ML20042A902

Distribution & Habitat Selection of Adult Striped Bass, Morone Saxatilis (Walbaum),In Watts Bar Reservoir,Tn, Thesis Presented to Tn Technological Univ

ML20042A902
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Issue date:	03/31/1982
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{{#Wiki_filter:, 7; ,,j.. ~ DISTRIBUTION AND IIABITAT SELECTION OF ADULT STRIPED BASS. MORONE SAXATILIS (WALBAUM), IN WATTS BAR IlESERVOIR, TENNESSEE 'Wtl(g? } lb, i, f l$'Jhmy0

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'r d a d i - l ij d A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School Tennessee Technological University h,.y by .ra Terry E. Check f,ksN  ;. y :.' :. ly 4,;;: g: 4 In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science -et [ /d[$ / Blology March 1982 82O3240255 811213 PDR ADOCK 05000537 A PDR

r 1 AN ABSTRACT OF A TIIESIS DISTRIBUTION AND IIABITAT SELECTION OF ADULT STRIPED BASS, h10RONE SAXATILIS (WALBAUM), IN WATTS BAR RESERVOIR, TENNESSEE Terry E. Cheek Master of Science in Biology A biotelemetry study was conducted to determine seasonal distribution patterns, habitat preferences, and evaluate factors e.Ifecting movements of adult striped bass p.lorone saxatilis) in Watts Bar Reservoir, Tennessee. Ultrasonic and radio transmitters were attached to 71 striped bass collected by electroffshing and gillnetting from July 1979 through Ibcomber 1980. Distribution of striped bass was strongly influenced by water temperature.During spring, striped bass moved into headwater areas as water temperatures approached those ass i d in this period was 15.7,ociated with spawning (15 to 19,c). Mean temperature occup e

c. Brief habitation of the main body of the reservoir was noted during summer prior to movement to cool water refuges located in the Clinch River and Tennassee River arms. Occupied water temperature during summer averaged 19.4 c.

No striped bass could be located in the main body of the reservoir in early fall wherc~ temperatures ranged from 24' to 25* c. Striped bass were located in thermal refuges during this period and occupied water temperatures averaging 20.5*c. The only extended period of striped bass habitation of the main body of the reservoir occurred in winter at which time fish occupied a mean water temperature of Il*c. Striped bass were extremely mobile and traversed the reservoir several times annually, Mean distances moved per day during spring and winter were similar but significantly higher than rates for summer and fall. + e h s

p _b TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST O F TA B LE S............................. - Vll LIS T OF FIG UR E S.............................. ))( Chapter 1. INTR ODUC TION........................... } 2. LITER ATURE REVIEW........... ........5-a. STuDv AR E A............................ l 3 4. METHODS AND MATERIALS....................Q8 Fish Collection.......................... gg Transmitter Attachment and Tracking............. 30 Water Quality.......................... 33 Data Analys is.......................... 36 5. RESULTS............................... 37 Tagglag and Tracking....................... J'/ Wa te r Quality........................... I f f Distribution and Movements.................... f) Spring.............................. S Summe r............................ 5 7 Fan...............................gs winte r............................. 67 Evaluation of Factors Affecting Movements.......... 75 6. DISC USSIO N.......................,...... Q V

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D LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Numbers and Sizes of Striped Bass Stocked in Watts Bar Reservoir by the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency............. el hia. mum and LIinimum Daily Discharge and Annual Average Discharge 2. s 3 (m /sec) for Major Tributaries of Watts Bar Reservoir,1974-1978.. J6 3. Specifications of Transmitters Used to Study Striped Bass Movements in Watts Bar Reservoir, Tennessee............ el7 4. Locations of Stations for Water Quality Measurements in Watts Bar Reservoir.......................... 3 6 5. Allocation of Tagging Effort Among the Clinch and Tennessee River Arms and the Main Body of Watts Bar Reservoir, July 1979-December 1980..............................28 6. Summary of Telemetry Data Collected for 71 Adult Striped Bass From July 1979 Through December 1980 in Watts Bar R e s e rvoir, Tennessee............................ 3 7 7. Allocation of Tracking Effort Among the Clinch and Tennessee River Arms, and the Main Body of Watts Bar Reservoir.......... 1;.5 8. Water Conductivity (pMHOS/cm) in Watts Bar Reservoir, Tennessee................................ 1).7 9. Measurements of Seccht Disc Depth (cm) in Watts Bar Reservoir, Te nn e s s e e................................ 50 10. Distribution and Movement of Tagged Striped Bass in Watts Bar Reservoir During Spring,19S0..................... 5 3 11. Distribution end Movement of Tagged Striped Bass in Watts Bar Reservoir During Summer, 1979-80.......... 5 7 vil I l

vill o Table Page 12. Distribution and Llovement of Tagged Striped Bass in Watts Bar Reservoir During Fall, 1979-80................. 6 $ 13. Distribution and hiovement of Tagged Striped Bass in Watts Bar Reservoir During Winter, 1979-80................ 7/ 14. hicans and Variances of Original and Transformed Observations of the Distance hioved Per Day for Striped Bass in Watts Bar Reservoir...................... 76 15. Summary of Tagging and Tracking Data for 71 Striped Bass in Watts Bar Reservoir, 19 79 -8 0................. 9 4 p 9 + [ .,uie y

a b LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Map of Watts Bar Reservoir, Tennessee with Inset Showing its Location in Eastern Tennessee on the Tennessee R ive r................................ k 3 2. Mean Monthly Flows (m /sec) for Major Tributaries of Watts Bar Reservoir, Tennessee,lD79-80............. Il 3. Monthly Water Temperatures and Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations for Fort Loudoun Dam Tailrace,1974-1978............ c70 4. Monthly Water Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations for Melton Hill Dam Tallrace,1974-1978............. d \\ 5. MonthlyWater Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations for Watts Bar Dam Tallrace,1974-1978...,.......... QQ 6. Water Te.nperature and Dissolved Oxygen Concentration Profiles Measured Near Watts Bar Dam in 1961-62.............Q3 7. Water Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Concentration Profiles Measured Near Red Cloud Marker Light in 1961-62........ Q1). 8. Water Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Concentration Profiles Measured Near Thief Neck Island in 1961-62........... Q S 9. Water Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Concentration Profiles Measured Near Kingston, Tennessee in 1961-62.......... Q6 10. Sequence Showing External Attachment Method Used to Attach Transmitters to Striped Bass.................. 3a

11. Map of Watts Bar Reservoir Showing Locations of 17 Water Quality Stations.........................

34 ix f

E3 \\ Figure Page 12. Thermal Effects of the Little Tennessee River on the Tennessee River Below Ft. Loudoun Dam Before and After Closure of Tellico Dam in September,1979...... M-7 13. Distribution and hiovements of Striped Bass During Spring (March-Mid-June 1980) in Watts Bar Reservoir......... dol 14. Frequency Distribution of Distance Traveled per Day by Striped Bass During Spring (March-Mid-June 1980) Based on 19 Obse rvations........................... 55 15. Distribution and Movements of Striped Bass During Summer (Mid-June-Mid-August 1979-80) in Watts.Bar Reservoir.... 58 10. Frequency Distribution of Distance Traveled per Day by Striped Bass During Summer (Mid-June-Mid-August 1979-80) Based on 40 Observations........................ 6[ 17. Distribution and Movements of Striped Bass During Fall (Mid-August-October 1979-80) in Watts Bar Reservoir...... f't./. 18. Frequency DistrWution of Distance Traveled per Day by Striped Bass During Fall (Mid-August-October 1979-80) Based on 39 Observations........................ [8 19. Distribution and Movements of Striped Bass During Winter (November-February 1979-80, November-December 1980)in Watts Bar Reservoir.................. 70 20. Frequency Distribution of Distance Traveled per Day by Striped Bass During Winter (November-February 1979-80, November-December 1980) Based on 37 Observations.... 73 21. Frequency Distribution of Water Temperatures ( C) Occupied by Striped Bass During Spring (March-Mid-June 1980) Based on 38 Observations....................... 7T) t w

