ML20064L984

Turbine Failure,Post-Event Earthquake Instrumentation Data Evaluation

ML20064L984
Person / Time
Site:	Fermi
Issue date:	02/04/1994
From:	HOPPER & ASSOCIATES, ENGINEERS
To:
References
NUDOCS 9403280061
Download: ML20064L984 (52)

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i FERMI 2 TURBINE FAILURE POST EVENT EARTHOUAKE INSTRUMENTATION DATA EVALUATION e

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, Prepared for: Detroit Edison Company 0

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.; Enrico Fermi 2 Job Site 6400 North Dixie Highway I l'

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'l Prepared by: Hopper and Associates 1

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TABLE OF CONTENTS l l 2.&C.E l I

1.0 Introduction 1

.1 1.1 Fermi 2 History 1 1.2 Turbine Failure 1 1.3 Shock incident 1

1.4 Seismic Event Procedure Requirements 2 1.S Results 2 1

2.0 History 3 2.1 Seismic Events 3 2.1.1 Previous Seismic Events 3

2.1.2 December 25,1993 3

2.2 Sequence of Events 3 -

i 2.2.1 Turbine Failure and Damage 3 2.2.2 Shutdown 6 I

2.2.3 Observations 6 2.2.4 Human Sensitivity to Vibration 7 2.2.5 Fermi 2 Seismic Event Procedure Requirements 7 l

3.0 Data 10 3.1 Instrumentation and Location 10 3.1.1 Passive Sensors 10 l 3.1.2 Active Sensors 10 e 3.2 Data Reduction 14 3.2.1 Passive Sensors 14 3.2.2 Active Sensors 14 3.2.3 Active and Passive Data Correlation Comparison 45 3.3 Results 45 4.0 Conclusion 47 I

S.O References 50 I 1

i HGPPER AND AsSCCIATES ENCMEERS

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

i 1.1 Fermi 2 Historv

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The Enrico Fermi Unit 2 Nuclear Power Plant is a 1,203 MV gross Boll-ing Water Reactor located outside Detroit, Michigan on Lake Erle.

. Fermi 2 has been in commercial operation since 1988, using a turbine manufactured by English Electric of Rugby, England, now part of G.E.C. Alsthom. The facility site is located on stable land, and few large intensity earthquakes have occurred in the facility vicinity throughout documented history.

1.2 Turbine Failure At approximately 13:15 on December 25,1993, the turbine at the En-rico Fermi Unit 2 Nuclear Power Plant failed. The turbine failure in-cluded thrown blades, severed cooling system piping, turbine lubricating system failures, and a hydrogen explosion. Vibration im-balance in the main turbine generator activated a turbine alarm. Al-most simultaneously, numerous alarms were received, including sels-mic event, additional turbine alarms, and reactor scram. Upon receiving the reactor scram alarm, the operator immediately began shutdown procedures of the turbine and reactor.

1.3 Shock incident j Personal observations attest to a loud noise followed by a rumbling sound which lasted two to three minutes. The seismic event alarm and the reactor scram alarm were noticed concurrent with the loud noise and rumbling. Although the root failure cause is unclear at this time, the rumbilng sound was attributed to vibration.

ThL passive peak shock record plates on the second and fifth floors of the Reactor / Auxillary building recorded insignificant accelerations, or accelerations below the Operating Basis Earthquake (OBE).

The active strong motion time history accelerometers in the HPCI room and at the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) pedestal base recorded measurable accelerations. The accelerometers were preset to ac-

, tivate at a 0.01 g level. Subsequent to this activation, two impulsive acceleration excitation spikes were recorded after approximately two and sixty three seconds. The passive peak shock record plates in the Sub-basement of the Reactor / Auxillary building (HPCI room) also recorded measurable accelerations.

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l Instrumentation data from both active and passive sensors were e muated and compared to those excitation levels in the Fermi 2 Up-dated Final Safety Analysis Report (UFSAR) to verify the continuing

{ structural integrity of the Peactor/Auxillag building and the equip-ment inside the building.

