ML20052A521

Forwards Addl Info Requested Re Geology/Seismology of Site & Surrounding Area. Lake Erie Bathymetry & Sediments & Lineament Study-Perry Nuclear Power Plant Site Encl

ML20052A521
Person / Time
Site:	Perry
Issue date:	04/21/1982
From:	Davidson D CLEVELAND ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING CO.
To:	Schwencer A Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
Shared Package
ML20052A522	List: ML20052A521 ML20052A531 ML20052A533
References
NUDOCS 8204280420
Download: ML20052A521 (17)

Text

1

' THE CLEVELAND ELECTRIC ILLUMIN ATING COMPANY P o DOX 5000 m CLEVEL AND. oHlo 44101 e TELEPHONE (216) 6/2-9800 e ILLUMINATING DLDG a 55 PUBLIC SoUARE Serving The Best Location in the Nation Dalwyn R. Davidson WC[ IPf S!DE NT SVSTEM ENGiNEE R6NG AND CONSTRUCTION April 21, 1982 A. Schwencer Chief, Licensing Branch No. 2 Division of Licensing U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D. C.

20555 Perry Nuclear Power Plant Docket Nos. 50-440; 50-441 Supplementary Information -

Geology / Seismology

Dear Mr. Schwencer:

During the staff review of Geology-Seismology, Mr. Harold Lefevre had requested additional material on the Perry site and the surrounding area. The purpose of this letter is to submit to you the items requested by Mr. Harold Lefevre.

Very Truly Yours, Yl Dalwy R. Davidson Vice President System Engineering and Construction DRD: mlb cc:

Jay Silberg John Stefano Max Gildner I

e

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dani t i ri;c Unn. Press, I t le, p, l

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.\\ georin sical sones of the tentral basm of I ake 1;rie nas carned out in 19o0. The

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rack ansnted of 1% im'es run normally to il e lake's aus at fis c-mile inten al, and two in M. l a.d Mcscard Counal, v. ;G.

!q a parailcl to the long aus of the lake. Sub bottom rct!cction data show four ret!ceting ir

, estenc e enough to be snapped.

.ouest of thc'c re!!ceton cor Tonds with I'alcotoic bedrot k and show s a trough u hose placed mmen hat to the,outh of the present lake's aus. A pronounced spur projecting n

J partully separ.acs tlns trough from a deeper basm to the northeast.

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ct!ccring honzon inuncdutely alme the l'alco/oic ledrod show s two principal topo-i

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c tr uures: (1) a lots hke tre tentered across the lake's aus..md Q an clonate cast-west b.iun Is mg to the c>r of the rise. The lobate rise an ! its posiiion u nhin the bein l

.c a gl.a ul origm durmg 1.ake llorder time. The clong oc lusin appears m be an crr ional i

Ts sut h, it tmphes the cust:nce donn; the Cary -l' ort ilaron intersal of a low-bke sta.;c l

castern out!ct was dou nuarped at least 300 it et 1 ) n e loa.hn;.

luchest ren ctor is u n!cly dntrd uted throughout the lusin and genera!!v gi. cs a

- ncst st rong n hec t mn. lis topographic mntiguration sl.ov s a ba ad r N!? trenihne s aP.cs u htch partullv ( h. sed lusu. Wulun t he aeduta nt, u lut h idl tlus valley.uul'lu 3m is found nuo.

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u!!ouest ub luirom reth ctor, it n neady Icscl and is buned f rom 10 to 'O teet by P,c.ent mud..

e p' dcc tion clutam tcrotit s and contigurations uithm the basm mod,mtd with other lake study

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. mation n!cntilv the c ino honmns as a comJuct glauolacustrine clay undcrlying slu"ou r depo'us. Imtunon of shallou water depmuion oct urred dann; the retreat of the l' ort 4

1-on n e and commL d u oh the fonnation oil.ake Ironjuois in the Untano lusm. It w as brou;ht

<. t !ose a, the u ater level rose in rcTonse to isostatic u[ hit of the castern outlet at Niapra 12. dis 1

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,! u on 92 t hsn.:v of I.aie r on 12 nor l i o, pre <nt in:

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i nso.w in tt.o m n r y W

l. Map of r! c 14e I re re.. m 94 1

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92 R. E. WALL-41.'B DOITO51 REFLFCTION SURVEY OF LAKE LRIE pai INT 110 DUCTION eastern basin contains the deepest part of the lake. It is bounded on its ucstern margin by a

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In the early fall of 1960, the Lamont Geo-bottom topographic high which trends approxi-

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logical Observatory of Columbia Unisersity mately S. 30 E. across the lake from the base and the Unisersity of Toronto collalwnated m of Long Point to Erie, Pennsylvania. West of g

O a geophysical survey of the central basin of Lake that topographic high, the bottom drops gently y

Erie. The suncy used the C.M.S. Potar.

down into the broad, flat central basin of typi-

!h.

Dattmsr which was made avaibble to the cal water depth, 75 feet. The western end of o

Great Lakes Institute of the University of this cent ral basin is marked by a series of islands m

M,f Toronto by 5f arine Services, Department of and shoal areas separating it from the shallow st eta a

/

Transport, Canada. The geophysical program basin to the west.

included gravity ar.d magnetic measurements As with all of the Great Lakes, except Su-Jf and sub tottom redection pro 61ing.This paper perior, the undedying Paleozoie rocks exert a 4

./2

/v presents the seismic reflection results and dis-strong contml over the features of the Lake jl cusses their bearing on the late Pleistocene and Eric bas;n. The central and eastern basins lie Itecent history of Lake Erie.

along ihe strike of preferentially excavated soft

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Devonian shales and limestones which dip O

g.gg ACKNOWLElXBIENTS gently southward under the Appalachian Pla-V, b,

This research was carried out under the su-

.": The uestern basin's bottom topography

" P'.una nly result f the varuble resistance to Isenision of Professor 1. Lanur Worzel. Ihs crouon of the several Silurian and Devonian guidance has becn invaluable rom the suncy formations underiving it (Carman,1946). The itselt, w hich he du.ected, through the reductmn hnn o7 Wands and shoals represent some 4.g

%g tu and mterpictation of the data, to the writing of the more resistant hmestones and dolomites.

j of the manuscnpt.

The principal outlet from Lake Eric is aho Figure 1.

Map of the Lake E I he full co-operation of the late I,mfessor structurally controlled and the Lockport dolo-Service map 2100. End moraines f-

11. E., Deane and the Great La,kes Institute of rnite forms the sdl of the falls of the Niagara tains," pubnshed by the Geologica the Lniversity of,loronto made possih!c the Itivr. This river, with mmor exceptions, carries mimums nathin Lake Erie from !

'Y-all of the discharge from Lake Eric.

5"".brough critical thscussions, the following

'I advances and Buctuations of.its r memt ers of the geology and engineering facul-TlIE LATE-AND POST GLACIAL and chwed mims outlets for the ties of Columbia Unisenity base contnbuted GitEAT LAKES In the Erie basin, the first r to this studv: C. L. Drake, J. T. Kuo, J. E.

.now

( e conceyn ng the history of the lakes has been named Lake Slat Nafe, A. N.'Strahler, anti G. IL Sutton.

da and pmt-dacul Great Lakes has deveb beginning, until rencat of the L The athhtional infonnation provided hv "P".l." lor (1915), through Ilough. cVert"

"#""' *"""S " P marked the close of the Cary Charles lictdendorf, Ohio State Geological

• • 1 ay s book, part of the Lake basin not covt Survey, and C. F. 51. I.euis, Univeruty of G.e" o3Y "

ca t I ",, (

UP under several hundred feet of Toronto, in correspondence with the author is ec prewnt; llecent investigations in the St.

this tim; a terminal moraine "ratefully acknowledged.

a n the W Ontano Mn acmss the basin from Ericau to (

This wmk was supported in part by the Of-qwrene O'"snue and SI rynech,1961; SlacClintoc

1) (IIough,1963; Fig. 3D). Ald 6ce of Naval llescarth Contract Nonr-266(IS). and 'l.crasnue,1960; Mason,1960; Karrow an clusis e, the evider.cc mdicates tl.

others,1961) hase caused a major revision m Ory and Port Iluron maxima, t! '

I.AKE ERIE AND ITS the chmnology and correlation of tlje glato far enough to allow glacial Lak GEOI.OGIC SETTING Great 12kes (Ilough,19m; Dre,mams,1964)-

east to a low les el (1 fough,195S.

i Lake Erie, second smallest of the tise Great Esen with this tevision, and perhap partly le 1963). With the readvance of t I akes, separates southwestern Ontario from the cause of it, there exist areas of strong disagree-depth of mo' gain cme ice, water a states of Mithigan, Ohio, Pennn h ania, and ment (Bretz,1964; llough,1966).

re than 200 feet as New York. Its long axis. trendmg N. <>5' E. is A sumnury of this resised chronology as it the llumn and Shchy;2n basii about 240 nules in length with a nusunum applies to glacial 1.ake Eric follows. Between Port lloron nuximum, a termii width of about 57 mdes. I.ake Ene is the shal-14,000 and 15,000 years ago, the waning % m deposited acmss the basin fro lount of the Great I.akes u nh a nusunum conun ice lud retreated far enough in thc hhth-1.ong Point to the vicinity of depth of 210 feet. The surface stands 572 fcct igan and Eric drainage basins to form glacu!

unia mig.1) (llough,19M; Fi ahne sea tes el.

lakes betuctn its nurgm and duiiuge thsides of the ice north and east frted e.

Shmchne features ind lunom topography to the south and west. There fo!! owed a suc-ice for the fma; time.

show the lake to be separait d phyungraphically cession of ddferent glacial lake sta;;e< became The fornution of a separate I mto ihive thstmet bas ns (Fig.1). ~1 he snull the ice imnt in general retreat. but with re-the Ontario basin ahaut 12,0"O

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I u,in n nurk'd in a serin of nlands cas sejuratug it' trorn the shallow

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AE m l he t entr.d aml cast ern h.nins he ikr ed pretetentully evasateil sof t

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o 60 fxt certh con %r j ntern bajm s bittorn topogophy

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M Ud mo<we mta e ec-e l i inult of the s arub!c resntante to 7

pn.%,,,,c,,,,, nnn y he se cral Sdmun and Deso md ny nq it (( um m, l lM). [ nan g,

l'he 9

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sm po,, waron <aa n e m n!nah and slauls tr; re ent soine u

i resntant hn estonn and dolormtes, WA

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a qu! mt!ct f rom I.ake Ene a al'o Ebure I.

mp of the lake Eric re; ion. samfoot d7:!i wntour from C.ma.lun Ilphogu; h;c ointrolid and rhc lukport dolo-n ke nup liin I.nd mouac from T,lacut \\l sp of the Ungcd stun lit of the llos ks m un.

'he ull of the f dh of the Nugara

""? I,uRhed bv tLe Golocaal Sourn ot.\\menca. Poutun of the I.aie 16r&r and Port I! uron

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a rr. with nanor eu cptions( irno

.tharr inam Lake i ne.

