Text

Forwards Seventh Interim Quarterly Progress Rept on R&D Program Re Hydrogen Combustion & Control
	ML20058G497
Person / Time
Site:	Sequoyah
Issue date:	07/28/1982
From:	Kammer D; TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY
To:	Adensam E; Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
References
	NUDOCS 8208030339
	Download: ML20058G497 (36)
	v • d • e

,

g TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY CH ATTANOOG A, TENNESSEE 3740!

400 Chestnut Street Tower II July 28, 1982 Director of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Attention:

Ms. E. Adensam, Chief Licensing Branch No. 4 Division of Licensing U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, DC 20555

Dear Ms. Adensam:

In the Matter of

)

Docket Nos. 50-327 Tennessee Valley Authority

)

50-328 Enclosed is the seventh interim quarterly progress report on the research and development program regarding hydrogen combustion and control for our Sequoyah Nuclear Plant. This report provides as Part I the results of 1

testing of large-scale combustion of uniform concentrations of hydrogen.

Also provided as Part II are the results of testing of large scale combustion of nonuniform concentrations of hydrogen. We expect to provide the final quarterly report on or before September 17, 1982 in accordance with R. L. Tedesco's April 13, 1982 letter to H. G. Parris.

If you have any questions concerning this matter, please get in touch with J. E. Wills at FTS 858-2683 Very truly yours, TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY D S 4~

D. S. Kammer Nuclear Engineer Sworn to and subsc bed before me this $2 fksy of 1982 NotaryPublic

/ / /p My Comission Expires 8/[/ kb

/

Enclosure oc:

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Region II Attn:

Mr. James P. O'Reilly, Regional Administrator j

101 Marietta Street, Suite 3100 Atlanta, Georgia' 30303 8208030339 820728 DRADOCK05000h An Equal Opportunity Empkyce

D4 CLOSURE 5

Part I LARGE-SCALE COMBUSTION OF UNIFORM CONCENTRATIONS OF HYDROGEN:

EFFECT OF COMBUSTION VOLUME GEONEIRY Introduction Phase 4 of the Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment (WNRE) hydrogen combustion test program consisted of experiments carried out in the pipe-sphere vessel geometry of the Containment Test Facility

( CTF). The effects of varying H e ncentration, igniter location. and 2

fan-induced turbulence were investigated.

H concentrations ranged f rom ju6t-flammable to near-stoichiome tric, as described in table 1.

The remainder of the phase 4 CTF experiments, investigating the effect

. of diff erent concentrations in the pipe and sphere, are described separately in Part II.

Description of the Facility The f acility used for the present series of experiments consists of a 20-foot long, 12-inch diameter pipe closed at one end and connected to the 8-foot diameter sphere (Figure 1). _ Two igniter locations, the sphere center and the pipe end, are available. The pressure in the pipe and the sphere are measured by several piezo-electric transducers. The flame travel in the pipe is detected by six 0.003' diameter platinum /platinnm-10% rhodium 'thermocouples placed along the length of the pipe.

The thermocouples are all equispaced with the spacing of 33.75 inches and oriented horizontally at about the pipe centerline. A schematic of the instrumentation is shown in Figure 1.

The gases were introduced into the system through penetrations in the pipe and the sphere separately but simultaneously. To ensure uniform mixtures in the pips-sphere combination, the fan was kept operating during charging, as well as 5 to 10 minutes before the gases were sampled for analysis. The fan is located horizontally about the elevation of the sphere centerline oriented perpendicularly to the pipe.

It was found that at low concentrations, between 6 to 10%, a maximum difference in the concentrations of hydrogen between the pipe and the sphere was about 0.5%.

At high concentrations, around 25% hydrogen, the diff erence was of the order of 2%.

Only one f an was used for these experiments.

Discussion:

End Ignition Figure 2 shows the pressure-time histories at 6.5% hydrogen using end ignition, with and without f an turbulence.

In the absence of turbulence, a small increase in the pressure of about 0.3 psi was observed. From the pressure trace, it may be observed that it took I

nearly 20 seconds for the flame to travel a distance of 22 feet, into l

the sphere.

Since the horizontally mounted thermocouples did not detect the flame f ront, it was surmised that the flame traveled along i

the top of the pipe. Gas analysis af ter the burn showed virtually no

(

change in the hydrogen concentration.

In order to verify that the

fleme indsed traveled along the top of the pipe into the sphere, the f ah was turned on (1500 rpm) and the mixture was reignited.

The.' Fan On' curve in Figure 2 shows the pressure trace for this case.

It is obvious from the trace that the flame has traveled along the top of the pipe and reached the sphere in approximately 20 seconds.

There is no increase in the pressure in the system until the flame kernel has arrived in the sphere. The combustion in the sphere is very rapid.

Gas analysis showed nearly 80% of the hydrogen burnt.

Figures 3 and 4 show the results for a hydrogen concentration of 8%.

Here also, without turbulence, the pressure rise is small.

Since 8%

is below the 8.5% limit f or upward followed by downward flame propagation, once the fireball reaches the top of the sphere it gets quenched.