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1.4 Scismic Event Procedure Reoulrements Section 3.7.4.4 of the UFSAR states an earthquake has occurred if the seismic trigger is activated. If the seismic event exceeds the OBE, the reactor must be shut down as quickly as possible. Before normal operation can commence, the UFSAR requires data reduction, analysis, and interpretation of time histories and response spectra from instrumentation; and structure, system, and component inspec-l tion.

1.5 Results Globally, the building did not experience an OBE event, and con-sequently, the Reactor /Auyloary building was never exercised near OBE excitation levels as evidenced by the insignificant accelerations measured on the second and fifth f, ors of the building. Likewise, the equipment on the second and higher floors was never exercised near OBE excitation levels.

O Below the second floor, at the RPV pedestal, the active instrumenta-tion show OBE exceedences at high frequencies and both active and passive instrumentation exhibit OBE exceedences in the HPCI room.

However, no anomalies were observetl during the event, and a cur-sory inspection of both building and equipment after the event indl-cates there to be no apparent problems.

The two distinct tremors recorded by the active instrumentation mounted to the structural foundation exhibit those characteristics that would be anticipated from a surface wave system emanating from an impact at an adjacent surface location. These waves locally pass through the structural foundation with the path of the particle

/ motion theoretically describing a single retrograde ellipse. They pos-

, sess none of the energy characteristics of tectonic earthquake waves and do not result in the global structural excitation experienced during a traditional seismic event.

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.j- 2.0 HISTORY 2.1 Selsmic Events ,

{ 2.1.1 Previous Seismic Events Fermi 2 is located in a relatively seismic stable area. Ap- 'I l' proximately fifteen intensity VI (Modified Mercalli Scale) or greater earthquakes have occurred within a two hundred mile

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., radius in the last two hundred years (Figure 2.1.1.1). Addition-L ally, nine eartnquakes of intensity V or less have occurred I within a fifty mile radius of the facility (Figure 2.1.1.2). Al-

,. though the Fermi 2 OBE is associated # cn intensity VI sels-mic event, it is unlikely the facility will experience such an earthquake within its lifetime.

2.1.2 December 25,1993 The National Geophysics Data Center and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration show no seismic activity for 4 December 25,1993, within a five hundred km (310 mile) radius  ;

of Detrolt. The center has immediate knowledge of all seismic activity in the Detroit vicinity of intensity ill or greater. .{'

The most recent seismic event within two hundred miles of  !

the facility site had an intensity of approximately I and oc-curred in April of 1993. The passive peak shock recorder plates were calibrated and installed in July of 1993 (second and fifth  !

floors) and September of 1993 (HPCI room). This evidence indi- 1 i cates the passive plate records contained only.the turbine

faDure incident.  !

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2.2 Seouence of Events 5 2.2.1 Turbine Failure and Damage '!

It is beyond the scope of this document to chronically arrange >

the events of the turbine failure on December 25,1993. i At approximately 13:15 on Decembt.r 25,1993, the number 3  !

j low-pressure turbine at Fermi 2 failed catastrophically. The .

I turbine threw several blades. One blade ripped through the l steel turbine casing. The other blades are believed to be in-  !

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side the condenser. Vibration caused measurements in excass of 37.5 mils peak to peak at the turbine bearings, recorded by the Diagnostic Vibration Analysis (DVA) System.

