ML20062H788
| ML20062H788 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Crane  |
| Issue date: | 07/31/1980 |
| From: | Campbell D, Collins E, King L OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML19331D750 | List: |
| References | |
| ORNL-TM-7448, NUDOCS 8009030534 | |
| Download: ML20062H788 (84) | |
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-r-s Evaluation of the Submerged.
d UNION,
COMlU9r3!!Z9I $ SISM (bob) 7
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Ficwshee't lcr C acentaminaticn
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CRNL/~M-7413 Centric ic. W-7 C5-eng-25 GEMICAL TIONCLOGY CI'lI3ICN 1
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Ca:a F.uclisned: July 1930 CAX RICGE.'IAT*CfiAL LASCRATCRY Ca.' Ridge, Tennessae 3732C p.N *;cN sea.o 3.
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t 111 CCNTENTS
' ice A B S TRA CT............................
I 1.
INTRCOUCTICN........................
2 2.
ANALYSES CF CONTAMINATED '4ATERS 1
3.
CESCR ?T!CN CF SUSMERGED CEMINERALIZER SYSTEM
?
1
. !'. 7RA T I C N......................... 11 4.1 Estimatec accun; and Chir 3Cter Of Iclid.Matarili l'
1.2.iltratien Tes s
.........'......... 12 re..l e_.(C.iN.IC;,.wl..u { :363 2
.t 4
.w 5.1 Ex:erimental E:ui: en:
................ IO 5.2 Ex:erimentalPCacurt
................ EQ 5.3 Ex erimen:21 Results inc 01scussien.......... 2:
5.1 Proolem Areas..................... 33 5.4.1 ? criy Scr:ed Radi:nucifdes 33 5.4.2 Recalcitrant Scecies.............. 23 5.4.3 Mydroly:ec and inscluele Scecies........ 31 5.
ICN EXCHANGE DISTRI5UT:CN.w!ASURE.vE.'ITS........... 24 5.1 Experimental Equi; ment
................ 25 5.2 Ex:erimentai 3recacure
................ 25 5.3 Ex:erimenta! Results and Discussica.......... 25 5.3.1 Removal of 1255b................
25
5.3.2 Recalcitran
5:ecies.............. LA 5.3.3 Hycroly!!d ind *F.sciuol e 3Ceci es........ 51
1
-. - =
. _.-- 1 iv 4
l l
P.=. g e b
1 4
7.
EXPECTED PERFCRMANCE CF THE StJEMERGED CEMINERALIIER SYSTEM..
52 3.
IMP'.ICATICNS.:CR '4ATER C.EANI.'P.. '.*.............
55 3.1 Centainment 3uilding ' dater 55 3.2 Reac:ce Primary C: alan: System '4atar 56 3.3 '4asta 70121e5 57 9.
OCMC.'JSICNS #10 RECCMMENCATICNS 59
'.O. R*.::..Re.'ICTS........................... 21
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O2LUATICN CF DE SL'3 MERGE 0 CEMINERAL*IER SYS EM (5C51 FLC'.Scidi FCA Dic;aTAM NATION OF,ian ACTI/ 7f.
LidiL a Aria 4 7 i.-i 7.-Rii MILE. 5:.3h0 UNL 7 i '<LCLEAR %iA iTA :QN G. O. Camecell E. C. Ccilins L. J. King J. 5. Knauer ABSTRACT De Su:cerged Oeminerati:er Sys:am (505) ficwsnet: f:r cec:ntamina-
- f cn cf :ne nign-ac-tvity-level water a: :ne Three Mile :slanc Unt: 2 fluclear ?:wer Sta:icn was evaluated a: 044 Ridge 744:tenal La:cra::ry in a stucy :na: incluced fil:ra:f en :as:s, ten excnange c:1;=n :as:s, anc fen excnange distributien tes:s.
he c:ntamina:ad aa:ars, :ne 305 fi:wsneet, and :ne ex:eri:.ents rade are cascribed. De ex:erteen:41 resui:s.ert usec :: :recic :ne SOS :erf:r unce anc :: incicata eten:tal f=:revenen s.
4 I
r 1
1.
INTRCCUC ICN The Submerged Oeminerali:er Systam (505) f1:wsnee: f:e :ac:n-
- aminatten of :he nign-activi:y-level water (HALW) at the Three Mile Island Unit 2 (TMI-2) Nuclear Power 5:ation nas evaluated a: Cak Ridge Mattenal '.2 cra:Ory (CRNL) in a stucy na: included fil:ra:icn tas s, icn exchange :Olumn leading tas:s, and icn exchange dis ribu:1:n :as:s. ~he HALW at TMI-2 includes a=:roximately ISE3 m3 (7CO,000 gal) Of ::ntamina:4d water in :he '1:ce Of :ne Reac::r C:ntainmen: 3uilcing (03) and ac;rexi-mately 240 m3 (30,000 gal) :f circulating :: cling aatar :ha: remains in the closed-icco Reacter Primary Cecian: System (RCS).
Three 1-L samoles cf centamina:ad water were taken fr:m the :ct::m of Me C3 during Novem er and Cecamcer Of 1979 and were sat:ced CRNL fer usa in ne SOS evaluation tas:s. Thesa :asts *ert ace curing the sericd January 4:ril 1980. 7 sliminary resul:s wers es;cr.ad in a series cf mentaly le :ars frem R. E. 3 recks:ank Of CRNL R. F. Wilson, Cirte: r of TNI-Z Recovery f r General ?uclic Utilities (GPU). Sunnary resul s ert ;rtsantac :: :he TMI-2 Tecnnical advisory 3rce: On :ril 21,1980, a
anc
- ne TMI-2 Recovery staff cn Acril 23.
The : recess :: be used in :ne 505 f:e cec:ntamina:icn :f :ne MALW was :evelo:ed during mid-1979, following analyses and as-ing Of samcles Of RCS.atar anicn.ert aken wi nin a few eeks after :ne ac:icent.
Samoles of 03 wa:ar ert sc: availa:1e until an ac: ass ;rece as installac in Augus. The RCS *ater samaies were analy:ec a: CRNL turing.' day and June, and s me Of the RCS water was usac f:e cistribution easurtnen:s ni n a sariety Of salid ser:ents :: catarmine the nos: favoracle :y;e Of scr-tent f:r :na dac n:Amina.icn :r:cass. Al so, + mal l - Olumn 10 acing asts e.
3 ere nade using syn:ne:ic feed solu:icns traced ith ei ner 39se :r 137:3 n
- :etermine :ne :ctantial :erf:rmance of ion ex nange : luens :ntaining selected ser:ents. The :eolite enada:ite was selected as the acerceritte
~
scr:ent that was :: mercially available acc nad a his:Ory Of sue:assful, large-scale usage.
Cn the : asis of resui:s ' rem :n.ese asts, ORNL anc Savannah River L3:cra Ory :ersennei.crtec *tta neccers :f :ne Tecnnt:al acvisory Grou:
- devel:0 a ;r :csed flewsneet. Then a : recessing system ( ne 505) <as
- esignec dy Alliec General luclear Services (OCNS) f:r Chem-Nuclear Systems, *nc. (CNS ), :ne : rime : ntrac :e f:r fa:rica-icn, ins alla:1:n, anc Ocerati:n Of ne :r:cass ecui: cent. The 305 as designe: :: dec:n-am1na:a :ne HALW so :na:,.nen mixed 4ita cereal :izn: :isenarges, :ne
- ncentra:icns :f all nuclices (ex a:- ritium) aculd :e <10% / :ne ::n-
- antrati:ns listac in
- .0 0?R 20.3,3 The firs: semeles :f C3 atar analy:ec 2: ORNL aere :: ainec in August 1979.
. llcwing :ne analyses, s:me Of :ne a ar nas used make acci:f nal 1:n excnange is ri':utien measurements. The results Of :ncse teasurements incica:ed :ne ;resenca cf recalci ran; s:ecies :f :c:n 5:ren-tium and casium a estimated 0:ncan:ra i:ns :f 0.03% an 0.04; ras;ec.
Oively.
- n effecc, nese s:ecies a::earec Timi
- ne cec:n:2minati:n availa:le w1:n :ne :r :csec 505 flewsnee: :: fac::rs :f 3::rexima ely
- 200 f:r ste:ntium anc 2:0C f:r :ssium.
- n acci-ice., :ne sam le :aken fr:m near :he 3 ficce ::n ainec a signief can: velu.me f eice:ulen; solids. This intr:cucac :ne :cssi:i!* y :na: :ne fil:ars s:ecifisc f:r use in the ;re:csec 3CS mign: :e ina:ecuate f:r remcvi g :nis y:e :f soli: ma:arial.
a
4 4
1 1
Based :n the ;ctential difficulties suggested by the ;resence Of
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- :ne sclics anc recalcitrant s:ecies, CRNL rec mmended that fil:ra:icn and icn ex:nange column tests te made usi,ng actual water samcles :aken
~
front near the C3 ficer fer evalua: fen of Oe SOS ; recess and for the deve-Icceen: Of ;ctential ;recass imcrevements (medifica: tens). In adci-f en, the NRC recuested : hat GPU ;r: vide ; recess evaluation ca:a f:r use in a safety evaluation.
The ex:erimental ;r gram =a is ne sucject of :nis tecr resul:ac frem an agreemen: :e: ween GPU and UCE. The tachnical sc::e w'as decided
- hrougn c:nsultaticn amcng GPU, CRN1., and :ne T'it-2 Tecnnical-acviscry Gr:up. The rt;cr. incluces descri;;icns Of te contaminatzd watars, ne 305 ; recess ficwsneet, and ce ex;erimen:s :na: were ;ed:r 44.'
The ex:erimental resul s wert used :: ;redic: SDS;r: cess;erh:rmanceanc
- indica:e ;ctantial imcrevements.
2.
ANALYSES CF die C::NTAMINATE] M7ERS d
The concentra: ices and : tal ar. cunts Of :ne cemical anc raci:enemi-cai ::cccnents in :he RC3 4ater and me C3 a ar inica art its: signiff-can relative : ce ped:rmanca cf Oe 505 system art lis:ec in Table 1.
The values in ne :acle f:r ne RCS water are ::mccsitas of adaiytical ca:a
~
f:r ce samcles 24:.ert takan earlier. ~he values f:f- :.[e C3 ya:er re resent :ne analyses Of te 1-L samcles :na wert used for'=e f1cwshee:
evaluation. Al s If stad in te :able are 2e ' relative ingestt:n ha: arts' Of t e tcminan; radionuclices.
he reitti ve inges-ica na:are is :efinec hertin as :ne ra:i: :f =e =ncantratten f a r3cienuc] f ee in e, ::n.
amina:ac 4:ar = :ne =ncen 1:4:n given in w Cn :c, Accencix 3.
m e 4
F' 4
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l i
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=
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C:mccsition :f ::ntaminated.ater
('talues are ::r te:ac ':e rict 4c:1ve ecay :: July 1, '380.)
i teac :r
- ntainmen:
- alan:
- uilcing syst em
.ater
?:tal
'lolume 70,0C0 ;al
- 00,000 gai 790,0C0 ;al Soctum 150 ::m 1200 : m 26C0 '<;
3er:n
- 870 : m 20C0 :em 23,0C0 '<g
( as +350 )
3 Castum 1.5 :om J.3 :cm Z.6 <1 S:ren::um (0.05 :an J.'
- n 0.3 c; Rela:tve Rela:tve Conc.
inges:!:n
- nc.
ingestion 70:41 Muclide Cact/mL) 4:ared
(;Ct/mt) na:a r-4 (C1) 3M 7.L7 60 1.0
- CO 2,500 39 r la 2,0C0,000 0.53 200,000 3.;CO 5
30s'e gc3 50,0C0,0C0 Z.2 3,0CO,0C0
- 4,0C0 106tg 3,.,
ta,;ce g,;C2' 20 0 10 125 :
3.31 iC0 0.02 200 50 1240s
'0'
' 0C0,000 25 3,0CC,000 57,000 3,' Os
, 57 3,000,0C0 tic 3,0CC,0C0 410,0CC 6
14404 0.0J-2,0C0 0.00C5 50
- 0 a
Ex:rtssac as nultf:les :f.9e ::ncantet:::ns its:ad in ;0 7100, 20: enc 1x 3, Ta:le ::, C:lumn 2.
Ialues vary, :re:4:iy tecaust :( :rtet:1:2:t:n.
?
d
)
O II, Column 2, for that radienuclide. Althcugn the 10 CFR 20 c n-Centrations de not -e: resent s:ecifications for isenarge Of thesa ;cs:-
ac:tdent waters f em TMI-2, -he rela:ive ha: ares are useful /Or =e desigri and evaluation of ;rocosed water treatment ; recesses. The relative ha:ard Of a radienuclide indicatas :ne rumerical value-by <nich -he ::ncentraticn Of :ne radionuclide must be reduced, eitner :y :r0cassiig :r by :ilu:icn.