ANI) 11 )ST GI.ACI AL A ancn and ductuanons of in ntudn, opend atcd ik &ainage from carly Lake Eric oser the

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nd ch.cd various outlets for the sescral lates.

N,u; ara nearpment. liccause the eastern out-l In the Ene Imn, the tint of thne glvul let hrs withm the area of postdacial upwarp.

,e cont er nm; the history ot the a,.s lus been named I. ale.\\laumre. From its it is presumni that the Inel of cadv I.ake Ene 1-i

,ost glacul (;icat I.akn has dnel-

umm, unni retreat of the Lake !! order n e (and of the glacui lake occupymh the basin i

ir estensne monograph ot Lnerett

.mnlo! t he ilo< of t he Carv substage, that during the Cart-Port lluron int nal) was le l

.(1915), tinough Ilou;h's book.

rut of the I ake basin not toirred by iir lav low that of th'c present lake O lough,1%3;

, t the ( areat i.aln" ( Im), up t" oder sn cral Imn.hnl fcet of w ater.' t hainh Figs. W, SC).

l Rctent mu uranons m ihr St.

ihn tune a ternunal moraine was depoured The detailnl chronology, from which the j

' alley and th, l. ale ()ntano haun

- :n..s t he basm from F rican to C!n clanil (lig.

ahme sumnury was tden, n based pnnap.d!v md.\\hn m o h. Um L.\\t aChntm L i, v [ [,,u h, Uni t; Fr; 3D) Ah hough not oin-upe,n stud:n and wrv lanon of the abandonnl ie,1"no..\\lamn. P% K.n rou and

. N e, the n idens e ndarn dut betw ren the beachn, terrace, deltaic depo 4ts, and outlet

) base < aused a nujor rn nion m t an and Port lluron nusmu, the ice retreued clunnch of the gl.wul lakn, to cther with m-

, ogv and ou ulanon ot the g!* ul u, ym,u h to allow gim ul !_de 11e to dr.un fornudon from the contemporancous A ul

. (llough. Ums. I b un.nus loo O.

m to d,w inct g lough. 19 %,1901; Kunkle depo 4 r s.

E ucpt for the bot tom sed u nen t hn in mon, and per b sps p.u tly le pm g. w,di the tc.nham e of the Pmt Iluron simhn m 1.akn W hmm and lloron reportcd there nni arcas at suon; dsigicc-o c. wucr nun (overed the lake basin to a by Ilough (1955, l'Q, and those m I.ake Enc

.1"% l ion;h,19.o).

d pih d more tlun 2m feet and dr.un d mio rniewed and d.w us.ed m t hn paper. reluiu lv r3 of t hn u u.cd lum.o!"o.n it

& lhnon m.d minun baans. Dunna dus huh mtonn mon lus been obuinn! from be-lu i d I al-1.ne follow s.15ct m c" Pon llupin umunum, a ternunal morame was neath the prnent Great Lakes.

I Wo s cars a;o. the nanme W" A p ted a n m die baun fn,m t h - 1,ase e d HlW

.S W. }! - N E

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al teticatcd tar cruni;h m the \\la h'

], q j 'om t to fla s u nutv of 1 ne, Pcmnsl-ac doma;c l.nms to tonn glw ul tuna it'g.1; : lion:h 1% s; Fr;. 4 \\.L Retreat li ndn's (1%Ia) un esnvoons of sedmu nts

n as nurgm.n.d dr.un ye da d '

of the u cion h. mil e.nt frced c.ntem out!ct s d bencub ( Mao waters of 1.ake 1.nc found the h mal unr. Ib ic to!!nu nl a su' n e for d w h d t e c.

pmdou m. m t h,uom seduncnt to be-a sot t, chient glau d 1 Ac stan luau' 1 he b unuin,n of a scp ouc 1.ake Inquon m da p lake mud. A brd of sand and graul from it m m tal rencar, bat u oh ic' the t Nt mo b.nm about linoo 3 can a;o nun-2 to in nuin u n!c non a!ong the so ah aore-

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it n. nu. -- stwnon ost n! 1 u a tos st;in ix or txr..iur.

hnc. Estcnske santh and gri h osed)mg a thumpor-hyihophone separation of aluut 13)

I, smular in nugnaude to the water tomiutt d a form the luno

.nhment s c.nt lect w as of long 51 W., anil grade laterally to the west depth. 'I his resuhed in a non-hnrar print-out into late nunf.

on the PI)R (Fig. 7).

Honn;s in the nland area of1.ake Ene (Ilart-The suney tratk consisted of a series of ley, PX1 h; show, in general, a snhmentary sec-crossings of the lake made nonnal to its long 1

tion uhnh indades Recent soft dav and muil axis and spaced aluut 5 miles apart. Tuo lon:

1 with hul sdt and und deposits me' riving peat tratLs were also made iurallel to the long aE

1. ' \\.y and i ant nih tlan These are underlam by a of the lake. Comiurisons of redcction data at l

l )j tunpaa day dei %n ulns h hes on glaual idl, track mtersections aidu! greatly in the torrela-t i

1 if present, or direcilt on the Palcomic bnirmL.

tion of the sescral redectors tbroughout the Ilanin (1%Ib, p.' 10: Table 2) correlated ccmral lusin.1)nacpmcies in the depths to

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seu ml ed;on from et ho somahng recoids with thcsc relicctors at the intersections were gen-

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probable redcome mtafaces obsened m the eully less tlun 6 feet.

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bonngs. These icduim; surfatn indude the N.niganon on all cross m:s was by dead ret k-

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tops of p) the peat or plant rich clav lay er,(10 oning to within betuten 15 and 20 nates of the compac t tlay layer, (c) the tdl layer, ami shme..\\t that dnunte, oustal features ame (d) the Palcorm.. bedrn k.

unhm the range of the ship's radar.,\\s the j

The presc nte of pear dou n to 520 fect aime shore was appnuched mme doselv, visual fncs sea les el in the island area plus other eudence supplemented the radar fiscs. The tuo tracks

[ h-f from borm,, m t he icnt al twin dce Snhmen-paullel to the lake's long asis.ucre luth nude L

tan Sn tmn. llonmn "a") tol l f ardev io con-uithin radar unge of shore. The corrected y

dude tlut c.nly Lake Ene surtal at an c!csa-track (Fig. 2) was tonsuncted by detr onining.

non of about 490 het.

with radar and sisual tiscs, a duft (assu med romo, Toronto. Canada; extended t he lut tom the track. Using these drifts, the dead reckon-

~g Niorgan (loo t Ph.11 dnsert.. Unit. To-consunt) for eac h dead-rcckoning secnon of i

sediment studies throughout the entire lake. In u.g tra6L was torrected to fit the radar and snculiores taken near the nonh shme of the sisu.d thes.

[:

tentra! b.nm. he found a relatnely stiff, com-

.\\hhough the redcetion 9 stem was operated

,. m._.. m i u_

pact, brou msh day fornung the lunom snh-ahnost contmuoudy along the suncy track.

H t

ment. Lduratmy measurements of the seisnnc therc u cre scs cral.ncas m u hic h no sub lut tom pi schwny m this oampact day gase an astrage redcctions ucre obsened. In thne areas, n< ar u hiory of almmt ooN fps ulule the aseuge the south shme and in that part of the cental u bx as m the Recent mfr muds was almmt the lusm lung east of long 81' W.. the rt dec tion same as t hat m t he w ater, 30151ps.

resuhs shoucd stmng and often muhiple lut-re irc<ented by reflector i.

.h a part of d.c s.une study, Niorgan carnal tom reflectmns. In cont rast, the luttom redec-( I '" I PC "" ! ' """"" "'

recmds indicate that llecent out a reoinnaisunce wiunic rci cctmn suncy of tmns ob,cned mer the rest of the lusin ucre i

most of the iresent ut tom v the entue lake and ucparn mm the data a generally ipute ucak..Ilus ihtfereme in the re-i PMla; Nior.:an,1,M extent 1

gencoherd contour nup of the I,alcomic bcd-flc6 nng ch.nacter of the lunom sedunent n a or to reiector nw. malas c..I.he su n ev a so im nata ic presumn to be a rnu t of i ie testuu ( unge presence of mme mtermcdute redcctors.

from a soh, dceIilake mud to a mme annpact "kC " "

1 he o>nfigurationi and n Alme n cently,1.cu n and ot hen s !"m) lus e sd t. sand, m cascl as reponed by llarticy ist u s of the four to ectin,,,

a cocd tunher cudenic f rom ancs and et ho

( Phd a).

tuicd m l.uures a t uoug i soon.hn: re onh ulumb suggots that the water

) aic < ontour nups of e cut.

1)ESCltlPTION OF Tile

!csci ot c.n!v 12Le I ne was aluut 100 fcet i

RI Fl.l:CTING Iloitl73)NS of n daron..b,..,,. ano i.

ouer than at present.

'\\ detaded study and ann hn:on of the re-I '"P

" "I ;"" ' op'. / ".

Till. S1 Pal!C RI FL1 CTB)N SURVFY dot t d hon m Finme x I

!!cuion rcunds simurd four sub lunom re-dic.n ed on N. l'"";Y ~

d"";" M ""

~1 he sub bonom n detnon % stem omsnted dn ton estensne enough m be nuppub The;c k ot a mund muur, a tourd pressurescasani u di be deugnated redu ton "a,' "b." "c," and uin y L a "T""a."' tion o fI huhorhonc. and a Piemon liepth Hecnoler "d." Ro!cuor "a" represents the top of a La er I

- u _ a _ _ a a d -,.

.ma_m he_ nh dn,_a u n xs U"""'C "I i" "

c-unn"ini""$"

s ev was a hoommal pla:c wur ihumper, a pc licncath ".\\" is a 1.n er of scdunent "B" w hose Sa moon. camamu

n..ma omn.

mp max e s,cp,~ mea ny,cdt am w

" L",f..'"",d be t he h nt th-

" P'"

Inc., lo o). Its tou m.; duuuensta s innued L.n a "C", u hose top unlate n represcnted by n

t mn b u,

g u y' the spccd ot the slup to aluut

3. knot s..I.he redcuor, e.. m e r hn..D.. u;me top suruse n t

I

m J

e

).

i e

G C. I Elf Di m :lutrito N til 1111. pl.)[g c ![ v,it.>i<iz< m tj3

^ar anon of aluut 12t)

~

Nude to the water

~ '

f~'

, i i Y

+-s 1 *

• Ya do. ;

- - + ~

- 7 a 1:on-hncar print out t

L Air [ [p;E SUa EY A8EA I

v u sed of a series of P08tf CAJPtd. ?pAcg*, ggt *ith Afa 22 AO MPT 2 mic normal to its lon;

1. rJrs apur. Tuo long

- I I

pr/.>l to the lon:,nn

, 7 on

., of re:!ccrion data at

~%q Fad) irl the correla-I

-- :wn throu;hout the y

u a mmes m the depths to Q

/

\\

7,e {

ce ~enccnons were gen-o a was bv dead rn k-l e ' en 15 and 20 mdes of i

e

-. e..mstal features came

/

~

.a.