A small hydrogen explosion occurred near the number 9 bear-ing, and the resulting fire charred the shleid wall. The fire or

! the steam from the turbine casing activated the fire protec-I tion system. Approximately six hundred thousand gallons of water poured into the turbine building. Additionally, a 2" l cooling system pipe was severed, adding more water. The tur-bine lubricating system also failed, and approximately seven-

, teen thousand gallons of oil poured onto the floor. The ensu-I ing mixture drained into the turbine building basement. ,

, Turbine vibration tore couplings, sheared bolts, and loosened I the excitor from the main turbine generator.

l 2.2.2 Shutdown The turbine failure activated the turbine, seismic event, and I

reactor scram alarrns, and both the turbine and the reactor proceeded to shutdown. All safety systems responded to

, achieve a satisfactory shutdown of the turbine and the reac-I tor. The event was declared an alert at approximately 13:52 due to fire potential, and later downgraded to an unusual  ;

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, 2.2.3 Observations I i* 1 No personnel were in the vicinity of the turbine failure. Al- l

, most all personnel nearby heard a loud noise, followed by a  ;

rumbling, which lasted two to three minutes. Some personnel 4 felt vibrations through the building. Almost simultaneously, l j personnel in the buildings heard the reactor scram alarm.

Those near the turbine building reported heavy smoke.

Several personnel were directed to inspect the turbine build-Ing for fire. They noted damaged parts on the third floor, and a small fire at the generator brushes, which they extinguished with a CO2 fire extinguisher.

Remaining personnel proceeded in duties as directed to facilitate the reactor shutdown.

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2.2.4 Human Sensitivity to Vibration Work conducted by numerous researchers have established j physiologicallimits of human perceptib,Ility to vibration. The studies demonstrate humans can detect vibretions well below the current instrument sensitivity at Fermi 2 (Figure 2.2.4.1).

2.2.5 Fermi 2 Seismic Event Procedure Requirements i

The turbine failure activated the seismic alarm and neces-sitated the reactor shutdown. The Fermi 2 UFSAR includes a required response when the seismic event alarm is activated (Figure 2.2.5.11. If the seismic event exceeds the OBE, the reac-tor must be shutdown as quickly as possible. The decision to shutdown involves examining the active traces from the HPCI i

room, utilizing the playback mode of recording instrumenta-tion, and removing the HPCI room record plates and examin- j ing the data compared to the OBE. If the seismic event '

produced a horizontal acceleration greater than 0.05 g, or the  !

l relevant OBE is exceeded, the faCllity is shutdown, and further operation is not resumed until analysis and/or refurbishing of necessary structures, systems, or components is completed.

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The turbine failure necessitated the reactor shutdown im-mediately, precluding the shutdown operating decision I described above.

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l Additionally, the UFSAR requires data reduction, analysis, and Interpretation of accelerometer time histories and response spectra from active instruments; response spectra from pas-sive instruments; and physical facility structures, systems, and components inspection. If the event does not exceed Safe Shutdown Earthquake (SSE) validation levels, the item is con-sidered safe for further operation. if the event exceeds validation levels, further investigation is required.

Investigation may include establishing realistic equipment fragility levels, detailed dynamic response analysis, or Inspec-tion. The investigation results in the item procialmed accept-able, or the item refurbished, for normal facility operation to commence.

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HUPPER AND ASSOCIATES ENCINEERS

3.0 DATA 3.1 Lnjtrumentation and I.ecation l 3.1.1 Passive Sensors lj Engdahl PSR1200 peak shock recorders are the passive record-l Ing Ir strumentation located in the Reactor / Auxillary building.

The sensors record various ground motion and in-structure

.j response shock spectra in three orthogonal directions. The i sensors contain twelve reeds, each with a diamond tipped stylus, which etches a scribe mark on a metal record plate.

.! Each reed is tuned to a predominant structural frequency,

' ranging from approximately two to twenty five Hz. The record plate and the scribe mark provide a permanent indica-

. tion of the dynamic excitation at a particular frequency. Reed deflection is calibrated as a linear function of acceleration.

After a selsmic event, the plates are removed and the reduced 3

data establishes the response spectra. ,

, Three Engdahl recorders are located in the Reactor / Auxillary j building, in the HPCI room, the second floor, and the fifth floor (Figures 3.1.1.1 through 3.1.1.3). The recorders are posi- ,

I tioned to measure accelerations in the vertical, north / south,

! and east / west directions at each sensor.

