Tunnel RNIT Test Program Natural Mech.
Unit 1 Unit 2 Run Wind -
Plant Draft Draft No.
Wind Speed Units Fans Fans K4' K2 J4 J2 (fps) 10C SSW 10 1&2 ON OFF M
P 10CA SSW 10
.1&2 ON OFF M
l'C SSW 10 1&2 0FF 0FF M
P-17CB SSW 10 1&2 OFF OFF M
13C W
10 1&2 ON OFF M
P 17CA W
10 1&2 0FF OFF M
18C W
5 1&2 ON OFF M
19C W
5 1&2 0FF OFF M
20C W
15 1&2 ON OFF M
21C W
15 1&2 0FF OFF M
22C W
20.
1&2 ON OFF M
23C W
20 1&2 0FF OFF M
LEGEND:
A, B - Repeated Test C - Concentration Test J - Unit 2 K - Unit 1 M - Methane Tracer P - Ptopane Tracer 2 - Inboard Capped Vent 4 - Outboard Capped Vent i
49 Table 4-3.
Flowmeter Settings for Concentration and Visualization
-Experiments 2042 4084 6126 8168 cc/ min cc/ min cc/ min cc/ min METHANE 1F-7 1,19 2.52 3.84 5. I '~/
GAUGE #1 @ 10 psi ETHANE F-4 3.07 5.55 8.03 10.51 GAUGE f/3 @ 10 psi PROPANE.
F-17 12.32 24.07 35.82 47.57 GAUGE //4 @ 10 psi
. RECON.. AIR-F-4 3.18 5.69 8.19 10.70
-GAUGE.#3 @ 10 psi b
50
. Table 4-4a.
Maximum incentration Locations and Values with Units 1 and 2 Installed - Cooling Tower Fans ON Direction K4 K2 J4 J2 N
0 0
42/.422E-03 42/.622E-03
'NNE O
O 34/.592E-03 33/.868E-03 NE O
O 20/.226E-03 22/.259E-03 ENE O
O 22/.350E-04 22/.211E-04 E
O O
19/.468E-05 19/.272E-05 ESE O
O 7/.595E-05 7/.489E-05 SE O
O
'O O
SSE O
0 0
0 S.
0 0
40/.446E-05 0
SSW' 8/.146E-03 8/.163E-03 0
23/.272E-04 SW 27/.825E-04 31/.148E-03 0
31/.321E-05 WSW 31/.391E-04 29/.632E-04 0
0 JW 30/.194E-03 34/.421E-03 0
0 WNW 36/.146E-03 36/.203E-03 0
0 39/.203E-03
'40/.203E-03 41/.203E-03 NW 34/.514E-04 34/.587E-04 39/.189E-04 39/.218E-04 NNW.
0 0
42/.721E-04 42/.544E-04 Legend: J = Unit 2 K =-Unit 1 2 = In-board Vent 4 = Out-board Vent Example:
42/.422E-03 Sampling Tap Number / Normalized Concentration Value 1
I
51 Table 4-4b.. Maximum' Concentration Locations and Values with Units 1 and 2 Installed - Cooling Tower Fans OFF i-I.
Direction K4 K2 J4 J2
'NNE O
O 34/.928E-03 34/.111E-02 NE-0 0
22/.627E-04 22/.715E-04 22/.224E-04 0
ENE 0
S 0
SSW 0
0 0
0 SW 27/.364E-03 27/.341E-03 0
27/.190E-04 WSW 39/.322E-04 0
_ W 30/.180E-03 Legend: J = Unit 2 K = Unit 1 2 = In-board Vent 4 = Out-board Vent
- -= Not Measured
52 Table 4-4c.
Maximum Concentration Locations and Values with Unit 1 Installed - Cooling Tower Fan ON/0FF Wind Direction K4 K2 Cooling Towers ON S-11/.123E-03 10/.138E-03 11/.138E-03 SSW.