How ev e r.

in the presence of turbulence. the combustion in the sphere is rapid.

It can be seen that the flame has arrived at the

. sphere at approximately 13 seconds. There it develops into a much bigger flame and a backward propagation into the pipe takes place.

This is clearly evident f rom the thermocouple traces in Figure 4.

The temperatures measured are quite low.

This may be due to delayed thermocouple response, as well as heat losses from the thermocouple.

The backward flame propagation speed is reduced in the last portion of flame travel as seen from the traces of T5 and T6.

This is due mainly to cooling of the burnt gases in the sphere.

Figures 5

6. and 7 show combustion experiments f or 20% hydrogen.

In 3

this case, a fully developed flame propagates along the pipe into the sphere as can be seen from Figure 6.

The flame travels in the pipe at an average speed of 200 fps.

The flame speed betueen thermocouples 11 and 12 is approximately 300 fps.

At these high hydrogen l

concentrations. large pressure oscillations were detected by the piezo-clectric transducer in the pipe.

The oscillations nearly I

coincided with the instant of complete combustion and had an amplitude of +10 psi.

The oscillations were nearly completely attenuated in the sphere. The f requency of oscillations is roughly 30 Hz.

The calculated frequency of acoustic oscillations in the pipe is 31 Hz which agrees wi th the observed frequency.

Central Ignition in_ Sphere Figures 8 and 9 show combustion at 8.5% hydrogen with central ignition. From the shape of the graph. it is obvious that this corresponds to upward, followed by downward, propagation.

It appears that the flame propagates into the pipe at around 10 to 11 seconds (Figure 9), which is during the downward propagation. The combustion is complete at about 14 seconds.

The flame speed in the pipe is reduced once the gases in the sphere cool of f.

This can be seen fren j

flame arrival times at T4, T6. and T6 in Figure 9.

Figures 10 and 11 show experimental resul ts. a t 10% hydrogen.

In this case, the flame front theoretically should be spherical, and one would expect the flame to propagate into the pipe at around 2 seconds, the instant at which the combustion is complete in the sphere. H ow ev e r.

Figure 11 shows that the flame has aircady errived at the first thermocouple at 1.3 seconds.

Thi s asymme t ric propaga tion is likely

}

caused by the perturbation of the connected pipe.

7 a--

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I Figures 12,13, and 14 show pressure end terparature tracas for a 20%

hybrogen burn.

Figure 12 is the pressure trace of tho transducer rounted in the sphere (pz4) which shows no detectabic oscillations.

110w ev e r, all the transtucers in the pipe depicted 1 rge pressure oscillations.

IIere again, pressure oscillations appear soon af ter the combustion

s comple te.

Finally. Figures 15,16, and 17 show combustion a t 25% hydrogen. All pressure transducers show large oscillations except those in the sphere. The flame speed calculated from the thennocouples is appresimately 1650 fps between T1 and 12 and 2200 fps between T2 and T3.

tiow ev e r.

this speed quickly decelerates as it reaches thermocouples T4, T5, and T6.

Between T4 and T6, the flame speed has dropped t o 400 fps.

Figure 17 compares the traces of pz5 and pz6.

The amplitude of pressure oscillations is reduced away from the closed

. end of the pipe.

The highest amplitude was observed by the transducer mounted on the pipe flange (pz7. Figure 16) and is greater than the adiabatic pressure by 60 to 70 psi.

Conclusions 1.

For pipe-end ignition, at concentrations between horizontal and downward limi t s, the flame propagates only along the top of the pipe into the sphere and eventually gets quenched.

2.

For pipe-end ignition. with fan-induced turbulence in the sphere, a fully developed flame flashes back into the pipe.

3.

Observed flame speeds are higher with sphere-central ignition than for pipe-end ignition but decrease as the flame propagates away from the sphere.

4.

At high hydrogen concentrations (above 20%), large acoustic oscillations are observed in the pipe. They f oll ow the pressure peak, decay sl owly, and occur at the same f requency as the calculated natural frequency of the pipe. Oscillations are almost completely attenuated in the sphere.

5.

For sphere-central ignition, some observed peak pressures in the pipe are higher than the calculated adiabatic value at very high concentrations.

Peak pressures in the sphere are less than adiabatic.

m i

TAHLE 1 I

- Test Matrix l

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Part II LARGE-SCALE COMBUSTION OF NONUNIFORM CONCEN1 RATIONS OF HYDROGEN IN AIR:

EFFECT OF VOLUME GEOMEIRY Introduction Phase 4 of the Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment (WNRE) hydrogen combustion test program consisted of experiments carried out in the pipe-sphere vessel geometry of the Containment Test Facility (CTF). The effects of varying H c n entration, igniter location, and 2

f an-induced turbulence w ere inve stiga ted.

Nonunif orm H2 concentrations studied are described in table 1.

The remainder of the phase 4 CTF experiments are described separately in Part I.

Description and Instrumentation of the Facility The f acility for this series of experiments consists of a 20-foot long, 12-inch diameter pipe connected to the 8-foot diameter sphere at its open end.

