ML20076N410

Remote Sensing & Vegetation Ground Truth Program 1990 Final Rept. W/Two Oversize Drawings

ML20076N410
Person / Time
Site:	Fermi
Issue date:	03/31/1991
From:	NORMANDEAU ASSOCIATES, INC.
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Shared Package
ML20076N402	List: ML20076N405 ML20076N410 NRC-91-0050, Forwards 1990 Annual Nonradiological Environ Operating Rept for Fermi 2 & Fermi 2 Power Plant Remote Sensing & Vegetation Ground Truth Program 1990 Final Rept
References
NUDOCS 9105070140
Download: ML20076N410 (58)

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FERMI 2 POWER PLANT REMOTE SENSING AND VEGETATION GROUND TRUTl! PROGRAM 1990 FINAL REPORT i

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Prepared for DETROIT EDISON COMPANY 2000 Second Avenue Detroit, Michigan I

Prepared by NORMANDEAU ASSOCIATES INC.

25 Nashua Road Bedford, New llampshire R-11447 March 1991

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ll FOREWORD This report summarizes the methods and results of the 1990 remote-sensing and vegetation ground-truth exercise conducted by Normandeau Associates Inc. (NAI) within the prescribed survey area in the vicinity of the Fermi 2 power plant, Enrico Fermi Energy Center, Monroe County, Michigan.

Four pre-operational reports were prepared as part of this program, the first three by the Ecological Services Group

'I of Texas Instruments Incorporated, the last by NAI.

These reports are cited as TI 1978, TI 1979, TI 1980 and NAI 1983, respectively.

Their findings were described and discussed in a report (NAI 1984) that served as a pre-operational baseline summary of all work done up to that point.

Following commencement of limited plant operation in November 1985, the first study to look for operational impacts on surrounding vegetation was conducted by NAI in 1987 and described in a report cited as NAI I

1987.

Its successor, NA1 1988, covered the firnt growing season during which the plant was licensed to operate at full capacity.

Tne present report describes the findings from 1990, two years later.

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I TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE I

FOREWORD 11 I

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

111 LIST OF FIGURES.

iv LIST OF TABLES vi

SUMMARY

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1 1.1 PROGRAM !!ISTORY AND OBJECTIVE 1

2.0 METHOD.

2 2.1 AERIAL CIR PHOTOGRAPlIY 2

2.2 VEGETATION COVER TYPE MAPPING.

2 2.3 VEGETATION STRESS.

4 1

2.4 CROP TYPE MAPPING.

5 l

1 2.5 SOIL SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS 6

2.6 PROGRAM SCHEDULE 7

3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.

9 3.1 COVER TYPE AND LAND UM, 9

3.2 VEGETATION STRESS.

13 3.2.1 Physical Factors.

16 3.2.2 Biotic Factors.

21 L{

3.2.3 Chemical Factors.

25 lE 3.2.4 Species-specific Signatures 25 3.3 CROP SURVEY,

27

,I 3.4 SOIL DESCRIPTIONS AND ANALYTIC RESULTS 27 3.5 SIGNIFICANCE 35

4.0 REFERENCES

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I LIST OF FIGURES PAGE I

2-1.

Fermi 2 site, survey area, and flight line map of color infrared phctograph coverage, 31 August 1990 3

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Termi 2 site, projected dissolved solids deposition 2-2.

isopleths, and soll sampling stations 8

3-1.

Vegetation cover types in the vicinity of the Formi 2 power plant (map pocket) 3-2.

Mean annual water level of Lake Erie at Stony Point, I

Michigan for the period 1981-1990, compared with the 78-year mean for 1900-1978 12 g

3-3.

Color infrared photograph of the Enrico Fermi energy contor, j

including the Fermi 2 power plant 14 3-4 Early color and leaf loss in American Elm (Ulmus americana),

I the result of artificially impounded $ighway do-icing contaminants on heavy soil, Route 75 18 I

3-5.

Fall color change in Cottonwood accelerated by late-summer waterlogging and exposuce effects, Estral Beach.

19 3-6.

Infrsred aerial view of above Cottonwoods 19 1

3-?.

Reurnwth ef pr~.'i m ly injured trees una reg.. oration of new individuals in wetland forest following foar-year roc..esion of lake level, near power line north of Termi Drive 20 3-8.

lierbaceous wetland specios in good condition following second growing season with relatively stable lake level:

I Cattall (Typha species) in foreground, light band of shorter herbs dominated by Jewelweed.(Imparlons capons /s) behind, Reed (Thrsgeltes) in background among trees; near power line I

north of Fermi Drive 22

') - 9.

Species-specific coloration in Catalpa speclosa:

naturally I

pale green leaves, late-summer fellowing characteristic of this species; North Stony Creek Road and War Road,

26 3-10. Seasonal senescence characteristic of Purple Loosertrife I

(middle distance, beyond Cattail in foreground).

Te rminal flower spikes have mostly finished blooming and are turning brown; Cattall Point 28 3-11. Grop cover types in the vicinity of the Fermi 2 power plant (map pocket)

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PAGE 3-12. Relation of the percent salt in the soil to the electrical conductivity of the saturation extract and to crop response.

33 3-13. Monthly thermal capacity f actor values at the Fermi 2 power plant for 1989 and 1990, expressing percentage of full power production 36 I

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__ ~_ ____ _._____...__ _.____

I LIST OF TABI.ES PAGE 3-1.

ESTIMATED 110RIZONTAL ACREAGE FOR EACil COVER TYPE IN FERMI 2 SURVEY AREA, 31 AUGUST 1990.

10 3-2.

ESTIMATED ll0RIZONTAL A"REAGE FOR EACll COVER TYPE IN FERMI 2 SITE AREA, 31 AUGUST *.990.

15 3-3.

SUMMARY

OF VFGETATION STRESS AREAS OBSERVED WITi!IN Tile FERMI 2 SURVEY AREA, 13-14 SEPTEMBER 1990.

23 3-4.

SUMMARY

OF 1990 CROP SURVEY.

29

.I 3-5.

MEAN VALUES FOR SOIL PARAMETERS FROM EACll SAMPLING STATION 31 3-6.

MEAN VALUES FOR SOIL FARAMETERS BY DEPOSITION ZONE 32 I

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SUMMARY

Color infrared aerial photographs were used in 1990 to deli-I neate cover types, vegetation stress patterns, and crop land use in the 39-square-mile Fermi 2 Survey Area.