24/.242E-03 22/.245E-03 23/.245E-03 SW
'27/.879E-04 19/.914E-04 WSW
'31/.104E-03
'27/.112E-03 li 33/.174E-03 34/.347E-03 34/.174E-03 WNW 34/.784E-04 34/.859E-04 NW 0
0 Cooling Towers OFF SSW 11/.308E-03 11/.319E-03 SW 19/.101E-03 19/.111E-03 Legend:.K = Unit 1 2 = In-board Vent 4 = Out-board Vent l
b
-(
53 Table 4-4d.
Maximum Concentration Locations and Values with Units 1 and 2 Installed - Mechanical Draft Fans Operating -
g Cooling Tower Fans ON/0FF Wind Direction J4 J2 Cooling Towers ON MJ 39/.456E-04 39/.145E-04 NNW 39/.119E-04 39/.168E-04 N
34/.111E-03 34/.869E-04 NNE 42/.936E-04 22/.229E-03 Cooling Towers OFF NNE 34/.171E-03 20/.180E-03 Legend: 'J = Unit 2 2 = In-board Vent
.4 = Out-board Vent
i.
u-54 Table 4-Sa.
Concentrations Measured on Control Room Roof from Unit 1 Outboard Vent Release of CH with Cooling Towers ON, for 4
RNIT.
Run Nr.
18C 13C 20C 22C Wind Dir.
W W
W W
Wind Speed (fps) 5 10 15 20 Vent. Flow (cc/ min) 2042 4084 6126 8168 C.T. Flow (cfm) 741 1483
~2025
~2025 Xu Tap Nr.
Measured Concentration, q (m-2)
E 12 7
.131E-03
.168E-03
.185E-03
.181E-03 28
.136E-03
.172E-03
.~98E-03
.197E-03 29
.138E-03
.183E-03
.209E-03
.210E-03 30
.142E-03
.194E-03
.232E-03
.224E-03 31
.119E-03
.146E-03
.157E-03
.151E-03 32
.136E-03
.177E-03
.200E-03
.196E-03 33
.135E-03
.182E-03
.213E-03
.209E-03 34
.130E-03
.183E-03
.227E-03
.210E-03
.125E-03 35
.115E-03
.129E-03 36
.965E-04
.120E-03
.122E-03
.117E-03
.116E-03 37
.843E-04
.118E-03 38
.774E-04
.118E-03
.142E-03
.118E-03 39
.106E-03
.113E-03
.111E-03
.106E-03 40
.947E-04
.111E-03
.110E-03
.105E-03 41
.861E-04
.111E-03
.116E-03
.107E-03 42
.791E-04
.113E-03
.110E-03
.111E-03 Average
.113E-03
.146E-03
.167E-03
.155E-03
55 p;
Table 4-5b.
Concentrations Heasured on Control Room Roof from Unit 1 Outboard Vent Release of CH with Cooling Towers 0FF, for 4
RNIT.
Run Nr.
19C 17CA 21C 23C Wind Dir.
W W
W W
Wind Speed-(fps) 5 10 15 20 Vent. Flow (cc/ min) 2042 4084 6126 8168
'C.T. Flow (cfm) 0 0
0 0
Xu Tap Nr.