I Passive sensors are calibrated Cnd the plates replaced after a

'l selsmic event or approximately every 18 months. The plates for the Reactor / Auxiliary building were last Calibrated and re-placed in July of 1993 on the second and fifth floors, and Sep-

'f tember of 1993 in the HPCI room.

3.1.2 Active Sensors l

} Teledyne/Geotech Model 37800 strong motion triaxial time his- l tory accelerometers are the active recording instrumentation l

located in the Reactor / Auxiliary building. The active system

. Includes the accelerometer sensors, seismic triggers, MTS-1008 l monitor and recorder, PMO-101/201 playback system, and an l alarm panel. The accelerometers have a preset event trigger I at 0.01 g, which energizes and activates the recording system. l The system records over a frequency range of 0 to 40 HZ for a l

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produces a time history strip chart and a magnetic data tape of the event. The active instrumentation provides time his-

tories from which response spectra may be generated.

I Two Teledyne/Geotech accelerometers are located in the j Reactor / Auxillary building, in the HPCI room sub-basement and i at the RPV pedestal (Figure 3.1.1.1). The accelerometers measure longitudinal, transverse, and vertical acceleration, f which correspond to the vertical, north / south, and east / west directions of the passive recorders.

4

,I 3.2 Data Reduction 3.2.1 Passive Sensors I'

The record plates from the three passive sensors in the Reactor / Auxillary building were removed for data reduction.

The plates were inspected for scribe marks, and the calculated accelerations were plotted against the relevant OBE and SSE response spectra (Tables 3.2.1.1 through 3.2.1.9 and Figures

( 3.2.1.1 through 3.2.1.9). Additionally, the Instrument sen-sitivity was plotted. The passive sensor is capable of measur-

ing accelerations greater than 0.019. The Engdahl peak shock recorders have 2% damping, and have i 3% accuracy at 19 The sensors were last calibrated and the plates replaced in July of 1993 (second and fif th floors) and in September of 1993 (HPCI room).

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3.2.2 Active Sensors 4

Subsequent to the activation of the instrumentation, two dis- l tinct tremors were recorded. The first event occurred at ap-

{

proximately two seconds, with a duration of approximately 0.1 second, and the second event occurred at approximately one minute, also with a duration of approximately 0.1 second. -

Time history acceleration data recorded by the two active sen-son;in the Reactor / Auxiliary bullding were digitized by Detroit Edison Company (Figures 3.2.2.1 through 3.2.2.6). A simple Fortran routine was used to produce the response spectra.

. The generated response spectra were plotted against the relevant OBE and SSE response spectra (Figure 3.2.2.7 through 3.2.2.12).

HOPPER AND AS$2CIATES ENGINEBtS I

l l

1 1

l Reed No. Hz Measured mm inch g/ Inch g

, 1 2.11 2.5 0.098 0.349 0.034 l 2 2.54 4.25 0.167 0.528 0.098 3 3.45 4.5 0.177 0.865 0.153

{

4 4.07 6.25 0.25 1.24 0.31 1 5 5.1 2.5 0.10 1.98 0.19 6 6.36 1.0 0.04 3.14 0.12 7 7.95 0.25 0.01 5.18 0.05 8 10.16 0.25 0.01 7.26 0.07 l 9 12.75 0.5 0.02 13.61 0.27 l 10 15.58 0.25 0.01 18.10 0.18 11 20.33 -

30.66 I 12 25.25 -

46.98 1

1 ,

! l I

i l

l i

l I

D30 N005 Passive Instrumentation, Vertical Direction Records HPCI Room Table 3.2.1.1 ,

l a i

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i J

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0.357 i

2 2.5 0.5 0.02 0.52 0.01 3 3.17 -

0.84 4 4.15 -

1.35 5 4.95 -

1.90 6 6.4 -

3.26

! 7 7.75 -

4.69 8 9.8 1.0 0.04 7.38 0.29

[ 9 12.65 -

12.39 ,

10 15.9 -

18.11 3

11 20.29 -

29.40 ,

12 25.41 -

45.50 J: -

1 i

.i D30-N005 Passive Instrumentation, North / South Direction Records - HPCI Room '