A plate with a 6-inch diameter hole is inserted at the mating flanges between the pipe and the sphere f or mounting the burst disc for certain experiments.

A schematic of the arrangement of the instrumented pipe and sphere is shown in Figure 1.

Although two igniter positions, the pipe-end and the sphere-center. have been used f or phase 4. only the pipe-end igniter was used in the experiments described here.

The flame travel was detected by a series of six 0.003' Pt/Pt-10% Rh thermocouples mounted along the length of the pipe.

Several piezo-electric transducers were recess mounted in the pipe and the sphere for the measurement of transient pressures.

Experimental procedure The sphere and the pipe were first evacuated to a pressure of 0.7-1.2 psi absolute.

In experiments involving the burst disc, the gases (H2 and air) were introduced sequentially and separately into the pipe and the sphere. The burst discs employed were rated for a nominal pressure diff erential of 15 psi.

H ow ev e r, the loading was carried out l

such that the pressure differential across the diaphragm did not l

exceed 6 psi.

Even in experiments nol involving the burst disc, the gases were introduced through openings in the pipe and the sphere.

The gases in the sphere were mixed by turning on the f an.

To mix the gases in the pipe, the gas chromatograph (GC) sampling loop was I

activated for some time.

Discussion In order to evaluate the ef fects of constriction by the burst disc holder, a plate with a 6-inch diameter opening, some experiments were done without installing the diaphragms. Fgure 2 shows the time of arrival of the flame plotted against distance along the pipu for a hydrogen concentration of 10%.

As can be seen, the presence of the l

constriction has slowed down the flame.

In both, constricted and unconstricted cases, af ter a short distance f rom the igniter, the l

i I

flame propagated at a nearly constant velocity. Figure 3 shows the pressure-t ime history as seen by the transducers mounted in the sphere and the pipe-end flange. There is no appreciable pressure rise indicated by either transducer until the flame arrives in the sphere.

Once the flame arrives in the sphere, the pressure rise is rapid in the sphere. Due to the presence of the constriction, the pressure in the pipe lags behind the pressure in the sphere. Further, the peak pressure in the pipe is lower. The peak pressure attained in the sphere is about 37.4 psi, nearly 2.3 psi less than for combustion wi thout cons tric tion (f or a pipe-sphere geome try).

Figures 4 and 5 compare the flame travel and pressure-time histories f or combustion wi th and wi thout constriction for 20% hydrogen.

As before, the flame speeds are higher in the unconstricted case.

1 Without constriction, the flame has accelerated in the final phase of fl ame travel in the pipe.

Though in the unconstricted case the flame has arrived in the sphere somewhat earlier than in the constricted i

case, the pressure rise in the constricted case is faster, as can be seen from Figure 4.

It is possible that the faster burning in the constricted case may be due to turbulence produced in the sphere due t o fl ow effects produced by the constriction.

Figures 6 through 9 show the results of experiments with the burst disc installed. Below 12% hydrogen, the pressure rise in the pipe was not sufficient to rupture the disc. With 12% hydrogen in the pipe and 6% hydrogen in.the sphere, there was no appreciabic combustion in the sphere. The pressure rise in the sphere was small, about 1.7 psi.

As can be seen f rom the pz7 trace in the pipe, the diaphragm ruptured at l

about 15 psi.

After the rupture, the pressure in the pipe dropped very rapidly.

For some reason, the flame was quenched as it entered the sphere. This may be duc to ' flame stretch. '

GC measurements l

showed very little hydrogen burnt. In order to investi' gate further, the experiment was repeated with 15% hydrogen in the pipe. The results are shown in Figure 7.

As can be seen, the pressure in the pipe increases until the disc is ruptured. After the rupture, the pressure in the pipe has dropped, and pressure oscillation has set in, llow ev e r, this tima the turbulent flame f rom the pipe caused rapid burning in the sphere. Under quiescent conditions, combustion at 6%

hydrogen is slow and less than 50% of the hydrogen is burnt. But for the case investigated, as seen from the figure. combustion is very rapid. CC measurements indicated nearly 80% burnt.

i Figures 8 and 9 show combustion with 10% hydrogen in the sphere and 15% in the pipe, liere again, the burst disc has ruptured close to 16 psi around 0.28 seconds from the instant of ignition. After the disc rupture, the flame has accelerated in the pipe.

Both pz7 and pz4 show i

pressure oscillations in the pipe and the sphere, as can be seen in Figure 9.

Figure 10 shows the pressure-time history at 15% hydrogen in the pipe and 20% in the sphere as measured by pz7.

Here also, pressure oscillations set in af ter the disc ruptures.

Conclusions (1) The presence of a constriction in the pipe slows down the rate of flame propagation.in the pipe.

(2) Due to induced turbulence, combustion is more rapid in the sphere when a constriction is present.

(3) At high hydrogen concentrations in the pipe, sudden rupture of the disc causes turbulence and increases the extent of burn and the rate of pressure rise even in near limit mixtures.

(4) Rupture of the disc sets up pressure oscillations during combustion in the sphere.

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