The reduction by precassing is ex;:ressed as :ne dec:ntamina:icn fac:Or
(':F),.nica is :Me ra:fo Of =e cencantra:icn of a nuclide in :ne recess feed solu:icn :: its ::ncentration in the :r: duct solu icn.
3cta ga:ars ::ntain scdium berata anc :cric acid; :ne :ri is 3.2 in
- he RCS water anc 3.5 in the C3 water. Of.ne racicnuclides new ; resent, casium and ste:ntium will ecuire the most decencamina-itn.
In addition
- cesium and strentium, cne of :he imccriant radicac-ive c ntaminants present in me waters is ritium (half-iffe = 12.3 y). This heavy isc::ce of nydrogen is :resan as :ritiatac water in ::ncantratf 0ns that are minuta :u are still.cre man :ne 10 CFR 20 c:ncentra:icns.' The :ri:fum will not :e remcved tv N DS crecess and 4iil :reca:ly be handled by
- ilution 41-h u :?
J.-
ac 4ater af ar :he Otner racicactive ma arials nave :een raccu..
The raciccasium iscreces fa bc n tecies Of ::ntaminated watar are by far =e ;reccminant scurtas Of gar.a activi y.
Until de casium ::n-an raticas have teen reduced by saveral Orcers of..agni;uce, ce tac:n-aminati:n ; recess equi: men; mus te bc:h snielded and : era ad emc:aly
- :reven: ex:assi <e ex:csure :: : e-a:ing :erscanel.
The samcle analyses nave indica:ac =a: me : ncan:rt:icn of 3C r in S
- ne ACS.a ar increased fr:m 0.0a : 7 uCi/mt. during =e firs: man:n
7
,fillowing :he accident and -Men increased fur.her : accc: 25 Ci/mL.-
4 This benavice is in contras :: the concentrations Of casium and tritium
~
wnica have decreased in a manner ::nsistan: wita coserved leakage ra:as :f the centaminated na ar from :ne RCS (and with tilation :y makeu: watar).
The increased strontium :ncantration ay have been cue :: :en:inued leaching Of ex;:csed fuel; newever, it is :nore likely :na: :nis increase has teen caused by redissolutien :f a :recipitatac strontium f:rm, sucn as strentium sulfa e.
'.hatever :ne cause, tne :ractical feelica icn is :na-adet:f onal strentium may accear :uring te dec:n:amina:1:n : recess.
A significan: ::ncen:rnien :f strontium has teen f:und in an ins 1-ucle f:rn in sam:les of a:ar taken fr:m :ne :ct :m :f the Centainmen:
Builcing.
'n eacn 1-L samole, ne c:ncan:rati:n of sci tes in me slurry (liquic ;1us solics) was a::coximately 3.5 vel ',, as ce:arminec :y can-trifugation; Mcwever, totn :ne amcuni and nature of :ne sciid tatarial in
- ne slur y sam le may no: :e re:resenta:f ve Of 2e :::ai solics within ne tuiTcing since ne saccie ::uld :s takan frem :niy :ne icca:1:n.
hus extruciatica Of de da:a regarding ne solids is very uncar.af n.
The key enemical and raciccnemical nstituents in me solics are listac in Ta:ie 2, al:ng wita me calcula:ad :er:antage Of eaca aiemen; and nuclide in the :::al samcle (liquid :1us s0110) :na: vas insolu:le.
Al ncugn :ne ste:ntium was me : red 0minant radienuclice in me sclics, 92".
Of me ste:n:f um in.he :::21 samele 4as in =e liquic : nase. Essentially all Of ne cesium as in :ne liqui: ; nase.
hus, aven if =ese sci t s are tissoitec during te dec:n 2mina:icn :r cass, re ::a1 amcun: :f adicac-
-ive a: arf als in ne aa:ar acule act increasa si gni'i:an:!y.
l k
__...A 3
7431e 2.
! cites in :ne-litar saccles Of 0:ntatnmen 3uttatng ater Canc.
0:nc.
(3/mL I Ct/mL 1
y Element soltasi) insolucle3 Nuclide scites4.~)
insoluole3 90 r la 3
0:ccer 7100 39 5
1texal 2500
>98 33 r 3.7 3
5 Aluminum 1450
"'38 1370s 4.7 0.04 I r:n 15 0 31 1055d 1.3 23 Silic:n 550
'.0 11'0a 1.4 13 Calcium 450 7
1240s 3.22 3.04 Itec 10 0
>g7 1069u 3.75 56 Chicetne 100
"'10 ll3 n 0.20 5
wagnostum
!!O
'.0 ISNb 0.14 37 Sulfur 100 12?mre 3.377 iC o 0.013 38
- iansanesa 50
>i9 C
5tiver 55
"" d 54*n 0.000 3
Cacmtwa 55 2
ilCm49 0.027 c
23 c 3.020 38 Tin 10 2
0 Inctum 20 103qu 0.J10 56
?Mes:ncrus
- 0 00 Ohromium 25 L2
'Jesntum 20 20tasstum 15 L
'. s a d 10 3
~
'ttrt wa 9
4
!!rt:ntum 7
1
- s:41:
3.5
>3 34rtum 2.5
>!1 5:ren:1um 2.5 71; Casium 3.5
~ 3.04 89ased :n n:lume Of sci tcs after : ant-t fugatt:n.
Str:entage Of tiement :r ucit:e in :::al sacole (It:uts :lus 5: lid) :na:
ts insolucie. :alcula: ten :ased :n :stal soit:s ::ntan: :f 0.3% (vel'.me) in cantrifugec saccle.
OC:ncan:rs: ten :n July 1, !!80.
ONc: netsufed in eatar.
t i
l l
e...
9 1
3.
OESCR:f 7 ION OF TriE $USMERGED OEMIMER.1LIIER S'fSTEM The n:wsneet evaluatac herein (~ig.1) was 2at :esignec ty GNS f:r the SDS. In this M wsheet, ce contamina:a water is clarified by filtration (using a 75-cm-ratad ;refil:ar and a 10-um cr.ad final fil:ar) t during transfer into De icn exchange feed :anks. Tne clardfied water is succed througn einer er toth Of :wc cuplicata trains Of 1:n exchange t-columns. Eaca : rain =nsists :f a sar es :f =ree clumns en:aining
- ecli:e (Lince I:nsiv IE-35, f:r erly :alled A'4-5CC, in ne Na' f:rm).
The affluen fr:m einer : rain Of :ecli:a :01'.mns is assac =cougn einer Of sc duplica:a =1umns =ntaining an Organic :2:i:n excnange es!n (Malcite MCR-5, initially in =e M' f:rm). Finally, ce affluent ater fr m tc:a ca:icn resin ::iumns is =moinec acc passed =rcugn a single large ;clishing ::iumn en:aining layers of ca-f on resin (MCR-5, ini-tally in ne H ferm), anien resin (Nalet:a SSR, initially in me OH-form), acc mixed resin (Nalci a 1-3, a 1:1 v:Tume mixcure :f HCR-5 and 53R).
The icn exchanga clumns are f :necular :esi;n and can te mved easily. Tne :scli:a and :aticn resin clumns are of =e same si:e ahncugn =e volume of :stion asin :: te used is Only :ne-nalf :f =e volume of :eclita 04: dill te used in each =lumn.
I The cerating :recedure ;revices ca: 200 :ec vclumes Of 4a:ar atli :e
- assac :hr ugn saca :ecli a =iumn entie ic is in
.e firs ;csi:icn. A:
ad :f.e, -he ::iumn =ntaihing me icadec :scii a 4ill :e remcved fr:m ue sys am, =e ::ner :aclita clumns wili :e xved f:rwar: :ne ;csi-i:n
(=untar:urrent :: me.4:er M:w), and a new :ac11 a =iumn iii :e instailec in me :nir: : cst:icn. :n mis manner, =e :ecli a niumns
Q.
10 l
08% 3 1 SC-sCS43 4
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agms 9
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12.0C0 tea ( A C.w L
'o sw 80L:3*tM4
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30 to 43 to
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210L.~t it3 '.010tMo e
- CCt.C" i
120
- t. CQ 82C0 t
' s *W NIf04 tt3 c.uwt!
1as ea te i
- Nu 13.;Co 6
.0aS?eo **WE 40 -Cust rs,'r2c :::t: t..c it:
,e.2.,
- - y w
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219 1.
Suceerged :eminerali:er System ficws.7eet.
e 11 will ser: est Of :he casium anile in :he firs: ; cst:icn, anc wnile in the second and :hird ;csitions will ;rovide one necessary residence time :c alicw -he strentium :: be sce:ed. De ca f on tsin : iumns and
- ne ;clishing clumn will te enanged wnen in-line mni rs.:r ;eri:dic samete analyses indicate na: a :ed has :ec me 'caded.
4 L.
.-., 7%. -. mt
.w 4.L Estimatad Occun: and Charac:ar Of Solids Ma aria!
All f:ur sancies Of aa:ar :aken fr:m the :et::m Of the 0:ntain. men:
Suilding cen ainec ~1ccculent solids; :ne amcunts af ar se : ling and centrifuging are shcwn in Tacle 3.
If sucn solids art ;reser.: in a signi-ficant amcun: in :ne C3 water anc if :he watar is act clarifiec acetuataly, :he solids c:uld restrie: Or biccx :ne Scw :f water :ne:ugn
- ne icn exenange ::1umns. The uncar.ainty is, Of c:urse, ane:ner :he amcun; and ca:ure of :ne solics in :ne sameles art t:resan:2:fve f :ne
- ai wi:nin :ne building. Thus -he accun: :resan; in :ne :ctainmen:
Building is hignly ::njectural and can :nly te -cugnty as-ima:ad.
The saccle taxan in Augus; c:n:ainec a significan:ly larger concan:rati:n of sciics, Or:caciy tecausa ('.) i: was :ne !!rs; sancie s
taxen 1: One saccia ;r ce location, (2) :ne water (slurry) was n::
agi:2:ad bef:re samcling, and (3) cniy a small volume 4as :asen. De
- nrte large samcias ali ::n ainec a sei t:s ::ncantra:icn f a :r:xima aly 0.5% after centrifuging. Sese sancies can e:resen: nc crs : nan :ne
- ct::m few inenes in :he builcing (a :::ai vei.ma :f a:cu: 75 :: *50 -A,
- r
12 Table 3.
Samoles tacen from me :cetem of me Containmen Building Samele :esigna: ten 3ct :m RS See i tS Sac Z RS See 3 34te taken 3/79 11/15/79
- 2/5/79 12/5/79 Ty;e unagttated agitated Unagitated Agitated
' tot ume ('.)
1.33 1.05 1.15 1.15 Solics :entant.
<ol s
!attlec
- C 1.3 2.3 Not was.
Centei Sged 4
0.5 3.5
-0.5 20,0C0
'O,0C0 gal). On mis basis, -he =:41 volume Of s: lids is es: 1-mated (at 0.5". ::ncantration) :: te a::reximately 3.4 u 0.3 M, Or 1C0 ::
200 gal (equivalen: :: centrifugec s: lids). C:her rethces of estima-icn have f adicatec the :resence Of a similar amcunt.
~
Tne s: lid.aterials Ortsen; in the samcies art ;reci:1 ates (;re a:ly hydrcxides) Of :rimarily cc:cer, aluminum, nickel, anc iren, as sacwn in Table 2.
he ::ccer anc tren.ere :: served (by ne ::ler Of -Me
- rtcipi ate) M te
- rtsen in their enemically educed states (cu:rcus Inc The rtdecinan; radicactive nuclide in the selics is 90sc.
ferrtus).
is significan: : nc:a -ha: the bulk Of :he solids (all da: is visible ::
1:wer he naked eye) can :e diss lved by :he aedition Of encugn acid de :ri :: 3.
Jewever, such an acidification : uld :e detrimen al : the su: sequent icn exchange =eraticns anc, Mus, has not yet been : nsidered as a Or cess : -ten.
N
~
1 1
f 1
\\
l3 Sedimenta:icn tests indicatec na: One bul'< of :ne solids nas neavy encugn :: settle within 20 50 min; Mcwever, a visible ha:e remainec in l
- ne su:ernate for 10 :: 20 h.
These resul s incicate that, if :ne water in the 0:ntainmen: Suilding n ce : uld :e cecantad fr:m near ne sur' ace,'
the solids *cule nct te enc:untarec in the SCS until :ne building is nearly emc:y. Mcwever, ;1ans are :: ;ume the water :nreugn ne 15-cm-ciam (13-in.-diam) u=take line in the tuiicing sumo. Eten :heugn :his is a relatively large Oi;e, the if:uid <elocity, a:Or0ximately 23 cm/ min (15 in./ min) a: a new m:a of 50 L/ min (15 gal / min), wili :e fas encugn cause ransfer of a significan frac-icn Of any solics wi:nin :ne ?i:e.