.e du.p s radar..\\s the

..c y,\\

4

-: ~ e < heciv, s nual facs

[

r.t ca r.hes. The t u o t rads 3.

g

/s

)

_,+da ma&

/e b

1 l

c.

o:

• mre. The corrested f

+rwed is deternurun.

l s

d ses, a iln!t (.nsumed

,,,a

= m t_ m - non a s

71

=- c en:ts, d.c dead reckon-4 -

u - erd :o fa the radar and

'*-~-a i !

l I

g re:: un a siem u as oper.ced i

nous. a!on: the sun ev trad,

'ral ar"li ul 9 hKh no sub kuttoln r ob n ed. In these an as, near It""' 1 C""c'f ed "d'k of Porte I) mphine.

l Je and m that part of the centr.d

. r o: % c si' W., the redecnon

{

l

~-'w and ofu n mulo;-le bot.

:ctented by reflector "d." Sediment (ores contour map of redcctor "b." Dashed contoun i

,. In s onna't, the lunom redes "N Perwnal conununJ) and the tellection are interpolated. Wlule data inilicate that the

our the rest of the basm were "ols mihcare that Itca nt muds w hic h form surfacc of rcthetor "b" probably forms a clo,cd Je u e.s. Thn d.tferenir m th-re-

' '"I the pn'.cnt bonom sedunents (llartley, basin, they are not conilusne. Unu>mp!cted Na; Nforg.ni. Pml) cxtend dou n to redcctor contoon on the southeast side of the basm near aer ot the luitom.nhment n or to n occior "b"

w here "a" is not Ashtabula, ()hio, express ilus unccriaintv. The e a rmuh of the testural chan;c l

p !ake mud to a more compact

""I-senter of the basin fmmed by the "b" honzoa J

r.n el as repi.ned bs llartlev I b ' ""I'

R"dh"n, and nA tion i h.uac ter-is preunned ro be 41uitc Hat ahhou.ch only a few

~

s of ti c four retlei ong honmns are dlov shori segments (from I to 2 nnh s long) of "b" med m F:gmes 3 tioon h 7. Figmes 1,4, and rcHections u cre obtained here (Fig. <>J.

..>>N ()F Till.

' oc o,nn>ur maps ot c icuoions alus e sca les el The clesanon of thc laLe bonom throughout 4G ID >Riz< M u n :h, n,n "b,"

"d,'

and "c" icspectiulv.

most contoured.ncas is between P>o aml 500 studs ami tornlation of the re-I "pt hs of Ln ct "C arc imhcated by the fect. 'i hr protih s of Figme r> shmt that withm h showed four subduttom re-

"" d hnc, in heme 3 Fr;ure ti shmes the 5 co lo mdcs ol ihe northern shoreline, redcctor n e enou;h to lic mappe !. Thesc 9"" adm nt pmh!cs \\ \\ '. h B ',. uni CC' m-

"b" riscs to become the late lunom or n (m -

..r ed rencion "a.' "b." "c," and

%.ot d on Figurcs 3, 4. and 5. h me, is a crrd by less than 2 or 3 fcer of Reient late r "a" rc ecu nts the top of a Ln cr wluction of a scciion of an as rual re!!ct tion sn h me n t. On the south, redn f or "b"

rises n

rreu ch deu;nued I.ncr

'.\\/

"'"oh more stccpiv but is so nc.n the shore that it is i a lam of uduncni "i;" u hme h" "w of a 5 u ulmPread o' t urn ni e anil the masLcd by the inercased rethiin ny of the lut-n pn,cnte:d bs redector " b.

' " u n h u ha h a s ouhi l< nh nnin d.unl u.r-rom sedum nt.

m rop sunase n rc; resented b "I"' d imm prorde to protde, rc:L ong hon-In the ucsrcrn half and aloog the northern med n "Ir w ho'c top sunace i-

'"n "b" u di t < the first ihst uwed. I i;ure 3 n a slope of t he bwn forna d by honmn "b." the t

i I

=. -._. - - _ _ - - -

\\

..K 7[

i a

R.1. WTI.I.4tfit in s tTr ni Ri i 1.1.Cl ION st.'R VI.Y Ol' t.AKl' I Ril.

retln tiom from "h" are scry shott, sharp. and reflectioin are also obscrsed in a sin.nll, isolatrd strong ti ig 7)..\\f ultiple ret!cct mm are some-area.

runes obsened. In the dct; er areas of its hasm.

Although mall sarianons in the depth of re-csen when it n not mastol by ret!ruor

'a,'

tintor "a" are present. the honion hes mostly the "h" retin tion n generally not so dntmu.

at eles atiom of heturen &5 and -P/0 teet w hah n,

!<eucctor "a" is found abnost c ontmuoinly corre pond to depths from to to 20 feet below within the areas outhned in 17:gure 3 by the the lake hoitom.

..%y i

1

-J, 4-,,,

r4-.-.

7.,.

4

("

1. t.N E E R;E t

• s.

ao u ' v.

ca tw y cc., r,.

.,u ka

}D

. t-m 1

I' 7

--. + 1

'p g

i

\\

l

\\

~l'

3. W.-

k<

..,.a...

.7g p

l 1

f. n. O '

hi__

t.,-h

Af)&

w f.. +, g,h 3 J)nQ q.b, 6 < \\. \\

,, j

^

W

.h

-e

(

o.

[/ ;NZ, j, - X %x: \\ J(9 MX:d')

- 9.

41.,.,' (

[

i.i' v

I

, ; y.

s$

' T"

\\ W L - -- - *2a b[,' ~

d*'

p'

/

t?g$

~.-

n y

ady f

" ' ' O Q,.,;,

- x f

A ' jf.y

.. l. d I

qu;

..,.......u..-.

......,. ~.

gy s-

,s g

r

'.;,",.." y 4

w o-J 1

C - e4 i

1 3 -. b 4 I Iha 4

.--.4

.W e g,,A, 4.-.4

~, =,

. - 'i rigure 4.

I'!n ation conomn on rcilec nna horvon "b? Trea of os currence of boroon "a" ouilmni tu 1.can dasho! I nc. Prot;la alon;.u', It!P, and rC' are sh. s n m figurr r..

4 g

hcas y dashed hnc. 'I he principal arca of occtir-Arniiiiil flic edgrs of its.nca of in t uircni.e.

., h; reme hcs m the ha,m a,imca by d e renaior p.nniutniy the nonhnn.ma untnn cagm.

" h" i on t ou r s. 'l he vinthern boundarv of thn the

'a" trdn tor is <hu ont moons. It appc.ns if' prmunate. The castern estension of ihe area m at a inne. ~l ha spor.ubc nu m rence of ieth t ior region. parncularly inn ant the c.nt, n'only ap-intennittenity on the rnoni for a feu nunutes

')

w hn h "a" n obsened n uncertam. In the most "a" sometimes tonimm s for tuo or tince nules.

f. ~

j rasterly prordes. in u hkh i> pical

'a" reticc-On the retln uon rnonh mer these.ucas, the Q,

t tions are obsened, th< redettions appear only n hogr.un appears to show siile n hors w hah g

w a,,a nonh ememh sm&,u in thmn.

ir.,a um, ana s_ a d.n 4, pea,cocoe,

'f

'4 tral poria ns of these p rotiles, ulnic no

'a " torrnp,uulm m elevanon and a harauer to the horuon n oh,cn ed. t he rnonh inibcate ar-nearhv cont muous "a" ret!n t mm. l'ignre 7 nu si ot the.cdonent shonia ty pn al cumple of the

'a" reih u mn ra ah f rom tinoughout ab a c "h." Nuth ot I:ncau,()ntano. * " t y pe in us bound.n y repon.

H l

8 2*

.. w:

,~,"';'...,,,.r.,'

y 1,

o c.-

b $W-

~

. s 7

<*{

W.;

y.v '..

e, " s s,.

n

.a 1

s l:2 :.w,ur,. y l v.

u e.r.a 3

u i Y <,F IMI ! Flf.

171 M 'Ril'I lf )N Of Till. RI.! 1 !.cIING lloRizt )M 97 tre 'd o.Arn r.! m a sm t!h i.o!.ited a wntrast to the short and :, harp re!!ccrion posed of two or three fairly distinct ter!cctin

, n a s anarr m m the i.crth of re-a horaon "b," the echo recorded from "a" sur faces u hich diverge, cons cr;c, disappear and i

> car as they are to owed along a irof:le.

tL not m e a shar> ic;;mnm.: a n<

is serv rea mi tT. "on;on.es mou,

.. s

s o: x. ren 4,3.md i,ai : ceuhnh

<ndcd. Frequently, the rewrded etho froni On a larger scale the two horimas, "c" and

.nsin m to. m u !cet < ow extends down through all the later sub-od," sometimes cons erge to form one redcctor to e" i. ':om echoes and tend; to mask them. Oc-On the redection records their echoes generally.

ona:!y. hou rs er, w here the "a" horiron are relatisely weak but extended in time, and cuts intermittently, the retlection from ho-do not show a sharp break at their start (Fig.

on "b" appears to l e enhanced on t he record.

7). The anal stren;;th of the "d" ccho shows

~

~

"~

as is particularly true bcncath the Me echo wnsiderab!c sariation from one minute to the

'cctions from the "a" boruon and frequently next. This variation must presumably relate to uhs in muhtples of the "b" redection (Fi;. lateral changes in the reflectivity of "d" or in The ctlect is probably caused by the super-the attenuation in the oscr!>ing sedunents.

snion of the extended "a" echo on the "b" lichograms of reflector "d" show local rehef

.o.

of fr'oni 10 to 20 feet uitliin aim!c or two. Fre-t n t he four redcction horizons, "a" and "b" qi:ently, the Ao or 'tkrecTreticctirig surfaces quite ca41v identified and correlated imm formmg this. horizon a; Tear to reprewnt thin

pronic to the next. Iteocc rors "c" and "d,"

pochets of sediment uluch till the low areas in de they are easily identilicii in some areas, tIRcal icEci. ~

~ ~ ~

_ more dAcult to correlate unh certaintv The connguration of redecling horizon "d"

- t r the entire lusin.

~

in many plates both "c" and "d" are com-is shown in the contour map M Figure 4. For the depth determinations used in the contour-(,

i-4 e

m.,

,1.,

,.,_,.7 t

Luc es e

.,I,,

"a:m -.

s..xs.x, J

m, 3

.g

.., '. wc.,,,,l ' ^ ^;: m 3

~

~

9*'

io u

pd 3

.e

)

.e.>

_ g' j,,,

,y

~ " * *'*

I

+

4-y-

'.'I*,".,,...u

'J J C ',

,Y.[-

,g r

. ic

.t l

j! -- ?;:

tr th 5 L:!f c if rif ! i *fis in,,1,, oli'!. i t h !

- i.