xi O Figure Page 22. Frequency Distribution of Water Temperatures ( C ) Occupied by Striped Bass During Summer (Mid-June-Mid-August 1979-80) Based on 68 Observations.................... 77 23. Frequency Distribution of Water Temperatures ( C) Occupied by Striped Bass During Fall (Mid-August-October 1979-80) Based on 73 Observations....................... 80 24. Frequency Distribution of Water Temperatures ('C) Occupied by Striped Bass During Winter (November-February 1979-80, November-December 1980) Based on 70 0bservations..... 8) 25. Summary of Distribution of Adult Striped Bass and Water Temperature in Watts Bar Reservoir, July 1979-December 1980......................... 8 3 26. Water Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Concentration Profiles for Tennessee River Main Channel Stations with Isotherms and Isopleths Plotted by Computer, July 1979-December 1980.. [70 27. Water Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Concentration Profiles for Clinch River Main Channel Stations with Isotherms and Isopleths Plotted by Computer, July 1979-December 1980.. QQ'/ 28. Water Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Concentration Profiles for Selected Embayments in Watts Bar Reservoir, July 1979-December 1980..................... d 41}- e e

i j Chapter 1 5 INTRODUCTION The striped bass, Morone saxatilis, was first dis-covered to complete its life cycle in freshwater in the Santee-Cooper Reservoir, South Carolina (Scruggs 1955). This discovery has led to the introduction of striped bass into many lakes and reservoirs throughout the southeastern (and part of the south-central) United States. The striped bass is valued by fisher managers as a pre-dator of gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum; and its large size makes it prized by sport fishermen. In Tennessee, Cherokee Reservoir was tha first im-poundment stocked with striped bass, followed by Norris, Watts Bar, Percy Priest, Barkley, and Kentucky Reservoirs. Natural reproduction has been documented only in Barkley and Kentucky Reservoirs, though the degree to which the species is self-perpetuating has not been determined (Hogue et al. 1977). Watts Bar Reservoir was initially stocked with striped bass eggs and fry in 1964, and fingerlings have been stocked annually since 1971 (Table 1). A substantial striped bass sport fishery, however, has not developed, and initial concern was focused on the commercial fishery in the reservoir, which was suspected to be reducing the striped bass population. Pre.liminary investigations, how-ever, suggested that commercial catch rates of striped bass 1

r Table 1. Numbers and Sizes of Striped Bass Stecked in Watts Bar Reservoir by the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency Year Number Stocked Size 1964 2,240,000 eggs and fry 1971 65,000 75-200 m 1972 7,100 85-225 m 1973 112,850 33-100 m 1974 106,300 13 m 1975 174,850 13-25 m 1976 146,000 25-75 m 1977 197,530 110-880 ger kg. 1978 215,198 282-1100 per kg - 1979 418,514 722-4736 per kg 1980 245,902 333-996 per kg l 9

mr e were low because the distributions of commerciazl effort and striped bass apparently d'id not overlap to a great extent (Heitman and Van Den Avyle 1978). Higginbotham (1979) reported that growth rates and food habits of striped bass in Watts Bar Reservoir were similar to reaults for other freshwater impoundments,.and he concluded that there were no reasons why an abundant striped bass pop-ulation could not exist, provided a, stocking program was continued. The majority of adult fish sampled by Higgin-botham were collected from tailwater areas below Melton Hill, Ft. Loudoun, and Watts Bar Dams, but catches were not consistent and the ocesrrence of fish in other parts of the reservoir was unpredictable. This unpredictability, in combination with low angler harvest and continued con-cern about the impacts of commercial fishing, indicated a need for information on distribution and habitat sel-ection by striped bass in Watts Bar Reservoir. Recent studies on Cherokee Reservoir indicated that temperature ) preference and dissolved oxygen concentrations were If (> jQ important factors influencing summer habitat selection k f* - and distribution of striped bass (Coutant 1978; Waddle et al.1980; Schalch and Coutant 1980 ). This study was conducted to determine seasonal dis-tribution patterns, habitat preferences, and the effects of age, sex, water quality, and tailwater releases on movements of adult striped bass in Watts Bar Reservoir. 3

erm Ultrasonic and radio telemetry techniques were used to monitor movements of individual fish during an 18-month period, and water quality data were collected monthly from 17 sites. Information from this study could be used to increase sport fishing success, reduce the incidental catch by commercial fishermen, and evaluate the suitability of other reservoirs for establishment of striped bass populations. t l i l l 9 l

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Early investigations of distribution and movements of the striped bass dealt primarily with anadramous popu-j lations along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts (Scofield and Bryant 1926; Scofield 1931; Pearson 1938; Merriman 1941; Raney 1952; Nichols and Miller 1967; Austin and Custer 1977). When it was discovered that this species could complete its life cycle in freshwater, introductions into man-made impoundments throughout the United States were initiated, and many studies of striped bass a#stribution and movements in reservoirs have been published (Scruggs and Fuller 1955; Scruggs 1955; Mensinger 1970; Summerfelt and Mosier 1976; Dudley et al. 1977; Stooksbury 1977; Coutant 1978; Coutant and Carroll 1980; Waddle et al, 1980; Schaich and Coutant 1980). Underwater biotelemetry techniques were first used by Trefethen (1956) to study movements of adult chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tsawytscha, in the Columbia River (Stasko and Pincock 1977). Since that time, many technical improvements have been made, and attachment of transmitters to free ranging fish for various biological studies has become widely accepted. Koo and Wilson (1972) were the first to apply ultrasonic transmitters to striped bass and record their movements in the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. Other striped bass telemetry studies include those by Summerfelt and Mosier (1976) on Keystone Reservoir, Oklahoma, Dudley 5

w et al. (1977) on the Savannah River in Georgia, Stooksbury (1977) on J. Percy Priest Reservoir, Tennessee, Coutant cmd-saich omi(oulan1(MO) nessee lakes, (1980), in small east Ten and Carroll MdlR,etal. (1980)4on Cherokee Reservoir, Tennessee. There are many factors that may affect the distribution of striped bass. In temperate zones, fishes must cope with seasonal changes in water temperature, and temperatures selected by fishes most likely represent temperatures at which they have evolved to carry out' physiological functions with optimal efficiency (Crawshaw 1977). Water temperature also serves as a proximate factor (cue, guidepost, sign stimulus, or directive factor) affecting locomotor responses of fishes (Reynolds 1977). The striped bass is considered a cool water species and water temperature, as in most fishes, affects its distribution. Temperatures that are reported as preferred and avoided and those that affect spawning and other migra-tions have not been consistent in the literature. The temperature preferred by a striped bass depentis on its state of acclimation, size, season, photoperiod, and many other factors (Neill 1979; Meldrin and Gift 1971). Temperature serves as a cue for initiating spawning migrations. Striped bass ascend coastal rivers to spawn when water temperatures approach 15'C to 19'C (Raney 1952). Kornegay and Humphries (1976) found that striped bass ascended the Tar River in North Carolina to spawn when water temperatures

reached 14.4 C to 22.2 C, and in the Apalachicola River, Florida, Barkuloo (1967) reported that the spring spawning O 4 run occurred when water temperatures were 18.3 C to 23".8 C. Stooksbury (1977) reported spawning at 15 C to 17 C in J. Percy Priest Reservoir and Combs (1978) observed spawning C O at temperatures of 15.5 C to 18.5 C in the Arkansas tributary of Keystone Reservoir. Minimum spawning temperature for striped bass in Santee-Cooper Reservoir was 14.4 C (Scruggs 1955). Adverse temperatures can also cause abnormal distribution and movement patterns. In the Sacramento-San Joaquin River system, striped bass ceased their oceanward migration after spawning when ocean temperatures were less than 18.5 C (Radavich 1963). Striped bass in the Savannah River, Georgia, moved upstream after spawning to avoid warm ocean temperatures of 26 C to 30 C and subsequently spent their entire lives in the river (Dudley et al. 1977). Merriman (1941) observed striped bass mortalities and movement out of areas where water temperatures were above 25 C to 27 C. Crateau et al. that (1980) noted striped bass in the Apalachicola River were 4 haeg trMi e. l attracted to springs ef6bn:g 21 C water tcwant=c h-52 p2Mbce d@@ surf ace temperatuYe,af In some instances, high mortalities of adult striped bass, linked to high water temperatures and low dissolved oxygen concentrations found l in late summer, have led some states to re-evaluate their

atal, stocking programs (Axon 1979; McCloskey31980).