Table 3.2.1.2 16-

HOPPER AND ASSSCIATES ancmets 1

1 l

5 i

i i

! Reed No. Hz Measured mm inch g/ inch g 1 1.96 2.75 0.108 0.376 0.041 2 2.39 6.0 0.236 0.556 0.131 3 3.16 6.5 0.256 0.89 0.23 4 3.96 3.2 0.126 1.29 0.16 i 5 5.05 2.0 0.079 2.10 0.17 6 6.32 -

3.18 7 7.9 3.25 0.128 4.86 0.62 8 9.89 -

7.58 9 12.27 -

11.58 10 15.7 0.5 0.02 18.87 0.37 11 19.67 1.5 0.059 30.08 1.78 1 12 25.71 -

48.78 i

1 I

i D30 N005 Passive Instrumentation, East / West Direction Records - HPCI Room i

Table 3.2.1.3 l 17-l

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1 2.05 -

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0.494

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0.784 4 3.96 -

1.243 i 5 4.86 -

1.918 '

6 6.35 -

3.101 7 7.84 -

4.9

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7.85 9 12.59 -

11.7

! 10 15.98 -

19.23 11 20.49 -

29.85

,- 12 25.18 -

45.72 ,

J 5

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~t D50-N601 Passive Instrumentation, Vertical Direction Records - Second Floor 1

Table 3.2.1.4

x V HCPPER AND AS$CCIATES enomaars -

I Reed No. Hz Measured mm inch g/ inch g 1 1.99 -

0.362

, 2 2.59 0.13 0.005 0.536 0.003 3 3.11 -

0.821 4 3.93 -

1.31 5 5.03 -

1.99 6 6.39 -

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4.86 8 10.13 -

7.44 y 9 12.54 -

12.31 10 15.88 18.35 11 19.91 -

28.73.

5 12 25.04 -

47.04 4

l l

4 t

l D50-N601 Passive Instrumentation, North / South Direction Recor,ds - Second Floor I Table 3.2.1.5 ]

19-

A ,

!i HOPPER AND ASS 2CIATES ENGINEsts T

1 i

i i

Reed No. Hz Measured mm inch g/ Inch g

. 1 2.14 -

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3.17

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45.99 '

l-t

• D30-N601 Passive Instrumentation, East / West Direction Records - Second Floof Table 3.2.1.6 t

t

4 ,

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secamens >

t 1

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D30 N006 Passive instrumentation, Vertical Direction Records - Mfth Floor Table 3.2.1.7 21-

-w- - - . - - - + - - - - , - ,

HCPPER AND ASSOCIATES ENGINEWts I' ,

i lI Ll 1

1-i

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0.843

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47.07-

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D30-NOO6 Passive Instrumentation, North / South Direction Records - Flfth Moor Table 3.2.1.8

8

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i

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1 2.11 -

0.371 2 2.58 -

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0.833 4 4.15 -

1.33

, 5 4.9 -

1.85 6 6.3 0.25 0.01 3.11 0.03 i 7 7.9 -

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11 20.1 -

28.59 .

12 25.1 -

48.21 (

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HOPPER AND ASSOCIATES ENGINEERS 3.2.3 Active and Passive Data Correlation Comparison f

The HPCI room passive Instrumentation data for the vertical i and east / west directions exhibited similar data trends and ac-ceteration magnitudes compared to the active instrumenta-tion. However, preclSe amplitude correlation at all

} frequencies was not possible.

i Reasons for the anomalies likely are associated with the short i duration of the events, and the Intrinsic differences between the recording methods of the two instrumentation systems.

To fully understand the discrepancies, a further comprehen-sive study would need to be undertaken. However, the l

phenomenological similarity of the data is sufficient quantita-

! tively to establish essential structural and equipment response characteristics at this time.

