ML20064C697

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Environ Radioactivity Levels,Sequoyah Nuclear Plant 1977. Increased Radioactivity Levels Due to Nuclear Weapons Testing in China
ML20064C697
Person / Time
Site: Sequoyah  
Issue date: 09/30/1978
From:
TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY
To:
Shared Package
ML20064C701 List:
References
RH-78-4-SQ1, NUDOCS 7810250122
Download: ML20064C697 (45)


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ENVIRONMENTAL RADIGACTIVITY LEVELS i

SEQUOYAH NUCLEAR PLANT 1977 i

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Y CONTENTS Introduction 1

Figure 1 - Tennessee Valley Region 3

Table 1 - Environmental Radioactivity Sampling >chedule 4

i Atmospheric Monitoring.

5 Figure 2 - Atmospheric and Terrestrial Monitoring Network.

7 Figure 3 - 1.ocal Monitoring Stations 8

Table 2 - Detection capabilities for Environmental Sample Analysis 9

Table 3 - Maximum Permissible Concentrations for Nonoccupational Exposure.

11 TablJ 4 - Radioactivity in Air.

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Table 5 - Radioactivity in Rain 13

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Table 6 - Radioactivity in lleavy Particle Fallout 15 Table 7 Radioactivity in Charcoal Filters 16 Table 8 - Radioactivity in Atmospheric Moisture 17 Terrestrial Monitorind,.......................

19 Table 9 - Radioactivity in Milk

. 21 Table 10 - Radioactivity in Vegetation 22 Table 11 - Radioactivity in Soil 24 Tabic 12 - Radioactivity in Well Water 25 Table 13 - Radioactivity in Public Water Supply.

26 Table 14 - Environmental Gamma Radiation Levels.

27 Table 15 - Radioactivity in Food Crops 28 Reservoir Monitor [ng, 31 Table 16 - Sampling Schedule - Reservoir Monitoring.

33 Figure 4

' Reservoir Monitoring Network.

34 Table 17 - Radioactivity in Reservoir Watet (Total) 35 Table 18 - Radioactivity in Fish (Channel Catfish, Flesh) 36 Table 19 - Radioactivity in Fish (White Crappie. Flesh) 37 t

Table 20 - Radioactivity in Fish (Smallmouth Buf falo, Flesh) 38 Table 21 - Radioactivity in Fish (Smallmouth Suf f alo, Whole) 39 Tab!b 22 - Radioactivity in Plankton 40 Table 27-R.edioactivity in Sediment 41 Table;24 - Radioactivity in Clam Flesh 42 j-Table 25 - R.1dioactivity in Clam Shell 43 4

l Quality control' 45 i

Conclusions 45 i

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ENVIRONMENTAL RADI0 ACTIVITY LEVELS SEQUOYAH SUCLEAR PLANT 1977 Introduction The Sequoyah Nuclear Plant (SQNP), being constructed by the Tennessee Valley Authority, is located on a site owned by TVA containing 525 acres of land in Hamilton County, Tennessee, bounded on the east by Chickamauga Reservoir. See Figure 1.

The site is 12 miles (19.3 kilo-meters) northeast of Ch attanooga, Tennessee, and 11 miles (17.7 kilometers) west-northwest of Cleveland. Tennessee. The plant will consist of two pressurized water reactors; each unit is rated at 3,423 MWt and 1,171 MWe.

Fuel load in unit 1 is scheduled for March 1978.

The preoperational environmental monitorine program has the objective of establishing a baseline of data on the distribution of natural and manmade radioactivity in the environment near the plant site.

TVA has collected data in this preoperational environmental mon-toring program since 1971.

Since the operation of the plant has been delayed, the program was reduced as of November 1, 1973. All continuous collections (air and charcoal filters) were discontinued as were milk and monthly river water samples. Only quarterly samples of soil, vegetation, well water, public water, river water, pinnkton, Asiatic clams, sediment, and fish, and annual samples of food products were collected. The full sampling program was reinstated in February 1976. The program cutlined herein describes the sampling program as conducted in 1977.