Measured Concentration, (m-2) q 27
.947E-04
.127E-03
.157E-03
.152E-03 28
.930E-04
.140E-03
.177E-03
.153E-03 29
.982E-04
.147E-03
.131E-03
.173E-03 30
.102E-03
.180E-03
.198E-03
.180E-03 31
.843E-04
.110E-03
.130E-03
.124E-03 32
.947E-04
.136E-03
.171E-03
.165E-03 33
.947E-04
.144E-03
.182E-03
.173E-03 34
.930E-04
.155E-03
.187E-03
.181E-03 35
.826E-04
.926E-04
.112E-03
.105E-03 36
.791E-04
.832E-04
.103E-03
.101E-03 37
.774E-04
.829E-04
.104E-03
.962E-04 38
.739E-04
.860E-04
.108E-04
.997E-04 39
.843E-04
.788E-04
.960E-04
.901E-04 40
.791E-04
.775E-04
.934E-04
.910E-04 41
.757E-04
.783E-04
.102E-03
.884E-04 42
.739E-04
.836E-04
.977E-04
.884E-04 Average
.863E-04
.113E-03
.137E-03
.129E-03 i
l E
.gn i
d 6
l 2o 4o i
1 u
B 6o l
8o o
1 r
tno C
52o 3o 1
SNGG 7o f
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ec 42o 2o a
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tseW n
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d s
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p a
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n i
lp m
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o no i
tac 1o 9o 2
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i 6o tn 1
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i tac 5o o
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io a
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erug i
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d l
i u
B lo r
t n
o C
S NG G
f o
f o
8 o
2o 3 o' 4
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R 3
n i
spa T
7 3
9 41o 3o 3
2 g
o o
n i
lp ma S
0 6
2 8
f o
3 o o
4o 3
2 o
no i
t N
/
a
\\
c i
7 f
9 5
1 c 2o o
o i
3 3
3 t
ne d
I
/
no i
t a
co L
/
/
b l
4 er u
g i
F Il
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l
58 l
)
"~
.e t
.g
-te.
\\ '
lId Lil.., g 9
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!$111kII i
tA r.
3 h
s W
?in 6A r
a r
~
g N.*
-i y
L 9 - - - - - -
y M
g Figure 4-2.
Sampling System and Gas Chromatograph Used in GGNS Concentration Tests.
m-4
' + - - - ~ - ' ' -
59 3
2 -
e O
A~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
_4 H '
,/,
l 0.9 O'/
w i
O.8 o
0.7 x
O.6 E
~
0.5 ua o X
_ O. 4 1
Legend:
0.3 Outboard Vent, CH 4
C.T. s On o
C.T.'s Off 0.2 I
t 1
I 5
10 15 20 r ( f ps )
u Figure 4-3.
Graph of Average Concentrations Measured on Roof of Control Building for RNIT.
60 510' PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS 5.1 General Pressure data were obtained for two configurations of'the GGNS.
Configuration A included two complete units with cooling towers operat-ing, while Configuration B consisted of the completed Unit I with cooling tower fan on and a partially constructed Unit 2 in place.
Figure 5-1 contains the location / identification of the pressure ports installed in control building surfaces, which are numbered from one through forty-two.
Figures 5-2a-e provide the location /identifica-tion of the pressure ports installed in exterior surfaces of the Unit 1 enclosure building.
The latter group of ports - are numbered from 101 through 163.
All pressure measurements were taken with a tunnel wind speed of 15 fps, as determined at the 9.6 inch reference height. Table 5-1 contains a tabulation of run numbers and test parameters / conditions.
5.2 Pressure Measurement Procedures Mean and fluctuating pressures were measured at each of the pressure ports on the control building and Unit 1 enclosure building of the modelled GGNS facility.
The model pressure ports were connected to a four channel-48 position Scard-valve,
located outside the wind tunnel, with one-sixteenth inch I.D.
plastic tubing.
The valve is operated by a shaft computer-controlled stepping motor which sequences the connected to a valve through each, or any portion, of the 48 available positions.
While a computer monitors the valve position, a digital position readout is also available at the wind tunnel. Each valve position simultaneously
h b
'[
k *, %
IMAGE EVALUATION
$h
/
[
$7b/
TEST TARGET (MT-3) g<.d, @#
4 f////
IIIfs
'~' '
/
%+
l 1.0 lgm na 5 ? Esa
- k. E 1.1 1.8
'i.25 4 '!.4 l
1.6 1
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- M fk>A <h, 7
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o w_
61 connects four valve channels to four pressure transducers (one valve channel to each transducer) located near the valve. The reference input of the four transducers was attached to the static side of a pitot-static tube located 40 inches upwind from the turntable at the 9.6 inch reference height.