Soil samples were collected and analyzed from areas expected to receive a wide range of cooling-tower salt deposition. These analyses provided a third opportunity since the plant began operation to evaluate the effect of cooling-tower salt drift on soils, and to evaluate vegetation stress that could be attributable to plant operation.

Results showed slight changes in cover types since 1988.

I Land-use patterns resemble those described in the previous NAl reports.

The continuing decline in active cropland was accompanied by an increase in residential development.

Areas of stressed natural vegetation were less extensive than in the previous year of record, owing to lake-level stability, adequate summer rainfall and moderate summer temperature.

I The total area of apparent vegetation stress was 366 acres, 27% lower than that estimated for 1988.

Most of the stress resulted from localized soil waterlogging where drainage was impeded or otherwise altered, primarily by human activities.

Lake-level stability promoted the recovery of forested wetland, emergent marsh and deep marsh communities.

Insect infestations were well below pest proportions. Other than the gradual encroachment of urban land use, no stress producing f actors were considered severe or pervasive enough to contribute significantly to future shifts in cover-type boundaries or changes in plant species composition.

No positive correlation could be detected between vegetation stress and the I

predicted pattern of salt drif t deposition.

Over 13,000 acres of croplands were mapped.

The major crops in descending order of importance were:

soybeans; hay, pasture and fallow; corn; and recent tillage.

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Soil sampling indicated no significant changes from the 1988 4

data.

Values for chloride continued to increase, but remained well 4

within acceptable limits. The pil and conductivity of the sampics were I

consistent with good fertility and low lonic stress.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

I 1.1 PROGRAM IIISTORY AND OBJECTIVE I

From 1978 to 1980 the condition of natural vegetation was annually surveyed within a five-mile radius of the Formi 2 cooling towers.

Maps of vegetation cover types were prepared, including delineation of all areas under apparent stress.

Where possible, causes of stress were identified. This baseline study was resumed in 1983, when two new objectivns were added:

r. crop cover-type survey and soils I

analysis.

Taken together, all of these data provided the background information against which to measure the effects of dissolved-solids deposition resulting from plant operation (NAI 1984).

I Following commencement of limited plant operation in 1985, a repeat was made in 1987 of the 1983 survey.

This survey offorded the first opportunity to observe changes in selected parameters that were possibly attributable to plant operation.

In January 1988, the Fermi 2 plant completed its commercial test run (100 hours0.00116 days <br />0.0278 hours <br />1.653439e-4 weeks <br />3.805e-5 months <br /> at maximum power) and became licensed to commence routine operation.

The plant operated at I

62% capacity during 1988 (Terrasi 1989).

The 1988 survey thus was in a position to record stress effects on vegetation at a potentially higher level than previously would have been possible.

The findings of the 1988 survey were negative, however.

During 1990, the plant operated at 86% capacity up to the time the survey was conducted (Terrasi 1991),

making this the best opportunity yet to detect correlations between cooling-tower emission and injury to natural vegetation.

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In order to accurately determine areas of stressed vegetation, I

several steps were followed. Areas with more than 50 percent of the plants showing reduced spectral reflectance were delineated by the photointerpreter as potential areas of stress. These areas were delineated on the even-numbered acetate sleeves with a fine-tipped drafting pen.

Areas so delineated were checked during ground truthing to determine:

(1) the species affected, (2) if the reduction in spectral reflectance represented a species-specific infrared photograph signature instead of stressed vegetation, and (3) the most probable causal agent (s) if the vegetation was indeed stressed.

Only areas I

exhibiting current stress symptoms were identified as stress areas.

Areas of dead vegetation, but with healthy regrowth or regeneration were assumed to represent areas recovering from previous injuries.

To further document vegetation stress, color photographs were taken of typical exampics of stressed species and of conspicuous causal agents (e.g.,

fluctuat.ing lake level).

Color photographs were also taken to document species-specific spectral reflectance signatures that were tentatively identified as indicative of potential vegetation stress I

but later found to represent natural differences in life history or leaf characteristics. Where identification of plants proved difficult, specimens were collected using methods previously described (TI 1980).

Stressed areas delineated in the ground-truthed aerial photographs were optically transferred to the cover type map, and the affected areas measured by the dot count method.

2.4 CROP TYPE MA?DlBH The CIR photographs were also used to delineate crop types in the survey area. Within 15 days of the ovntflight, approximately 30% of the land supporting crops was field-checked.

Aerial photographs cannot be used to differentiate among crops of the same morphology, such as various grains, hay, and other narrow-leaved members of the grass family I

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I infrared photograph coverage,31 August 1990.

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F 2.0 METil0D FL Aerial color infrared photography provided the data base for delineating vegetation cover type, vegetation stress, and crop type.

Interpretation of the photographs was checked in the field, and neces-sary adjustments were made to the original base map.

Soil samples were collected at the same time.

I 2.1 AERIAL CIR PIIOTOGRAPIIY Aerial color infrared (CIR) photographs used in this survey of the 39-square-mile study area (5-mile radius) surrounding the Fermi 2 l'ower Plant were taken 31 August 1990 between 10:00 and 14:00 hours.

Cloudy weather accounted for a two-to-three-week delay in photography.

Specifications included a 30-percent side overlap and a 60-percent forward overlap to provide optimum stereoscopic viewing resolution.

I Seven flight lines were required to cover the designated study area at the desired degree of overlap (Figure 2-1).

Kodak 2443 Color Infrared Ektachrome film was used to take the photographs, which were processed as positive transparencies from a 9-inch roll. The photographs were taken with a Zeiss Camera, with 6-inch focal length lens from a local altitude of 5,000 feet, assuring a working scale of 1:10,000 (1 inch =

833 feet).

Additional CIR photographs were taken of the immediate power I

plant area at an altitude of 8,000 feet, as a special record of the operational zone.

2.2 VEGETATION COVER TYPE HAPPING Each Ektachrome transparency was separated from the othets on the roll, placed in a protective acetate sleeve, and labelled with flight line and exposure number.

A mirror stereoscope was used, as I

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described in the 1978 report (TI 1978), to establish each type boundary.

I Land use and vegetation cover types were as defined in Texas Instruments (1978).

The 1990 cover type map and base map were prepared from optically reduced and corrected composites of the 1990 CIR photographs, using the methods described previously (TI 1978).

Areas of each cover type were measured by dot count method or digital planimater from the 1:24,000 scale map (1 inch = 2,000 feet; I square inch = 91.82736 acres).