.m e'.,,

n l at t rt 2

c

-s 8

I ai t

.L

- ', ' 7..

L

qs

-x.

w..

k the nort her n and u csrcrn i d;t s, 9,

,F d

N

~

n ror a do ommuous. It appea r s fr

_' CR M-~

~

Is on the rn o:d for a icu nunutcs y

u-m his yor+ht os car ren, e ot' ret!cct or m ontmun :or tuo or three nnics.

s g

cluin re or,!s en er th( se arc t% the

- ~

Tea r s m shou ude c< hocs u hu h id lwome a dat :oi,ix d sedcctor tg in c!cs.tt sin.ind t haras rcr tas Ibc

-"..-.*,,,*o m

muous

'a" :cdcan ns Fmo:c 7

.~

J

(.d c u ple of t' c

'a" rc:h t tion w

• ~

ny nM' I

L I L ' "" * ""m ' "a n A r q: hoo en

".f." C.m roars m ()nraro ao rr Sudard I N '

e, n i i.i a imi S m

!n i n:!n 1%

,Ay i \\', I;l;', and ( 3 :' a r-A.. a m Fu u " 'i.

e

w

, l J....

'I "gd}.I i'

1

• • s.

4 a

'Oc.

O

~.

q q;

Q[.

.~ r6 p

. <u i

~.

9S R. L W \\l.I.W H lu D rl()\\1 IRI Li Ci t()N SUR\\ I.Y < )1 1.E l. l. R if.

5 j

ing, a selotity of noo fps was assumed for the u n assumed for in en "11" and "C" ulni-

\\ ' '.1111', and CC' (Fig. 6) sh<m

/e clearly. Also nd.cated on it, water iner a' nil for the stdanents lung alme 4soo fg s was used fo'r the sedanents alme "h" o

reticc ror'"b."'I he sedanent of lay ers "li" an 1 and for the water. The cleurion and isopath tracn in the e prof &s are sue k" "I"a da ng fnan an<

"C" represenang all of the material beineen contour maps in< hue Trfrnoval of 16 ~topo-

,'"'d " hiCh 'b' ppa r w it hm a reih t ton "h".uid "d," was assumed to hne grapine featurn of horlion "d" bi liunal.llfhe an.nera7 scimity of 6I00 fps (see later sec-deposit; ion of lajer "C"_has almmt.c<nnpletely

. DI\\lENTalW SEclION tion on s chicity structure).

bunal the centralli located vallev of honzon Equre 4 shob s that the poncipal feature is a "d" n show n hv th'c ahered cle'vaiirin~csiisiurs

.I he idenu.fiation of the sediment l rat herldccii nough uith 4 rnininuiii ringion and~t E 120-int is@Eh contour mer this "I*" "i'l"n the sedimentary of about 2 40 fcct iorrespondm3 to a depth be-s alley, low thilake Ic[el]>fWicer.JtsAIGL-Se eral new featurn hne been added by the plu ed someu ha_t south of the central axis of deposinon (and pmt depositional environment)

SUB90T TCP.

1,ake Erie. Probablv there is a connnuanon of of In er "C." The tnost obnous of these is in.

?

?

'?

ar.c4 ilns trougiiinto a deeper I asm u hose northern dicaied by ihe hathured lines in Figure 5 lying uk

~

dope is partially dc6ned hv the contoun hing between Ericau and Cinciand. I tere ret!ccting

'N othbore from IMrt liurucil to'I.oni ibiilt. A horizon "c" nsn on the records untd it is lost

,e' ( X ~ ~

pronounced <pur propen caunard betueen in the "b" retlections. A second feature is the

./

&n ihe south ient ral bain and in ntensimi to ihe presence of the two closed 40 foot isopach con.

".../

~

nor t heast.

toun hing just ent of il.e hachured area. A

e..

~ Figure 5 tontains an clnation ueniour map third leature inthe serulongate, pa!tialln of rettector "c" along with an isopath contour denLhnintend20 castmot and 1png some map of layer "C." Again a selmity of 6100 fps I!Lmli1micinotth pff.tirpvrt. The profiles B

w~

l n-

,, - -.,,,,g,,_

7

, - ~. _ -

..g.,

p...,

I i

var. ERIE T

mrm,2

w.. c e, a-t s w.,

t..o. v -,

4 i

7 'T" _.., -

a c

e

- ' - =

5 a

,\\

f w),,,,.,,,

, \\

f d.f if f[3 _

\\

rigure 6.

cm scoionut.

n a

~ /i l

t i..

1 x,.

/(

../. / 3

/ N '//~), \\ t g1;

• 5..

i.,

central I.ahe Eric is beed upon: (1) ar

/r l8.\\ ~NT.3 iharannioics and innfquranons of tl -

- f g

i mg honions. (2) results of ret ent

\\\\g-g m..

(

studies in the central l'am of I.ahe 1

-M5

\\

( 3) general hnow ledge of the late glao

.r

<d the lahe an.1 its crniron,. As nug

[

q pet tgd. the suhmenn and rc!!ccting uitlun the centra! bnm are quite -

a

.a thme found by llart!cy (1%1h) in i M

j area of 1.ahe l'lrie.

"~

(

--. l-5T ' ".

I Ii,,,i:o, "a" 1.. ;r.Tl -

The s erv estendul u bon an ! the si

.,$. a

.i,3...

from horizon "a" imply either that p,..

.l t.

.2

. -. r...

locally ron:;h surface capab!c of stro.

1,ume S( I'teunon conoyr. on n:!ccnn horaoa "c and L.>padn of in rr "C. ' Pron!n alon \\ \\,.

wut nm 'or that it is a seiIorme I

..md (. are show n m I mre t..

i b

I

.a

.-m

l

' l d f'17

!h.

'f j

l I t2D.

.kdkn t

l l

[

LJIO EY 01: L\\KL I.P.lE SI D1MENTARY SECTION 99 l

l :ned for In ers "II" and "C" uhile

\\ ' ', IllF, nd CC' (Fig. 6) show this basin within which multiple redections occur. Ikth was used fo'r the sediments abose "b" T C (ICIy. Alm mdicated on the ret 4ctor of the*,e suggest shallow rather than deep-water he water. The c!csation and isopach tr3(C5 'n these profdcs are sescral reflect-deposition. The fact that horizon "a" has s ery surfaces which daerge from and lie alme litt!c relief and is obsened only in the deeper maps ind:cate a removal of the topo.

v eatures of honion "d" by burial. The nd u hich thsai pear within a mde or tuo.

portions of the basin formed by ret'ector "b" l n of lay er "C" has almost completely e DIN!ENTARY SECTION

'"TP.rts the view that the deposition of ie centrallv hicated vallev of horizon layer A occurred m a shallow-water en-son n by th'e altered elevation contours

. he identificatmn of the sediment types and vironment.

~

120-fdot impach contour over this erfaces withm the sedimentary section of The peat and plant-rich clay layers in the l

I new feature < hue been added by the n (and post-depositional environment)

SUBBOTTOM REFLECTION PROFILES "C." The most obvious of these is in-

?

'? ecai. uts vuricac inoce u'o im I.v the hachured hnesin Figure 5 Iving A

A' Ericau and Cleseland. IIere retlec' ting y

c" rises on the records until it is lost t,

y

,,, ;. y-

'a" reflections. A second feature is the

~

t

.m of the two closed 40-foot isopach con-3....-

c,,.,

c -

6 ng just cast of the hachured area. A

• ===

a 3

• ~

stute is the very elongate, partially

-2* $

tsin trending east ucst and lying some miles north of Fairport. The profdes

• B g :

/_.'m

~

a

~

• ~

• i W.~."' ~ ];t.,.,;-,----------'..-

..m]

c

r. n rme cm, M,,,

-m-a-

. 2.., e -

uo-

..m g

e....

e.,

.z,o y i

d 5

,px c,

s s-m :

g~ A f*d

~

.........i,.,y...........J, w

n m-N

+

L..-..

.m

.m

.x-Figurc 6.

Cnsss sections along lines AA', Illf, and CC' of Figures 3. 4, and 5.

l

' 'y s.,,,

central Lake Eric is lused upon: (1) reflection island area have been fmmd at elevations above

?' ~ r.

i haracteristics and configurations of the reflect-520 feet and indicate the existence of a period mg horizons, (2) results of recent sediment during which the lake lesel was at least this

\\

studies in the central basin of Lake Eric, and low. Evidence that the lake lesel was, in fact.

(3) general knonledge of the late glacial history lou er has been pros ided by Charles E. Ilerden-of the lake and its environs. As might be ex-dorf (personal commun.) lie cites information pected, the sediments and ret!ccting horirons obtained from lurings which indicates the oc-within the central lusin are quite similar to currence of a low-water stage of l. ale Eric uith L,.

those found by llarticy (196th) in the island an elevation of around 190 feet. The evidence l

area of Lake Eric.

1Iterlecnng hon 7ons with sinular characteri rics base

.. +

lloricon "a" tren ulwenni dunng retkcrum studies carried not m

.. - n - ;.c < --

1.

.I he very exten led echoes and the s.de eclu>es Iong 1, land Soun.1 and Clicupcake Itay (Drake, per-i y,nal commun.: thlman and nibers, 1%0;. A scih-fiom horihon imply either that it has a

,i, a 4 i i.

gi5 5..

a men, co,e,, ten m encupc,tc iiay ;,nc,r.nni inis locally rough surface capable of strong back-redeemg horiron.md shownl ir 92 conum a large

,.nojuchs nt In er t,., I,n diculon A \\,.

scattering or that it is a setluence of layers amount s plant nwenal and gn t ubbies.

l,

~,

/

9 M

'.k.' g w

9

.q 3

i.e 100 R. I'.. WALL-stiLitoITost RF.Fll.CTION SURVEY OF I.AKE ERIC s

celed from the "b" horizon int n

.~.,.

3.~.P.~e rorm:- m'r rw m'- m 're c y n di'** ' **"

c'~ age in acoustic impedance a, c r -a -m*mer"'-

,,,;_4.;, ;., 3

,.y.y gg.y,,,,,,_ i......,

f. Identification of layer "If v r.

ai m.,#pi.ww-e=wda :. ime.4w.aams:or rw=9 mb.ih,. MM

..n...

c.

sirndar to and correlative u

• ' gq W 4is %ph.

. wpW.'.D4',MwipC Whq o

n.ris..

i...he island area is strongly su a

- *e *. n =

$ac-

31. S.,... M M n E m yoIyke'.t k k:h.4 :r.NID; 'e a.n=

aje observations.

4 ghe cores taken by Slorgan (1 i; ' ' i.$ '.\\ p d V g. ;,.,7 y :.g N.1,i; ' : 1

' u..

. o6, personal commun.) bear i

1

. tion. Both the dense P!ci ustrine clay noted by 1.eui-

- _%e

. npact, brownish clay found 1 5

p

pond in depth with las er "li.

I Y

\\,

scribed by Storgan, n' ich fm h

' ry, m W

.w pa hment near the north shore 7 d*."toise.