The first Scani-valve position is the "zero" positon.
A manifold tube connected four common valve channels to the static side of..ie reference pitot-static tube.
With both inputs to the transducers connected to the - same side of the pitot tube, a system "short" was created and a total system " baseline" stored and subsequently used for correcting all dynamic pressures measured in that particular valve sequence.
Similarly, the second Scani-valve position connected the transducer inputs to the dynnic side of the subject pitot-static tube.
This arrangement provided a means of monitoring the 15 fps reference speed inside the tunnel.
Valve positions three through forty-eight were each capable of directing four model structure pressure ports, in turn, to one of thc four pressure transducers.
With the reference sides of the four transducers connected to the static side of the pitot tube mounted in the wind tunnel, the transducers measured an instantaneous difference between the local pressures on the building surface and the reference pressure. Output from the transducers was routed through a differential amplifier to an "on-line" data acquisition system.
All four transducers were simultaneously recorded for 16 seconds at a 250 sample per second rate.
Extensive experience has revealed that the overall accuracy which may conservatively be expected for a 16 second sampling period is, in pressure coefficient form, 0.03 for mean
. pressures, 0.1 for peak pressures, and 0.01 for ras pressures.
E 62 j
The on-line data system consists of a Preston Scientific analog-to-digital convertor,- a Hewlett-Packard 21 MX. computer, disk unit and printer.. A ' schematic diagram of the pressure measurement system is included as Figure 5-3.
The t.ransducers used are Setra-Differential Trans lucers (Model 237) with a ' 0.10 psid range.
A record of the transducer-calibrations, pre-ceding and following the measurements, is contained in the Appendices.
5.3 Pressure Coefficient Calculations Data - stored in the "on-line" system was analyzed for each of the
}
pressure taps, and for each wind direction, - to obtain four separate pressure coefficients:
the - mean pressure coef ficient; the ras pressure-coefficient; the peak maximum pressure coefficient; and the peak minimum pressure coefficient.
The mean pressure coefficient is expressed by the equation
~(p P )
r
.C
=
Pmean 0.5 p ur This coefficient represents-the mean of the instantaneous pressure
[
dif ference between the building pressure port (p) and the static pres-sure -(p ) in the wind tunnel and is nondimensionlized by dividing with r
.the dynamic pressure 2
0.5 p u r
i
.' measured at a given reference velocity position.
This relationship produces a dimensionless coefficient which indicates that the mean pressure difference between building and ambient wind at a given point on the structure is some fraction less, or some fraction greater, than the undisturbed wind dynamic pressure.
l
. ~
63 The root-mean-square pressure coefficient _ is a measure of the magnitude of the fluctuating pressure and is obtained from 1
1 j (P P )-(P P }mean-rmsl r
r C
=<
P rws 0.5 p u r
4 In this instanco, the numerator represents the root-mean-square of the instantaneous pressure difference about the mean and the denominator agai.t provides for a nondimensional expression.
If the pressure fluctuations followed a Gaussian probability distribution, no additional data would be required to predict the frequency with which any given pressure level would be observed.
However, the pressure fluctuations do not generally follow a Gaussian probability distribution, so that additional information is required to show the extreme values of pressure expected.
Peak maximum a'nd peak minimum pressure coefficients are used to a
express the pressure extremes.
These coefficients are calculated from the equations
'(p p }
r *d*
C
=
pmax 0.5 p u '
E-i (P P )
"I"
-C
=
E 2
min 0.5 p u r.
l The values of p p, which were digitized at 250 samples per second a
for 16 seconds (representing about one hour of time in the full-scale),
are examined individaally by the co:nputer to obtain the most positise and n.os t negative values during the 16-second period.
The resultant values are again nondimensionalized using the dynamic pressure.
64
- 5.4 ~ Pressure Data T
The four pressure coefficients were calculated by the on-line data system computer and - tabulated along with the approach wind azimuth in degrees from true north.