Field staffs in the Division of Environmental Planning and the Division of Forestry, Fisheries, and Wildlife Development carried out the sampling program outlined in tables 1 and 16.

Sampling locations are shown in figures 2. 3. and 4.

All the radiochemical and instrumental analyses were conducted in a central laboratory at Muscle Shoals, Alabama. Alpha and beta analyses were performed on Beckman Low Beta 11 and Beckman Wide Beta 11 low-background proportional counters. Two Nuclear Data Model 100 multi-channel analyzer systens employing sodium iodide, NaI(TE) detectors and one Nuclear Data Model 4420 in conjunction with Germanium, Ge(Li) detection systens, were used to analyze the samples for specific gamma-emitting radio-nuclides. Samples of water, vegetation, air particulates, food crops, and 131 charcoal (specific analysis for

1) are routinely counted with NaI(TE) detection systems.

If significant concentrations of radioisotopes are iden-tified, or if there is a reasonable expectation of increased radioactivity levels (such as during periods of increased fallout), these samples are

2 counted on the Ge(L1) system.

Identification of gamma-emitting radionuclides in all other types of samples is routinely performed by analysis on the Ge(Li) system. A TVA f abricated beta-gamma coincidence counting system is utilized 131 for the determination of I concentration in milk.

Data were entered in computer storage for processing specific to the analysis conducted. An IBM 370 Model 165 computer, employing an ALPHA-M 1 cast-squares cods, was used to solve multimatrix problems associated with estimating the activities of the gamma-emitting nuclides analyzed by NaI(TE).

The data obtained by Cc(Li) detectors were resolved by the ND-4420 software.

The detection capabilities for environmental sample analysis given as the nominal lower limits of detection (LLD) are listed in Table 2.

Sam-ples processed by NaI(IE) gamma spectroscopy were analyzed for 13 specific gamma-cmitting radionuclides and radionuclide combinations *. All photopeaks found in Ce(Li) spectra were identified and quantified. LLD's for the anal-ysis of the radionuclides listed below* are given in Table 2-B.

LLD's for additional radionuclides identified by Ge(Li) analysis were calculated for each analysis and nominal values are listed in the appropriate data tables.

In the instance where an LLD has not been established, an LLD value of zero was assumed.

For each sample type, only the radionuclides for which values greater than the LLD vere reported are listed in the data tables.

  • The following radionuclides and radionuclide combinations are quantified by Cr; I; I'8'10'Ru; 133 theALPHA-Mleast-squarescoagutercode:

1"I'I""Ce; 51 I'"Cs; Cs; Z r-Nb ;

Co; "Mn; Zn; Co; K; and I"'Ba-La.

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5 Atmospheric Monitoring The atmospheric monitoring network is divided into three subgroups.

Two local air monitors are located within the plant boundary. Eight perim-eter air monitors are located at distances out to 11 miles (17.7 kilometers) from the plant in the towns of Sale Creek, Daisy, Red Bank, Harrison, and four other densely populated areas. The remote air monitors are located at distances out to 19 miles (30.6 kilometers) from the plant in the town of Dayton and the city of Chattanooga. See Figures 2 and 3.

At each monitor, air is continuously pulled through a Hollingsworth and Voss HV-70 particulate filter at a regulated flow of 3 ft / min (0.085 3

3 m / min).

In series with, but downstream of, the particulate filter, is a charcoal filter used to collect iodine.

Each monitor has a collection tray and storage container to collect rainwater on a continuous basis, and a hori-zontal platform cov 2 red with gummed acetate to catch and hold heavy particle f a l lma t. Moisture is collected from the atmosphere at each local monitor and at one remote monitor and analyzed for tritium. Thermoluminescent dosimeters are used to record gamma radiation levels at each remote and perimeter station.

Each of the local and perimeter air monitors is fitted with a GM tube that continuously scans the particulate filter. The disintegration rate of the atmospheric radioactivity is continuously recorded at each station.

These stations will detect any significant airborne release from SQNP.