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In Cherokee Reservoir, Tennessee, Coutant (1978), Waddle EI af. (1980), and Schalch and Coutant (1980), described an environmental " squeeze" in summer that forced striped bass to occupy spring-fed coves called " refuge areas ]g The squeeze in summer was brought about by high temperatures in the epilimnion along with inadequate dis-solved oxygen in deep areas. Striped bass remained in the refuge areas until the environment in other parts of the reservoir was more suitable. There was also a preference 'or the refuge areas in winter, when colder (4.5 C to 7 C) f waters of the main reservoir were left for the warmer (12 C to 14 C) waters of the spring-fed refuges. Waddle ef etj, (1980) found that adult striped bass moved to ela wk u t o refuge areas when temperatures, exceeded 21,C to 22 C. Schaich and Coutant (1980) observed that older striped bass preferred temperatures of 16 C to 20 C while younger fish preferred 20 C to 23 C. Meldrin and Gift (1971),also observed that thermal responsiveness was size dependent with the younger individuals of a species being less res-ponsive. Coutant and Carroll (1980) observed that sub-adult striped bass in a quarry lake preferred temperatures of 20 C to 24 C, but when temperatures were less than 21 C, they preferred the warmest available temperature at depths greater than 1.5 m. In another study, Gift (1970) observed upper avoidance temperatures for age IV striped bass of O

a e 26.7 C to 29.4 C. Optimal temperature for swimming in adult striped bass is about 18 C (Kruger and Brocksen 1978). Factors other than temperature can also affect distribution and movement of striped bass. The distri-bution of Delaware River striped bass was observed to be bounded by the 3 mg/ liter dissolved oxygen isopleth near 17 C (Chittenden 1971). Klyashtorin and Yarzhombek (1975) found that striped bass exposed to critically low dissolved oxygen concentrations had a reduced level of motor activity which led to a reduction in food intake, increased energy expenditure on breathing, and reduced growth by the young. Oxygen levels below 3 to 4 mg/ liter are generally considered to be ultimately lethal to striped bass (Westin and Rogers 1978). Cherokee Reservoir striped bass were forced into refuge areas in summer when adequate dissolved oxygen concentrations could not be found except in high temperature areas (Coutant 1978; Waddle ef ed. 1980; Schaich and Coutant 1980). The refuge areas were spring-fed and had dissolved oxygen concentrations greater than 5 mg/ liter when the striped bass were present (Waddle tfc1l. 1980). ~ 4Y W-l'. W. = "; V f*=" " W D)9 % s % W 2:.'= W ^t'sd );g=;.4 v1 2.c+ W' M W y?n?%<w W-@d p d?ct: M&Jh?Wfrp'dGs@vah6-$csiMfi.y=?=;%? Aav gli.spo7v,hyMd-faye 46s,tri,t-the#fi'sh. bey 1 a-. 9 .w't;sfshMr&&d4%R@.Re%$pMeJ1h52%6rCak1hcI-- c

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Deppert (1978) reported the presence of striped bass immediately below Tenkiller Ferry Dam on the Illinois River except at times of critically low dissolved oxygen concentrations (Augus t-October). The fish were then found several miles downstream at sites with adequate dissolved oxygen levels. The ef fects of water flow and discharge on striped bass distributions and movements is pelatively well docu-mented. The distribution of striped bass during spawning, i.e. spawning locations, can be dependent on discharge rates (Combs 1978). Raney (1952) reported that large volumes of moving water are required for substantial spawning runs. In contrast, a correlation between striped bass movement and discharge rates was not observed by Summerfelt and Mosier (1976). Bowles (1975) reported that an increase in water velocity reduced the area ranged by juvenile striped bass in the absence of food. Relative abundance of striped bass below Tenkiller Ferry Dam was positively correlated to the flow rate, and fish were significantly more abundant during water release periods from the dam (Deppert 1978). Erickson et al. (1971) reported that electrofishing for striped bass adults below Keystone Dam was most successful during water releases, and they indicated that no fish were taken when water was nat being released. In Watts Bar Reservoir, -#fil-yf'%,'ifd; S

i ffFicSI.'/14%W#pt)$4Ati'6tW;b@69L%*//pb66 electrofishing wa(#. success for striped bass in tailwater areas during periods 4 p.%.Cw-- ~'m of low dischar(ge.ng.,s s,.,.s,is not clear, however, whether these e It A variations in catch rates were due to shifts in fish dis-tribution or changes in electrofishing efficiency in relation to water flow. Sex and age at maturity can influence the distribution and movement of striped bass. In Watts Bar Reservoir, fe-males first mature at age IV and mos,t males mature at age II (Higginbotham 1979). This is consistent with studies by Merriman (1941) and Scruggs (1955). In the Roanoke River, North Carolina, Trent and Hassler (1968) concluded that the migratory population of striped bass was composed primarily of sexually mature individuals. Striped bass movements within the Hudson River prior to and during the spawning period were related to maturity, age, and sex (Cooper et al.1978). Orsi (1971) believed that migrations were influenced more by size than sex. Richards (1978) observed sex ratios of striped bass along the Atlantic Coast and reported a' differ-ential distribution ba' sed on sex. He also stated that males were non-migratory in nature. A sex-dependent migratory behavior of adult striped bass was reported by Polgar et al. (1978). During spawning runs, the males are the first to arrive on the spawning grounds (Westin and Rogers 1978; Cooper et al. 1978). Polgar et al. (1978) reported that early arrivals were concentrated near the downstream end of i

e the spawning grounds and that they were made up of younger, often immature, males. As the spawning season progressed, older females were located farthest upstream. O I I t 4 d t 5 i i )' I t r i l l S 6 ---+-,-,---o,---w,,m-,, r-e nme,oen,a -m-w-----r-,-- ., -. ~,,~ - --- -, - -- me,, --,,-n---- w--ne, v,,wm- --+ ,-----,.,-,-r:----

Chapter 3 STUDY AREA Watts Bar Dam was constructed by the Tennessee Valley Authority in 1942 at Tennessee River kilometer 848.0 for power generation, flood control, navigation, and recreation. The impoundment is located in the Ridge and Valley Province of East-Central Tennessee (Figure 1). At full pool elevation (222.3 m MSL), the reservoir has a surface area of 15,440 ha, 1,253 km of shoreline,and an average depth of 8.9 m. Upstream boundaries are Fort Loudoun Dam on the Tennessee River, Melton Hill Dam on the Clinch River, and Tellico Dan on the Little Tennessee River. 2 The drainage area above Watts Bar Dam is 45,006 km, and the maximum hydroelectric generating capacity of Watts Bar Dam is 150,000 kilowatts (Tennessee Valley Authority 1967). Watts Bar Reservoir is a warm-monomictic reservoir that is thermally stratified in the summer. The reservoir is held at full pool elevation from mid-April through July and is gradually dropped to 220.5 m MSL in December. Retention periods in Tennessee River mainstream impoundments range from 10 to 14 days; therefore, volumes of released water create currents in downstream impoundments (Churchill 1967). Major flows into Watts Bar Reservoir are regulated, and Dische 5 only the Emory River follows natural seasonal trends. rp", are highest during the summer to provide electric power and the fall to create storage space. Unregulated discharges 9 .m .,y ,y_ _,, _ - - _. _. _. _ .y .,-_,r,,,,,om,,

~ OR NL - r>WG 01 - 3091 ESD NC ','. CC EMORY RIVER JONES us. GA AL ISLAND y KINGSTON STEAM ~ PLANT o ~ I ~ KINGSTON MELTON tif LL DAM THipLA CLINCH RIVER / WHITES FORT LOUDOUN CREEK TRKm 963.6 h ' (, w p ^ ,t Km PINEY j[ 15(A LITTLE TENNESSEE RIVERg3 ,f RIVER d' WATTS BAR DAM TRKm 8480 WATTS BAR RESERV0lR CHil.HOWEE DAM LT RKm 54 0 TENNESSEE RIVER Fyare 1. hp of tdatts L%c Reservoir, knessee wMk ksetShowly its Low %,n Eadern