The list. of coefficients is included a rc Appendix B.
The four coef ficients,were also graphed for each pressure tap and are also contained in Appendix B.
In each instance the mean pressure
-coefficient is bounded by.the maximum and minimum coefficients, with the 4
r.ns value displayed at the bottom of the plot.
To - determine tha loads acting upon the structures, the pressure coefficients for each direction were searched to obtain the highest mean pressure coefficients.
Table 2 provides these peak coefficients and associated wind directions for each configuration.
i Prescure coefficients measured in. the modei can be ecnverted to prototype loads by multiplying with a suitable reference pressure selected for tne field site.
This reference pressure is represented in the preceding four equations far pressure coefficients by the 0.5 p u r
i dSnominator, which is - the dynamic pressure associated with an hourly 1
mcan wind at the reference velocity measurement position (162 ft anemometer,at plant site).
Computer programs used to calculate, tabulate and
.g raph the pressure coefficients are listed in the Appendices.
t I
l l
l' l
65 Table 5-1.
GGNS Wind-Tunnel Pressure Test Program Natural Mech.
Run Wind Wind Plant Draft Draft No.
Dir.
Speed Units Fans Fans (fps)
CONFIGURATION A 1
N 15 1&2 ON OFF 2
NNE 15 1&2 ON OFF 3
NE 15 1&2 DN OFF 4
ENE 15 1&2 ON OFF 5
E 15-1&2 ON OFF 6
ESE 15 1&2 ON OFF 7
SE 15 1&2 ON OFF 8-SSE 15 1&2 ON OFF 9
S 15 1&2-ON OFF 10 SSW 15 1&2 ON OFF 11 SW 15 1&2 ON OFF 12 WSW 15 1&2 ON OFF 13 W
15 1&2 ON OFF 14 WNW 15 1&2 ON OFF 15 NW 15 1&2 ON OFF 16 NNW 15
!&2 ON OFF CONFIGURATION B o
17 S
15 1
Od 0FF 18.
SSW 15 1
ON OFF i
19 SW 15 1
ON OFF 20 WSW 15 1
ON OFF 21 W
15 1
ON OFF 22 WNW 15 1
ON OFF
?.3 NW 15 1
ON OFF
66 Table 5-2.
Tabulation of Mean Pressure Coefficients by Wind Direction, for Control Building and Unit 1 Enclosure Building Control Building Unit 1 Enclosure Building Wind Direction Mean Mean Configuration A N
24/ 0.606 161/-2.073 NNE 30/-0.344 161/-0.897 NE 11/-0.423 163/-0.973 ENE 11/-0.571 160/-1.189 E
14/-0.578 129/-1.702 ESE 18/-0.612 160/-1.337 SE 23/-0.573 157/-1.291 SSE 17/-0.552 132/-1.471 S
10/-0.475 156/-1.219 SSW 34/-0.309 130/-1.186 SW 19/ 0.553 154/-1.078 WSW 9/ 0.477 128/-1.380 W
35/-0.663 128/-1.555 WNW 34/-0.620 161/-1.181 NW 31/-0.610 161/-1.551
-NNW 30/-0.619 161/-2.297 Configuration B S
19/-0.447 156/-1.161 SSW 34/-0.348 130/-1.277 SW 11/-0.394 154/-1.175 WSW 20/ 0.482 128/-1.509 W
32/-0.471 128/-1.346 WNW 33/-0.433 154/-1.088 NW 29/-0.504 161/-1.384 Example:
161/-2.073 Pressure Port Number / Maximum Mean Pressure Coefficient
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- 14 4 14 5 146 147 14 0 141 14 2 143 O
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O 13 4 13 5 c__________3_______
1 4
PLANT SOUTH ELEVATION 1
Figure 5-2c.
Location /1dentification of Ports on GGNS Unit 1 Enclosure Building (south face).