2.3 VECETATION STRESS Areas lacking spectral reflectance on the CIR photographs were interpreted as potentially containing vegetation stressed by morphological and/or physiological injuries (e.g., defoliation, limb breakage, disruption of photosynthesis).

Both types of injuries reduce spectral reflectance from an individual plant, producing differences in I

the color of images on infrared photographs.

With injury, the reddish photographic appeannce, characteristic of healthy vegetation, gradns to pink, mauve, red-brown, white and yellow as infrared reflectance is progressively lost.

I The precise levels of spectral reflectance f rom a plant, however, are also influenced by a complex of other factors unrelated to the degree or type of injury. These factors include age of both the plant and the foliage, season, and leaf type.

For example, species with I

compound leaves will produce less spectral reflectance than simple-leaved species, thus appesting a shade of color dif ferent from that of the adjacent vegetation.

The leaves of some species (e.g., cottonwood) may naturally change color earlier than other species, producing dif ferences in spectral reflectance that are not necessarily a result of injury.

In addition, many herbaceous species naturally complete their life cycle within one or two years and die soon af ter flowering.

Consequently, color differences among herbs may simply represent differences in life-cycle length and not areas of stressed vegetation.

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(Graminese).

Consequently, cover-type categories were used which I

represented the greatest degree of differentiation practical for the study area. The change in cover-typing implemented in the 1987 survey was retained in 1990.

This change reflects the federal government's Set-Aside Program, effective from 1985 with the passage of the farm bill of that year.

Since then, up to 5% of each farmer's crop acreage has lain fallow each year, as a means of controlling surplus production.

In many cases it proved difficult to distinguish between a late-season field in which a small crop species like alfalfa was being overgrown with robust weeds, and a fallow field grown up to a mixture of about I

equal parts corn, hay, soy and pioneer weed species.

On the assumption that much of this heterogeneous growth represented potential fodder, it was collectively assigned to the crop type redesignated as " Hay, other grass crops, pasture and fallow." All plots greater than five acres and many of the smaller plots were delineated on the odd-numbered aerial photographs and assigned to type. These areas were then optically transferred to the same base map used for cover types, at a 1 inch =

2,000 feet scale (1:24,000).

Acreage of each plot was determined by dot counting (for plots less than 25 acres? and by digital planimeter (for I

larger plots). The two methods were cross-checked and calibrated against areas of known acreage for accuracy and precision.

Errors in the dot counts were found not to exceed five acres; errors in the digital planimeter were less than five acres for small parcels and less than 1% for larger plots.

2.5 BOIL SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS Soil samples were taken from the same stations as in 1983, 1987 and 1988 (see Figure 2-2).

The same methods for sampling and analysis were used (NAI 1983).

As before, two locations were sampled in each of the three zones of predicted impact:

.01.1 pounds of dissolved solids per acre per year,

.1.5 lb/ac/yr, and greater than.5 lb/ac/yr.

Dissolved solids from cooling-tower emissions could be expected to I

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I accumulate here, if anywhere, in concentrations roughly proportional to this theoretical zonation.

2.6 EROGRAM SCHEDULE i

The completion dates for each major task of the 1990 program were:

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Aerial CIR Photography 31 August 1990 Photointerpretation 18 December 1990 I

Ground Truth and Soil Sampling 14 September 1990 Analysis of Soils 7 December 1990 Reports Draft March 1991 I

Final April 1991 l

Aerir.1 CIR photography was delayed three weeks owing to bad weather (primarily morning fog) and conflicts with air traffic centrol priorities at Detroit Metropolitan Airport.

On receipt, the photographs were given a partial cover typing and crop typing and full vegetation l

stress appraisal prior to ground-truthing on site.

The ground-truthing took two days.

It included verification of cover and crop typing and vegetation stress delineations; soil sampling; and further photographic l

documentation by hand camera.

Photointerpretation was then completed in the office. Analysis of the soil samples was completed in early December.

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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 COVER TYPE AND LAND USE I

"....d ts of the 1990 cover-type survey are reemded la Figure 3-1 (see the folded 1:24,000 scale map in the back poc';<t',

and Table 3-1.

SI".ce the enclosure or quasi-enclosure of an estimaoed additional I

1,400 acres of water was noted in the 1983 NAI report, no further change in total survey area has occurrea.

The difference between the 1990 total and that of 1988 is 341 acres, or 1.4%.

Between the 1990 total and the mean total of the last four years of record (from 1983) the differenc' is only 255, or ).0%.

Both these differences are small enough to represent cumulative variation in approach and execution from one survey to the next.

I The open water cover type continues its apparent decline from a high of 2,730 acres in 1987, closely matching the observed recent I

decline in Lake Eric water levels beginning that year (See Figure 3-2).

Although there has been little change in the lake level a.nual means between 1988 and 1990, the relative stability of water level has permitted expansion of the deep marsh wetland cover type into what was recently classified as open water.

The increase in th.is type by 204 acres from 1988 to 1990 may large' explain the decrease (by 210 acres) of open water over the same ti-

u 3.

The other herbaceous wetland types, shallow marsh and 5

marshland meadow, also appear to have extended their coverage, at the expense of bordering cruplands.

Cultivation nearest the lake depends heavily on maintenance of the drainage system, some of which had to be abandoned during the high lake-water cycle of the 1930's.

Many of the less well drained fialds appear to be still in the process of reversion to wetland meadow and sha? low me.rsh as a result of this inundation.

I Although fallen, Lake Erie began 1991 still about one foot above i. t s 70-year n nan annual elevation.

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TABLE 3-1.

ESTIMATED !!0RIZONTAL ACREAGE FOR EACil COVER TYPE IN FERMI 2 SURVEY AREA, 31 AUGUST 1990.

I CODE IAND USE/ COVER TYPE 1978 1980 1983 1987 1988 1990 1 Deciduous Forest 1A Upland liardwoods 468 462 465 372 536 533 1B Ripariel Hardwoods 258 257 347 345 356 353 I

10 Lowland Hardwoods 26.Q 214 477 43 3 415 464 1,086 1,073 1,289 1,215 1,307 1,350 5-2 Wetlands 2A Marshland Meadow 331 268 517 427 416 514 2B dhal'.ow Marsh 694 361 563 520 615 697 I

2C Doop Marsh 412 M

1Q 14J 112 316 1,438 866 1,090 1,095 1,143 1,527 A

i.rly Successional 333 351 329 531 516 531 I

1 71 A vanced Successional 305 280 86 109 154 258

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asitional 250 248 192 241 122 545 3D (e ndoned Orchard 1Q 1Q 0

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0 898 889 607 881 792 1,334 4 Water 606 1,208 2,697 2,730 2,411 2,201

-5 5 Maintained Pasture and Crop 16,858 16,713 16,139 14,902 14,968 13,472 6 Transportation Rights of Way 422 422 422 618 617 712 7 Recreational 160 160 168 170 202 161 8 Industrial 193 193 244 175 333 343 9 Residential /

Commercial 1,819 2,005 2,181 2,544 2,725 3,120 10 Barren Land 153 104 248 230 324 261 TOTAL 23,633 23,633 25,084 24,560 24,822 24,481

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There was little apparent change in the coverage of mature woodland, represented by the three deciduous forest types. The slight total increase over 1988 values is almost entirely due to increcae of the lowland hardwoods, a forested wetland type that has been gradually I

recovering its former habitat as Lake Erie recedes.