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through spillways occur only during the spring. Maximum and minimum flow rates are shown (Table 2) for the period 1974-1978 for Watts Bar, Fort Loudoun, Melton Hill, and Chilhowee (Little Tennessee River) Dams as well as the Emory River. Monthly mean flow for the same sites are shown in Figure 2 for the study period July 1979-December 1980. Historical water flow data for the Little Tennessee River were available only for Chilhowee Dam (LTRkm 54. 0 ), and contribution of additional flow from tributaries located farther downstream is not included. Total flow into Watts Bar Reservoir is comprised of about 65.5% from the Tennessee River, 19% from the Clinch River, and 5% from the Emory River. The cold water of the Little Tennessee River entered Watts Bar Reservoir at Tennessee River kilometer 961.8 until September 1979, when the gates were closed at Tellico Dam. Thereafter, the flow was diverted into Fort Loudoun Reservoir, where it contributes abc. one-third the flow through Fort Loudoun Dam. During the summer ~, thermal stratification and releases of cold water from upstream reservoirs combine to create a complex pa.ttern of flow of water in and through Watts Bar Reservoir. Discharges of Tennessee River water from Fort Loudoun Dam and Clinch River water from Melton Hill Dam are usually cooler than surface waters in the main reservoir (Kingston to Watts Bar Dam), and density underflows occur. s

Table G. Maximum and Minimum Daily Discharge and Annual Average Discharge (m3/sec) for Major Tributaries of Watts Bar Reservoir, 1974-1978 !alendar Year Location 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 Watts Bar Dam Maximum 4038 3843 1285 4562 2250 Minimum 291 156 178 280 170 Average 1154 1048

713, 912 726 Fort Loudoun Dam l

Maximum 1590 1624 832-1149 1075 Minimum 68 48 42 68 37 Average 553 514 341 452 357 Melton Hill Dam Maximum 990 942 392 869 531 Minimum 0 0 0 0 0 Average 228 202 116 168 149 Chilhowee Dam Maximum 460 551 256 377 343 Minimum 39 39 39 39 39 ' Average 181 163 145 136 117 Emory River Maximum 1245 1992 637 1709 645 Minimum <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 Average 54 64 34 51 35 'T l s C 9

ORNL-DWG 81-3968 ESD g 0 61 12 2 15 3 243 304 0 61 12 2 18 3 243 304 365 2000 1800 1 WATTS BAR DAM 2 FORT LOUDOUN DAM l I 3 MELTON HILL DAM i 1600 f 4 EMORY RIVER 1400 5 LITTLE TENN. RIVER n fu( 1200 I m3 1000 800 I.I; 600 2 1 i k3 400 5 ........ ' r., ...... **j-s 4 r r-r t:4...n..i...t..r i... <f. f...b"iT..... 200 i r r.v j o JFMAMJ JASOND JFMAMJ JASOND (JULI AN DAY) (JULI AN DAY) 1979 1980 j MEAN MONTHLY FLOWS (TURBINE AND GATE DISCHARGE) I i I y Flows (m'see%c tipc EW;es l / R ce a. 1% o k ahl y oF tJAls & Reseroo;r,6nessee, m9-so I

The underflow travels downstream through the main pool to Watts Bar Dam. The Emory and Clinch River arms also undergo flow reversals in combination with sensity underflows. When water is released from Melton Hill Dam, cold Clinch River water flows beneath the warmer inflow of the Emory River as far upstream as Harriman (ERkm 19.2). A lowhead dam in the Clinch River (CRkm 6. 3 ), located just downstream from the mouth of the Emory[ iverts the cold water up A the Emory River past the intake of the Kingston Steam Plant where it is used for cooling (Tennessee Valley Auth-ority 1965). When cold Clinch River water is not being released past the mouth of the Emory, flow reverses in the Emory River embayment, cold water drains out along the bottom, and warm water then flows into the embayment as the cold water drains out. Flow reversals also occur during the summer months in the surface layers of the Clinch River arm. When water is released in significant amounts (450,-650 m /sec.) i4*nk 3 6eepw l Melton Hill Dam, flow at all depths is in)h downstream direction. When releases are reduced or cut off, hcwever, cold Clinch River water drains out along the bottom into the Tennessee River and upstream flow of the surface layers carries warm Tennessee River water up the Clinch River as far as Melton Hill Dam. Thus, the Clinch and Emory arms can undergo considerable thermal changes in a short period of time. P

m j Water quality information for Watts Bar Reservoir is plentiful for the tailraces of Watts Bar, Fort Loudoun, and Melton Hill Dams, but historical data are scarce for the main reservoir (area upstream from Watts Bar Dam to Kingston). The most recent comprehensive water quality data for this part of the reservoir were collected in 1961 and 1962 (Tennessee Valley Authority 1967). The tailraces of Fort Loudoun and Melton Hill Dams exhibited the highest water temperatures and lowest dissolved oxygen concentrations during August and September (Figures 3 and 4). The Watts Bar tailrace, however, had peak water temper-atures and lowest concentrations of dissolved oxygen during July and August (Figure 5). Water temperature and dissolved oxygen measurements in the main body of the reservoir were similar over depth and among stations during three of the four months for which data were available (Figures 6, 7, and 8). Stratification occurred during July, when dissolved oxygen concentrations were less than 4.0 ppm below 10 m at all stations except the one located near Itingston (Figure 9). At this station, inflow of cool water from the Clinch River maintained dissolved oxygen above 5.0 ppm at all depths and water tem-perature was 2 to 3 C cooler than other stations. The coldest water temperatures in the main reservoir were found during January at Watts Bar Dam, and progressively warmer temperatures were observed for each site upstream to Kingston, Tennessee. The Tennessee and Clinch River arms 4 9

OR N L-DWG 81-3954 ESD g j i l l l j j i j 32 ,4: C'. % g'% ~ 24 y-w ' s.? 'N 16 -t,. c,, N, x ff m w x s w 8 7'#' e. M. 'x- .g w g-I I I I I I I

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ORNL-DWG 81-3955 ESD I I I I I l l l l l 1 g 7-x 0 2A ~AR N >3 16 .N x e g N ._q;/'/ ' N.- ui . ~.~ ~^./ / W 8 $ ~ 6 F I I I I I I I I I I I 0 O 30 61 91 122 152 183 213 243 274 304 335 365 J F M A M J J A S O N D (JULI AN DAY) 3 WATTS BAR DAM TAILRACE TRK 848.0 g 16 i i i i i i i 1974 ~ 197 5 - - - -- z 12 WS7.* 1976 --- 8 . =: # D 0 4 6 Po I i i i i i i i i i i o 9 0 30 61 91 122 152 183 213 243 274 304 335 365 O J F M A M J J A S O N D (JULIAN DAY) Fyre 5.1% dbl Gater Tempemfare and Dissched G gen Gmeklions for y 7

ORNL-DWG 81-3944 ESO TEMPERATURE ( C) 0 10 20 30 0 10 f.~.,_.20 ; 30 0 8 i i I fl o i "(TEMP.) (0.0.) o o o o y 10 (D.O.), ~ v = o E o o E 20 - o o f (TEMP.), o o (J AN. 1962) (JULY 1961) I i I I I 30 O I[ I I ((,(3 (TEMP.) TEMP.) o n [ 10 ^ 5 (0.0.) " ' o o Z ii 1, E ,, o 20 o o "(D.O.) o (MARCH 1962) (OCT. 1961) I I I I I 30 O 4 8 12 0 4 8 12 DISSOLVED OXYGEN (ppm) TRKm 8-18.2 F act (>. wie hpera%c anA %Ioeb oqaeo ceneentrdton g Profiles flmsu.*ek %r kldh Bac Y30.m tn 1%I-G

ORNL-DWG 81-3945 ES3 TEMPERATURE (*C) 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 i i i -I 4 o o o(