1
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tse w
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l
OSCILLOSCOPE VOLT-METER FOR VISUAL FOR VISUAL EVALUATION A
EVALUATION OF SIGNAL OF SIGNAL
^'
PRESSURE 192 POSITION OlFFERENTI AL ASURED AT PRESSURE PORT ON SCANI-VA LVE 4
MODEL TRANSDUCERS 9.6 INCHES y
ABOVE FLOOR U
DIFF. AMP v
A-D HP1000 DISK CONVERTER COMPUTER STORAGE i
i Figure 5-3.
Schematic Diagram of FDDL Pressure Measurement System.
75 6.0 FLOW VISUALIZATION Making the airflow visible can be helpful in understanding the concentratien, velocity, and pressure data.
Visualization of the flow patterns aids in identifying areas of stagnation, vortex formation, and related -flew characteristics which often influence diffusion rates, pressure coefficients and wind speed.
Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl ) readily reacts with water vapor 4
(H O) in the air to form titanium dioxide (TiO ) and hydrochloric acid 2
2 (hcl). The titanium dioxide appears as a white smoke discernible to the eye and easily photographed when illuminated with tungsten arc-lamps.
Airflow was observed and documented on film for two GGNS model configurations, sixteen wind directions, two source locations, and three wind speeds.
A flow of compressed air was regulated with a ball-type flowmeter prior.to routing through an enclosed vessel containing a supply of tic 14 and subsequent release from Unit I and Unit 2 outlets.
The tunnel reference velocity was set at 5 fps for the' majority of the visualiza-tion tests, although comparative tests were run at 10 fps and 15 fps for one condition and a further series of tests was accomplished at 10 fps, with only Unit 1 in place.
Table 6-1 provides a tabulation of 1
specific test parameters / conditions and also serves as a key for the identifying numbers which appear in the visualization photography.
Black-wh'ite still photographs and video tapes (selected runs) were of.tained of the source releases with cameras mounted on the wind-tunnel turntable with the GGNS model, so that a fixed reference was maintained for c11 wind directions observed. Specific camera locations and related information are contained in Table 6-2, while Table 6-3 list:, footage references for each video tape run.
e m
76 The photographs and video tapes reveal some of the effects of wind direction, source location, adjacent structures and wind speed upon the transport of contaminants past the GGNS control building's west wall and roof.
Any. assessment of airflow derived from the visualization tests should be treated as qualitative in nature and substantiation for concentration and pressure tests data.
NOTE:
Visualization photographs and video tapes are supplied to the sponsor separately from the formal test report.
I
.. ~ -.,,,.
77 Table 6-1.
GGNS Wind-Tunnel Visualization Test Program Natural Mech.
I Run Wind Plant Draft Draft Video No.
Wind Speed Units Fans Fans K3 Taped (f s)
P 1
N 5
1&2 ON OFF X
2 NNE 5
1&2 ON OFF X
3 NE 5
1&2 ON OFF X
4 ENE 5
1&2 ON OFF X
5 E
5 1&2 ON OFF X
6 ESE 5
1&2 ON OFF X
7 SE 5
1&2 ON OFF X
S SSE 5
1&2 ON OFF X
9 S
5 1&2 ON OFF X
X 10 SSW 5
1&2 ON OFF X
X 11 SW 5
1&2 ON OFF X
X 12 WSW 5
1&2 ON OFF X
X 13 W
5 1&2 ON OFF X
X
-14 WNW 5
1&2 ON OFF X
15 kW 5
1&2 ON OFF X
16 NNW 5
1&2 ON OFF X
78 Table 6-1.
GGNS Wind-Tunnel Visualization Test Program (continued)
Natural Mech.
Unit 2 Run Wind Plant Draft Draft Video No.