1.2 Fii raticn Tests Zie :::ai solids c:n:ent in :ne :hree 1-L saceles was ac: large en ugh f:r extensi te fil: ration tas 3.
7us a syn:ne:ic slurry 4as for-
-~
mulated :: :ne same chemical c:mccsi-ica as the actual slur y and was used
- evaluata a variety of fil:ar edia and fil: ration.ne:necs. Care as taken ensure na: the enemically reducac sta:as.ere maintained anc
-ha: :ne syn ne:ic slur y was f:r ula:ed in sucn a way ::a: :ne settling enaracteristics were similar :: :ncsa :: served for :ne actual slur y.
Sc:uting as s ere c: ace first using glass f-i-fil:ers. Ene results, sunnari:ed in Ta:le 1, sacwed that, :ne ::arsa fil:ar (10 : 50-un ;cr? si:e) did not remove the solics efficiently unless i: 4as :re-
- a:ac wi n a fil:ar aid. ~he aedium grace #il er (*.C :: 15-a :cre si:e) cia remcve ne solics :u: Only at a s!:w n ew rata. 'When ei:ner fil:ar r
was prec:atac with a cia::macacus ear:n fil:ar af c, ne soli:s-reccvai efficiency anc n ew ra:a we m sa-isfac::ry. De ranges in :anicle si:es Of ne ac ;racas f fil:ar aic na aen examinec are snewn in Ta:!e 5.
r
- ~ ~ -
la Tacle 4 Filtration sc:uting tests using synthetic
- MI slur y inc ; lass frit filt. rs a
ecre si:e Ficw Asia::ve aroict:y Filter *yte G.2) rat a-Of filtra al C: arse 20-40 Fas:
14
.ecium 10-15
$1cw 2.5 w
ine 4 5.5 Stew 2.1 C:arsa (; rec:atacb) pas:
3.3 l
o Fas:
'2
- ecium (; rec:atec )
'Reia: ve :articity :r s1xec, sync.,e::e siur y ; 50 anc.4:crat ry :emi-
.erali:ec.ater = 3.'.5.
At urcicities telcw 1: cut 5. Se soli:s :rt-san: art -ce easily satn :y ce wman eye.
34coreximately 1.5-es utex. ess :f Calt:a 535.
7 Taoie 5.
Oiat:macecus ear *:t filter nics Particle Typical analysis (w: 51 st:e (J3) 5:ancare 5gcer.Cai Gai! a i;5
<2
- 0.3 24 17.0 3.0 1-4 24.3 3.]
i-4
- 5.3 5.5.
3-10 9.J
.J.0
'C-20
- 5.3 27.5 20 40 4.5 25.]
10-60 1.5
' 4.0 4
~
15 The Standard Su:er Cal (with a ; article-si:e range :recominantly <10 um) was founc cause sicw flew rates and a hign :ressure croc, anila ne Calite 535 (wi-h a si:e range :redcminantly te: ween 10 and 50 um) <as
~~
found to give seed performance.
Guantitative loading :a:a aere Octained using ne syntae:ic-slurry and sintered-metal filters (Mct: w tallurgical r:cratien) having 5,10,
e 20, and 40-um ra:ings. The ex:erimental equi: ment arrangemen; is snewn in Fig. 2.
The mixed slurry was pumced ai ner u:ficw *nr0ugn the fii ar hcusing (wi:n :ne fil:ar Iccated in Me ::: Of :ne hcusing) Or acwnficw (with Me fil ar at -he Oc:::m Of the housing), and :ne :asts were :ar-minated wnen :ne :ressure croc ex:eedec 210 %?a (25 :si). The ur:fdi y of :ne filtra:e solution was ::mcarec :: the :ur:ici y of :ne feec slurry to :r0 vide a measure Of the fiitra:icn efficiency. A -he flew ratas used, 150 5C0 mL/s-m1 (0.22 0.71 2
gal / min-ft ), :he heldu: :ime in
-he ast fil ar ccusing das similar :: ::a: in the 505 fil ar housing.
Results of :ne filtra-icn tas s, summari:ec in Tacle 5, incica:a :na:
(1) the use of a fil ar aid will be necessary :: achieve a satisf ac:Ory filtra:icn afficiency, and (2) :ne use Of a downwarc : rection of fiew, with :ne fiitar Icca:ad a: :ne to:::m Of the hcusing, wili te necassary ::
maintain in adequata vering of the fil:ar surf ace wi n fil:ar aid, es:e-cially curing 0: era f ons in snich it is necassary :: s :: anc s:ar: ne fi cw. Use Of a 10-um-ratad fil:ar, ::vered by several incnes cf Cali:a 535, gave :ne tes resul t s.
The :reffi:ar final-fiitar :acnnique curren:ly ;iannec f:r ICS :: era-ticas has :een avaluatac in large-scale as:s a: 1GNSI while using a t
9
.,7.1 s
r 4
.s
]
k 16 4
i I
i e
04NL bg 40-*C$42AA i
k e
l5 u'. -
em!%W~
i.w1xt:
33 85*.
89E528E y
l
~
. M aar 4E'.2Fa
!NCI".ATCb
-j
/
M
/
- J d.
t 9
m
,r,!,",1"
- 1p 0CwNst.*w
- A*E.4 i.d 9
9 1
,p.3*C. C,U,C.*.a
..L.....
a,s-n,
.r.
....R 4
u nf3 lii.:ti ig. 2.
- ll:ar.icading :ss: 1::c aratus.
i 1
9 O
l n
s I
i, I
l.
- W e
17 Tacle i. Filter 1: acing tests using syn:netic slur yd Fti:er Ftiter rating Flow rate leading 3 Filtrite tureitityI (%1 Lum)
(gal / min-f 2)
(tn:)
3,,,3;,
gg72 5
0.22 0.49 0.3 93.5 20 3.22 1.06 19.3 73.9 40 3.22 1.22*
27.5 54.1 20 0.22 1.06 49.3 73.3 20 3.45 3.59 53.3 32.1 20 0.74 3.21 59.1 56.1 0.12-11. "fiter at --
w i re 't :w i
5 3.22 0.51 0.5 0.2 20 0.22 3.59 0.5 1.0 10 0.22 0.34 1.5 2.4 10 0.74 0.15 9.3 17.0 20 0.74 0.23 4.1 5.5 10 0.74 3.23 22.5 IS.3 1.5 i n, f a t t er i t s.. : wnware di :w 20 3.22 1.55 0.4 0.2 10 0.22 1.50e 0.7 3.2 ~
10 0.74 3.03 3.1 3.3 25yn:ne::c saur y ::ncarnec i.0% (<ciume; soi cs.
3 041cula:ec aversqq):e:03 Of scif es :n ' titer (volume af sol f:s. tn.3. Der filter area, in.
- ft rste :ur fdi:y in
- f feec slur y :aref etty.
IT.Sc *f *est.
e7,s: :e?hinatac :af:re 2? reacnec 35 :st.
i i
I
~-
-_.a____._..
18 synthetic slurry similar in ::cccsition :: that used a: CRNL. The results cf the AGNS study indicated that 7C% of -he sus: ended solids wculd :e the filtrata cen-remcved :y the ;rtfil:ar-final-filter tecnnique.and ina:
tained very fine sus: ended solids. This ;recedurt may be acce:tacle if ne fine sus:enced solids de ner. ; lug Se firs: :eci tte :ed during its intended life (; recessing of 2C0 ted volumes Or a : tal Of 45 m3 (12,000 gal) Of water). Mcwever, ne Orte:ated, dcwnward-ficw fil ar, snewn Oc give coti=um results in -his study, shculd be considered if filtraticn Or column :luggring diffical-ies art enc:untared in SDS Opera-icns.
5.
ICN EXCHANGE CCLTN TE373
~
In ce int-tal icn exenange tas:s, -he 505 ficwsheet was diviced in:0
~
five : arts (:asts 'MI-IX1 urcugn TMI-IX5) in Order :a measurt =e c:n-centratiens Of :he varicus radienuclides in several f =e column affluen:
Sucsequently, a tas: (TMI-IX5) of Only the series Of arte s rtams.
- eclita 00iumns was made. An cuttine of me :ss s anc :Me time intervals invclvec art snewn in Fig. 3.
The initial :ecl1:a f en.ex: Mange column Icacings (IX1 and IX5) wert dcne in a snielded, mant;ulat:r-c; era:ad hc call. Felicwing :nese tests, in *nich :ne tul'< ef :he gamna-emitting radi:nuclides (;rimarily casium) was rencvec, the wa:ar as transferred to a la::crat:ry hecd anen :he nmaining asts (IX2 :nreugn IX5) wert i
made.
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e 4
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- amL :q SC-27t'
- nratuuor -
maTC.4
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- x:
- n
- x.
- ss
- .2 air:2r==
.t., 1. i :: '!
t :s t.i '.i i.,
i c:ur i
,,i.e*,
'.i=,<,
- oretr. car:eni t :.
- i -
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e i t/.
i I
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'l 3:L.TllIt:t.:t IIct: t !.
=c8-5
,i gy,.,
j wa-1 i
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carxsi
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( :av i l
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or -** -
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. to -s ua or <=ac-:as ens sa:uert2v., : sussa: tor nu.w.
=nrwuer aart,4 t26 i
. w 2r:
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t.. I t.1 i
,04:2= r
- r:t: r
- sci t
- ret: r 4
ar :
1
.19 3.
Celine of ten exenange c::le:.n as s :erf:r ec.
A
n..
20 5.1 Ex:erimental Equipme,n:
The feed reservoir used in the icn exchange c lumn tests, consisted of a Marriotti Scttle, which ;revided a c nst' ant head ;ressure for The eclumn effluent gravity Mcw of the feed -hrougn the resin ted.
ficw rate was centrolled wi n i new-metaring safien stecccck :
within 23". of c e desired value. In all of the icn exchange =lumn
- ss:3, the lituid Scw ra:as.ere set :: ;revide te same resin : n.
-imes as ecsa intanded fer full-scale :cerations.
- ac:
Small glass icn exchange : l'umns, suen as ea tilustrated in F.ig. 1, were used. The :solita ted volume of 2 mL was the minimum i
culd be used with ne ficw ::nt-01 matheds availacle
- revide ca
a ted residence -ime similar :: 24: intanded for te SOS teds (12 :nin).
The c:lumn diametar was si:ed s: ca: ce ratic cf c lumn diameter ::
- solite ;ar-icle diame:ar,. nile using ::mercially availacle, 20 50-mesh :tolita, was large enougn :: ;reven: new channeling.i Tne ciame-ars of =e :eolita and cation resin columns were 11.5 an, -hose of te
- stien and anten beds of =e :clisning column were 23 nn, anc 24: Of te mixad resin ted was 15 =n.
5.2 2x:erimental Precedure
}
The ser:ents and :endi-icns used during eacn tas run are sum-tart:ed in Table 7.
Price :: In, a 2-L volume of Cantaineen:
Suilding water was clarifisc by means Of a *lign centrifuga-ion ( :
si,mul a:a a rougning filtratien). The clarified faec, e resanting c
1CC0 :ed volumes :asac :n me vcize of eaca :eoli a :ec, was ;assac
n 21 CRNL Cwg 3C-127t SR I
{
WI 15/ 7 B ALL ' CANT
/
FEMALE
+
[ i T 6
3YREX TUSING i
l 14 m m C O 11.5 mm 10 i
Ei
]
gfw g y CUARTI WCCL reNh'N i
i:.: -in
- C N SP/ I E-95 E
pi? hi@
ZEOLITE RES~N E
i:it 2.0 m L m
9 20-50 ME3H F
$$C: 19 -tm LONG I
r.y > cg:. ~..
l f.5 mm CtAM w.
CUARTZ WCCL I 'U C
in i
- f $ $.=T.5 'f.w$
b n.~
6w WN siw3 wX
== M;*i
-l ii
.,19 i
wi l,} -). i.\\
FJ...
nl l
!1 CD j
Fig. 1 Senernatic af agra:n Of ::lurnn used in as:.-an N !-; n.
~~
- - ~.
N*%
.w..
- =
.m__
=
4 77 w.
I l
e N
s e
I C 3
9 4
4 5
.- C C
==
e o
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e C
C Ji C
a a
el C
' 3 m
M m
w N
5 N
C e
w e 3.a 1o3w N
==== =*
e
. O.w&
t==
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I am d
asum A
W
.v ao v
3m o
C
'3 4
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1.y 4
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==
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es.
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C.
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==
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>9
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=
+
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9 g
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==
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w w
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41 w
w n
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- =9
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==
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9 m
N m
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en
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==
- U a
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=
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==
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es h o
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N f"9 m.