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ORNL-DWG 81-3946 ESD TEMPERATURE (*C) 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 I I I I o o (D.O.) o o o o 7 10 m 4 (0.o.) '" I o { (TEMP.) o 20 (J AN. 1962) (JULY 1961) I I I I I I 30 O If t 'f i l o (TEMP.) g o o 10 (U'O') h " ^ E o o jo.O.) (TEMP.) o 20 (MARCH 1962) (OCT. 1961) I I I I I 30 l 0 4 8 12 0 4 8 12 DISSOLVED OXYGEN (ppm) TRKm 886.4 { act 8. Ua$er Tempercture axd Dissclued oxga., conce frohiles Piewied vea.c TAtef iVeele' Is and in 196)-ta e

o ORNL-DWG 81-3947 ESO TEMPER ATURE ("C) 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 1 i T I 1o o o i ~ (0.0.)d' ' (TEMP.) / y 10 v < i 9 < i o b (0.0.) (TEMP.) o 20 (J AN. 1962) (JULY 1961) I I I I I I 30 O l l l 6Al (TEMP.) ' (D.O.) o o o o 10 4 5 9 4 " (0.0.) 1,,(TEMP.) I S o o o 20 (MARCH 1962) (OCT. 1961) I I I I I 30 O 4 8 12 0 4 8 12 DISSOLVED OXYGEN (ppm) TRKm 903.5 9 F,gwe 9. %c %yerake o.d Disshed Oygen cwekkn %Fdes 11earec kr l<igston,knessee in n6Ha

above Kingston were usually warmer in winter and cooler j in summer than the main body of Watts Bar Reservoir. 1

Chapter 4 METHODS AND MATERIALS Habitat selection of adult striped bass was deter-mined by using location-indicating ultrasonic transmitters, temperature-sensing ultrasonic transmitters, and temperature-sensing radio transmitters. Specifications of transmitters are shown in Table 3. The maximum tested range for a transmitter fabricated at Tennessee Technological University ed MA um6 was 4.5 kmpm@tmwmr average range ativabout 1 km. Tags built at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory had an average range of 1 km. Transmitter pulse rates and frequencies were adjusted to allow individual recognition of all tagged fish. Ultrasonic signals were received with a Smith-Root Model SR70-H directional hydrophone and Smith-Root Models TA-60 and TA-25 sonic receivers. The receivers were mod-ified to allow use of a Hewlett-Packard Model 5300A digital counter to determine pulse rates of transmitters. Radio signals were received with a hand-held, directional Yagi antenna connected to a Model TRX-24A receiver, both manufactured by Wildlife Materials, Inc. Range of the rec-eiver was 150.85 to 151.45 MHZ with 24 channels incremented in intervals of 0.025 MHZ. Fish Collection Striped bass were collected from July 1979 through NNest December 1980. Mh'caasi.;;;.1/0y,,uf fish were captured by electrofishing in the upper reaches of the Clinch and Ten-nessee River arms. Gill and trammel nets with bar mesh RS 9

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of 7.5 to 11.3 cm were also used in the main portion of the reservoir during cooler months. Nets were set perpendicular to shore in structured areas near the main channel of the reservoir. Nets were set at dusk, checked at least once during the night, and removed early the next morning. An attempt was made to tag equal numbers of fish from each tailwater region and the main reservoir, but the allocation of sampling ' effort (and hence of tagged fish) also was adjusted according j to known locations of previusly tagged fish, past sampling success, and availability of transmitters, All striped bass captured were immediately placed in a livewell, weighed, and measured. Scales were taken, and age was later determined by visual examination on an Eberbach projector. Sex could be determined only when the fish were running ripe. Winter et al. (1978) recommended that the transmitter weight in water should not exceed 1.25 percent of the fish's weight out of water. This criterion was used to determine if a fish was large enough to be tagged. Transmitter Attachment and Tracking The method of transmitter attachment primarily used in this investigation was the back-pack style of external attachment. Winter (1976), Waddle et cd, (1980), and Schaich and Coutant (1980) observed that dise fish tagged this way had a high percentage of survival and behaved normally in comparison to other fish. Ph'M VP/ M *^ h t yd? !rfeir&IrkSun'$6l.yGNU)fl$N$Nf,'!llN.'kWGl&lch^'@ M A hhtv il:4%t:emfydda4Gu2%wWyaZ%','!%6ft%d-W4Ab%g tNk;&nwHwtpieWWtHidkd4M kHdLL%

e Transmitters were built with attachment holes fore and aft to accommodate 1.2 mm diameter nylon-coated, braided stainless steel wire (breaking strength of 40.5 kg) that was used to attach the tag to the fish. A 9.5-cm ,_ long, 14-ga hypodermic needle was pushed through the fish '* IO EN b 6 at a position just ventral to the anterior base of the j"\\ifieb SO OMIY ac SP ny dorsal fin (Figure 10A), and a 60 cm length of the i 1 i C A5 op se nee:rTc if.se@ was'wire was threaded through the needle. The needle was removed; icb in %e fretedare,ja second puncture (Figure 10B) was made 5 to 7 cm posterior to the first; the wire was threaded back through the needle; and the needle was removed. The free ends of the wire were passed through the attachment holen of a transmitter and secured by two stainless steel sleeves after all slack was removed (Figure 10C). The sleeves were crimped and excess wire was removed (Figure 10D). The attachment procedure was usually completed in less than 5 minutes. Some tags were implanted into the coelom using surgical techniques similar to those reported by Coutant and Rochelle (1973), and Hart and Summerfelt (1973). Thermistors of temperature sensing transmitters were allowed to protrude from the opening. Suture material of braided, non-absorbable, multifilament polyamide casing (2/0 USP "Braunamide") was used to close incisions. All tagging operations were performed immediately after capture while the fish were still in a state of electro-narcosis. Anesthetics, antibiotics, or other treatments 9

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were not used, and fish were always released immediately after tagging at the capture site. Trips were made at least twice per week to locate tagged fish by cruising the reservoir and stopping at short intervals to listen for signals. An effort was made to search the entire reservoir each month. River kilometer position.'and temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles were recorded each time a fish was located. Pulse intervals for temperature-sensing transmitters were measured 30 exX and recorded every 10 seconds for GM&e;CJ1f. Continuous tracking was occasionally performed to provide information on short-term movements. Pulse-interval data were trans-formed to temperatures using calibration curves that were made in the laboratory .f or - each tag W =Ct (Waddle dfcJ. 1980; Schaich and Coutant 1980). Water Quality Water quality data were collected monthly at 17 sites located throughout the reservoir (Figure 11; Table 4). Temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles were measured at 1-meter increments from the surface to the bottom with j I a Y.S.I. Model SlB Temp./D.O. meter. Isotherms and isopleths l of dissolved oxygen were plotted on a longitudinal section of Watts Bar Reservoir and the Clinch River using a program l I i developed by DeAngelis (1978) on'ORNL's PDP-10 and IBM 360/91 l l computers. Water conductivity was measured with a Y.S.I. Model 33 S.C.T. meter at a depth of 1 m to provide information O

ORNL-DWG 81-3890 ESO EMORY RIVER l{ Q i g 1-fr ( j 6 q 5 N 14 CLINCH ~ MELTON HILL DAM p RIVER q r EK p FORT LOUDOUN ( ~ ) TELLICO DAM )@ 4 9 qb' 5"!Npig t i LITTLE TENNESSEE j RIVER tl.a-WATTS BAR DAM TENNESSEE RIVER WATTS BAR RESERVOIR WATER QUALITY STATIONS IbureR.1% of )JAls Bar Resucolt Slwwig oca{ ions of I? L 'u QvafAq Sfolions -

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on radio transmitter performance and/or suitability. Water transparency was measured with a Secchi disc. Cur-rent velocities, tailwater discharge rates, reservoir elevation, and other water quality data were obtained from the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Tennessee Division of Water Quality Control, and the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey. Data Analysis River channel distances were used when determining minimum distance traveled by a tagged fish between consecutive sitings Tracking data j were pooled within seasons to evaluate movements and distribution patterns. The seasons were Spring (March through mid-June), Summer (mid-June through mid-August), Fall (mid-August through October), and Winter (November through February). The Statistical Package for the Social Scienc&s (Nie et al. 1975) was used with Tennessee Technological University's Burroughs 6700 computer to perform all statistical tests. e 9