Wind Speed Units Fans Fans J3 Taped (fps) 33 N
5 1&2 ON OFF X
X 34 NNE 5
1&2 ON 0FF X
X 35 NE 5
1&2 ON OFF X
X 36 ENE 5
1&2 ON OFF X
X 37 E
5 1&2 ON OFF X
X 38 ESE 5
1&2 ON OFF X
39 SE 5
1&2 ON OFF X
40 SSE 5
1&2 ON OFF X
41 S
5 1&2 ON OFF X
42 SSW 5
1&2 ON OFF X
43 SW 5
~ 1&2 ON OEF X
44 WSW 5
1&2 ON OFF X
45 W
5 1&2 ON OFF X
46 WNW 5
1&2 ON OFF X
47 NW 5
1&2 ON OFF X
14 8 NNW 5
1&2 ON OFF X
X
79 Table 6-1.
GGNS Wind-Tunnel Visualization Test Program (continued)
Natural Mec'.
u Unit 1 Run Wind Plant Draft Draft Video No.
Wind Speed Units Fans Fans K3 Taped-(fps) 67 SW 10 1&2 ON OFF X
X 68 SW 15 1&2 ON OFF X
X 69 S
10 1
ON OFF X
X 4
70 SSW 10 1
ON OFF X
X 71 SW-10 1
ON OFF X
X 72 WSW 10 1
ON OFF X
X 73 W
10 1
ON OFF X
X
.74 WNW 10 1
ON OFF X
75 NW 10 1
ON OFF X
Legend: J - Unit 2 K - Unit 1 3 - Combined capped vents t
0 f
d
--42--
,. ~. - - -,
-y
,----r-
-.m..-
.80 Table 6-2.
GGNS Visualization Test Equipment Elevation View:
Camera :
Canon F-1 (35 mm)
Lens :
Canon 35-70 mm Zoom, set at 52 mm Film :
Ilford Pan F, 50 ASA Exposure :
1.sec. @ between f5.6 &-f8 Focus Distance :
1.2 m 4'
' Frame Center :
4 1/8" up from floor, 3 1/2" out from Unit #1 main wall, at a point on control room wall Misc :
52 3/4" from film plane to control room wall.
Camera center 1/4" to right of centerline.
Lens axis is 7" from floor at front element.
Camera :
Panasonic Video Recorder-Film :
VHS Format Location :
6" ccw from Canon F-1 camera Plan View:
Camera :
Hasselblad 500 ELM (120)
Lens :
80 mm PLANAR Film :
Ilford Pan F, 50 ASA Exposure :
1 sec @ fil Focus Distance :
5' 1" 1 Frame Center :
A point 3 3/8" from control room wall and.
3 3/8" from Unit #1 wall Misc :
65" from film plane to floor
- Elevation lighting view exposure made with one 650 W light near plan view camera; plan view exp. with 1 650 W light near elevation view camera
81 Table 6-3.
GGNS Visualization Videotape LOG Run Number Index Number Start End Runs 1-8 : No Video 9
0005 0069 10 0070 0100 11 0101 0136 12 0137 0169 13 0170 0196 Runs 14-16 : No Video 33 0330 0359 34 0360 0390 35 0391 0421 36 0422 0449 37 0450 0473 Runs 38-47 : No Video 48 0474 0502 67 0691 0718 68 0719 0742 69-0772 0813 70 0814 0389 71 0840 0865 72 0866 0888 73 0889 0914 Runs 74-75: No Video
82
7.0 REFERENCES
1.
- Cermak, J.
E.
" Laboratory simulation of atmospheric boundary layer," AIAA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 9, September 1971, pp. 1746-1754, 2.
- Cermak, J.
E.
" Wind tunnel-desig,n for physical modeling of atmospheric boundary layer." Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, ASCE, Vol. 107, No. EM3, Proc. Paper 16340, June 1981, pp. 623-642.
3.
- Cermak, J. E. " Simulation of the natural wind."
Preprint 82-518, ASCE Convention and Exhibit, New Orleans, Louisiana, 25-29 October, 1982.
4.
McNair, H. M. and E. J. Bonelli.
" Basic gas chromatography." 5th Edition, Consolidated Printers, Berkeley, California, March 1969.
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