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e me amm een me as g
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23 througn -he firs: :scli:e eclumn at a ficw rate of 3 mL/h (residence
- ime :f 15 min). This was a slightly lenger residence time than is planned for the 505 :eclita tecs (12 min), :ut :ne difference was not considered to be significant. Also, the throughout was much larger than the 200 bed volumes intended for the SOS columns, but :he larger
- hr0ugnput was useful for the detarmination of -he sception benavior Of the varicus radi:nuclides, es:ecially cesium anc strontium. The column effluent was :011ected in 50-cL fractions, and 10-mL samcles wert :aken fMm selec.ed fractions f:r chemical and radiccnemical analyses.
Fraction numcers 1 :: 28 (a :::a1 :f 1200 mL, er 550 dec volmes, after removing samoles) wert transferred fr:m :he no: :all :c a laccra:Ory hecd; star-ing accu: 1 4eeks later, :ne frac tens wre fed saquentially (to simula:a a centinucus new) througn the sac:nc anc :hir: : soli:a columns (:ss: *X2). Tne e#Muent fr:m the -hir: :tci f:a column was 0011ectad in 50-mL fractions,.nich (after :he samoling cf selected fractions) were fad secuentially :: *ne ca-f en column in :as: IX3. A similar preceduct was usec in :ss:s IXa and IX5.
he bed resicence times during tests IX2 arcegn IX5 were :ne same as ncsa intended for ac ual 505 0:eration.
In :ne :entinucus-fl:w tes: Of :he series :f -hrte :ecif:a :0!uens with no time celays ( es: ran *X5), 400 mL of 0 ntainmen: 5uticing datar (200 bed volumes basac :n each :sciita ted) was clarified :y means of settling and :ecanta:icn.
his water nas ;:assed :nraugn ne :ncte ::l' mns at a ra:a f 10 mL/h (12-min resitance :ime for esca :scit a :ec or 25 min fcr all :ncte).
he affluen: na:er.as c:liected in 50-et fractions, and all =ert sam lec.
{
~~
24 The 10-mL samoles taken fr:m selected : lumn effluent fracticns during the :es:s.en analy:ec by gross te:a anc gama : un:fng, gama 90 r.
Car.ain s:ectremetry, and radicchemical methcds (RCA) fer.39 r and S
5 fracticns also were analy:ed for chemical elements by s: ark scurce
. easurements :f ;ti (a ncnces:ructive analysis) w mass 5: ectr metry.
All Of :ne Icaced were made cirectly :n selec ed 50-cL fractions.
- eclite teds Of tas:s In and IX5, were screents, excec: :ne firs:
analy:ed by gama-s:ec remetrj.
Ex:erimental Results and Discussi:n 5.3 Car lin analytical ::nstraints were imecsed by the nature of -hese r
First, ne volumes Of the sam le aliquets were limitec.
ex:eriments.
Icw levels for many Of :ne Sec nd, :ne : unting ruas eers at ver/
cadienuclides, and -he ;rtsence of ::mcaratively high c:ncentrnicns Of
=
12553, interferred wita :ne detec:f on of certain ::nstituents, es:ecially Of :hese : nstrv.nts, tany Of the analy-otner racienuclides. As a msul:
10 :: 2C%) and 41:n ses aert rt; cried with large :egrees Of unce" ainty (:
te
~hese analytical effects ms:
reintvely large limits Of detection.
- nsidered anen making any inter:rtta: ten Of :ne racicnuclide cen-Comcleta sats Of.he easured radienucitde and can:rati:ns given hem.
enemical :encan rations in :ne varicus ::lumn affluent s:rtams an given in Tables A-1 -hrough A-11 cf :ne A:cendix.
was as art in :ne The : ncan ra; ions Of ne Ortdeminan; radienuclices Ortsen:
0:ntainment 3uilding <a:er anc :ne minive ha: arts, asac :n 10 C7't IC, ne fac::e The relative inges:10n ha: ares recresen are ;iven in Ta:le 1.
by.nich :ne radionuclice : ncentrati ns excaec :he : ncenteniens given
25 by 10 CFR 20 anc are the cri aria used herein evaluate the :er crmance of :ne 305 sortents. The largest cecentamination (and/cr dilution) fac-5
- rs (>3 x 10 ),4zz 3,,,qyggge f;7 9037 3ne 137c3, The OFs cbtained in the column tests have been ex;ressad herein in several differtn: ways, wnich art su:nnari:ed in Taola 3.
Instantanecus CFs, relative :: ::ncentrations in the C3 water, are shewn as func:icns of :he volume of watar ;recassed for casium and stren:tum, :he we major cont $minants, and for antime.ty and r athenium,.wo Of -he mince
- entaminants, in Figs. 5 and 6, res:ec-ively. The OFs for :esism and strentium, ex;ressed in : ner ways, are snewn in ?!;s. A-1 :: 3-6 Of ne Ac:encix.
I
(
The presenca Of a ncn-icnic scecies Of :asium in te effluent from
- he firs: :ecli:e celumn was sus:ec:ad because tne CF was essantially
- nstant 1: ICA arcugneu: the as: (a :::al of 1C00 :ec volumes was
- assad :hrougn the first column), anc because a sacma ; refile of
- ne : lumn, sacwn in Fig. 7, incicatad -ha ne to:::m half of =e : lumn was nct Icaded. The garna ; refile was su stantiatac :y solidifying the column with ecoxy -esin, ca::ing :ne ::1umn int: five secticns, and assaying ea:n secti:n by sacma 0:unting. The results Of :he sectica counting are shcwn in ?!g. 3.
Since One casium c:ntaired in he effluent frem Oe firs: :ecli a column was sus:ected Of being ncn-icnic, :ne rela:ively large CF (2: cut 100) Octained in ne sacend and :hirt :ecli:a : lumns (:as *X2) was net ex:ected.
- n ne satuenca Of as:s, a a-eek :erice ensuac after -he water nas :assed :hr ugh me firs: :ecit a column (:es: un ;X'.) anc
- efore 1:.as :assac througn te sac nc and utre :ecli a : it.mns (:X2).,
v4
e latile H.
taprestlose of Dfs Olstalised ist ion catisange colussi tests Relative to shown in Representing concentrations in:
concentrations in:
Itsure swadsers
)
of type I
I
$ and 6 CB water Columri ef fluent streaans N
instantaneous Col used,b iced stredist A-1 an.1 A-2 Cultmann effluent streams i
i Inst asit asicoiss A-3 asal A-4
)
Accune. columes eff'luente (11 pater Cunastallve Acomm. colunut ef fluente Accame. col.I' (ced stocain A-h asul A-6 Gamalat ive i
lapsivalent to acciamulate.1 product water, if no further treatsient was mande.
a 6
Coltmui contaisied two scollte feeds its test 112 and a cation and an anion tied in test IX4.
to i
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75 w r
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$C C SEO VCLUMES (SASE CN ONE ZEOL!?E SEC)
Fig. 5.
Casium anc s rentium :ec:ntamina-ion fac::rs f:e ::iumn efficen streams. (Cec:n:amina-icn fac rs calcula ac fr m ins an:ane us
- ncentra:icns in : Iumn affluents tiative cencan ra-i:ns in C3 aa ar.)
L l
r i
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o 1
28 CRNL Owg 3C-,2356P3 IC'-
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.se *.A?cM shc C
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=
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u :.,, '.!. - S c.,)
L, w..,
nN
.w 1:cny and. ;:nenium tec:ntamination fic :rs for ::Tumn
~
Fig. 5.
An:
1mina-icn fac: Ors calculatec f-em instantanecus s: reams. (Cec:n:
- encent-1:i:ns in C3.ater.'
affluen:
c:ncentrati:ns in ::1umn efficen:s ela:ive ::
^ ^ ' ^' ^ '
7.9 j
~.0L.19a?CR '
a 0.0tc,a.
M
- lNCCW = 0.25 *O 0.73 wev >,Noi serector
$2 -
"A 2!Cf.:?! ?E3 '.INor=. 9..
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_=
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C
.z.
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t
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i 44t-.
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em Fig. y :eolf:a resin),Casit:n-137 activity ;;r: file Of TMI.IXl tas; c01sn (2.0 L Ionsiv i:-::
i i
i I
i I
64 9
.m
- - - - ~
gm I
I l
l 2
30 I
i b
08NL. *=q SC-454 4 s E 5*N SC SCL tF*C 4LN EPCXY 8CSLN AND SEC**.ONC thic $ GuaL sam 3 RUMN !E0**0M e 3.3 me
- 07 OI u I 3C LINC*w 9 cm BC**0M i r
i S E0*M e '
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i f-
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- 3
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I sic-*0s e i i i
i Ii e
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e 0
C IS 20 sc ;I.cw. em N
Fig. 3.
Casium-127 activity in sections of D.I-In tes: 00 Den.
e.
31 This :ime interval nas necessary s: tha: :ne effluen: *ater fractions from IX10 uld be transferred fr:m the hat cell and int a la:Orat:ry sccc', for assembly cf ecui; cent in the heed, and f:r analyses of the many samcles.
Juring the time ;ericd between :asts :X1 and IX2, ncn-tenic s:ecies ;re-sent in the firs column effluent ::uld have teen transformed int:
exenangeable species; theref:re, -he CF measured f:r ne three : lumns sign: have been icwer if the water had been passed ::ntinucusly througn a series Of :nree :eolita : iumns witn nc time celay. This ;cssibili y aas investiga ac by running anctner :as: (IX5) in anica :ne ::n:Imina:ac *a:ar nas :assad continucusly thr ugn a series of :nree :ecli a ::lumns. The results Of :nis tas: (shcwn as ::::ac lines :n :ne JF curves On Fig. 5) c:nfirmed :na: :ne :ime delay (aging) :eriod te: ween tas:s *X1 anc IX2 resultac in nigner 0Fs f:r bc:a :asium and strentium, and :na: the effect was acre ;r:ncunced f:r casium :han f:r strentium.
Figures 5 and 5 snew tha: :ne crganic cati:n tec (:as: *X3) nad cc effect en :he effluent f em :ne third :eci t ta bed, exca : for strentium removal after a :nreugneu of a;crexima:aly 100 bed volumes (based :n eae
- ecitta :ed). This is, Of.0: ursa, :eycnd :ne region Of intares; for :ne intanced SOS 0:eration. The 2F for esium 4as act imer:ved in :ne :ati:n/
anian teds of the polisning ::12:n (:as: ;Xa) anc aas Only sli;ntly im-i
- revec (by less : nan a fac Or of 2) in :ne mixec resin ted ( as: X5).
l The strentium CF was slign !y im:reved in Octn :ne a:icn/anien teds ( Xa) anc :ne nixed resin :ec ( X5).
Curing :he firs: :ar: Of :es: IXA, Octa lESSb anc 106Ru aere remcvec f m :ne 4ater :y :ne ant:n resin :ed, as fi!ustrated in Fig. 5.
uring
- nis ;erted of :cera-icn, ne re:l acemen :f.1a tens 41:n f:ns in :ne a
- - - ~
..u..--..
4 32 i
the
- rscading catien resin bed had icwered the ;H cf the water enter ng ani
- n resin bed and accarently had made it effective for sorptien :f the Subsequent distributten :; efficient (Xq) :ss:s antimony and ruthenium.
also have shewn this effect (see Sect. 6.3.1); that is, as the pH was lowered frem 3.5 to 7.3 :: 5.1 by eans Of a :rt:rta: ment eith a cation exenange -tsin, :he '<q fer 125Sb cn me anien rssin (bcrate form) aas increasad f-em 10 := 200 1500. This effec: is arcarently due :: a recuction Of :he tcrata ien centent by c nversion'cf -he sedium tcrate ::
This is. essantially, a ceicni:stien Of :.e weakly icni:ed beric acid.
water (the teric acid is not removec).
The elemental cnemical =mccsitions of the C3 water and several tne effluent fractions fr m the column tests wert Octained by scark :curce A-10 of the Accendix. Of mass s:ectremetry and art given in Tacles A-a ::
The the 27 elements measured, very few wert affec ed in the SCS : recess.
L notable excections included rucidium, wnien was =e cnly element remcved dic remcval with me casium and strentium in the :sclite beds, and ce ;eric f :he Of scdtum anc tcron as cey were exchanged witn the hydrogen f ns o
- ation resin and Oe hydroxide icns Of te anien resir, -es:ec f vely, in XS.
the initial ;erieds Of tas s IX2, IX1, and :
These c:lumn as:s demonstrated =at relatively large CFs can te
- ained for casium and strentium by means cf :sclite icn exchange, and
- hat me CFs were not imereved significantly by the usa of Organic ca:icn Snall frac:f ons of -he casium and strentium and int:n exchange -tsins.
anc larger fractions f ne initially mince =ntaminants were nct mmeved As a -esult,
- y ne c:mcinati:n Of scr:ents 01anned for usa in ce 505 in de affluent from te several racionuclices are ex;ec ad = te ; resent SDS in ::ncentrattens ranging fr:m 10-2 :: 10 # nCi/:L.