Chapter 5 RESULTS Seventy-one striped bass were tagged and monitored between July 1979 and December 1980. Of these, 1 29 were tagged in the Tennessee River arm - 25 were from ) the Clinch River arm; and 17 were from the main body of the reservoir (Table di ). Externally attached ultrasonic trans-mitters were used on 61 fish; internally attached ultrasonic transmitters were used on 8 fish; and externally attached radio transmitters were used on 2 fish (Table d(). _ Tagging and Tracking Electrofishing in areas within 10 km of Melton Hill and Fort Loudoun dams provided nearly all of the fish tagged in the Clinch and Tennessee River arms (Table [ ). Success in these areas was greatest when operating the boat while along structured shorelines Cully uater was being released through the upstream dams. Shorelines that consistently provided fish usually were steep and exposed to the water I current but had many overhanging or immersed trees and logs that created slack water or eddies. Electrofishing success l immediately below the dams or in mid-channel areas was poor. Erickson et al. (1971) and Higginbotham (personal communication) i reported similar patterns of sampling success, but it is not known whether variations in catch rates were due to shoreward movements of fish during high flows or other changes in 1 Includes the Little Tennessee River below Tellico Dam. 37 i L

Table 5. Allocation of gagging gffort among the Clinch and Tennessee River grms and the main gody of Watts Bar Reservoir, July 1979 - December 1980 t Clinch River Arm Tennessee River Arm Main Reservoir llours Number llours Number llours Net-Number Season Electrofished Tagged Electroffshed Tagged Electrofished Ilours Tagged Spring 1980 37 9 9 0 8 300 6 Summer 1979 2 1 5 ~3 10 0 1 1980 23. 7 22 3 8 30 0 Fall 1979 7 4 10 4 0 90 0 1980 10 0 29 19 0 0 0 Winter 19'79-80 3 0 0 0 6 212 10 1980 12 4 0 0 0 0 0 Total 94 25 75 29 32 632 17

Table 6. Summary of Telemetry Data Collected for 71 Adult Striped Bass From July 1979 Through December 1980 in Watts Bar Reservoir, Tennessee Tracking Total Tagging Tagging Total Length Weight Transmitter Method of Duration Number of Age 3 l (Days) Sitings (years) Site Date (cm) (kg) Type LTRKm 0.24 6/19/79 75.0 5.2 UT I 50 10 4 UTRKm 0.24 6/19/79 73.5 5.2 UT I <1 NR 4 UTRKm 0.24 6/27/79 73.5 5.2 UT E <1 NR 4 TRKm 962.5 10/25/79 56.6 2.2 U I 78 5 3 TRKm 962.5 10/25/79 60.5 3.0 UT E 57 4 3 TRKm 962.2 10/25/79 79.7 6.5 UT E 105 7 5 TRKm 956.8 10/25/79 69.2 4.1 UT E 37 6 4 TRKm 954.8 6/18/80 80.0 5.1 U E 79 5 5 TRKm 962.2 6/18/80 98.0 13.5 U E 7 1 7 TRKm 951.2 6/19/80 87.0 7.6 U E 51 1 6 TRKm 954.8 9/10/80 78.0 5.5 U E <1 NR 4 TRKm 954.8 9/10/80 80.8 5.0 U E 86 1 5 TRKm 954.8 9/10/80 80.2 - 5.7-U E 42 3 5 TRKm 954.8 9/10/80 68.5 3.6 U E 17 2 4 TRKm 954.8 9/16/80 75.2 4.7 U E 11 1 4 TRKm 954.8 9/16/80 80.3 6.2 U E 48 2 5

O (C00bouch Table 6. Tracking Total Tagging Tagging Total Length Weight Transmitter Method of Duration Number of Age Site Date (cm) (kg) Type (Days) Sitings3 (years) l TRKm 954.8 9/16/80 94.6 11.2 U E 93 7 6 TRKm 954.8 10/3/80 95.0 10.7 U E <1 NR 7 TRKm 954.8 10/3/80 80.0 5.4 U E 50 2 5 TRKm 954.8 10/4/80 74.0 4.1 U E 73 1 4 TRKm 954.8 10/10/80 80.0 6.8 U E 53 2 5 TRKm 954.8 10/11/80 74.2 4.2 U E 68 5 5 TRKm 954.8 10/11/80 72.0 4.4 U E 68 5 5 TRKm 954.8 10/11/80 86.0 6.5 U E 66 1 6 TRKm 954.8 10/11/80 85.0 6.1 U E <1 NR 6 TRKm 954.8 10/11/80 80.2 5.3 U E 62 3 5 TRKm 954.8 10/11/80 76.4 5.0 U E 65 2 4 TRKm 954.8 10/11/80 82.8 5.8 U E 23 2 5 TRKm 954.8 10/11/80 84.8 7.1 U E < 1, NR 6 CRKm 32.0 7/3/79 91.5 9.5 RT E 57 1 7 CRKm 32.0 8/21/79 77.0 6.4 .UT E 38 6 5 CRKm 36.0 9/19/79 60.5 2.7 U I 1 1 3 l

(confim4ch) Table 6. Tracking Total Tagging Tagging Total Length Weight Transmitter Method of Duration Number of Age l 3 Site Date (cm) (kg) Type (Days) Sitings (years) CRKm 32.0 9/19/79 68.3 3.8 U I 55 7 4 CRKm 36.0 9/19/79 55.2 2.0 U I 79 3 3 CRKm 32.0 6/3/80 87.0 8.4 U E 44 4 6 CRKm 32.0 6/3/80 81.2 6.5 U E 94 5 5 CRKm 26.7 6/3/80 91.5 9.5 U E 91 8 6 CRKm 32.0 6/3/80 65.0 3.9 U E 28 1 4 'CRKm 32.0 6/3/80 71.6 5.2 U E 65 4 4 CRKm 25.6 6/4/80 75.0 5.2 U E 48 4 4 CRKm 25.6 6/4/80 68.0 4.0 U E 6. 3 4 CRKm 32.0. 6/5/80 68.8 4.2 U E 12 2 4 CRKm 13.7 6/5/80 92.0 8.1 U E 43 3 6 CRKm 25.6 7/2/80 98.0 11.5 U. E 50 4 7 CRKm 25.6 7/2/80 92.0 9.5 U E 168 6 6 CRKm 32.0 7/2/80 107.0 13.3 U E 29 2 7 CRKm 25.6 7/2/80 98.0 9.5 U E 15 1 7 CRKm 28.0 7/2/80 88.2 8.1 U E <1 NR 6 i

(con}inu0 Table 6. Tracking Total lf tj6-Tagging Tagging Total Length Weight Transmitter Method of Duration Number of 2 (Days) Sitings3 (yedrs) Site Date (cm) (kg) Typel Attachment CRKm 25.6 7/2/80 67.0 4.0 U E 167 2 4-CRKm 28.0 7/2/80 70.0 4.2 U E 47 3 4 i CRKm 31.3 11/1/80 90.0 9.9 U E 44 1 6 1 CRKm 30.0 11/1/80 94.0 9.5 U E 21 2 7 CRKm 32.0 11/1/80 84.0 6.1 U E 21 2 5 CRKm 30.0 '11/7/80 84.5 7.2 U E 15 1 5 4 JM, TRKm 873.9 7f31/79 69.0 3.8 UT E 75 7 4 TRKm 874.2 1/28/80 83.0 8.8 U E 57 1 6 lN TRKm 872.1 1/28/80 76.2 5.5 U E 16 3 4 i TRKm 872.i 1/28/80 70.0 5.4 U E 58 2 4 TRKm874.h 1/29/80 88.0 10.4 U E <1 NR 6 TRKm 874.1 2/18/80 86.5 9.7 U E . <1 UR 5 TRKm8731 2/18/80 67.4 4.1 U E 57 2 4 ~ TRKm 872.0 2/19/80 64'.2 4.2 U E <1 NR 4 TRKm 874.2 2/19/80 85.0 10.4 U E O NR 6 TRKm 874.2 ' 2/25'/89 ' 61.0 3.1 UT I 154 6 3 ^ 4 4