7

e r mary nw 3 w.w..

p. A,w.m.., v,

yp.7,m-. m.,,m

,7

, h*n toa sin, shows that inter 7 ace..b

yy

• M i

ejg.- 7sh*'**

h 4

n ata ug es Th g y%?M;,$7Qh.$@i i' i;, !g (38* "***

%@,"' t The large change in acoustic i

@ f.,(,{ Q,y, N d. 4

' ' M Ui$,f.a.m' O '...

I S =iu,i..t s*

ce Recent soft mud to the con l >g - -

c 2 m. mm m 1.9 m n., s e i.m v.

.m

11.2) gives aserage poros. -itic

.ed to their porosities. Alorg:

n cr s-Figure 7 Examp!c of sub-bottom redection record. Right end of top section is continuous uith left

.396 for the Recent and Plei end of bottom section. Toral honzontal datance shown is 14.000 feet.

diments found in his cores.

ossible to determine the orig ser "Il " flartley (1961b) su; includes bun. d marsh depou.ts and..the rem-say nhether or not layer "A" is present at the.

2 pore [ vater during the low e

l nants of an ancient sod zone containing plant conng stations. l.ogs, of these cores frequently

ontributed significantiv to its material m the central basin west of 1. oram, show the presence of sand lavers or lavers con-Ohio, and marsh gas at Fairport, Ohio. Ilerden-raining plant detritus, shells, and sl! ell frag-llorizon "c" dorf also reports that sescral borings north of ments. These are generally buried by soft Re-The surface confi uration <

Ashtabula and Conneaut, Ohm (to the east of cent mud and are of ten found to overhe a dense Fi-5 suggests that las er "C' Ashtabula), hase penetrated peat layers at cle-Pleistocene glaciolacustrine clay m which a

g,"mo)rainal depos;t. Wi vations of 450 to 300 feet. I hese and other number of the cores bottom.

tion, the apparentiv lobate for shallow-uater deposits found m the area It is concluded that reticcting horizon o,,.

are a is in which redector '"c" rises in generally medam by deeper water sdts and the surface of buried shallow-water deposits dection is readily explained a clays.

probably containing sand and silt lenses with minimum isopachs of 40 fcet fo Ahhough subhttom reficction data were shells, shell fragments and peat and plant-rich case side of this rise. I?ccau e o not obramed m the area north of Ashtabula, clay laycrs wittun which entrapped gas may be this rise within the central basii hon 7on a is found at similar elevations present. In summary, tlus conclusion n based W Mw We compact clay,it -

farther west and is also merlain by deep lake on: (1) the character of tlye "a" redections: (2) the deposition of the upper se.

mud.

the presence of redector only m the deeper

..C" took place durin 1.at a

C. F..\\I. I.cuis (personal commun.), L'ni-portions of the basin formed by the "b" ho-014 1963, Fig. 3th and sersity of 'l,oronto, has promkd the author nzon; (3) the fact that the horizon a gen-ousiv uiih the Port Stanley till with data from cores taken m the central basin.

crally hes between the elevations of 40 and gg,ario (Gohhhu ait and ot!'

Unfortunately, the grasity cores do ryt pene-490 feet ahne sea lesel; and (4) the presence east-west trendm'.; basin north trate deep enough to reash hon /on a.

I he of buned shallow water sediments at similar be caused by pit.depnitiona pertinu piston corev are all hxated u tthin or elevations in the central basin as,.hown by be deed in a laer section -

near the oundarv region of the areas m u hich cores and bon,ngs.

g'.. )'

"a" retlections are found. Thus, it is didicult to livri:on ol>.,

yo,;;o, uj,

' 4pnnnue core locosm Lt afov N.,long Redmor "b" lacks rehef, has widespread I.he deepest redecting hon.

sfos W. i9 k.n grn nv o,ren Lt ce N., lon:

8 f 0-" W. ( pnion h le ' 4 t T N.. lon : MI*iP W.

E" "I

sidered to be Palco/uic bedr0 ynron o bi 4 t'4e N.. h q si'w w. ipnt.,nn br uant slope to the cast toward the Port IIuron tion confmms well with the 4 t

• 49' N., lon g s l *."* W. Q n oa); Lt 41 ' 51' N., long tennin.il mor.une. It is interred fmm this de*

-k omour Wp of bIorMM 31*14' W. yatan); bt 4flo' N., long sl'IP %.

scription that the sedunent of laser "U was combtion h availab!c as a hiuonb depouted m deep water dunng and after the and gas operations in south-i 1

i

1 fr g-f r

_ J -

'.J _~-

SEDIN!ENTARY SECTION 101

!! uron advance. The strong retlections re-

.0 from the "b" horizon indicate a marked These operations extend out into the lake par-ticularly in the area between Pelce Point and

in acoustic impedance across the inter-Erieau, Ontario. In this area, the bedrock ele-a,. nn

'~~ ~"

v.:ntdication of laser "B" as a compact

~~

,,,,,, u. n

""y{' %-3fd_ e @.m,p

.mdar to and correIative with that found vations as indicated in well logs (Ontario Fuct Board.1958: Ontario Department of Energy

idand area is strongly sug;ested by the Research,1962) compare well with the eleva-m

r;bservations.

6-e.

~ ' ' ', - -,,,,,,

tions of horizon "d" (Fig. 4). Several bedrock

cc,res taken by Afor

. pervmal commun.)gan (1964) and Lewis surface contours in southwestern Ontario, bear out this idenri-which were obtained originally from well-log

.,n. Both the dense Pleistocene glacio-data (Sanford, 1953,1954a; Caley and Sanford, nne clay noced by Lewis and the stiff, 1952a,1952b), have been smoothed to a small

_ _ _ =. -

.scr. brownish clay found by.\\1 organ cor-extent and included in Figure 4 for comparison.

'~-d"

srid in depth n ith lay er "B." The stiff clay The general agreement is quite good along the

-d>ed by.\\lorgan, u hich forms the bottom entire north shore of the central basin. A cor-

-_.-.-v'"""

..-nt near the north shore of the central respondence in detail is indicated between e -

-v---

-.3*f;"

. shows that interface "b" does rise up to Encau and Port Stanley.

,.. $e "" ""

ne the present lake bottom as the reflec-QW data suggest.

Sumniary ofthe Sediment.ny Scaion i.;;p.4 f.,,- M"

large change in acoustic impedance from The reflectors "a," "b," "c," and "d" are Q. MJ.

- '

.e, m Ncent soft mud to the compact clay is re-the surfaces of (a) shallow-water deposits. (b)

'.,_, g,e

~2'

. 'o their porosities..\\lorgan (1964, Table compact glaciolacustrine clays, (c) glacial till of

? gises average porosities of 0.649 and

- - e _ _ m : _.: o_s *.= -it Lake Border age, and (d) Paleozoic bedrock. It_

l,~, -.

for the Recent and Pleistocene surface should be_kept in mind that. because seismic ments found in his cores. While it is not reflecting honzons and stratigraphic bound-

. ole to determine the original porosity of aries are not necessanly coincident or even "B,"Ifartley (1961b) suggests that a loss panllelahis sedimentarv section is somewhat

= = - - : :x g. ",, J.:V, ',,,'

= 2 R:s. 2r.: :vn 29-:W are water during the low-water stage has oversimr hfied. For. example, the presence of

nbuted significantly to its compaction.

exposed Port Stanley and older tills along the l

= --.r:: u = x. n v e ?."'

~

north shore near Port Stanley (Dreimanis,

__r

= _<. m _e s c u 2 4 u h, 2 :r =Jy, ne:.re on fd'

--._c =: :- : f = m : n m en" "

he surface configuration of horizon "c" 195S) indicates that horizon "b," as it ap-proaches the north shore, must represent an

,. 5; succests that laver "C"is the remnant l : a _. :_r w mnre 127 : Str; 8 t

crosional unconformity cutting across glacio-

, morainal deposit.WiiTRuEddeliiflea-lacustrine clays and glacial tills. This implies r u = n n' m zc-

m. the_apparentIv lobate form of the region that lay er "C." at least in this north-shore area.

s _ ;_ c: = nn:n:: :/m" ~-

M_adstoT"FrITes~intTrIGe "b" re-

.iion is reahv e@nTd'as are UEIEcd does not include all of the glacial deposits of w,

_ ;: - _e rer cc:mo Lake Border age. In addition, there is little g

u-.

21: 1. _:..:.e: n C's

. u_'fr:- r u in: ; C DC M " "

m;,num isopachs of 40 feet founEihe c5n-doubt that sediments of ne side of this rise. Because of the location of are contained in laver " pre-Lake Border time

u

v:. _2 2.= c x; z m ~> '

C." The presence of g

- - c - _s rf.</r... x8

%s nse u ithin the cent ral basin and its position more than one distinct reflector at the "d"

,.. =.. ; = - c asuva -i

~ u bdow the compact clay,it is presumed that horizon is probably an expression of these older a

e deposition of the upper sediments oflaver deposits. It is probable that some portions of

=e:2 :i - r g

• x-?

• I U.

took place during Lake Horder time hori7on "d"~actslFreprese~nLnhtecady

_ sci = m 7.~: : 7-Hough.1963 Fig. 3D) and contemporane-formed ret!cctm2 surfaces and that the Paleo-

-.: m _: =:.: em ' *..,.

3 w...: 2ee..s/n u n!t uiih the Pm t Stanlev tdlof southwestern zoic hedrock lies somewhere below.

' hSrio (Gohhhuait and others, 1965). The w 2u : e.r..: a: -

• x P '#

0 "t-ucst trendmg bein north of Fairport mav J """"

_ -c s:2.cf

. : e: vi' ' "~

.f.s a = an= : ; a " '

caused by post-depositional crosion, it will Seismic veh> city of shallow, quiet water scdi-3 21 : W2a ihscussed in a later section (1 hstory of Lake ments generally thtlers sery little from the no.

selocity of sound in water. Variations with n:

A ms"d" depth of burial are principally contro!!cd by changes in porosity (Nafe.m'd Drake,195N sno: '

20 N ~; f I he deepest _ rdlectin;,1 nriron. "d," is_Shn-Sutton and others,1957). Harticy (190lb) and y

3 r.c.ci =

7:,#**,,,

4 n d in_belalcoroic bednxk. Its cons;tua-.\\lorgan (1964) hac shown this to be the case

.:e :o = e : m 9 sonforms ucil with the rencrah7ed__ bed-for the Recent soft mud which makes up most

_ _ sc.:

> zw ~

A tontouw of.\\ tor an (P4,4). Further of the luttom sedunent found in Lake Erie. In

.a :m r e e a.: n G ~ ~ ',.,,

. o,hoution is avadable as a result of the od lateratory measurement s..\\lorgan found a

, :; ; =: cu ; =I " *

-d. s operations in southwestern Ontario.

seismic Ehwity of 501S fps in the water. He a

m g,

N:

,w

• d T

4D i

102 R. i.. w \\f.t. - st'It tu wt ost RI III CTI< W stkvlX Ol' l.\\KI. Erit'.

Ld valley are thought to rept foimd the aserage selocn> at or near the top sulucrht lioneser. it is not know n_ _wish n[

en of the soft Recent.edunents to be abnost ex-thum prmu prn!unnated.