~
- 4 4
2:
--1
/
33 5.4 Pr clem Areas i
The :resence of :ccely scrted racienuclices and recalcitrant s:ecies of radi:nuclides that art usually scrted limits the decantamination :na:
can be Octained :y ten exchange. Addittenal cycles of icn exenange would be cemcletely ineffective unless the chemical naturt of :hese materials is
- nanged. 'he 'preelem' ma:erials that art enccunteric are likely :o te One of the these :y:es described as follows.
5.4.L 2 cely screed adienuclides 0
Certain radianuclides tenave in a straign f:rward manner in : erns of enemistry, but their ;recerties art sucn tha: they are not readily removed fr m :ne nater.
- n scme casas, enemical adjustments :an be made to Octain a more favorable distribution behavice. A radienuclide of this type, in the casa of :ne C3 water, is 125Sb. De mmcval Of 125Sb during the early ;ar. of test rans !14 and IX5 is an exaccle Of :ne effect of a chemical adjustment, althcugh :te adjustmen:.as ac: dcne pur:csely in this case.
5.a.2 9ecalcitrant s:ecies Most of :ne cesium and ste:ntium in the C3 a:er is icnic anc is readily scrted by a:crocria:e a: fen excnangers. Nwever, s=ali 9ac:f ons (a:ce:ximately 0.01*. Of :ne casiu:n and 0.1*. Of :he s:rentium) art :resen:
in f:rms : hat are nct readily ex:nangeacle and to nc tver. ;recc:ly :0 (or are not in equilibrium wi n) -he ncemal tonic f rm. ?0r examcle, ne essium and stren:tu:n na:.ert not scrted in :ne :es:s ay nave :een I
?
]
r l
\\
i
34 If this is the acscr:ed Onto s me ::ner.a:erial wnien is insoluole.
case, s me way must te fcund either to remove ne insoluole m:erial er :s r move the :ssium and strentium fr:m it.
u droly:ed and inscluele s:ecies 5.1.3 v
Several radicactive eierents ;rtsent in small amounts wen net These include Ru, Ce, Co, removed effectively by the SOS s:rtents.
N:, and Ir, all Of wnich acceared to te mittively insoluela, as snewn in Seer of :nese elements might :e disscived and mace exchangeable i'acle 2.
If the insolu=le if :ne :H Of the da:er (3.5) is -educac substantially.
elements art ;rtsant as c:lloids, they sign: be -tmoved :y ::4gula:icn f f Remcval Of such materials
- ne :sts ;ctential Of :ne a:ar is minimi:td.
is ace:molisned in seme esses :y :: mole:aly teminerali:ing :he water and icn exchange resins in Order ::
passing it througn layers of differtn esise and 1:wer the :H Of the-water recettedly anile ;rtsenting different sur# ace ;re:erties :: :Me water.
ICM EXCHANGE 0(STR(3UTION MEASUREME'4TS 5.
the tenavice :f A few distribution ex:eriments =e-t ude to inter:rs:
teen removed :y -he 505 scr:en s and ::
the radienuclices. hat had nc 0rmance :f :ne !DS. :n indicata :cssible ne: nods f:r imcreving ne ;er#
ffluen:.ater fr m.as:
-hese ex:eriments, fraction numcers 29-39 cf ne e
~ne essium :Oncentraticas in itesa fractions had been run In were usec.
reduced in :ne : lumn :as s by a fac:ar :f a: cut LC',, :u::ne : her radi0nuclice :encentesti:ns, including tacsa :f :ne strentium isc::ces,.
~ne rtsins testad ers as f0ii:ws:
teen reduced significan:Iy.
nac nc:
u o
e
. - ~ '
te Icnsiv II-95 (AW-5CO) :eclite; MCR-5 and IRC-50 ca: fen etsins; and SSR, 4
Ocwex 2, and tenac A-520 anien resins. Reagent-grade nitric, teric, exalic, formic, and aminoacetic acids and :-fruct:se were used for making
~
- H adjust.ments.
6.1 Ex:erimental I;ui: ment Resin neignts aere ccained :: 41:nin :0.01 g using a ia::rius *.202.49 balance. A 3eckman inandematic $2-1 :H meter aas used : Octain ;H measurtments On feed and rif'inate sclu icns. ~he :at:3 ecuilibra:icas were carried Out in Pyrex glasswart, at:n : nase mixing ;rovided by a wris:-acticn shaker. Fted and saccie volumes aert neasurtd wim a Cilsen UCCO aut:matic micr ci:ette.
5.2 Ex:erimental ?*0cedurt The rssin was :enverted : ce desired i:nic form anc Cen air dried and weigned in tartd glasswart. Foilcwing te desired ;rt:reament (:H adjustment, accition of ::molexing agen:, etc.) Of ne feed aa ar, -he
,proper volume was ::moined with te resin, and ne ;nases aert nixed f:r 2a h.
The 'rtsul-ing su;erna:e was removed fr:m =e resin and ;u:minac f r ganna scan anc radf 0 strontium analyses.
eed :H adjustments aert mace (1) :y te acci-1:n :f attric, formic, xalic, or aminoacetic acids; (2) :y catten exenange using MCR-3.
Or IRC.iG ctsin; cr (2) :y ne adciti n :f :-f uc::se, as a ::meiaxing agent.
- n all :ases, adcittens were mace antle xnit: ring =e feec :H and wert Oisc:ntinued a'nen te desirtc :H <as.~. acned. ::ner feed f
9
= -.
36 ncdifica:icas included (1) filtratten through a 0.1-um Milli;cre filter and (2) addition of 1 and 10 ;cm of lan:hanum as La(NO )3.
3 Scme of the anien resins were converted ic ne tera:a fern by suc-cessive washes wita 0.7 3 :+3203 :efort the cistributien measurteents The resin was wasned until the ;H of Oe nash solution wert made.
esacned tha of the tcric acid (;d 3.3). The resins wert washed with i
remove excess :cric ac'd anc uen air cried :rior Oc weighing.
water ::
5.3 Ex:erimental tesults and Discussi:n 5.3.1 Removal of 125sd Streng-base anien resin (52R) in both me hycr:xide and : crate forms 50, but =e s s aert undesiracly smail (in =e range 31 to M),
125 e
emoved as sncwn in Table 9.
tu:nenf um was also n!movec, tu: :o an even smaller The significance f me 10w Xe is =a. anti cny would tetat extant.
ertugn an anf en exenange c:1umn after Only a few :ed volumes (as ecservec in column :es:s !XA and IX5). A teacing :acacity :f saveral Muncred ted
.r. aces::131e : recess.
- ~
volumes Orior :: breakurcugn culd be retuirid Of neutrai anc a timony :r dably exists in ce a:ar as a mixturt n
Sinca ne anionic 0xy-s:ecies -hat are in equilibrium wi2 eacn Other.
(q mi n the C3 watar, as ;rtsantly :ensti u ed, is ancesiracly small, me:neds f:r imcreving the (4.ert investigated. :n general, resa M:nccs invol sec various nays :f reducing me :encentra:f on :r =anging me naturt
- he c: meeting Inf 0n in ce C3.a:er is :cra:e, Of me ::mceting aniens.
.nica is a: a :ncentra:f:n equivalen: :: =a: :f me Na icn ( cs: Of ne :cron ts ; resent as.eatly icnt:ec, Or essantitily aeutrai, teric
~ne tcrata :an te -tmcvec 01rtctly Oy anf:n axenarge, :ut mis act ).
l a.
--+
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38 wculd recuirt removal Of the terte acid as well; therefore, a very large Of bcrt:
amcunt of resin wculd be requirtd :ecause Of the large amcun:
acid :rtsant, 3 crate icns also can be rencved indirectly, by :rta:ing the water with M*-form cation exchange resin (HOR-5 Or IRC-50). The resin =culd remcVe One Ma* icns from the water, replacing :nem with K* icns, wnich, in turn,
- culd reac: with borate icns (H 60 ') :: ferm neutral :cric acid (H 80 ).
3 3 3 3 H 80 * ::: Resin-Na - H 303 3 3 3
Resin-H - Na* -
The terata icn cencentrati:n is relatac :: :ne act:i y (;H) by H 303 :::: M* - Mp,80 ~, < = 5.3 x 10~10 3
3 Fr:m :nis relationshi:, the foll: wing equatien can :e :erivec:
CH 80 3 = 5.3 x 10-10 CH 30 3/CH 3 2 3 3 3 In :ne 03 wa ar, the c ncan:raticas art, accreximataly, 3.155 j, :::21 tcren, 0.052 !! Ma*, 0.052 !! H 50 ~, and 0.122 d, neutral H 303 (0.135 -
2 3 3
0.352 = 0.122 21 neutral H 50 ).
Thus, :ne ;H sacut
- e a :reximately 3.3, 3 3 As the tera a icns art ::n-wnica is in agttement wi:n :Me measurtments.
tcric acid :y M*-f:rm rtsin, :ne : crate icn ::ncantra:icn is verted ::
31ven 2::roximately by :ne ecua: ten (H 50 3 = 1 x 10-10 ;3-3. ; x to-!C t.0~ d f
/
3 3 reducs :ne : crate ica ::ncentra icn ty a 'act:r :f *.00, :ne Thus, ::
increasa :ne nycr:sen ten ::ncentrati:n :y a fact:r :f 100, Or nus:
t l
i
- 4 i
t
39 cecrease the ;H by 2.
This, in : urn, snculd increase tne Kq f r anti-mcny with anien exchange etsin :y a fac::r :f a:Or ximately 100.
$>.veral tests *tre made in wnien,:ne fla* 1:ns were remved :y means of either HCR-3 Or 'RC-50 resin (H'-form). When the resulting scluti:n was
- entacted with SSR, large ys fer anti =cny ere achieved, as sacwn in Tacle 10.
he extant of removal :f :ne fla 1:ns (and :ne :cra:e icns) is measured by the ;H, as indicated. Since the Q f:r an:imcny shculd :e inversely ;recerticnal :s :ne torate icn ::ncan: ration, it saculd te dirtc:1y :rcect.icnal to the M ::ncan:ra i:n. After adciticn :f suf-ficient ca:icn resin :o recuca :ne ;H from 3.7 :: :he range 5 :: 7, :ne Q was f:und :0 te
= (4 x 10 )(*.0" #) = 4 x 10(3 ~ d)
Q = 4 x 109 [M*]
9 Thus, the Xe is accc xima:aly 1200 a: ;H 5.5 anc 1500 at. :H 5.2.
These y s art in s ;ractical range f:r a scr;; ion : recess and indi -
cata :na an-imccy :an :e removec fr:m ne water :y a simcle mcifica.icn Of :he SDS fiswsnee:. Essentially, :ne cation ex:nange ::1cmn f:ll: wing
- ne 'ec
't; 001umns aculd :e ;renly increased in si:e :s :::ata suf-
!!cier: acacity to remove 'la icas f em :ne atar and :nve. tre :cra:a icns to Oce ' acid.
he tsul-ing watar, 3: a :H <5, wculd f1:w :: an inicn excnenge Octumn (SSR) :: Ptmove One antimcny. The ;H wculd :e.ain-tained in :ne range Of i Oc 5.5 in ne ant:n ::lumn, al ncugn a Icwer :H mign: te ac:a :1:1e.
Be :enal:y f r :nis accificati:n acuid :e : e incrused veluce :f rela:ively 1:w-activi y-level.asta (:ne nien ex:nange.tsin). ::r examcle, 2550 m3 (700,0C0 ;a!) of C3.a:ar a: 1200 ::m la wcui: et:uire 9$
tj t '
e.
i t
I I
lif est of adjusting 144 with cation seslas I
letale 10.
l lest 3 4A I
s lest 7-31B lest 2-3A
$bst that Busin figudj' legMOj' SSit e
1.0 af 80j 1.0 f
IaitIa1 iuse 1.0 l
Wcl. fit, y III-32.)J.)d,39 III-3h 48 adlusted to J.0 with gdi adjusted av 3.0 with ads adjusted to 6.0 with 118-35 f eed semane 100-50 (it') sesin 140t-1 (it'l scala Iscatment 3
lefR 5 (it') sesin to 10 la Valsma. ed b
~fecd Mffe(jetIfed jel lupernate ta f oeic.
func. Li.CIfed) ite
~fec f M f ice (LefIf f }~$uperaile Fa 4anc.