More difficult to e.. plain is the nearly two-fold increase in the total acre' age of Immature woodland (" inactive" land).

This expansion may be due primarily to progressive abandonment and conversion over the years of.ropland, which has fallen by an estimated 1,496 acres since the 1988 count.

First, there is the incursion, already noted, of natural plant communities around the wetter edges of marginally dry fields.

What begins as marshland meadow will eventually beconio lowland hardwood forest, g row ing up through the various successional stages of the " inactive" cover type.

.I Second, there are the small, disjunct strips and patches of idle cropland awaiting conversion to the residential / commercial land-use type (Marks 1991).

Dense woody communities will eventually take hold in the absence of mowing, tillage or burning prior to the onset of construction. Third, abandoned quarries north of the Fermi 2 plant are being overgrown by immature woody plants.

Fourth, natural successton is alco proceeding on the flats created out of dredged material in the Point Mouillec State Game Park; already sizeable areas are dominated by young woody species.

5 The method of estin.ating general cover-type acreage results in a slight exaggeration of cropland area.

Since cropland is by far the predominant type, it includes many areas of such a size or shape as to make their separate delineation impractical:

secondary roads, roadside verges, small woodlots etc.

The actual cropland acreage is consequently somewhat smaller (b:

28 acres) than the tabulated general cover-type I

value for cropland.

Its lower limit, 13,344 acres (Table 3-4), results from a direct count of all cropland delineated (in general, all tracts five acres or more in size).

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LAKE ERIE Levelin Feet Above Mean Sea Level 574 -

573 -

572 -

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570 -

569 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1980 1987 1988 1989 1990 Figure 3-2. Mean annual waterlevel of Lake Erie at Stony Point, Michigan for the period 1981-1990, compared with the 78-year mean for 1900-1978.

R Ig The immediato environs of the Fermi 2 site are illustrated in E

color infrared in Figure 3-3.

Cover types delineated for this specific l

area are matched with the imagery on overlay and described in Table 3-2.

3.2 VEGETATION STRESS l

Fifteen discrete areas of apparent vegetation stress were I

recorded during 1990, totalling 366 acres or about one per cent of the Formi 2 survey area (Table 3-3).

The comparable figures for 1983, 1987 and 1988, the three most recent years of record, are 198, 176 and 500 acres respectively.

The stressed areas for 1988 are shown on the cover-l type map (Figure 3-1, see back pocket).

i The decrease in number and total acreage of areas of stressed vegetation from 1988 is attributable to both a stabilization of lake levels and adequate rainfall throughout the growing season.

The decrease could hcere been even more pronounced without the complicating e

factor of early autumn color change.

As in 1988, the photographic imagery was recorded relatively late (31 August 1990) in the growing season, resulting in more acreage of apparently stressed vegetation, owing to seasonal color change, then would have been recorded two or l

more weeks earlier, If the photographs had been taken in mid-August, as originally scheduled, the acreage under apparent stress would have been l

most probably half of the amount actually recorded.

As in the previous 1

l years of study, signs of vegetation stress were distributed in such a l

l way as to suggest no correlation with the predicted pattern of solids l

d.eposition from the cooling towers.

The primary causes of stress in 1990 were related to waterlogging:

the residual effects on trees of previously high lake levels; protracted saturation of the heavier soils as a result of a wet August; and impeded or disrupted drainage patterns associated with diking, roads and site runof f design.

t i insect infestations or lI 13 l

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Figure 3 3. Color infrared photograph of the Enrico Fermi energy center, including the Fermi 2 Site, showing generating station, cooling towers, and cover type areas,31 August 1990. (See Figure 31 or Table 3 2 for explanation of cover types).

14 I

I I

TABLE 3-2.

ESTIMATED HORIZ0 TRAL ACREAGE FOR EACH COVER TYPE IN I

FERMI 2 SITE AREA, 31 AUGUST 1990.

I l

CODE LAND USE/ LAND COVER TYPE 1990 E

(acres) 1 Deciduous Forest 1C Lowland Hardwoods 200 i

TOTAL 200 I

2 Wetlands I

2A Marshland Meadow 26 2B Shallow Harsh 108 2C Deep Marsh 10 TOTAL 145 3

Inactive Land 3A Early Successional 157 k

3B Advanced Successional 25

=

3C Transitional 60 TOTAL 355 4

Water 317 I

8 Industrial 187 9

Residential 11 10 Barren Land 3

TOTAL 1,104 E

I 15 I

I I

I symptoms of drought were observed.

Physical, blotic and chemical f actors are discussed further below.

For the same reason that soil samples were taken where the environment showed Icast sign of recent disturbance, notice of stress symptoms was confined to naturally vegetated areas (see NAI 1987 for full discussion). These consist primarily of remnant lowland forest, meadow and marsh bordering Lake Erie, riverine forest along the lower reaches of major streams, and woodlots of varying maturity scattered throughout the upland farms.

3.2.1 Physical Factors Climatic conditions in the region of the study area during the 1990 growing season differed from the conditions experienced in 1987 and I

1988 in which an extremely wet spring was followed by drought.

Precipitation in 1990 fluctuated near average in the spring and early summer (National Climatic Data Center 1990; Michigan State University I

1990).

Thus, adequato soll moisture was maintained during this critical part of the growing season eithout causing widespread waterlogging or stimulating the growth of pathogens.

Although late June and July were somewhat drier than normal, precipitation in Aegust was well above average.

Precipitation data.from Monroe, nearest of the three reference weather stations to the study site, indicate that rainfall was 5.5 I

inches in August, 1.5 inches above normal August precipitation.