(Co if[rige)) Table 6, Tracking Total Tagging Tagging Total Length Weight Transmi{ter Method of Duration Number of Age 2 3 (years) Site Date (cm) (kg) Type Attachment (Days) Sitings TRKm 874.2 2/26/80 64.8 4.5 UT I <1 NR 4 TRKm 872.1 3/10/80 82.0 8.1 U E 62 4 5 TRKn 872.1 3/11/80 63.0 4.0 UT E 7 1 3 TRKm 874.2 4/2/80 72.6 4.7 U E 3 1 4 TRKm 874.2 4/3/80 85.0 8.0 U E 147 1 5 TRKm 874.2 4/9/80 74.4 5.6 U E 31 1 5 TRKm 872.2 4/9/80 79.2 6.3 U -E <1 NR S fUT = I!1trasonic, Temperature Sensing; RT = Radio, Temperature Sensing; U = Ult.rasonic, Location only E = E ternal; I = Internal 3NR = Not relocated after day released l 6 F

O electrofishing efficiency in relation to water flow. i ~ Electrofishing in the main body of the reservoir produced only two of the 17 fish tagged there. Deep water and wider dispersal of the fish I probably contributed to the poor success. Gill and trammel nets were used to collect 15 fish which, after tagging, showed no more stress than those captured by electrofishing. Tagged fish weighed 2 to 13.5 kg (mean-6.3 kg), ranged from 55.2 to 107.0 cm long (mean = 78.5 cm), and were 3 to 7 years old (mean = l 4.8 years). Mean weights (and ages in parenthesis) of fish tagged in the Tennessee River arm, C1' inch River arm, and the main body of the reservoir were 5.9 kg (4.8 years), 6.8 kg (5.1 years), and 6.3 kg (4.5 years), respectively. Approximately 1164 man-hours were spent searching a straight-line distance of about 2600 km for stri, ped bass (Table 7). Tracking effi-lower iu tat **I'1/CStfudd ciency was 2 Bog $t due to substantially more shoreline and open-water 4 1 areas than in the river arms. The entire reservoir was tracked at least once during each season of each year. Fifty-eight fish were located after their initial tagging date, but 13 fish were never found after the day they were tagged. Failure to relocate these fish could have been due to limitations of tracking, transmitter failure, or movement out of the reservoir. The longest tracking duration for an individual fish was 168 days, with a mean i duration for all tagged fish of 44 days. The, maximum number of sitings i of an individual fish was 10 and the average was 3. Tracking histories Table 15 foreachtaggedfishareshowninjkppendixAh, Transmitters from six fish were returned by fishermen, and three tagged fish were found dead along the shore or floating in the water. l

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Allocation of Tracking Effort Among the C11nen and Tennessee River Arms, and the Main Body of Matts Bar Reservoir Ttble 7. Total No. of Tagged Clinch River Arm Tennessee River Arm Nin Reservoir Fish at Large Distance Distance Distance Prior to End l Man-Hra Searched Total No. Sitings/ Man-Hrs Searched Total No. Sitings/ Man-!!rs Searched Total No. Sitings/ Season Season Searched (km) Sitings Man-Hr Searched (km) Sittnes Man-Hr Searched (frm) Sitings mn-Hr Sprirg 1980 mrch-old-June 23 38 98 277 14 0.14 62 214, 3 0.04 90 180 5 0.05 S.sene r 197_9 mid-June-old-Aug. 0 5 22 26 1 0.04 22 12 9 0.40 24 10 3 0.12 1980 38 48 66 146 23 0.34 32 93 10 0.31 36 14'4 7 0.20 Fall 1979 eid-Aug.- Oct. 5 13 79 195 26 0.33 22 69 5 0.23 24 71 0 1980 48 67 53 128 13 0.25 54 114 17 0.31 100 80 1 0.01 winter 1979 Nov.- Feb. 13 23 56 174 7 0.12 77 246 14 0.18 90 245 9 0.10 197,0 67 71 26 46 7 0.27 31 60 7 0.22 100 86 9 0.09 Tots! 400 992 91 0.22 300 808 65 0.21 464 816 34 0.07 lo. 3., l &. '. f i. j l ].

Some recovered tags were used again. Ten transmitters were eventually considered to have been detached because there was no movement from one Tag detachment could have been cauSEh by fishermen discarding location. the tag, natural mortality, or snagging the tag on brush, rocks, or aquatic vegetation. One fish recaptured by electrofishing had pulled the transmitter free of one of the attachment points. Water Quality eldissolved oxygen conteniidbtd.5 Monthly measurements of water temperature 4 (or kl2)is Bar A*sef00 W AsWtif/(gp(/ppttWpftAfdS!if:frfapM6Wy are summarized in Figures 46 c23 onb8j 3 (8 ices 8 C pd D), The warmesf water temperatures were found in the main 3 body of the reservoir during August and September 1980, when temperature ranged from 25.5 C at the bottom to 29.5 C at the surface. The coldest water temperatures (4*C) were observed in February. Thermal stratification of the reservoir first developed in April near Watts Bar Dam and gradually extended upstream to the confluence gg.g < $

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of the Clinch and Tennessee Rivers until fall overturn in October. p 3- % E2,TI-The thermocline, however, generally was discontinuous and rarely exceeded

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3 :*1 m E A The Clinch River arm was considerably cooler during August and 3 ;M j Y 33 September than the Tennessee River arm or the main reservoir. The r.p h highest water temperature measured in the Clinch River (20.5 C )s ~ 6 R.Q ? "" ' ho a Excluded the direct effluent of the Kingston Steam Plant j ' -+ h h h A aM f*

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i was in September 1980 and the coolest (5.0 C) was recorded in February. Underflows of cool water were common in the Clinch River from the confluence of the Emory River to the confluence with the Tennessee River (e.g. Figure cI7, Appendix C). This was primarly due to the Kingston Steam Plant's warm water discharge and warner conditions of the Tennessee River. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were less than 3.0 ppm in the main body of the reservoir during August and September 1980 at depths greater than 10 m. Concentrations were lower in the tributary embayments. The fincy River embayment showed the lowest dissolved oxygen concentrations measured near the surface Figure O (Appendix D). From June through s September 1980, at depths exceeding 6 m, dissolved oxygen concentrations in the Piney River were commonly less than 1.0 ppm. Minimum dissolved oxygen concentrations recorded in the Tennessee and Clinch River arms were 3.5 and 6.0 ppm, respectively. Water conductivity was generally higher in spring than in other seasons (Table 8). The lowest conductivity was recorded in the Little Tennessee River prior to the closure of Tellico Dam, and the highest conductivities (to 385 umHOS/cm) occurred in the Clinch River below the Kingston Steam Plant. Water transparency was lowest in March 1980 and greatesiduring summer and winter months (Table 9). Transparency was generally greater in the lower poriton of the reservoir.than in headwater areas. G