~
~
J iupern 5,3 s cy leadlunus.lldes 'I'eeJ~nlE~lelJ
'84 r 2.6 l.it-1 3.ut-2 2.6
- 3. ll -1 9.lf-4 21 2.4 3.11 -3 2.61-3 3.9 l
le%u l.21 -3 6.0t-4 1.21-4 64 1.21-3 4.lf-3 h.44 -$
Z.200 1.ht-3 8.lf-4 3.21-4, 15 12$ssa 2.11 -2 2.11 -2
- 1. lf - 3 210 2.It-2 2.6t-2 1.11 -4 4,ttNI
- 2. tit-2 3.uf-2 6.St-4 420 j
laf s 4.ut - 3 2.af-4 8.'Jt - 4 4.ts 4.04-3 3.58 - 6 1.11 -b 23 S.lt-3 2.61-1 1.6(-4 6.3 l,'
t n.6 J.o s.1 a.6 3.0 6.4 a.6 6.o p.o dIa
)I i
l I,
I I
I
=
.e 1
i I'
41 accut 75 m3 (20,0C0 gal) 0f HCR-5, cr 28 m3 (10,CCO gal) cf IRC-50 resin.
A car:cxylate resin (suen as IRC-50) wculd ;r:caoly te used because of 1:s higner volumetric :acacity, and it mignt be foll:wed by a small amcun: Of MCR-S in Order to Octain a Icwer ;H.
This acdifica:1cn accears :: Offer a :ractical way :o remcve a substantial fraction of :ne antimony (precaoly >99%).
I: ce: ends On re-moval Of the Ma* tens, :ut ne :ne boren, from the water. As a result, the ;H is rtduced. Sinca :ne tenic ::ncantrati:n of :he water is ;rtatly reduced, this could be ::nsicertc ! deteni:stien, tu: nct a faminerali:1-
- ten. A side effect :f :ne icwer ;H mign: be :na: :ne ;reciam Of etcal-ci ran: :esium and str:ntium, as discussac earlier, wculd be allevia:ac.
r Tno c:ner a ;r: aches f:r reducing the tera:a icn :encentration also wert tested. Simole acidificaticr :: reducs :ne ;H :: accr:ximately 5 re-
~
ocves tcrate icn anc sucstitutas f:r 1: One anton Of the acid used.
I' ne acic anf en has a weaker affini y for ne resin : nan :he : crate anf cn (tess effective ccmcetition f:r the rtsin sites), :nen One <c of antimony secui incrtase. Several acies were :asted, including f:rmic, xalic, and aminc-acetic; newever, Octicum : ndi fcas.ere nc: at:ained anc if t le suc:sss was acnf eved, as shcwn in Ta:Ie 11. There is still scme :cssitiit y na: :nis a;creach sign: ennanca antimeny rtmcval, :u: this was cc: :ursued.
After :ne feed d aas adjusted 41:n amincacetic acid, several ant:n resins aert ::=cartd wi n SSR, as sacwn in Ta:Te 12. The << fer.,e'--Sb Octainec wi n 53R *as ;rta:er : nan -ha Octainec <1:n :ne ::r.er ani:n restns.
The ::ner alternattve is selective ::mciexati:n Of :cra a :: form a
- ifferen: anicn :na: ni;n: cc: ::: e e 4ita antimeny as effec:f vely f:r
=
I 1
l l
t
)
et 4Jjustlas 141lar atlJ *JJ8E0""
lable 11. 1ifcct (cst 3-2A lest 2 48 E
f lest 2-4 A SIMt a
Shot ~
leg 60 '
3 SSN ltjad3 n.0 h0 '
).0 kesinIhIL 4al iusa lig 3
- .G til-12.)l.38.39 j
We1*J t, 9 lat-36 48 adjusted to F.9 I
3 lit-n 144 adjusted to 1.0 with amtswacetic acid 1
Iced se.us-341 adjusteJ to 1.4 with unalic aclJ to I
(s eat: - w with fusmic acid 10
$3 I
to Vulimie, ad toc.ptt/g} die s
func. bCl/maj M C ecd %pers E4 I
f fim.
MGeIf %pernite FJ AIClecJ.(utifd)ite Gpern Fd
'Al:,r 3.1 2.9 0.8 3.Lt-l 22 2.0 1.6 2.2 rey saJtunua.Ildes 9.ti-(
(3.0t-4 122 t
5.lt-4 (2.4(-4 124 4
}
IW'N.a 1.ht -1 3.4.t - 4 18 2.21-2
- f. 21-3 31 1.9t-2 3.4[-l
'.4s 8
e s.
I?hw 2.64-2 6.84 - 3 14 i2iu 4.. - >
i.u -,
i.i 2.u ->
2.,r-3 i.i
...i-i 3.,i-2
.3 1.9 s.I c.n a.n 1
I.n 1.1 tal I
i.
t 4
1
[
1 i
.'!l i,
t I
t l
lif lat.le 12. Cmaarisuse of of fier anion esans wltle $581 t
l, lest 1-2A lest 3-28 lest 3-2C g
Ise5ta tilet lio.eea -2 Ionac ASMG l
Intt ial foam ligW1 '
44 >t10 '
legWij' l
3 3
Welys.t. y I.0 1.0 1.0 I
i ced sous te 111-12.11.18.19 Same as in 1-24 Same as in 3 2A l
Is ma t. cat gas adlusicJ tu 7.9 54=c as in 3-2A Same as in 1-2A will aninuatetic acid volume. at 10 to 10 l
u innc. (fife 4 )
func. et Conc. of I.,
supeanate sugace aiat e l
Eny radianustilises feed AJ). tred Sug.ce nat e kg (pf i/ed )
Ea (safi/ad )
Eg
?
SIsr 2.4 2.0 1.6 2.2 1. 41 1.8 l.9 0.h t
Initis I.tt - )
9.$1-4 11.01-4
}22 11.24-i 119 1).$1-4 lli Ithw 2.ut -2 1.94 - 2 J.4t -)
th 1.21-2 h.S 1.4t 2 1.5 l]/ s S.lt-3 1.ut -)
3.18 - 3 0.1 1.h[-]
0.9 3.$1 -1 0.9 C
i
{l 348 8.6 f.9 1.1 f.4 b.)
-.d e
__m 44 Many ;clyhycrexy : mcends c:melex berate, including nsin sites.
Ancng these, 0-fructose is Outstanding, anc tes s ert made -
cartonydrates.
The ;H wes readi1y decreased into the with it, as shewn in Table 13.
Mcwever, ce desirtd range, indicating tha ce ::molex ten was f:rmed.
the : molex anien f;self (q Of antimony as not increased, suggesting tha
- mcetes effectively with antimony f:r the resin sitas.
C:molete :e.minerali:stien (etmoval of tc:h Ma* ions and deric ac inien exenange ;ernits effec f ve removal of intimony, s:ecies) pr :c ::
but is ac: mcanied y me generation Of a very large <clume Of waste it nas teen ac::m:lisned resin. This ;recedurt was no: testad ;er se, tu:
Since det:nt:sti:n curing at leas: ; art Of.he I;tcar-II precessing.
}
i
- cric teid -tmcval ;ermits eff ective removal Of antimony, cam n-41:ncu:
erali:stien effers nc acvantage.
5.3.2 Recalcitrant s:ectes resins and aater ;retreatments wert tas ad using Several differtn 6
. est ex:eriments inscived we successive 21-9 w
aged ;%1 effluen sclution.
eith 20 mL of ater and 2 ; of resin and 2e equilitrt: tens -
Me firs:
sacenc at:n 10 L 1 f ce water fr:m te firs ex raction ecuilibra:ad <i:n 1 g of new rtsi.1. t.ater tas:s wert designec :: study :artitut ar as:ec:s Of te ;r:blem.
Streng-ecid rtsin (MC't-S, in ne H-f:r-1) riduced etsium ay a fact:r >TCO a c:ncentra:icn near 10-5 act/ L (below me 10 CA 20 ::ncantet:icn), as his rtmcval of :ssium nas not ex:ectac; i a:carentiy snewn in Ta:le it.
Of me recalcitrant easium s:ecies nas : nver.ac ::
accurrte because xs:
- X1.as ::mcleted. Se f onic :esf <.m curing me aging time after as:
=
~
s 45 74cle 13. Effecs :f tersta :omoleza:1:n 3y -f actsse
?es: 1-2A fes: 3.!!
tasin 132 13A
- nitial for.:
Mg60
- 1 60
- 3 3
Weignt. 1 1.0 1.0 Feed scurta
- 21-22.27.;3.29
- %1. 2.27.:3.21 Treat.9en 4ci:fon af ?!O ng 4at: ton :f 3C0 M J ? :=f"JC:Se Of 3-f"Jc 054 folume. %
.3
'.0 0:nc. IaCf/s)
- ee. 'aci/%)
(ey ictenuc! fees rees W. rees i ;er,4:e
.ca. rees 5.cer,4:e (3
Me 2.4 2.5 2.J 2.2 2.5 2.2 1.'
5
.6. 9u
!.3E-3 7.2!.4
<2.3E.4
_!5 1.;E.3
.!I.4
>15
,,e!D 2.3E.2 2.7!.2 1.;i 2 25 2.7!.2
- 1. !.2 12 13 70s 5.7!.3 5.4E.1 5.4E.2 5.2t.3 5.2!.:
0.1
- H 3.3 5.35 7.1 5.15 7.3 I
it
'4 9
e 1
i istan scolits Colsanais wills wyanic cetten resins 148le 14.
f asatammt of aged cliluent I
lest I-4 test 1-1 2
i 2
l_
Stage INC-hD IRC-60 tu N-5 laLN-$
it' it' Wasin It' 8.0 g
al' 2.0 Initial iosam 1.0 i
2.0 Ucist t. g
's 331-30 Stages I sugneraata I
lil-29 Stage i supcenate leone Nonc BecJ suuste None:
Wne zo io g
j Is e at munt zo lo vul... a4 I
cm.c.
geg!/g1 r.u.c. (i.cl/g)_
rm.c. (gugj EF pucygpe Iupernate sa
~Gpernale ra alerna ra Key #4Jiue.ucllJes rie3 solernate sa
'Nbr 2.4 1.61 4 l'A,lNMI 2.?i-1 2.3 4.Ji-)
h,400 f.)(-4, 49 l
Is los.No I.it -)
8.*at - 4 2.8 6.41-4 6.$
l.21 3 8.lt-4 4.)
8.ll-4 0.1
'l!
2 Itht.
2.H4 - 2 2.18 -2 1.91-2 0.8 2.84 -2 2.ll-2 1.9t-2 1.1 a
lif s 4,g g. )
2.4t-h 1.t.00 ft.4t-6
})b 4.6t-)
2.ht-4 tho 6.ht-$
31 t
8.*.
2.)
2.h 8.6 h.l 4.4 pli s
9 i
I t
e f
e
... ~
47 etsin also acicified the solution to a ;H near 2; this acidification, c:utlec with the 2-d centac: time, :uld have annanced :ne ::nversion ::
an extractable s:ecies.
The streng-acid resin alsc reduced the strontium ::ncentration to a level icwer than :ne values cc:ainec in ::lumn tests IX1, IX2, IX3, and IX6. This suggests tha :he acidifica:fon increased :he fraction of strontium that was exchangeab's. Aging also increased One extractable strontium by a small amcunt, as sacwn :y :ne :Olumn :as:s. Strentium :n-etn raticns Of accr xima aly 2 x 10 A uCf/mL ert 00:afned; :nesa ners a: cut a factor Of 10 Icwer : nan :he results :c:afned in :as !Xc.
inis reduc icn in :ne ar. cunt Of escalcitran: str:n:ium was significant, but aas much smaller than :na: f:r cesium. The risults sugges: : hat some c:m-tinatten of metheds (precatly invciving pH adjustment, aging, and ;cssibly hea.ing) :an te founc that will result in better s:rentium reocval.
Mcwever, sucn c:nciti ns can no: :e definec :n :.e : asis :f existing :a:a.
Weak-acid resin (!RC-50) was generally similar Oc HCR-5, but screwna:
less effective, with res:ec: :a addi:icnal etmoval Of :cta :esiu= and strentium, as sacwn in Ta le la.
his resin reducac :ne ;H Of :ne sclu-tien Oc approximataly 5, c:mcartd c a ;H near 2 f r ste:ng-acid rtsin (HCR-5). The cecreased effectiveness f:e recoving recalcitran: :asium anc strentium may be rela:ad :a -he lc.wer acidity (nigner :H), since a nigner acidity (1:wer :H) 4culd te en:ected to sclucili:e some insolu:le ma:erf al anc aid in cescr;;icn Of acscr:ec icas. In Oc : :ne weak-and 3 r:ng-aci resin tests, an excass Of msin was used, anc :ne s0lution was effe :tvely det ni:sd (s:cism icns.ert mmoved anc :crata i ns ee t ::cve.ed xstly neutr:I :cric aci:).
a
~ ~ - -
48 Two :::dificati:ns of :ne feed art asted f:r : Met effect :n excnange Preacidifica icn of the feed with nitric acid t'c with str:ng-acid resin.
~
- H 2.5 resulted in a sclutten ;H (2 after equilibration with -he resin.