Air filters are collected weekly and analyzed for gross beta activity.

No analyses are perforned until 3 days after sample collection. The samples are composited monthly for analysis of specific gamma-emitting radionuclides and quarterly for

Sr, Sr aaalysis. The results are presented in Table 4.

With reference to table 3, which contains the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) recommended by 10 CFR 20 for nonoccupational exposure, i t is seen that the maximum beta concentration is 0.70 percent MPC.

Rainwater is collected and analyzed fer gross beta activity, specific namma-emitting i sotopes, and rad iostrontium.

For the gross beta analysis, a maxinum of 500 ml of the sample is boiled to dryness and counted. A gamma scan is performed on a 3.5-liter monthly sample. The strontium isotopes are separated chemically and counted in a low background system. An aliquot of the quarterly composite is distilled and analyzed by liquid scintillation for tritium. The results are shown in Table 5.

The highest value reported for beta activity is 3.72 percent of the MFC for drinking water.

The gummed acetate that is used to collect heavy particle fallout is changed monthly. The sample is ashed and counted for gross beta activity.

The results are given in Table 6.

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Charcoal filters are collected and analyzed for radiolodine.

The filter is counted in a single channel analyzer system. The data are shown in Table 7, where the highest value reported is 0.12 percent 231 MPC for 7,

An atmospheric moisture collection device containing molecular sieve is located at each local monitor and at one remote monitor. Samples are taken every other week, the moisture driven off the =olecular sieve, collected in a cold trap, distilled, and counted f37 tritium content. The results are shown in Table 8, where the highest value reported is 0.02 per-3 cent MPC for 11 in air.

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11 Table 3 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR NONOCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE MPC In Water In Air pCi/l*

pCi/d

  • Alpha 30 Nonvolatile beta 3,000 100 Tritium 3,000,000 200,000 137 Cs 20,000 500 10306 Ru 10,000 200 1*"Ce 10,000 200

'SZr ' SNb 60,000 1,000 3Ba *""La 20,000 1,000

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Co 30,000 300 "Sr 3,000 300

Sr 300 30 5*Cr 2,000,000 80,000

"Cs 9,000 400 58 Co 90,000 2,000

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e 19 Terrestrial Monitoring Milk Nilk is coliected from two farms within a 10-mile radius of the plant (see figure 3), and from one control farm. Raw milk is analyzed 1 1 monthly for 1, gamma-emitting isotopes, and for radiostrontium. The results are ahown in Table 9.

Vegetation Vegetation samples were collected near each monitoring station in the network and from each dairy farm to determine possible plant uptake of radioactive materials from the soil or from foliar deposition. Table 10 gives the results obtained from the laboratory analyses.

Soil Soil samples were collected near each monitoring station in order that any relationship between the amount of radioactive material found in vegetation and that in soil might be established. The results are given in Table 11.

Ground Water Well water was obtained monthly from the dairy farms from which milk was sampled and from four onsite wells.

In addition, samples were taken quarterly f rom four other farms located within 5 miles of the plant.

All samples were analyzed for gross beta and for gamma-emitting radionuclides.

A quarterly composite was analyzed for tritium. The results are shown in Table 12 and indicate the maximum beta concentration with reference to Table 3, is 0.34 percent MPC.

Public Water Potable water supplies taken from the Tennessee River in the vicinity of Sequoyah Nuclear Plant are sampled and analyzed for gross beta,

'8 gamma-emitt'ag radionuclides, Sr, and tritium. The first potable water supply downstreau from the plant is equipped with an automatic sampler with composite samples analyzed monthly. Two additional water supplies are sampled monthly and three other potable water supplies are sampled quarterly. The results, shown in Table 13, indicate that the maximum beta concentration is 0.27 percent MPC.

Environmental Camma Radiation Levels Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD's) are placed at eight stations around the plant near the site boundary (see Figure 3) and at the perimeter

20 and remote monitors to determine the gamma exposure rates at these locations.

The TLD's are changed every 3 months. The quarterly gamma radiation levels determined f rom these TLD's are given in Table 14.