Temperatures were moderate during the height of the growing I.

season, with less than i degree F departure from the mean monthly temperature data examined from three weather stations at Detroit, Toledo, and Monroe. These conditions contrast sharply with the high temperatures (4-5 degrees above normal) attained in 1988.

f As might be expected with these moderate climatic conditions, no drought-related stress symptoms (leaf necrosis, chlorosis or tip 16

.~

l burn) were noted by NAI.

The early color and leaf loss observed withh I

many of the stress areas resulted primarily from localized soil waterlogging.

Waterlogging stress offects were observed where drainage was impeded by road or berm construction (Figure 3-4) or where topographic depressions along streams allowed the impoundment of water not normally collected in excess during August.

Although many riparian species, such as cottonwood, are tolerant of short-term flooding in the early spring, they are much less tolerant of late-season soil waterlogging (Crawford 1982; Fitter and llay 1987; liarrington 1987).

M In most of the stress areas, symptoms observed were not severe and appeared to reflect a minor acceleration of the normal late-season phenology.

For example, cottonwoods normally turn color and lose their leaves early in September, prior to the change in color of many other species.

Areas in which the cottonwoods turned color slightly earlier than other cottonwoods were identified as stress areas; these areas did I

not, however, represent severe stress.

In addition to late-season waterlogging, exposure to wir.d and greater temperature fluctuations along roadsides or at the edge of fields contributed to minor I

accelerations of the cottonwood's normal seasonal phenoloFy (Figures 3-5, 3-6).

The ef fect of fluctuating lake water, the chief source of stress to plants in the study area during the past decade, was barely evident in 1990.

For the second consecutive year the level of Lake Erie I

held steady.

The 1990 monthly means during the growing season differed frem each of their 1989 counterpart values by less than five inches.

Along the entire lake shoreline, wetland tree species continued their i

recovery.

Both regrowth of injured trees and regeneration of new individuals was evident (Figure 3-7).

Although some continued stress was observed within the forested wetlands, the prematurely coloring foliage noted (NAI 1987) as formerly so widespread along the retreating lake shoreline was detected in only 5 areas in 1990.

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Figure 3-4 Early color and leafloss in American Elm (Ulmus americana), the result of artificially impounded highway de icing contaminants on heavy soll, Route 75.

18

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rs 2

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Figure 3 6. Infrared aerial view of abose Cottonwood 3; exact location shown by arrow.

19

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Figure 3 7. Regrowth of previously injured trees and regeneration of new individuals a

in wetland forest following four-year recession of lake level, near power line north of Fermi Drive.

3 20

I I

The stabilization of the lake levels also allowed the recovery I

of herbaceous plant communities along the lake margin (Figure 3-8).

In contrast to the widespread browning of marshes in 1988, Cattail (Typha I

species) and other herbaceous species such as Reed (l'hragnites), Pucple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicarla), Jewelueed (Impatiens capensis) and Sticktight (several Bldens species) that had invaded the shallows during drier periods remained healthy throughout the growing season.

Deep marsh species like Water Lily (Nymphaea) also did well.

Since most marsh emergent species like Cattall and floating-leaved species like Water Lily are perennials, they thrive only where growth conditions remain similar from year to year.

Continued stable I

lake levels will favor the presently observable nature and extent of herbaceous wetlands, except along the upgradient contact line with wetland forest, where given enough time trees can be expected to regain some of their recently forsaken territory.

I 3.2.2 Biotic Factors Previous reports (TI 1980, NAI 1983, NAI 1987, NAI 1988) have I

mentioned the long-term effects of Dutch Elm Disease on American Elm populations, and the short-term effects of defoliating agents like Fall Webworm on deciduous trees in general.

Neither of these sources of stress by itself appears to have caused damage at levels detectable in the 1990 CIR imagery of the study area.

Two successional forests exhibited signs of stress, most I

likely resulting from the intense intra-and interspecific competition occurring during mid-succession.

In general, establishment and growth of new individuals dominates the initial successional process.

However, af ter a relatively short period, a dense stand of trees develops, precluding further establishment.

From this point, forest succession becomes a thinning process, in which the less vigorous trees are out-I competed for nutrients and light and subsequently die (Peet and 21 I

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Figure 3 8. Herbaceous wetland species in good condition following second growing season with relatively stable lake level: Cattall(Typha species)in foreground, light band of shorter herbs dominated by Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis) behind, Reed (Phragmites) in background among trees; near powerline north of Fermi Drive.

22

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(Continued)

C0YER FJEEE TOTAL STEESSED LOCATION TYPE OF AEEAS ACRES PLAhTS STFSTONS f1 DEA!LE CAUSES OF STEISS 6B IB 1

23 Bardwoods Early color.

Species-specific seasonal effect aggravated leaf loss by waterlogging.

6B IB 1

138.6 Walnut. ash, Early color, diebact Species-specific seasonal effect aggravated

willow, by waterlooging.

suaar caple 6E 2B 1

5.7 Ash Early mlor Previous high lake levels.

7A 3C 1

20.4 Eardwood Diem ck leaf loss Species-specific seasonal effects aggravated sapling by intense expetition.

thicket S

T0!AL 15 365.9

I I

Christensen 1980). Those individuals in the Fermi 2 study area that had I

been weakened by previous insect infestations or physico-chemical factors were most susceptible to the intense competition, thereby exhibiting stress effects.

I 3.2.3 Chemical Factors I

The only stress effects attributable te chemical factors occurred in transportation rights-of-way where the vegetation had been I

sprayed with herbicido or where impeded drainage permitted the accumulation of road de-icing compounds.

While no stress attributable to chemical factors associated with the Fermi 2 plant was noted by the 1990 or previous surveys, continued monitoring is appropriate.

During 1988 two new chemical agents were added to the cooling water used at the Fermi 2 power plant:

I gaseous chlorine, a biocide, and Powerline 3451, a non-volatile scale inhibitor of proprietary composition.

Neither of those compounds is I

anticipated to cause measurable impacts beyond the immediate cooling system environment.

3.2.4 Soccias-soccific Signatures Many of the potential stress areas originally delineated I

represented species-specific spectral reflectance signatures rather than areas of actual injury. Three types of species-specific signatures were identified by NAI during the 1990 field survey:

(1) Compound-leaved species such as walnut (Juglans species) and species with naturally pale green leaves such as catalpa (Catalpa speciosa).

These routinely displayed pinker infrared images than most adjacent species (Figure 3-9).

I 25 I

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I 5

Figure 3-9. Species specific coloration in Catalpa speciosa: naturally pale green leaves, late summer yellowing characteristic of this species; North Stony Creek Road and War Road.