~~

du. d shore depoits or beach activ the umt

.\\ good deal of evidence supports the siew la.tnne ongm.1 igure S shows tl w nese features in the sufrhott<

'I he selocity of sound in the slullow-nater that subaerial crosion has been the principal depros of lay er "A" is <hdicult to assess smte fat tor. liardey (1961b) indicates the presence rc ads. They would have forme the exact nature of these deposits has not been of a drainane system in the Palcomic bedrock lu water sta;;c as the eastern o-l determined. Wlule a set tion of h>w or high of ucstern 1. ale Ene which has been buried hv

h. d and the valley became me schuty nuy exist, its erhct on the.ncrate glacial and lacustrine sedunents. Sinulativ tlie

d.. vned. A relatisely raphi rat (

ldgk (mnourri >wn mfi;urelapp27r[to i ;)snion probably eusted viti selocuy for the wdtments above horimn "b" t

ton of the central lusin towar ir more comyanble with an on.

tluvul etosmn than IQl2Til scour. In;in by cannot be sery great. Ih n reituired because T&Tson, 3 t : low-water staa;e.

hon 7on "b" sh<ra s no upw ard or dou nward dnplatement on the redectmn records when narrow huned gor;e ar Cleveland Ohio, whose l

layer "A" begins or ends abruptiv. If sand and l'iin tom is nGe than 200 feet belou-~ihe present

~

sdt layen are assumol to gne tlic "a" redec-lake IFidlPetLTPphandThose estFiEI<Tn

~f.

I tions. they rnight be espected to have a sound into thefesent Iake lusm n not iKJr'Gd in 1

otetlyir.; Recent mods and could. therefore, dus ul on*-m.

~

q"% : ^ *?-I'O sclmity only shghtly dolerent from tlut of the the_redec_tja daraj alIbt certamlv requires a~

l

'N d,, -" ' _ * "

• extend dou n to horizon "b/ On the other On the other lund. there is stron evidence ay M / M.$- W N b,

-S M$

hand. if the sedunents just below honmn "a" to indicate thir the present bedrot!! basin un-fM4 dp?

are assumed to contain gas, mund relaities as dedying 1. ale Eric is closed. Dense well-log

!e

'*'J low as sescral hundred feet p r second nuy be data, along the north shore of the eastern lusin prewnt (lones and others, 195s; Wouel and of 1.ake Erie gne no in<heation of a buned

/

1. . ' l j j ^

"#"~

l h ake. 1959; 1.csin. Pv>2). In this case it gorge or valley. This is shown c!cativ on nur

'i uould seem reasonable that t he low-ulwitv of the bedrock topography of that ' area com-

~

l piled from wejl-log data (Sanford. 1954a, nyre s Nyh of sub imte materul forming ibe top ol lay er "3" [s under lain by soft mud dou n to horvon "b. Suth a 1954b l'M). Nnular data and luhock top"-

amonal dnunce shown n 9000 f situanon h. been found, on mcasion. m the grapluc maps of the renumder of southwestern kland area (llardey,1%1b PL 8).

Ontario along the north shore of Lake Eiie do The seisnue uhaity in the uimpact tlay le-not suppnt the possibihty of a lulmtk t han.

Although the data are inconn.

Iow honion "b" has lx en mea ured bv N! organ net in these areas.

ises no mdication of 2 breact (Pm4). lie found an aserage schxity of just if ut accept that suluerial emsion fonned dorder terminal moraine. Iloue under f,000 fps.

the presem bedmck sur face configu ration

nd bonngs docussed by Hartle-The only remainmg i n er in w hose vehuts under I.ake Eric we would, necessardv, accept Ph.14,15) do suggest breaches u.

Border terminal moraine and an ne are inttrested n laser "C.

• Whde no deti that past crustal warpina transformtd most of moraine whith crosses the lake I nite data appear to be asadablc. descnprions the present dosed basin mio a vallev.

and Pelee Point. In addition.

of the charatter of its on hoir counterpart (a II".^'O " U " k I'."" l dk lh"'la to l' resent has found a p>st Cary, pre-Pon

(

misture of varvmg amou nt s of sdr. sand.

crosional surface beneath the I I

grase!.and h uh! cts uithin a highly tampacted The sedanents of laser "C" represent mo.

clay matnu imply a sanable scim oy averag-rainic depuits of the liale Boo!ct ice loir in the ucst end of 1.ake Eric. Er ing wncube more than that of the merlying Lake Erie. INnng the retreat of this ite, the mfened the existence of a low-l.

iompact ilav bur.

central basm uas idled to a depth of ahnost 400 he called Lake Ypsdanti.

l The s, nnut uhu nies med in the comersion feet with the water of 1.ake Arkona u hich had The depth of the eroded s al.

of redc< tion tuul innes to depths were de-a surfate cicsation aluut 700 feet alme pres.

Border idlimphes that the caste oded upon before the data of N!nrean became ent sea leul The cast ucst trendm basm in I ake Eric basin must lus e aunbble. ~1 hert f ore, the s alues of hoo ips, for the dnft deposits ot layer "C" dJ not then aluut 300 feet. This is a facto times the amount of depresw uluth the PI)R uas cahbutul, and Mno ips esnr.

ut re thosen partly as a nutter of tonumense.

Funber upid retreat of the I. ale Bonier ice the warped standhnes of Lak' Alorgan's dau, w here thev apph, are m rea-opened iout r and !oner outlet s to the rast until crett and Taylor.1915. PL P ilut the I.ake Arkona strandh-sonabic acconi.

thauuge ouuned m er the Nugara escarpment.

used to detennine the upwar At thn tune. the clongate depreysion h thou;ht DISCl'SSit )N jo b.n e %sroKd hiEl.akBonkt tdi i y after the lou bke uage Suldu a ener w hu h dr.nned the areas to the urst and ot the Pmt llumn ice, ihn -

l l.' u.en w lin/m ( N./m e p;M for a xk

' W E. ls.

u nh the IAc-stage chronolo; a:e fo>m the linmn basm. '

' ^

~

and Taylor (1915). Bretz 0" I tu nc ulln acy ptyd_t ha t ihr Pahomu (lo i). It means enher the gla lyk" k guijac uuhe 14 cine han los isen

~The bG TOEtWIior'uom whah dacrec n

tonned bs crosion.bo n nses lut h ;lat ul aml tonu luth the north and muth dop s of the withm the kne basin just pn

l.

="

4 I

2'

(

i i

l I

j-l t

i

&.7.

xm Dict:ssioN 10; i

l _. /

r-I

. not i..on %,

alley are thought to represent buried Port IIuron low-water stage was the last I.ake

- -,2 e - e;c ::n.3::..

hore depou t s or beach deposits of Slaumec, or the several phases of Lake.\\rkona c :.

_: ce c: :m :,, %

e origm. Figure S shows the appearance bracketed the low-water sta:;e. While data are en_.:~ : 1.a br n :ne e-,w,

features in the sub luttom reticenon rather incomplete, it is worth noting that in rr_r

.e-ad.c2:n =e r em They would base formed durin.: the Stichigan the upwarp of the NIaumee strand-l I

a.::

= r. 2e P2' retc re.,u er stage as the castern outlet was up.

lines is about twice that found for the later

-. b i - -, ch ha :v, a_rre,.

vi the valley became more and more.\\rkona strandlines (Lescrett and Taylor,1913, L

i 2: r_c; e:. menu. 5 r22 n t,,

..\\ relatisely rapid rate of sediment Pl.20).

,_., = F::u e rwa,

on probably existed within the deep The Cary-Port iluron low-lake stage came a

n=_

m u 2n on:a. b f the central basin toward the close of to a dose when the adsancing Port fluron ice nn

r_. (our. la ace:.rr.,,

1-water stage blocked the castern outlet. Once again, water r: : : 2:C.'n eland. OEo. %or I; -' ;

• :--t idow 6: pme.t

,,g

._. [. _ _,,

- ad w:w n:e.=

s, -,

- :C-

• Na u not chesed 1:

I-b w"-'%

s a

l

'g cstcera:n.v : curr-sa yMesapsapuMM O.!,',,ye$ppung!p%M.GW8%2s?F17t

't' M,0424m W q

[n D-n se, ea... -

y,j v c 3. d, t 14.1 r

4

/, " y r h e w W i-M, m.

^A r: ;--

c.c %.

4 t

' p.p 3..

-n.:

u g*y r, W

- : '. + 4.@p ;l, 7. na tn p dc.y ?r MAM@,$ 4.'., n

,ff h

. 2.- 2 :c-ot :ea a-2iue

~ ~

' i :. r ' ' '

' ' '...,/

j-

~ _ -

n

.c: car:oa ci 2 :,enec

.. m i

_.w

.=oa n c.ca:s a.n nu:,s

-4.'1'pq-. Muw,.. -tia'M Y$4/PN N'N 4**

l o

, e n.rt no

- t f a.t 2 ra cora-Arrre. am.m J w :., ee m,.

.a.

., _..s c:-

t j2nio ti.,

Ede d d Imom rehction record showing probaWe buncil beach deposit. Total p, r:_. :

lW2.

ra a _ra ana merm :cP W daum den is %00 feet.

~ -

+

n - nader c: sou=ne tern i

E: 2: r; dore of Lie Eric do ri: ot 2 i.cd rn dua-

hoagh the data are incomplete, Fi;ure 5 more than 400 feet deep fdled the Lake Erie 1:

<=

no m& cation of a breach in the Lake bein and was forced to drain for a while mto

:- u: _ =nal eroden form-d der terminal moraine. Ilowes er, echograms Lake Saginaw in the lluron lusin. During the

= re

.u riat e con.2.aaranon

borings discussed by I f artley.(lo6ta: 1900, formation of the Port Iluron terminal moraine.

h:- - v 2d. necemn:v. accept

14. IS) do suggest breachesin both the Lake Lake Whittlesey fdled the ice-free part of the r C-n-

tran.iormte most of

. der terminal moraice and an older terminal Eric lusin to an elevation of about 740 feet I

.h : 1

.::o a u]e, came u hich crowes the lake between Loram (Ilough,19M).

i Pelec Pomt. In addition. Kunkle (1901)

Durin: this period of deep water in the basin i

m _~ 7.- M yt,,

Dear found a post-Cary,

pre-Port lluren buried the depol:ition of glatiolacustrine day predom-l:

--..n :

C" represent mo-Nonal surface beneath the lluron River at inated and nearly all of the relief originally s c. u: cd Ikrder ice lobe m west end of Lake Erie. From this he has present on the bottom was buried. The pan-

~

. Dr.

m: cat of thi, ice, the tred the existence of a low-lake stage u hich cipal glacial deposit of this age was the pro-l m n 2 ac u depth of a:most 400 called Lake Ypsilann.

nounced terminal moraine of the Port lluron f.