3.3 Resul{5 The turbine failure on December 25, 1993, did not result in a sig-nificant Reactor / Auxillary building dynamic excitation or a building i global exceedence of the OBE, This was demonstrated by the insig-nificant accelerations recorded by the passive sensors on the second and fifth floors of the Reactor / Auxillary building.

Below the second floor in the foundation, the building and equip-ment experienced local OBE and SSE exceedences recorded by the active and passive sensors located at the RPV pedestal and the HPCI room sub basement.

The active instrumentation at the RPV pedestal exhibit OBE and SSE exceedences at higher frequencies in all directions. The RPV pedestal sensor in the vertical direction is less severe than the HPCI room vertl-cal direction, while the other directions are similar, instrumentation in the HPCI room also experienced local OBE and SSE exceedences. The active instrumentation exhibit OBE and SSE ex-ceedences in the vertical direction, and OBE exceedences in the high

frequencies in the north / south and east / west directions. The passive exhibit OBE exceedences in the low and high frequencies. The HPCI room vertical and east / west passive plates show very similar data

trends and acceleration magnitudes compared to the HPCI room ac-tive vertical and east / West data records.

45-

. HOPPER AND ASSOCIATES ENC 4NFBts I

.I Generally, the event at time two seconds was more severe than the event at time one minute.

All equipment In the building functioned as expected during the tur-j bine failure and reactor shutdown. An inspection after the event

produced no indications of structural damage. Furthermore, the eX-tant safe shutdown equipment adequacy was proven by the satisfac-tory safe shutdown experience.

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4.0 CONCLUSION

The turbine failure at Fermi 2 on December 25,1993, should not be com-pared with a tectonic earthquake, and globally, the Reactor / Auxiliary build-Ing did not experience OBE excitation levels. The turbine failure was a shock incident, resulting in dynamic response phenomena or two single cycle

.' waves propagating through the building foundation without exciting the structure above (Figure 4.0.1).

An earthquake imparts long duration, broad range frequencies, and high energy into a structure, while a shock impulse imparts short duration, high amplitude, and low energy into a structure. Industry standards recognize

. Shock impulses do not cause significant structural stresses (Figure 4.0.2).

The shock wave length resulting from the turbine event at Fermi 2 was small compared to the building, and therefore produced local high accelerations, but the short duration, low energy, and small deformations associated with i these high frequency accelerations did not compromise the structural in-tegrity of the Reactor / Auxiliary building or the equipmen' therein.

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5.0 REFERENCES

1) Detroit Edison Company, Enrico Fermi 2, Updated Final Safety Analysis  ;

Report.

2) Hasrouni/ Hopper;-Detroit Edison, Enrico Ferm! 2 Site Visit. Fermi 2 Turbine Failure Post Event Earthquake Evaluation; January 11,1994.

3) Detroit Edison Company; Technical and Engineering Services Report 94H711; Digitizing Selsmic Monitor Magnetic Tape Data for December i 25,1993 Actuation; January 17,1994.

4) Detroit Edison Company; Technical and Engineering Services Report 94R711; Analysis of DVA Vibration Alarm /Coastdown Magnetic Tape for Fermi 2 MTG; January 11,1994.

l I

5) The Ralph M. Parsons Company; Enrico Ferml~2 Atomic Power Plant; Recomrnended Earthquake Recording System; Job No. '4577 3; 4 January 1972.

l 6) Engdahl Enterprises; Seismic Instruments for Nuclear Power Plants;  !

November 1977.  !

7) Detroit Edison Company; Written Observations from Fermi 2 Person-nel; December 25,1993.

8) The Cleveland Electric illuminating Company; Seismic Event Evalua-tion Report; Perry Nuclear Power Plant Docket Nos. 50-440, 50-441;  ;

February 1986. ,

9) Detroit Edison Company; Vendor Manuals VMCl143.1 and VMC1143.3;  ;

December 18,1989.

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