Food Crops Food crops raised in the vicinity of Sequoyah Nuclear Plant are sampled annually as they become available during the growing season. During this sampling period, sampics of cabbage, corn, green beans, potatoes, and.

tomatoes were collected and analyzed for gross beta, specific gamma-emitting radionuclides, S r. and Sr.

The results are given in Table 15.

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27 Table 14 ENVIRONMENTAL CAMMA RADIATION LEVELS Environmental Gamma Radiation Levels Quarter Location mR/ Hour mR/ Quarter November 1976 -

On-Site (8)*

January 1977 Maximum 0.010 21.3 Minimum 0.009 18.7 Average **

0.009!0.001 19.7!2.0 Off-Site (10)

Maximum 0.009 20.8 Minimum 0.005 11.2 Average 0.00720.062 15.5!4.8 February-April 1977 On-Site (8)

Maximum 0.019 42.3 Minimum 0.007 15.5 Average 0.01220.008 25.5 17.6 Off-Site (10)

Maximum 0.010 19.6 Minimum 0.006 14.1 Average 0.00820.002 16.6 3.6 May-July 1977 On-Site (7)

Maximum 0.010 22.1 Minimum 0.008 17.1 Average 0.009!0.002 19.9t3.8 Off-Site (10)

Maximum 0.008 17.7 Minimum 0.005 11.8 Average 0.007:0.002 16.0:3.4 August-October 1977 On-Site (8)

Maximum 0.013 27.5 Minimum 0.006 13.1 Average 0.009 0.004 19.429.6 Off-Site (10)

Maximum 0.009 20.0 Minimum 0.005 11.7 Average 0.007:0.002 16.024.8

  • Number of stations (three TLD's at each station)
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31 Reservoir Monitoring Samples of aquatic media are collected quarterly along fcur river stations in Chickamauga Reservoir--at Tennessee River miles (TRM) 496.5, 483.4, 480.8, and 472.8.

In addition, water samples were collected by auto-matic samplers installed at TRLs 473.2, 483.4, and 49/.0.

Samples collected for radiological analyses include sediment from four stations; water, plank-ton, and Asiatic clams f rom thre of these stations; and fish from Watts Bar, Chickamauga and Nickajack Reservoirs (see Table 16).

The locations of these stations are shown on the accompanying map (Figure 4) and conform to sediment and special ranges established and surveyed by the Data Services Branch, TVA.

River station 496.5, the control station, is 12.7 miles (20.4 kilometers) upstream from the Sequoyah plant outfall dif fuser.

Samples of water, net plankton, sediment, Asiatic clams, and three species of fish were collected quarterly (plankton only during the two quarters of maximum abundance) and analyzed for radioactivity. Gamma, gross alpha, and gross beta activity were determined in water, net plankton, sediment, shells, and flesh of clams, flesh of two commercial and one game fish species, and the whole body of one commercial fish species.

In additien to the above, tritium concentrations were determined in river water samples. Except in the flesh of clams, white crappie, and channel catfish, esSr and '8Sr content was deter-mined in all samples by appropriate radiochemical techniques. The activity of 12 gamma-emitting radionuclides was determined with a multichannel gamma spectrometer.

WC 2r Automatic sequential-type water samplers were installed at the three cross sections indicated above and shown in Table 16, with composite samples analyzcd monthly. Grab water samples were also collected monthly at the point of plant discharge to the Tennee ee River (TRM 483.7), at a point on the Hiwassee River, and at a point on Chickamauga Creek. Results are displayed in Table 17.

Fish Radiological monitc ring for fish was accomplished by analyses of composite samples of adult fish taken from each of three contiguous reser-voirs--Watts Bar, Chickamauga, and Nickajack. No permanent sampling. stations i

have been established within each reservoir; this reflects the move =ent of fish species within reservoirs as determined by TVA data from the Browns

32 Ferry Nuclear Plant preoperational monitoring program. Three species, white crappie, channel catfish, and smallmouth buf falo, are collected rep-resenting both commercial and game species. Sufficient fish are collected in each reservoir to yield 250 or 300 grams oven-dry weight for analytical purposes. All samples were analyzed for gamma, gross alpha, and gross beta activity. Concentrations of Sr and Sr were determined on the whole fish and flesh of the buffalo only. The composite samples contained approxi-mately the same quantity of flesh from each fish. For each composite a subsample of material was drawn for counting. Results are given in Tables 18, 19, 20, and 21.