This hign acidt:y :aused a 50mewna: 1:wer Xq for teta :esium and strentium, as sncwn in Table 15, becausa Of the increased ccmceti icn f r resin sites. Mcwever, the amcunt f recalcitrant casium and strentium (wnich ::uld not be removed by icn exchange) was essentially the same as f:r similar ex:eriments witncut ;rtacidifica:icn. The effect :f Otme na:
1 :ne 10wer ;H was ac :astad.
Additions Of small amounts of lanthanum (1 and 10 Ocm) :: :he feed sclutten price c icn exchange rea:.en: a:;eartd :: have ne significant effect, as shcwn in Tacle 15.
- n :tner situaticns,I in wnica trace radicactivity was adscreed en sur' aces, :Me additi:n f lantaanum ennanced the releasa Of racicnuclides fr:m :ne sur'acas :c :he sc12:ica (:he lan:nanum aescr:s acre strongly, dis lacing the elemen:s :revicusly adscr:ed). In this :est, hcwever, no im:revement was cseried.
~il ra:1cn of :ne IX1 effluen: sclutten :nreugn a 0.1-um Milli:cre fil ar prior :: One distribution measurements did ne imcreve :ssium and i
strentium etecval. In f act, -Mis :receduct may nave recucad the a=cun: Of strentium ina: was remved, as snewn in Tacle lii.
f :ne -scalcitrant s ecies aert assccia:ed ai n ;4rticulates tha ::ulc te remved by suen fil ration, One ::mcined raa: ment Of filtration f:llowed :y icn exenange snculd reduce :nese contaminants :: muen 1:wer :encantra:i:ns : nan 1:n
. c sucn imcrevement was :cseried.
!: is ::ncludec :na-ex:nange alene.
1 if :ne -tcalci rant s:ecies art assect nad <i n ;ar-icul a as, ne :ar-
-icles 4t11 : ass :ne ugn a 0.1-Sm fil:ar.
N
o c..
g.
...........==.-......
e e
49 b.
8
.o m
e m
N m
e e
e e
me N
asse me meg a -<
M'e 9.e amo M'
d y
ll1 es e a T
T N
a 4
3 e-- _a w
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3
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== 4 3.N y=N e
as
=+
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gc 3J 3.
N mi.
me N
N 3..=
w me s e
== ee u
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'and
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.ume (med %0 9
8'.8 e.
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3 am C
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p e.
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==
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- g it *s l 9
N.
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W D
== 3 3..e e -
ww -
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g=N N
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= C me v *
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==.
9 e.
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=8g 4
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=
ep U
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3 m
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- =
4 83
==
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==
=
8 7 1M es Nw 4
4 3
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-e u
en O
me es.
M*
m 7==
u g gN
.&, w *fg gg e
W
- b 4
t 6
e A
g es me e
g g
g a
Wi we se -=
==
3, =e, N
.3
=
-3 5 a
g m
t=4
==
"5.3 g
a.
I g
73 e
N m
l% )*
.e
.e.
=bl 4
3 4
W N
"4D N
9 E
n
,n 4
J e5 M N ed 4 8 3
A A
e
- e W y e
A g
s y
= _a 3
ge m
3 g 7-5 g 4
3 22= = = =4.7 N
==
ee et 3 a-r g
3
==
3m 3
= 3 "u
5
- e m
4 4
4
=
m
'8
.e
~0 Tacle *.$.
2f*tc Of feed filtration inecugn 0.1.J Milli:cet
?es: 11
?est !.3 1estn MCt.5
- C:t.1 Initial firm c
c 4etsne, ;
2.3 2.J I ed 14ur':S
!XI.29 l%1 31 t
Trtat:nent 2ne reed fil:ered :.9ecugn 3.'. e M1111:cetd
't o l une.
.t.
23 20 C *nc. fiu;er,'t.I aCf/*
00PC. 'aCf/W.)
u (ay racionuclices
-esc 4ce Q
Fee..
iu:er,4c4 y
30 r 2.4 1.3E.4
'.50,0C0 2.7 2.3E.4
- 0,000 1069u 1.!E.3 9.3E.1 2.3 7.3E.4 5.4E.4 4.0 125!b
- 2. E 2 2.!!.2 2.*E.:
2.!!.2 1
13704 4.15 3 2.4E.5 1,5C0 2.3E.3
- .3E 5 2,000
- d 3.3 2.3 3.3 2.5 4
.tl:er read >5 4 1C4 ::wi : eta anc !!O.A/M gama at 3.3 te.
5ef:rt fittes:1 n.
I i
l
51 5.3.3 Hvdecly:ed inc insoluele s:ecies Several retals (Ca, C, Ir, Nb, etc.), : hat can act te effec:17ely removed in :he 3DS pr: cess aert net studied explicitly. These metals are ex:ected to hydroly:e and exist as hycrous xides Or in asscciation with Otner insolu:le.a erial. It is als: ;cssible that scme c:lloidal :ar-ticles are ; resent.
Two series Of ut :racan:rifuge :asts wet r.ade wita ce IX5 :alumn effluent solutten. The effluent aater was sucjected :: 48,000 ; f:r 3 h in ene test and :: 150,CCO g for 4 a in :ne etner. De msults aert scmewna: imerscise :ecause :f me icw activities :( ne racienuclices :f interts: and :ne muen nigner levei :f Otner iset::es, notacly 12SSb. De results suggested ma: =e f:llowing frac ::ns Of me activities aert removed fr:m he aatar and de:csited in :he cantrifuge c:nes: str:ntium, ruthenium - 30 :: 35 ; nicof um -IS ; carium, :: cal, casi'.m - 10 :: 20%;
antimeny - <0.25.
- centical :entrifuge c:nes, anica wrt similarly ex:csad : 2e same watar :u: not can rifugec, did no re ain significan activity; inus, ne radicactivity N ainec in te c:nes =as ne Ptsui Of
- ne centrifugation and not erely acscr;;i:n.
Desa resui:s clearly shew ma: a su:stantial frac-1:n of ne raci:-
activity of :he 1:n excnange effluent solutions is :resen: in a form 04:
can te removed fr:m te <atar by ex rtme :antrifugatien. Su s,
- lleical.atarial a:: ears u exts:, anc ce ass: cia:ac racionuclides accartn:ly art not in ra id e uilibrium witn icnic scecies.
20 wever, ue exac: naturt Of te 7.a:arial is not known.
l 4
I 1
52 7.
EXPECTED PERFORMANCE CF THE IUEMERGED OEM!NERALIIER SYSTEM Based en :ne results of the c:lumn tests, the ex;ected ::ncentrations
~
of radienuclides in the dec:ntaminated effluent s rtam fr:m the SDS after Orta: ment Of C3 =ater nert estimated and art shcwn in Table 17. The :::al volume of ;reduct water accumulated after 200 bed velees Of :nreugn;ut (based :n he resin volume in eaca :tclite :ed) is ex:ected :: have 90sc anc 1370s :ncintra:icns tha art slign:ly icwer : nan the instantanecus
- ncentraticns in the produe: stream. These 00:21 :recuct-wa:ac :en '
centrattans are estima:ac :: te 1.0 x 10-3 2Cf /:n. Of 90 r (3200 -imes 5
greacar than the 10 CFR 20 cencentratten) and 1.2 x 10-3 uCi/mi :f 1370s (50 times grea:er nan :Me 10 CFR 20 concentratten).
The ;rejec: tens shewn in Ta:le 17 art based :n :he mos: :essimistic
- est resul s -- the :eclita effluen ::ncentra:icn fr m :as: IXd after 200
- ed volumes and an addittenal CF of I for all nuclices exce : '25Sb in :te ca:icn, ani:n, and mixed resin tecs downs rtam Of :ne :nied :sciite c:lumn. The 125Sb also will te removed initially, until all :f :ne H*-
f:rm ca-icn resin has :een ::nver:ac :: he Na* f:rn, :u: :nis effec:.i11 nc: te significant, Overall. Thus, the acs: ::ncentra:ac radicaciffe ::m-cnent in :he effluen fr m :ne ;ci f shing :ec, 0:ner :han tri:f um, will :e 125Sb; newever, in terms of :ne relative ha:ard, 30 r vill te :ne majcr S
- encarn anc will :e the key fa:::r f:r determining One amcun: f titu-ten
- na: will :e esquietc, in Orcer :: met: :ne 10 CFR 20 ::ncen:ra:icns.
The ex:ec sc c:ncentraticns :f key ract:nuclices in the solic.as as (icacec scr:ents anc filter scif cs, not including fil:er sic) f em ICS
- era:::ns art sn:wn in Ta:ie '.3.
The :tcli e :eds, anen remevec fr:m :ne i
i 9
l
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.4
-. +.
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9 53 ww E
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seg a
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w43 49 gr w
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l I46.le Ill. tagwted ut ivity (uncentrations* in $115 solid wastes af ter 2th) leed volimcs ilirou9 i exh scolita leal 4
funcent rat ions,' uCl/ad 7till'TEeds "Ciilon pal filiin2 IEd Fey filtered t
rait isuiuc i t ales sol l.l>
l is st icioTJ-TIIFJ 1.ca (Jion AiiToa HriiJ
'* 8 ', r 3.htei tt e 2 S
bt-2 (11 -1 (21-1 (4f-t
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- 1. tit - 1 4.4t-2 6.0t-6 I ?ht.
l.S t[-2
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()('-S (9f-6 1.3[-$-
f IIICs 4.1 3.lt e t 2.9t' - l 3.01-1 J.St -4 1.2[-$
6.9t-h 6.4f-b 4
In s41/ad as of July 1.1980.
l f
f h
hC e
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55 firs: ;csition, will c:ntain acs: cf.:ne ac:ivity. Based cn the Icading Or: file tacwn in Fig. 7, :ne activity 4111 te ;resen ;redemtnantly in the uccer :ne-f:urth Of the bed. Thertf:rt, the maximum ::ncentra:icns will e about fcur times grtatar than 5ae average c:ncentrattens shcwn here (e.g., so:roximately 1.2 x 105 pC1/mL Of 137Cs).
3.
- MPL! CAT!CNS FOR CLEANUP
3.1 Cantaincen
Suilding Water The ca:4 cotained permits a reascnacle deff af:1cn :f -he sinimum ;er-f:rmance to be ex:ected fr:m :ne 305 system anc fr:m a acdift:2:1:n in the ficwsheet so as to remove 1255b. If :ne ICS is accified :y using accugn H'-f:rn ca ten etsin :o : mole:aly remove the Na f:ns fr m the a:ar and conver the :crata fcns :: *eakly icnt:td Scric acid : rice is anien exenange, the 125Sb :encen:raticn :an be reducad :y a fac::r :f at leas:
100. Since the :ctal amoun: Of 1255b :resen; is accrexima aly 50 Of and a limit of '.0 Ci may be a pi ted :o s:: rage :f :ne cecen:2mina:ad wa:er, a-least a fivef:1d recucticn of :ne 125Sb may be necassary.
The ;rimary ;r:blem in :etaining further dec:ntamina:icn Of :ne 4a:ar from strentium and cesium is assccia:ac 413 rectict rant s:ecies, Inc the asilt:y :s : vert:ce the ;rcelem is limitac :y an inacecuate unc'erstanding Of the :asic na urt Of.9ese scecies. Icme 'ndi:3-tens :f 4::r :ria:a
- rta men:.ert Octained during :ne :ss:s (e.g., :ne rect:icnal Fs estained after aging te: ween tas:s IX1 anc !X2). #cwever, nert is no defini-ive inf:rmation na: :ne :r:Olen :f :ne recalci:. an; s:ectas :an te sues:an: tally alievia:ad, and :nert is c finn :acnnoi:qy :n oni:n a su:erice icn excnange ; recess can :e tased.
56 it is likely that aging :f the dec:ntamina:ad <atar, especia11.s 1:
the cotimum ;H and ;cssibly at an elevated tamcerature, will ;e-mit further dec:ntaminatten, altncugn ners are no dat,a t: su: pert this supposition Other than the enanca ceservations made during this study.
It shculd be clearly underst:cd that if the ; recessed natar is i::vnedia:aly mn :nreugn the 505 process for a sacend time, thers will te <try li::le additi:nal dec:ntaminatien.
If a sucstantial additienal 3F is :: te achieved, the naturt of the recalcitrant casium and strontium s:ecies will have :: :e enanged. This general area et;rtsants the :rimary tmaining uncer.ain:y.
3.2 Reac::r Primary C clant Systam Wa:ar The RC5 is a rectreala:ing lecc tha: :an ac: te drained because 1:
mus: always ::ntain a substantial volume f 4a:er in :rter :: cover :ne cert. Bus, the RCS *a:ar must te dec:ntaminatac in a reci cula icn :r ty-cass mcce, as ::cesed :: enca-thr:ugn Operatten. Als, the toric acid anc sodium torate c ncan:rstions in :ne RCS ?.us: :e held c:nstan ::
prevent :riticalt:y and :: maintain :ne :H 10 a sufficiently nign level ::
Ortven: ::rresien. Bus, accifying :ne 505 :: recuce :nt ::ncen:rt:icns of :ne since ::ntaminan:s, 125Sb and 106 u, can act te ::nsicerse until R
after :ne fuel has teen rencved fr m :ne etac::r. De : fective Of using
- ne SOS :: :rta: :ne RCS =atar will :e :: :ecrease :ne cencen:ra:f:ns Of casium and ste:ntium, anten, in turn, 4111 recuce ex:csure :: :ersonnel during fuel removal :ceraticns. Cnly the :tolf te : lumns fn :ne 505 wil!