.' L.d.\\riona a mch had l'he depth of the ended valley in the Lake ice. Its presence m the Lake Ene bein across

~:

i

.o: 10 te:I 25ne prev order tdlimphes that the ertern outlet of the the lake from the bec of Long I oint to Erie, u"

u. -m en "end.n: im m in Lie Ene bem must hne been depressed Penn9 vania, has been an important factor in 1

-rw

..a.e: "C" d.d r.ot then mut 300 feet. This is a factor of nearly two the fornution of sescral features of present nes the amount of depression in&cated by Lake Enc.

rc& m: c: h Lake Eo:dcr ice c warped strandhnes of Lake.\\rkona (Lev-The retreat of the Port Ihuon ice opened a-

- <. -ts to the ret unnl i rett and Taylor,1015. Pl. IS). It is possib!c

e. stern outlets of progressively low er clevations.

=r : -

h: ara ewag ment.

thit the Lake.\\rkona strandhnes, w hich ucrt Openmg of the ourict at Rome. New York.

7

.;on : hosht u.nl to deternune the upwarp. weie formed some 12,000 years ago, ininated drainage oser

^ ' ' ',-':Ia s *b ed r idl by at:ct the lon -lake sta e.ind durm; the ads ante the Nir;. ira escarpment from rhe Erie lusin

' n:.

2 e3.., the w est and

< t t he Port IIuron we. Tlns vanes somew hat into Lake Iroquois in the Ontario lusin.

b: cart:rd d.e dram-woh the lake stage chmnolo:ics of Lescrett

.\\hhough the depression of the entern out

- 4 ud Taylor (19151, lhete t1951i. and 1Iough let at that nme may have amounted to n much j

_ - m

^ :: :- o. s w h:ch du r;e

'1"oh. It means either the glacui lake emtmg as 150 feet (F.urchdd. lH2, Fic. 3), the Port n re.

.r:. + u t a J.og, of t he withm the Erie lusm just pnor to the Cary-fluron termuul moume formed a conunuous j

i

y fem.m y*

m_

1 i

q a

101 R. F. WAl 1. 4t:H IH )rt r al Rl:11.lCTION st'R\\ IX OF LEr. F Ril i

l i

lunicr across the lake and held the water !cvel present has been obtained from a piece of wood der ;ts (layer "C") of the c.

m the entral lusm at a lugher c!csation than found in a layer at peat at an elevation of 540 ihc. cs the occurrence of a that m the castern basin. The honom topo-feet (llen!cndorf, personal commun.). If this du: : the cary-Por t lluron in gnplac low some ten nuln northwest of Ene, eles anon n indicarne of the water level at that m.g of the eastern outlet r n a:

Pennssh ama, may represent a partial breath-time, then it seems reasonable to assume tlut ement of some 300 feet i-

< <c ing <d tins barner by the ouu!ow from the between 7000 and S000 years ago the water de a of 300 fcct at which this :

central luun.

les cl had risen io about the lesel of the compact to-

.L

'l be tme-guined sedmients of layer "lL' clay surface (5 30 to 5 to feet) in the island area i The lacustrine clays of winth ucre mostly ununcred at this f unc. Iv-and as llartley (1961b) states, the "more ev

& *ited in deep water while i

came mme compact thn> ugh ikhydratum. The tensn e marsh tonditions may lus e developed."

b:

'..ed the eastern outlet.

t surface of these sahments after nuhticanon by

'I here follou cd a period of " wide accumulation

).becond low-lake stage,' -

cronoiul pnxesses has in ome reticumg ho-of plant material and silt mixtures and peat r uon "b."

layers." Tins penod presumably was brought to Wuhm the lusin, sed:rnent depounon was a ck>se, accordm; to !!artley, when "further concennated in the relatively small uater-cou rise in lake lesel (with reinforcement by the r inun. w. c., Drake, C. I..

ercil area. laally derned sedanents may have additmn of I.ake Nipissing drainage fmm the crossmg: Am. soc. Ciul icn; 2

been augmented for a time by those bmught in Iluron basin) out guced sedunentatmn and the 1

tz, J.11.,1951, causes of;th :

imm early l_ake.\\lgonquin in the Ifuron baun water became tno deep for marsh tonditions."

p.244-25s.

(llough,1% 4 In aihhtion, the water lescl in Faidence relating to the rise of the lake

--- 1%4, Correlation of glaci the central fusin renuined fairly constant for a Eric water leselin the past 2000 or 3000 years

v. 72, p. 615-627.

whde, contmiled not by the mcreasing eleva.

(Taylor,1928) u dl not be dealt with here. It is t :ev, J. F., and Sanford, IL V tion of Niagara area but by the rdarnely stable sullicient to state that since the ihnling of the

' ness and hnirock contoun <

clesation ot the mulet across the Ibrt flumn western basin, the water lesel has risen to its

- - 1952b, Preliminny maps E' temunal moume. These two facron. the con-present elesation of 572 fect. Sfodern rates of nups): Geol. Sun cy Canad tentration of sedanent ik;wsnton and a neady tdting have been deternuned using data from

( rman, J. E.,19M, The geolog constant water !cscl in the tentral lusin, led pairs of water !cvel gauges (Gutenberg,1941; -

p.241-2st to an esentual doggm; of the haun u nh sede Afoore,191S), but the validity of these rates I reimanis..\\.,195S, Wisconsin ment. Estensisc marshy comhtions dercloped has been questioned (Niaci.can,19M).

sci., v. 58, no. 2, p. 65-s L and the shallou -water sedunents of layer ".\\"

were depouted.

CONCI.CSIONS

'~I Qenon. Germeshausen, and Ternunation of this period of shallow-water (1) The seismic reflection technique can be a and G. sonar thumper t> pe depounon in the central luun probably oc-very worthw hile mvestigatis e tool in studies of rairchihi, II. I..,1932, Closing curred (1) when increasing clevat on of the lake sedimentation and history.

M c 2n.

i castern lusin Niagara outlet reached the elesa-(2) In the central lusin of Lake Erie, four Gohhhwait, R. P., Dreimanis, tion of the outler across the Port llumn ter.

relatncly thsonct sub-bottom ret!cciors have depoyn of the I ric lobe. r minal mouine and the cental lusm irgan to been nup; ed by this technique. These cor-of the Unned States: Prmt thol or (2) when return of thauuge imm the respond wah the buned surf.nes of (a) slullow-Gmenberg, It., lHl. Chane" i limon lusm at the end ot the Kukticht stage, water deposits. (b) compact glaciolacustrine soc..\\menca Bulle v. 52. I about 11.000 Scars ago. (llough,19M, Fig. 7) clay, (c) glacial id! of Lake liorder age, and llartier, R. P., Un 0. sand dnd nied the water icsci cnough so ilut the for-(d) Palco/mc Irdrock.

Tech. Rept. no 5. 7S p-nunon of slullon u att r depo.o s ceased.

(1) Contours on the Palcoroic bedrock sur-

- 19nta. Butiom derout' in Folh umg the end of slullou uatcr deposi.

f.uc (rctlector "d") along with other features E royon Tet h. R c r t "" 6 tion m the cental lusin, the water lesti lus wnhin the I.ake Eric lusin seem to favor an

- Un,1b Donom snhme nts t ominued to nse at a decnasm; ute..\\ nundrr origin by thnial crouon. Proof of this must lic I.rouon. Tn b. sept. no. 9 of phenomau obsened by other u nten are enhcr m the discos cry of a buried gor ge lcaihng Ilough. J. I..,1955.1. ale Ch re.phly esplamed by the pics (nce of ihn low-out of the Irdntk lusin, or in the verification Giul..w.\\ menu Unli.

water sugc tollourd by a tononnous nse of the of }ust crusul warping sutliciently large to re-

- 195s, Go h,;y of the Grc g

castcrn outlet and the lake level (T.nlor, lols; mm e the necesut3 of a buried outlet channel.

_ p;n2, Iate stantn a low Ilartley,1%0, I"61a; Leu n and or hen, lonn).

(4) The prncnce of uhat is thought ta be a H ull., v. 7 3. P ^l b'2"-

[

Pcat !.n en m the ucstern luun aml id.md thnially enaled salley in the Lake lionier tdl

.- pua, 't he Orchntonc Go 0

area lasc been found imm about 520 feet al-s i or al'o"t Corrdanon of gla nuut up to the presen t, lake Icsti ll la r tlev, a rco', l of *me "" t ran *",m" :

- loco'n!-77 gg g

g g g 7 4, p.

1%lb, Pl. 5: 1Irrdcmlort. pct sonal (onunun.).

, n,,,,, i ; j,, _ g, gg, p,,n s can ago t hn.im hnge Iones,J. l..,feslie C II* J' ljcau c of poor lmal dunu;c, thor tune of roumd.be t.i de n@n 4 tk N. oh Hav nuun d

.\\o ust. Soc..\\mo.u. v.

t toonanon n poduble ipnte s aruble. \\ ratho the Huom bi m. J h.s m.t urc i the tae N gouni Karrou, P. F.. Clar k. J. E + J' orleu date of tai 50 - 1 ii ycan l*;fo:e the

@.i.e m r k i f.u on !.aun.

Geology, s. n9. p. t>59 ho t

s L

• y-f-

m

~

r '

?"

~~

4 I m-a ma: n Ai-.

h

-r

-s 1meras) - _ _. Zh n

n 3

l i

d

]

_ pH&a :n, M

l l

- _ ~

~

4 l l l

_n Mmm_

s

,f.

tLY tW !.\\Kl.FRil.

El 1 El<l.NGS CIIED 105 bren obtamcd irom a piecc of umd

,osits (las er "C") of' the central hnin in-occurred following the rettcat of the Port t

get ot peat at an cloation of il0 ates the' occurrence of J low-water stage IIuron ice. InituNy cady I,akc hric conshted o[

ndor f, persmul c ommun.!. If tlus nna the Cary-l'ott iluton interval A dow n-separate babes of water in the central and cast-mihcatn e of the water les el at that rping of the eastern outlet over the No; ara ern lusins with the Port fluron ternunal mo-te scena tenonaHe to assume tlut arpment of ome 300 feet is imphed by the raine forming a barrier between the tuo. Dur-ou and woo Seats ago the water

.nih of 300 feet at w hich this eroded vaHey is ing this penod shallow-water sediments (layer

-n ro aluut the Ics ci of the compact md.

"A") were deposited in the central basin.

i 310 to 540 feet m the n!and area n) The lacustrine clays of laver "B" were p) The luge-scale changes in the lesel of

!cs (1%11u states. the " mote er posited in deep water while Port lluron ice I.ake Eric as inferred from the results of the h con.ht ums nuv bas e des clornL" ded the castern outlet.

sediment studies shscussed in this ruper clowly

.nl a p nod or "sude accumulation

@).\\ second low-lake stage, early I.ake Erie, agree with the chronology of Ilou;;h (1963),

itenal md sdt mixtures and peat

,I ermd presunuhly was brought to

.nhne to llartley. w hen ofm t her REFERENCES CITED les el (with rcmfortement, by the 1.ake Nipnun.;' dr.unag-trom the anun, W. C., Drake, C. I.. and Sutton, G. II.,19nn. S I A R. Sun ey for propmed Cheupeake Bay

, out- ;w ed s ahmentation and the croume Am. Soc. Cn il 1 npneers Trans. Paper no. 31e, li p.