Plankton As indicated in Table 16, net plankton was collected for radio-logical analyses at three stations by vertical tows with a one-half meter, 100 nicro-mesh net.

For analytical accuracy, at least 50 grams (wet weight) of material is required; and collection of such amounts will probably be practical only during the period April to September because of seasonal variability in plankton abundance. Samples were analyzed for gross alpha and gross beta activity. Sample quantities were not sufficient for the es analysis of specific gamma-emitting radionuclides, Sr and Sr.

Sample results are given in Table 22.

Sediment Sed iment samples were collected from dredge hauls made for bottom fauna. Gamma, gross alpha, and gross beta activity and Sr and Sr con-tent were determined in samples ccllected from points in four cross sections.

Each sample was a composite obtained by combining equal volumes of sediment from each of three dredge hauls at a point in the cross section. Results are given in Table 23.

l l

Asiatic Clams Samples of Asiatic clams were collected with a Ponar dredge from three stations and analyzed for gamma, gross alpha, and gross beta activity.

The Sr and Sr content was determined in the shells. Results are given in Tables 24 and 25.

l i

i l

Table 16 SAMPLING SCllEDULE - RESERVOIR MONITORING Biological Samples Water Samples Zooplankton, Distance From Tenr.essee River Chlorophyll, Benthic Left Bank Depths (Mile)

Phytoplankton*

Fauna

  • Sediment
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Feet Percent (Meters) 472.8 2

4442 89 1, 9 473.2 Automatic sampier 480.8 1

1 2

483.4 1

1 2

266 11 1

Automatic sampler ***

435 17 1, 12 496.5 1

1 2

2500 57 1, 9 497.0 Automatic sampler ***

  • Replicate samples.
    • Fish samples are taken from Watts Bar, Chickamauga, and Nickajack Reservoirs.
      • Composite sample analyzed monthly.

U

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Nomin.n l t owr t.j e t t of Det ec t ion (1.1.D) as described in Table 2.

b.

Me.in and range based up..n detertable measurements only.

Fr act ion of detec t able me airurements of spes-ti ted locat ions is indicat ed in pat ent he-ses (F).

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b.

Mean and ranre liased upon det ectable meawrement s only. Fr act ion of det ec table swasuren.ent s of spec if ie<1 locat ions in in<6cated in parentheses (F).

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h.

Mean.in 1 r mg.- tuse.1 upon Jet c. t.e vle measus ement s only.

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-Quality Control 4

A quality control program has been established-with the Tennessee Department of Public Health Radiological Laboratory and the Eastern Envi-ronmental Radiation Facility, Environmental Protection Agency, Montgomery, Alabama. Samples of air, water milk, fish, and soil collected around nuclear plants are forwarded to these laboratories for analysis, and results' are. exchanged for comparison.

Conclusions-Since'Sequoyah Nuclear Plant hasfnot achieved criticality, there j

has been no contribution of radioactivity from the plant to the environment, i

The levels of radioactivity being reported in this document are due'to natural background radiation, nuclear weapons testing, or other nuclear operations in the area.

Increased levels of radioactivity were observed in milk, rainwater, air particulates, heavy particle fallout,' vegetation, and in atmospheric i

radiciodine in September and October following the atmospheric nuclear weapons testing conducted by the Peoples' Republic of China. This'incrcase was widely 133 L

reported in the eastern portion of the United States. Levels of 1'in milk as high as 8.1 pC1/1 were observed.

2r, Nb,13 primary radioisotoges identified in The I,

1, Ba,. 1 'La, and Np.

13 1"0 239 the atmospheric media were

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_