I 26

l I

(2) Species uniformly exhibiting natural end-of-season color changes.

(3) Herbaceous species naturally terminating their life cycles (Figure 3-10).

None of the areas exhibiting uniform species-specific spectral reflectance signatures was considered a stress area.

I.

3.3 CROP SURVEY The mapped results of the 1990 crop survey are shown in Figure l

3-11 (see map in second back pocket).

Acreage figures by crop type are given 'in Table 3-4.

Over 50% of total crop acreage was in soy bean cultivation, up I.

1,700 acres from 1988. There was a nearly commensurate (1,400-acre) decrease in the area of recent tillage compared with 1988.

The set-I aside incentives in the federal farm program have recently been less attractive to farmers, with the result that more fields were under cultivation than in 1988 (Marks 1991). The amount of acreage in both the corn and the hay, pasture and fallow crop cover types varied little from 1988.

All cropland types appeared to be in generally good condition.

I 3.4 SOIL DESCRIPTIONS AND ANALYTIC RESULTS Soils selected for sampling belong to the Lenawee and the Toledo series, both silty clay loams with restricted drainage. These two soll eries have many properties in common (NAI 1983).

Both soils are very fine-grained, level, and quite wet, with mottles ir the I

subsoils. The land capability classification of Lenawee soils is IIW; i)l that of Toledo soils IIIW. These correspond to moderate and severe 27 am

Q.

A,.

]

i 1

I I

I I

I I

Figure 310. Seasonal senescence charactenstic of Purple Loosestrife (middle distance, beyond Cattail in foreground). Terminal Row er gikes hase mostly finished blooming and are turning brown; Cattail Point.

I I

I i

28

I I

i l

TABIE 3-4.

SUMMARY

OF 1990 CROP SURVEY.

I CROP TYPE TOTAL ACREAGE PERCENT OF TOTAL Soybean 6,717 50.3 I

Hay, other grass crops, 3,282 24.6 pasture and fallow Earth, plowed or bare 1,434 10.7 Corn, all varieties 1,911 14.3 l

g 10 m 13,3,.4 1ee.e i

I I

t i

I g

l I

I 1

29 l

8

I I

limitations, respectively, that reduce the choice of crop plants due to I

wetness, or that require conservation practices.

These soils are derived from lacustrine deposits of fine particles, carried by the continental glacier, which settled in still, ponded water during the Wisconsin glaciation (SCS 1981).

These soils are typically underlain by bedrock of limestone, dolomite, and gypsum, which help to buffer the 2

r soils and provide dissolved ions of calcium (Ca +), magnesium (Mg +),

bicarbonate (HCO -) and sulf ate (S0 t-) in the surface and groundwater 3

g (NUS Corporation 1974).

I Results from the 1990 sample analyses varied within acceptable limits (Table 3-5).

The range of p!i values was narrow ( r than in 1988, from 6.70 to 7.47, or slightly acidic to slightly basic.

These values conform with typical pH levels in soils derived from limestone (7.5 to 8.0) and gypsum (6.0 to 7.0).

As in all previous samplings (1983, 1987, 1988) Station 5 registered the highest value (7.47).

The values for conductivity were uniformly lower than their counterparts of 1988.

The range was greater (200 pmhos) than that of I

the previous year (150 pmhos), but far less than the greatest recorded (487, in 1987).

Averaged, the values for sample stations within each zone of predicted deposition intensity revealed only slight variation, a

progressive increase in conductivity from the zone of highest to that of lowest deposition (Table 3-6).

This negative correlation runs counter to expectations based on the predictive model.

Furthermore, the actual values (198 to 398 pmhos) lie far below the stress level of 2,000 to i

4,000 pmhos (Figure 3-12), the upper limit of which is widely recognized as the threshold of salinity (Richards 1954).

Percent organic matter underwent no marked change

'om the values recorded for previous years.

Most values were within or u lose to the previous range, the exception being Sample 7 at 17.90.

No correlation with the predicted deposition gradient is apparent (Table 3-6).

I I

W M

M' m

M m

W M

M M

M M M M

M M

M M

M TABLE 3-5.

EAN YALIES* FOR S0IL PARAETERS FROM EACH SAMPLING STATION. 1988,1987 AND 1983 DATA IN PARENTESES CEON0 LOGICALLY OEDEEED BELOV.

j PROJECTED PERCENT NATER-SOLUBLE CONCENTRATIONS IN ag/kg i

DISSOLVED SOLIDS ORGANIC DEPOSITION CHLORIDE S M LE RATE (Ib/ac/

CONDUCTITITY LOSS ON CALCjyM SULFAp-CI~

NO.

DURING PLANT Of TION SOIL TYPE pH ttzho/cm IGNITION Ca SO4 l

less tra.1 Toledo 7.12 398 13.90 40.30 7.00 10.70 (7.75).

(530)

(12.00)

(49.85)

(14.50)

(5.20)-

(7.60)-

(240)

(12.80)

(21.20)

(16.00)

(3.40)

(7.30)

(262)

(13.00)

(4.70)

(35.50)

(15.40) 2 Less than.1 Toledo 6.73 208 16.00 34.85 6.45 44.45 (6.80)

(550)

(15.80)

(55.90)

(66.95)

(12.70)

(6.90)

(339)

(15.25)

(31.60)

(9.00)

(5.10)

(6.80)

(170)

(14.50)

(3.30)

(9.70)

(4.90) 3 Gr. than.5 Lenavee 6.70 198 13.70 32.65 6.50 10.20 (6.55)

(485)

(13.80)

(55.60)

(137.20)

(8.40)

(6.50)

(325)

(13.95)

(46.55)

(102.00)

(4.10)

(7.10)

(227)

(16.10)

(4.30)

(ND)

(4.30) 5

.I to.5 Lenavee 7.47 285 9.55 55.75 4.45 20.70 (8.20)

(505)

(10.85)

(74.05)

(40.30)

(9.15)

(7.95)

(710)

(1.25)

(63.10)

(72.50)

(8.05)

(7.70)

(394)

(8.40)

(8.00)

(5.20)

(3.80) 7 Gr. tra.5 Toledc 7.36 255 17.90 47.55 5.70 22.30 (7.20)

(635)

(13.25)

(75.50)

(55.15)

(9.15)

(6.%)

(298)

(14.05)

(36.00)

(45.50)

(3.60)

(6.90)

(244)

(15.10)

(4.50)

(23.50)

(4.60) 8

.1 to.5 Toledo 7.09 253 14.15 40.05 5.20 13.00 (6.60)

(520)

(15.75)

(62.35)

(38.90)

(12.65)

(6.40)

(223)

(13.70)

(12.35)

(41.00)

(2.65)

(6.60)

(216)

(14.10)

(3.80)

(7.30)

(4.90)

• Mean based on two replicates per station. Soil types based en SCS r.apping.