.e too deep for marsh conditions.'

reti, J. ii., IM1, Causn of the pbcial lake stages in Sa;inaw baun, hiichipn: Jour. Geology, v. So,

p. Z u 3.

rei ttin: to th rise of the I.ake ael m he past N00 or MO years

- PC, Correlation of facial lake stages in the lluron Erie and.\\thhign basins: Jour. Geology,

v. 72, p. r,lu27 M) u dl not be dealt with here. It is

. ales, J. F., and Sanford, B, V.,1952a, Prchminary maps Kent Countv, Ontano, showing dnfr. thick.

state tlut smte the tWhng of the n' css and bedroc k contours (tuo maps): Grol. Sun cy Canada. Paper 52-4.

a, the water lesel lus risen to its ation of 52 feet..\\fodern rates of

- 1952b. PMunman maps r ssex Countv, Ontario, showina dnft-tha kneis and bnirock contours (tu o nups): Ucul. Sun c3 Cana ia, Paper 52-17.

betn determ:ncd usm; data from cr-les el g mps (Gutenberg, lWl; arnun, J. E.,1H6, The geolope mterpretation of sceme features in Ohio: Ohio Jour. Sci., v. E, no. 5, p.241-20.

s), but the s ahdity of these rates estional plu l.un,1% 3).

)reinunis, A., IW, ho,mn strangraphy at Port T.ilbot on the north shore of Iske f.rie: Ohio Jour, Sci., v. is. no. 2, p. 05 M.

-- PM.1.ake Warren and the Two Creeks Inten al: four. Geology, v. 72, p. 247-250.

algetton, Germeshausen, and Grier, Inc., lo o, Instruenons for msta!!ation and operat:on of E. G.

ismic redcction to buiijue can be a n

s hde ins esngatn e tool in studies of and (;. wnar thumper ty pe STr atation and lustory.

Fairchild, II. L., lH2, Cloung <tage of New kk glacul lustor3 : Geol. Soc. America flu!!.. v. 43, p.

ou; e,1 e central lusm of Like Erie, four nimet sub bottom redectors hase Gddrhwait, R. P.. Dreinunis, A., Fonuh, I. L., Karrow, P. F., and White, G. W.,19n5, P!cntocene depoyn of the i ne lobe, p. 6 97 a Wnghr, H. E., Jr., and Frey, D. G., Edrion The Quatern r3 d by tlus rechni.lue. 'l bcse cor-of the l'nned Sutes: Prmccion (*mv. Prew. '02 p.

h the buried surfaces of f a) shallow-

<;utenberg, B., I"il. Chaners in sea in cl, pmt gluial uphft, and mobihty of the carth's intenor: G eol.

u t s, (b) iompict gl a solaemte 'e Soc. Amenca llull., v. 52, p. 721 -772, icial tdl of 1.ake Dorder. ige, and Iranic3, R. P., tu n. Sand dredgmg areas m Lake Erie: Ohio Dcrt. Nat. Rnources thv. Shore I rown, n

c bedad.

Tcc h. He pt. no. 5. 73 p.

.urs on the P.dcoroic bedad sur-

- lonii, Douom depouts m Ohm u aters of t entral I.ake Enc. Ohm Dept. Nat. Resnutces Dn. Shore or "d") along uith other features I royon. Tct h. Ih pr. no. n. I 6 p.

1.ake Ene b mn seem to famr an

- Umlb. ILuom snfum nn m the niand area of 1.ake Fnt: Ohio Dept. Nat. Remurces Da. Shoie mal croyon. l' roof of this must he F rosmn. 'l et h. Mcpr. no. 9, 22 p.

ihsm ery of a buned gorge lcmbng llough,J.I.. P M,Iake( loppru a, a lou su;c of 1.ake.\\ta!upn mduted bs bouom snhmnn:

cdod b nin, or in the s en6 cation

< h ot M. \\ mo n a IMi., s. on, p. "i7 'm ul w arpin; uidkicntiv large to re-s csuis ol. buned outlcr channcl.

Um. (;w os of the (;r at f.akce Urb..nt Emc. of Ilhcon Prm, it i p.

. ioni:A % hs,3l% so e of 1.ake I f uron imhcatni by borrom so! cat un: ( ;o.l. Soc. Anu ra a I

'resence of ulut is thought ta be a Hun. s.

i. p nl i n20.

ded saHey in the 1.ake limdcr tdl l

l he prchntonc (;n at Lakn of Nonh \\mcrua: Am. Suent nt, s. 51, p. 4 -10s

- ion;

,1 ot' une ma mo u m u.

4,mt Pk" I"r d"'on "f d " ul Idr 'ta.eis m the lluran Enc and.\\f n hipn b.nm: b.ur. Geolos, v.

t no J w. c emm n item be 7 4. P "-

',r.c.

un,no 6sd. Jury lones, J. I,,, I.cshe, C. H., and Itu ron L. I. PM, \\wuuk d a a tt rnt.s s of a lake bonom. Jour.

m

-as ne ej u oi e c w lin, otW ot lo.u. w.Tua: c i. s u.

2, p. I 42 -16 o

m.

l b i. w ce1 the 1ab %P 04 Karrow, P,1., Chu k, J. R., and Terasnue, J.,1%I.1 he a of I a Inalun s and I Ac i bur. > F.o r.

aon bm.

Gw op, s. o, p. t,w c,.:

o

~

~

. ma g.

3

)

.s na (4

i i

10f R. E. WAlI.-SCH-DO'ITON! REFLI:CTION St'RVEY OF L\\KE ERIE Kunkle, G. R.,1963. Lake Ypsilanti: A probable late Pleistocene low-lake stage in the Erie basin: Jour.

N. i. OSTENSO Geyhydcalan.

Ed". N 'd Geology. v. 71, p. 72-75.

Levin, F. K.,1962. The seismic properties of 1.ake Staracaibo: Geoph ysics, v. 27, p. 35-47.

Leverett. F., and Telor, F. B.,1915. The P!catocene of Indana and Afichigan and the history of the g/ y d.

rf Great Lakes: U. S. Geol Sun ey Ston. 53, 529 p.

{~1 Lcuis.C. F. St., Andenon, T. W., and Berti. A. A.,194, Geological and palynological studies of Early Lake Eric deposns: Proc., Ninth Conf. Great Lakes Research, Umv. Stichigan, Ann Arbor, p.176'-

191.

S!xClintock, P., and Terasmac, J.,1960. Glacul history of Covey 11111: Jour. Geology, v. 68, p. 232-stract :.\\lagnetic, gravity, anc

.linterpretation of the Greer.

241.

g StacLean, William F.,1963. Atodern pseudo.upwarpin:: around Lake Erie: Proc., Sixth Conf. Great r, c survey is the subdued rna i

~

ven fracture zone. Over the Lakes Research, Univ. Nhchigan, Ann Arbor, p. 153-163.

Slason, R. J.,1960, Farly mm and the age of the Champlain Sea: Jour. Geology, v. 68, p. 366-376.

- iler than those recorded in th

.2, is that crustal tension dec Sloore. S.,19 M. Crustal mm ement in the Great L,kes area: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 59, p. 697-710.

r aence is that the tensional i Nafe, J. E., and Drake, C. L.,1957, Varation with depth in shallow and deep. water marine sediments of porosity, density, and the veh cities of compressional and shear wases: Geophysics, v. 22, p. 523-nge beneath the.\\rctic Ocea 5,52.

-der the Greenland continenta Ontario Fuel Board,195s,5th Annual Report.

an floor was 1.2 sec. Due to r Ontario Department of Energy Resources,1962, Annual Report 1962.

alution was obtained on the Peck, Ralph B.,1954, Foundation conthtions in Cuyaho;a Ris er valley: Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Proc.,

..onprins Christian Land. the.

v. 80. Separate no. 513.

.aters support the thesis that :

Sanford B. V.1953. Preliminary maps Elgin County and parts of 51iddlesex County, Ontario, showing id-Atlantic Ridge. The sub-b, drift thickness and bedrock contoun (two maps): Geoh Suncy Canada, Paper 53-6.

iarated faults. Thesc correlate.

- 19512. Prehminary maps Norfolk Countv, Ontario, showing drift thickness and bedrock contours

. rust fault of the main Caledt -

(tuo m.ips): Geol. Sun ey Canada. Paper 53-31.

.cc>s of 3 km and continues int <

- 1954h. Preliminary maps llahhmand County and parts of Brant, Wentworth, and Lincoln Counties.

.acturc zone, which othets the Ontario, showing drift thickness and bednxk contours (two maps): Gcol. Survey Canada. Paper

P N.; and (3) the Caledoniau 53-30.

arthern Britain.

- 1956. Welland County, Ontario. showing drift. thickness and bedrock contours (two preliminary maps): Geol. Sun cy Canada. Paper 55-20.

Sutton, G, IL, Berckhemer. II., and Nafe, J. E.,1957, Physical analpis of dcep sea sediments: Geo-phpits. v. 22, p. 779-81'

.ntnxluction '

Taylor. F. B.,192s, The status of Lake Eric in present and recent land tihmg: N!ith. Acad. Science, source of data Arts and Letten. v.10, p. 251-260.

Haths metry Terasmae. J., ard Stirynech, E.,19u, Pmt.glacul chronology and the origin of deep lake basins in uknon' icd;ments.

Prin e Eduard County, Ontario: Proc., Ses enth Conf. Great Lakes Research. Univ. Stichigan Ann S l'Ene "(5

^'"tnugnet u: sun cy s Arbor. I.161-ItM.

Arctic setsnuc zone......

Worrel, J. L., Jnd DrJke, C. L.,1959, Structure section acnns the liudson River at Nyack, N. Y., from Trans-Arctic cuension of the Atal ti sennuc obsenat;on : Annals N. Y. Acail. Science, v. 50, Art. 4, p.1092-1105.

(mnwn cordmera)

Stagnetic probles Iscusuun of nu;nctic data

$1 otwirr Rri m i o iiv m So.n ry At r.or 24,19t,6 Sub-bottom pronks.

H e m e u Nt m son r Ri a n s o J m e. I,1967 steihal of recording.

Ed't Genland gmynchne 1.mm r Gi ornac u. t be in uony, Con nua s Usiu rna ry Cos uutwuov No.1146 Dncussion of prordes Grauty hcferences cited I igure

1. Rathymetric chart of the northet Sea

2. Physgrghic prourm of a Greenland Sea L Rendual acronugnetic pro!de.

• Geophyucal and Polar Research C l

Gcological Society of America I; i

I l

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