- e retded for this :ur:csa :ecause :ecitta 4111 ser: tre bulk Of :ne
- ssium and strentium niticut affecting :ne :cric act: and socium :cra:a c:ncentrati:ns. Se time et;uirtc :: ; recess :ne RCS.4:ar can :e tcucac
57 by increasing :ne amcun: Of :tolite in :ne 50S; :nis can be dcne by rtolacing the cation 031mn with a f:ur.h :eclita ::1umn.
L In :ne recirculating mcde, :nly :ce :hecettical stage of separa:icn is
- ossible for each ba
- h of :ecitta' used, and this can be Octained Only if tne throughput volume is'large enougn :: tring the tat:n f :nolita in :
(
equilibrium w1:n the aa:ar in the entirt RCI. In :rcer :: minist:s :ne volume of :solite used (and hence the volume Of radicactive wasta genera ad), Me -hrtugncut Of eacn ::1cmn in each ;csiti0n snculd te a:
i leas: 1C00 :ed volumes; after being moved,hrougn all four :osittens, each column will have acemula:ad a :::21 :nraugn:ut f ACCO bed volumes.
- nich is ecuivalent :: 2.7 sclumes of Me RC5.
3.3 '4aste '/clumes A : mcarati<e estimation Of :he volume :f wasta (scr:ents :r eva:cra-
- r :encentra:as) resulting diete:1y frem :te ;r:cassing of :.9e C3 a:ar is summart:ed in Tacle 3 for several :cssiele :recassing a:creaches. The acdified SCS system (Case 2) aculd genera:a accrexima:aly 2.5 -fres as mucn was:a sce:ents as the basi: 505 system (Case 1) :ecause of -he iarger volume of :stien resin rt;uired :: remove Me Na 1:ns. 11utien anc ange-neration f this resin (Case 3) *culd ffer no accreciacie acvantage in
- arms of wasta volume; :Me disadvantages :f regenerati:n *culd :e ne addi:icnal equi: ment and Ocerational recuire. ents. Iva:cratien :f Me
- ec11:a :alumn effluen: (Case 4) wculd :revi:e effective Pt cval Of non-f enic s:ecies of :ne radi:nuclides. A nega-ive effec: cul
- e Me
- r ducti
- n of a muen larger voi'ee Of *aste because of.9e large amcunt Of Scric acid :nat cul: :e includec in ne eva::ca;;r ::ncan:ra e.
id 7a le 19. Es:tmated.aste <clucesi ;eceratec curing :?e :r: cessing :f
- ne Cantatnment !utistag na:er 4: TVI.Z using :ne SOS system voiume case I aII 7
i 3asic 305 ficwsnet; Zeolite (c:ntaining :estum anc strenttum) 3,500 Catten resin
- ,000 Mixed resin 500 Tceal T'Z6 2
505, accified f:e 125!b rtmoval Inolite (::ntaintng :esium anc scme strenttum) 1,0C0 Catten restn (!2C 50, c:ntaining Anien risin (c:ntaining 't um) sccium anc mes: :1 stren d 10.500 d
Z 53) 1.!CO Total
'T':CJ
=
l
!ame as Case Z exce:: facluces alatten of IRC-50 resin and eva:cestt:n :f aluate
- 22% solics
- soltte (::ntatntag :ssium anc s:me strentium) 1,000 Anton resta (c:ntaining 1255b) 1,500 Evaccrator ::ncentrata3 (::ntaining sectum anc nes: :f s:r:n:tum) 9,5C0 Tccal TI!!CT a
34st: 135 (:no11:e ::lumns :nly) plus evaccratten f :ecitte affluent
- soltte (c:ntatatng :sstum arc s:me strentium)
- 0C0 Evaccrat
- r ::ncentrate: ~::ntaining remaining ractenucitces (exce::
tritium), sectum, tne :cet; act:1 55,0C0 Tctal Q
aV lume :f :ewaterte scr:ents :r eva:cra: e ::ncentrates ' rem :rta: tag 700,0C0 141 :f 3.ater. '44s:e solicif*:stten.ill tecressa :nese volumes :y fact:rs ina: :e: enc :n.as a f:rm.
!vaccratec :: Z:% sectum sulfate.
l Oiva:cra:sc :: '. :: '.2% :cet: act:.
l
- 4 l
9 59 Decentamination Of the RCS water also will generate a minimum of several :ncusand gallons of accitional wasta.
9.
CONC 1.'JSICNS MO RECOWE.'iDATICNS Samoles taken from the flecr of :ne Centaineen: Suilding nave en-tained solids that art ;reci:itatas (;r:ba:1y hyde xices) Of, :rimarily, Cu, N1, A1, and Fe and c:n:ain a significant c:ncentratten of radiostrontium. !"ne volume of solids in me :uilding is nignty conjectural; hewever, esti: nates indicna a vol=e Of several ~hundred
- allens. If me <atar is nct clarified acequa
- aly, =ese solics c:uic res:ric Or bicck de fl w Of wa:ar througn te icn excnange =l=ns.
Filtra:icn :as:s incicated :na: :ne tes results can te achieved by using a dcwnward ficw Orcugn a filter acusing in wnich sintersd-ce:ai fil ars rnac a: 10 um are 1cca:ed n :ne Oc ::m anc art : vered by several inches Of Caitte 535 (cr equivalent) cia::macecus-ear.h fil:ar aid.
If fil ra-
- 1cn difficulties Or res:rictad flows art enc 0unterte 41;h te Our en: 50 5 fil ars, usa Of ce ;rtceated, acwnward-fl:w fil:ar snculc te ::nsicertd.
The ten excnange : iumn as s sacwed -hat casium :an :e tecvec ft:m the C3 watar by a fact:r of '04 for at least 10C0 :ec vol.:.es.
ne =ern-ing precacurt :lanned fer the 505 (using = rte :ecti:e :ecs in series anc moving :ne tecs =unter:ur en :: Oe *ater #1:w after every 200 :ec vel-
=es of :nrousneu:) 4111 make ;cssible a CF Of 103 f:e strentium. 'lery 11::le dec:ntamina:icn, if any, will :e ::tained in einer =e Organic cui:n resia column r in me ;clisning =1=n.
~he ;rimary radi:nucifte in :ne 305 effluen: 4111 :e 12555, etc a =ncanteni:n :f 2 x 10-2 2Ci/ L Hewever, :ne ;rimary na:ard tmaining in :ne effluen: will :e ?Cse,
,t n 3 I
60
- ncan:ratien 15C0 :imes 3rta:er : nan :ne 0:ncen: ration listed in 10 0FR 20. If discharge limits art established, -he SDS effluen c:uld te diluted with routine plant discharges.
The 125Sb was f:und :: be antenic but :ccely ser:ed by the 50s anten resins because Of c:mpetition by tcrate 1:n f:r :ne exchange sites. The SDS can :e accifiec :: enhance :ne removal of 1255b by passing the :ealite column effluen s rtam :nrough a large :ed f :stien resin :: remcve :ne sedium icns and :nen :assing :he stream :tr0ugn an ant:n resin ted :: sce:
- he 125!b. kncerli a IRC-50 is :ne :es: :a:icn risin :ecause Of its ctlatively nign ca:acity f:r sccium, and SSR is se :est anien res t a.
This acdifica:icn of :ne 505 111 genera:e accreximately 2.5 times as muen solid wastes fr:m C3.a ar as :ne basic SOS f10wsheet.
The remaining str0ntium and cesium art recalcitran: 5:ecies wnica cannot be removed by icn exchange unless their enemical nature is enanged.
~
Simely recycling ne effluent s rtam tarcugn :he 105 c:lumn will nct remove :nese s:ecies. The naturt Of :ne recalcitrant s:ecies r.ay :cssibly be enanged by altaring the c:ncitions cf -ime, :amcera: art, Or ;H; newever, -Mis is an area cf uncertainty :na: shculd :e s:udied if furtner acrk is d:ne.
e
. _... _.._ _.. _ m 61
- 10. REFERENCES 1.
R. R. Reust, CNSI/TMI ' dater Cleanuo System 3-ecess Cescri::icn, AGNS Oraf Re:cet, Alitec-General Nuclear 5ervicas (Augus.979).
2.
Lattar from 3. C. Rusene to R. C. Arncid, *!uceerged Deminerali:er System Dr:gress Review by the TMI Technical Adviscry Gr up," dated May 27, 1980.
3.
Title '0, 0:de of.:eee-31 Regulatiens, Par: 20, A :endix 3. Table II, Column 2.
4 W. N. 31snco, O. A. Nitti, N. P. Jacco, and J. A. Caniet
- Fission Pr: duct Release frcm the. uel Folle., wing :te TMI-2 2ccident,' 2nceed-ings of the 1980 ANS/ ENS Toeical weeting ~he n.a1 13ac ce Safety, Merica :4uclear 50cle:y, (acxvii i e, Tenn., A:rt i 1960.
i.
J. O. Lesue, Lead Test :f :ne CNSI ~M! : flier Elecenes, Allied-General Nuclear Services ae:cr. :c ;nemcai :iuclear serv cas, 'nc.,
MI-II Recover / PMject, Project Nc. 3C09 (.warth 1920).
- i. Jenn H. Ferry, Ed., ?er-e's Chemical Engineers' w ancaccic, A n Eci:f cn, t
- p. 517, 'dcGraw-Hill, New f:rx,1363.
7.
R. v. NCard and 3. L. Certe::, Hign.:1ux Ise::ce Cuar erly tecert, July Aucust, and Sectemcer :! 1967, cast / T.%2075 (3cvemcer isdi).
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Aluminus 1 3.7 1 1 foren 15C0 s:C0 sic 0
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- 10. 3 10.2 10. 3 10.2 hos:nce as 3.5 3.3 1.7 0.2 2uctcium 0.5 5111c:n 20 50 70 50 Sliver 13 14 11
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33 ORNL/TM-7418 INTERNAL DISTRIBUTICN 1. J.'E. Bigelew 2-8. R. E. Brecks:ank 7-11. D. O. Camccell 12-16. E. O. C:llins 17. D. E. Ferguson 18. R. K. Xf:ce 19-23. L. J. Xing 21-23. J. 3. <nauer 29 A. L. L ::s 20. A. ?. Malinauskas 31. F. R. Myna:: 32. H. ? cst =a 23.
- 3. 3. Trauger 34.
R. G. Wymer
- 25. La:crat ry Rec:rds, RC
- 36. CRNL Pa:an: Secticn EXTE?N L OIST7!!UTICN e
- 37. Willis 3f x:y, CCE/EMG Site Cffica, TMI-Trailer 177, ?. C. Sex 38, Midclet:wn, ?A 17057
- 28. Jack Cet/ine, Wasta Managemen: Gr:u:, TMI-Trailer 1C2, P. G. Box 480, Micolet wn, ?A 17057 39.
R. L. Egli, CCE/ORO, Recm 2027, ?. O. Sox E, Cak Riege, TN 37330 40. Herter: Feinre:n, CCE, Divisicn of Nuclear ? wer Ceveic: ment, Mail 5:00 3-107 Washing::n, D.C. 20545
- 41. Gale McVey, Waste Management Gr:ue TMI-Trailer 102, F. O. Scx 18C, Middle::wn, PA 17057 42.
A. C. M111un:1, CCE, civisicn of Nuclear ?:wer :evel:: men:, Mafi S :o 3-107, Wasning::n, J.C. 205a5
- 43. Gce:: X. Certal, Direc::c, Sivision cf Wasta ? :cuc s, Mati 3:0:
3-107, Wasning :n, J.C. 20545 14, 3en C. Ruscne, Executive Oirec Or, Scu:n Carolina Resear:n Ins-itute, Suita 570, Firs: Na:fonal Bank Buil:ing, C:1umcfa, SC 29301 25. R. M. Wallaca. Savannan River Latera: ry, 4f kan, SC 29801 46. R. F. Wilson, Direc Or, TMI-2, Me:re:011:an E:ison ::c:any, ?. C. Box 280, Micciet:wn, PA 17C57
- 47. Offica Of the assistan: Manager f:r Ener;y Researen anc Cevel::een:,
CCE/ORO, ?. O. Box E, Oak Riege, TN 37320 18 49. Tecnnical Inf:rma:icn Cantar, Oak Ridge, TN 37320 e I l . _ _}}