Sarpling stations 4 and 6 were not used. ND - none detected (less thar. 0.5 ::g/kg).

8 M

M M

M M

MM M

M M

M M

M M

M M

'M M

TABLE 3-6. EAN YALUES* FOR SOIL PARAETERS ET DEPOSITION ZONE. FIGUEES IN PAREhTESES AEI TE THIE-TEAR EANS O SAELE STATION.

l l

PERCENT WATER-50LUELE CONCENTRATIONS IN og/kg ORGANIC CONDUCTIYlTY LOSS ON CALCIUM SULFATE CEORIDE 20E OF FREDICTED 2

2-CI' DEPOSITION INTENSITY pH unho/cm IGNITION Ca '

SO4 Lov 6.93 303 14.%

37.58 6.T3 27.58 (7.19)

(449)

(13.89)

(27.76)

(25.28)

(7.79)

Moderate 7.28 269 11.85 47.90 4.83 16.85 d

(7.24)

(428)

(26.19)

(37.28)

(34.20)

(6.87) 7.03 227 15.8 40.10 6.10 16.25 Eigh (6.87)

(369)

(14.38)

(37.08)

(60.54)

(5.69)

• Mean based on two sar:ple stations per zone.

l

I I

I CROP PLANT RESPONSE TO SALINITY

• I A

B C

D E

1.0 6

0.8 100 SATURATION P ERCENTAGE

/

0.6 N, 0

/

b

.4 b

o.2 0'1

/

1 l

0 4.000 8.000 12.000 16.000

> 16.000 CONDUCTIVITY OF SATURATION EXTRACT (Micromhos/cm at 25'C)

' A. Negligible Ef fects on Yields B. Restricted Yields of Only Very Sensitive Crops C. Restricted Yields of Many Crops D.' Restricted Yields of All but Tolerant Crops i

E. Satisfactory Yield of Only a Few very Tolerant Crops I

I 1

l Figure 312. Relation of the percent salt in the soil to the electrical conductivity of the l

ssiuration extract and to crop response (in the conductivity ranges designated by leners A, B, C, D, E). (These ranges are related to crop response by salinity scate, after Richards,1954, p. 9).

l t

1

I I

As noted in previous NAI reports, particular attention should I

be paid to the results for chloride, which is the most stressful to plant life of the three water-extractable ions analyzed.

Five of the six sample stations yielded an increase over all previous chloride values recorded for those stations (Table 3-5).

All six stations registered higher chloride values than those of the most recent previous report, which in turn showed consistently higher chloride values than did the report immediately antecedent.

Ilowever, if this is a real trend, indicating a consistent chloride increase over time, it is indeed a micro phenomenon.

All the new values still lie an order of magnitude 5

below soil-water chloride concentrations that have been associated with severe injury to salt-sensitive plants (NAI 1988).

In addit 1>>n, the means for both new and previous data correlate negatively with the zones of predicted salt deposition intensity, i.e.

the lowest chlorido concentrations occur in the zone of highest predicted deposition (Table 3-6).

Values for sulf ate varied very little (a range of 2.55 mg/kg) compared with results f rom previous sample years (Table 3-5).

As in all I

previous years, there was no correlation of these values with the zones of predicted deposition intensity.

The same can be said of the calcium values, which were highest in the zone of predicted moderato deposition intensity (Table 3-6). No trend in these valu'.s over time is discernible.

'"he above soil analysis is intended as a largely qualitativo

=5 adjunct to the primary evidence of plant stress.

For rigorous statis-tical validation of soils data, as many as 80 samples, each in tripli-I_

cate,-have been required to show significance for one parameter at the 5% confidence level in one 1/40-acre plot (Temple et al. 1979).

The present method permits ef ficient scanning of a relatively large area in sufficient uetail to detect environmental trends c.

er several years.

Considerable variations in one or another parameter in any one year are to be expected, and must be cross-checked against the data for all 2.

I tI parameters in other years in order to determine :.a 2 p=9(ble I

significance.

3.5 SIGNIFICANCE I

An exercise of this nature needs to be kept in perspective.

In this survey, the mejority of stress symptoms consisted of relatively i

slight changes in infrared reflectance (red to pink).

These occurred in no pattern that could indicate cooling-tower emissions to be the cause.

Other explanations appeared more probable.

Figure 3-13 shows the Fermi 2 power plant record of operation for 1989 and 1990.

It is evident that during this period power was often being generated at levels near full capacity, especially in 1990.

The predicted maximum impact of dissolved-solids deposition f rom the cooling towers has been estimated at about.5 lb/ac/yr.

Shipley et al.

g (1979) estimate that stress ef fects on vegetation are not readily W

discernible by the best remote-sensing imagery (color infrared) at a deposition ratt of less than.9 kg/ha/ day.

This figure is the equivalent of about 293 lb/ac/yr, or nearly 600 times higher than the maximum rate of deposition predicted for Fermi 2.

I At the Chalk Point, Maryland power plant, which uses brackish cooling water, no changes in sodium and chloride deposition rates above baseline values were detectable beyond about 1.6 km from the drift emission source (Mulchi et al.1982).

Other studies indicate that I

cooling tower drift from saltwater cooling towers apparently does not have a significant environmental impact (Hu et al. 1981).

It may be inferred that freshwater drift f rom Fermi 2, with its burden of relatively innocuous calcium, carbonate and sulfate, would have even less impact.

The absence of conclusive data is acknowledged in both the above studies. The chronic effects of long-term cooling-tower operation I

35

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Figure 3-13. Monthly thermal capacity factor values at the Fermi 2 power plent for 1989 and 1990.

expressing percentage of full power production.

1

.. _. _,. _ _. ~._

I

.I g

are not known (Talbot 1979).

Since salts can accumulate in the soil and 4

affect vegetation over several years, periodic monitoring still may be necessary during the time the power plant runs at full operation levels, I

b f1 I

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I 37 I

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I I

4.0 REFERENCES

I Crawford, R.M.M.

1982.

Physiological responses to flooding.

Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology 12D:453-437.

Fitter, A ll, and R.K.M. Hay, 1987.

Environmental physiology of plar'ts.

Academic Press, N.Y.,

NY.

liarrington, C.A.

1987.

Responses of red alder and black cottonwood seedlings to flooding.

Physiol, plantarum 69:35-7B.

Ilu, M.C., G.F. Pavlenco, G.A. Englerson, 1981.

Executive summary for power plant cooling system water consumption and nonwater impect reports.

United Engineers and Constructors, Inc., Philadelphia, I

PA.

Lehmann, Fritz.

1991.

pers. comm.

Nuclear Operations Center, Enrico I

Termi Power Plant, Unit 2, Detroit Edison Company, Newport, MI.

Marks, Paul.

1991.

pers. com.

Agricultural Agent's Office, Monroe County Cooperative Extension Service, Raisinville Township, MI.

Michigan State University.

1990.

Local Climatological Data for Raisin River, Monroe.

State of Michigan Dopartment of Agriculture.

Mulchi, Charles L.,

J.A. Armbruster, D.C. Wolf.

1982.

Chalk Point:

a case study of the impact of brackish-water cooling towers on an I

agricultural environment.

J. Environ. Quality 11:(2)212-220.

NAI.

1983.

Enrico Fermi Atomic Power Plant, Unit II (Fermi 2) Remote Sensing and V3getation Ground Truth Program 1983 Final Report.

• ly Normandeau Associates Inc., Bedford, Nil.

1984.

Enrico Fermi Atomic Power Plant, Unit II (Formi 2) 8-Remote Sensing and Vegetation Ground Truth Program -- Four-year Summary Report. Normandeau Associates Inc., Bedford, Nil.

1987.

Enrico Fermi Atomic Power Plant, Unit II (Fermi 2)

I Remote Sensing and Vegetation Ground Truth Program 1987 Finni Report.

Normandeau Associates Inc., Bedford, Nil.

1988.

Enrico Fermi Atomic Power Plant, Unit II (Formi 2)

Remote Sensing and Vegetation Ground Truth Program 1988 Final Report.

Normandeau Associates Inc.,

Bedford, Nil.

I-National Climatic Data Center.

1990.

Local climatological data for Detroit Metropolitan Airport and Toledo Express Airport.

National I

oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.

I I

7

'I I

NUS, 1974 The 1973-1974 Annual Report of the terrestrial ecological I

studies at the Fermi site.

Prepared for Detroit Edison Co.,

Detroit, M1.

NUS Corporation, 1910 Cochran Road, Pittsburgh, PA.

I Poet, R.K. and N.L. Christensen.

1980.

Succession:

a population process.

Vegetatio 43:131-140.

4 l

Richards, L.A. ed.

1954.

Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils.

USDA 9andbook, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

SCS.

1981.

Soil survey of Monroe County, Michigan.

U.S. Department of Agriculture and Michigan Agricultural Experiment.7tation.

I Shipicy, D. I,., S. D. Pahwa, M. D. Thompson, R. B Lan t r..

'9/9.

Remote sensing for detection and monitoring of salt s':.t

,s on vegetation:

evaluation and guidelines.

Final Report prepared for U.S. Nucicar Regulatory Commission by INTERA Environmental Consultants, Inc.,

I liouston, TX.

Talbot, J.J.

1979.

A review of potential biological impacts of cooling tower salt drift.

NAS, 2101 Constitution Ave., Washington, D.C.

Atmospheric Environment 13(3):395-405.

I Temple, Patrick J. and Ronald Wills.

1979.

Sampling and analysis of plants and soils.

In Methodology for the Assessment of Air Pollution Effects on Vegetntion, ed. W.W. Heck et al., Air Pollution Control Association.

Terrasi, William.

1989.

pers, com.

Nuc1 car Operations Center, Enrico Fermi Power Plant, Unit 2, Detroit Edison Company, Newport, MI, 1991, pers. com. as above.

TI.

1978.

Enrico Fermi Atomic Power Plant, Unit 2 (Formi 2) Remote I

Sensing and Vegetation Ground Truth Program.

Final Report, March 1979. Texas Instruments, Inc., Ecological Services, Dallas, TX.

I 1980.

Enrico Fermi Atomic Power Plant, Unit 2 (Formi 2)

Remote Sensing and Vegetation Ground Truth Program.

Draft Report, November 1980. Texas Instruments, Inc., Ecological Services, Dallas, TX.

I E

I 39 J

OVERSIZE DOCUMENT

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PAGE PULLED SEE APERTURE CARDS NUMBER OF OVERSIZE PAGES FILMED ON APERTURE CARDS APERTURE CARD /HARD COPY AVAILABLE FROM RECORDS AND REPORTS MANAGEMENT BRANCH

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Normandeau Associates,Inc.

25 Nashua Road Bedford, NH 03102 t999 (603) 472 5191 (603) 472 7052 (Fax)

-. ---.---..... -.-.- ~.

Annual Nonradiological Environmental Operating Report for Fermi 2 Appendix 1 Aerial Infrared Photograph Transparencies Covering All Imagery Within a 2.5 mile Radius Around the Fermi 2 Cooling Towers.

Appendix 1 - index Section 1 Flight Line map of color infrared photograph coverage.

Section 2 Flight Line 5 Photographs Frame 3 Frame 4 Frame 5 Frame 6/7 Frame 8 Frame 9 Frame 10 Frame 11 Frame 12 Frame 13 Frame 14 Frame 15 Frame 16 Frame 17 Frame 18 Frame 19 Frame 20 Frame 21 Section 3 Flight Line 6 Photographs Frame 4 Frame 5 Frame 6/7 Frame 8 Frame 9 Frame 10 Frame 11 Frame 12 Frame 13 Frame 14 Frame 15 Frame 16 Section 4 Flight Line 7 Photographs Frame 4 Frame 5 Frame 6/7 Frame 8 Frame 14 Frame 15 Frame 16

Section 1 Section 1 consists of a raap delineating the Fermi 2 Site, survey area, and flight line map of color infrared photograph coverage,31 August 1990. It should be noted that infrared photographs were taken for areas within a five mile radius of the Fermi cooling towers, however, for reporting purposes, only photographs covering a 2.5 kilometer radius around the Fermi 2 cooling towers are being submitted (Flight lines 5.6 and 7). A full set of infrared transparencies covering all 7 flight lines (5 mile radius around the Fermi 2 cooling towers) is being retained onsite and is available for review upon request.

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Section 2 Section 2 consists of aerial infrared phototransparencies for flight line 5.

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