UU'dl L y k'.) Q bl Mcace i-- '- M gater gonductivity-(pmHOSy in Watto Bar Rmservoir, Tennsasee, N/I = ecf *a7(utt!/0 ..3 Sampling Station Date 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 7/79 155 115 150 140 135 118 120 120 NM 140 165 20 170 170 95 180 165 ll 8/79 140 110 145 130 160 155 140 150 160 155 170 30 210 205 110 190 180 9/79 160 135 160 160 160 139 145 110 160 160 190 2,0 220 195 140 200 200 i 10/79 165 140 150 150 106 165 140 145 10 165 160 40 200 230 215 230 320 l 11/79 150 125 135 150 120 120 115 165 130 130 150 35 160 185 110 195 200 I 12/79 130 95 120 105 120 140 105 135 NM 135 140 85 170 180 170 180 160 1/80 105 80 105 80 110 200- 150 NM NM 180 220 180 205 260 150 260 185 2/80 NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM hH NM NM NM NM NM NM NM i 3/80 90 50 90 60 100 90 95 90 NM 100 100 100 80 150 40 155 165 l 4/80 130 95 130 130 135 120 120 125 120 130 120 120 90 160 55 180 130 5/80 145 110 140 145 155 175 140 150 140 140 140 180 385 280 135 260 200 6/80 170 145 160 170 165 150 130 130 150 135 125 125 245 225 170 235 205 7/80 190 180 190 260 180 160 145 150 180 165 155 145 320 245 210 190 200 8/80 NM NH NH NM NM 390 180 190 180 NM NM NM 355 260 NM NM NM 9/80 185 160 190 200 180 170 160 165 180 175 1,0 170 190 240 220 230 210 10/80 170 160 170 170 165 190 180 150 150 125 135 130 240 240 225 230 210 11/80 145 150 145 150 150 160 140 135 NM 145 150 140 220 200 200 200 190 12/80 NM NM NM NM NM 140 150 120 NM 120 130 120 190 170 175 165 155 t i

8 Table Mescuren2nto of Stechi Disc 9 gy (cm) in W2tto Ber Racervoir,-Tennezzee i M['):nolMcMu(( Sampling Station Date 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 7/79 198 183 153 168 76 46 78 NM NM NM NM NM 60 60 65 75 80 8/79 153 183 183 168 122 101 92 116 76 168 92 137 82 92 76 107 107 9/79 183 135 137 137 122 107 107 122 71 92 76 229 107 107 71 76 92 10/79 153 153 122 NM 160 92 92 101 69 76 76 275 76 92 92 92 92 11/79 137 183 137 168 76 92 92 125 46 107' 92 275 61 76 61 92 107 12/79 168 183 153 153 92 107 137 107 NM 76 92 168 76 92 92 92 92 1/80 198 183 198 198 153 92 122 NM NM 92 87 214 92 92 61 92 92 2/80 183 153 168 183 168 168 153 106 NM 106 76 244 153 183 198 137 106 e 3/80 31 46 31 31 61 46 61 92 NM 76 61 76 46 61 61 61 92 4/80 153 198 153 122 92 92 92 122 61 76 92 92 92 122 76 107 137 5/80 137 122 153 137 107 92 107 137 107 153 153 153 92 92 122 92 122 6/80 183 137 153 153 92 92 92 92 61 122 137 122 60 76 61 92 137 7/80 90 165 90 75 90 90 105 105 75 105 90 120 75 90 90 105 90 8/80 165 195 120 120 120 120 90 105 75 105 105 75 90 90 75 90 120 9/80 150 165 120 120 90 90 120 120 45 90 90 90 120 90 90 90 90 10/80 150 120 120 120 105 90 75 120 60 90 90 105 75 75 75 75 135 11/80 120 150 120 105 90-90 105 105 NM 105 90 90 75 75 75 75 105 12/80 NM NM NM NM NM 90 165 120 NM 75 105 105 60 90 60 60 150

Distribution and Movements Data on distribution patterns and movements of striped bass were sunmarized within four seasons that were defined, a priori, according to water quality information and behavioral characteristics expected from published data regarding spavaing migrations, preferred or avoided water temperatures, and required dissolved oxygen concentrations. Spring This period included March through mid-June 1980, when the reservoir gradually warmed until expected spawning temperatures (15 to 19 C) had occurred throughout the reservoir. Warming occurred at dif ferent rates, however, for the arms and main body. The main portion of the reservoir was 15 to 19 C during April, but the upstream arms were cooler (Figure 13). Suitable spawning temperatures occurred throughout the reservoir in May, but during June, terperatures were less than 19 C only in the Clinch River Arm. Six fish were tagged in the main body of the reservoir during March and April and nine were tagged in the Clinch River arm during early June (Table 10, Figure 13). Fish from the main reservoir were collected at the mouth of Whites Creek embayment and near Half Moon Island, and primary collection sites in the Clinch River arm were Jones Island (CRKm 32.0), Grubb Island (CRKm 29.6), Dug Ridge Curve (CRKm 26.7), and Poplar Springs Valley Curve (CRKm 25.6). Four fish that had been tagged prior to this season also were relocated. Striped bass were very mobile during this season and showed no apparent preference for specific areas of the reservoir. The distance moved per day ranged from 0 to 8 km and averaged 2.2 km for 19 observations

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Table 10. Distribution and Movement of Tagged Striped Bass in Watts Bar Reservoir During Spring, 1980 Minimum Tagging Location at Distance Distance y Location and Consecutive Sitings Days Moved Moved Per Day Code First Next Elapsed (km) (km) Clinch River Arm Tech 114 CRKm 32.0 Tech 115A CRKm 32.0 TRKm 946.4 9 70.0 7.80 Tech 116 CRKm 26.7 CRKm 30.1 2 3.4 1.70 CRKm 30.1 CRKm 24.8 5 5.3 1.06 Tech 117 CRKm 32.0 CRKm 25.3 2 6.7 3.35 CRKm 25.3 TRKm 936.8 7 54.0 7.70 Tech 118 CRKm 32.0 CRKm 26.7 7 5.3 0.76 Tech 100B CRKm 25.6 CRKm 27.3 6 1.7 0.28 Tech 119 CRKm 25.6 CRKm 26.7 1 1.1

1. 10 CRKm 26.7 CRKm 27.3 1

0.6 0.60 CRKm 27.3 CRKm 26.7 4 0.6 0.23 Tech 109 CRKm 32.0 CRKm 21.7 5 10.3 2.06 Tech 156 CRKm 13.7 CRKm 26.7 5 13.0 2.60 Main Reservoir Tech 107 TRKm 872.1 CRKm 20.0 48 56.0 1.17 CRKm 20.0 CRKm 17.0 3 3.0 1.00 CRKm 17.0 TRKm 877.6 8 47.4 5.90 TRKm 877.6 TRKm 872.1 2 5.5 2.75 479-4-77B TRKm 872.1 TRKm 848.0 7 24.1 3.44 Tech 110 TRKm 874.2 TRkm 874.2 3 0 0 Tech 111 TRKm 874.2 Tech 112A TRKm 874.2 TRKm 792.0 31 82.2 2.65 Tech 113 TRKm 874.2 Tagged Previously Tech 100 TRKm 872.1 SQ-105 TRKm 874.4 Tech 103 TRKm 908.5 479-3-86B ERKm 5.6 ~- TRKm = Tennessee River Kilometer, CRKm = Clinch River Kilometer, ERKm = Emory River Kilometer.

(Figure 14). Water temperatures occupied by tagged fish during this period averaged [5.7 C. The eight fish tagged or initially sited in the main body of the reservoir provided the best available data for evaluating behavior during the pre-spawning period. Since the initiation of spawning activity is temperature dependent (Calhoun et al. 1950; Rathjen and Miller 1957), striped bass were expected to move upstream into headwater areas as water temperature increased to the 15 to 19 C range. Only one of the eight fish moved upstream into the Clinch River, but had moved back into the main reservoir by early May (Figure 13). Two other fish tag-ged near Half Moon Island moved downstream to Watts Bar Dam. One that was tagged during early March moved to the Dam in seven days and was never relocated thereafter. The other was tagged early April and was found dea 6 30 days later by a fisherman in Chickamauga Reservoir 56 km downstream from Watts Bar Dam. Passage of feriped bass through dams also has been noted by Bishop 1968, Summerfelt and Mosier 1976, Scruggs 1955, Crateau et al. 1980, and Higginbotham 1979. Behavior of the nine fish tagged in the Clinch River A,rm in early June probably is most reflective of post-spawning behavior. Six of the fish remained within 5 km of their release sites through the remainder of the period, and two fish moved down the Clinch River and up the Tennessee River, covering distances of 62 and 70 km in 9 days (Figure 13). When these movements occurred, water temperatures were 18 C in the Clinch River arm, 20 C in the Tennessee River arm, and 21 to 24 C in the main body of the reservoir. Similar behavior was observed by Summerfelt and Mosier (1976), who reported that an adult striped bass tagged in the Arkansas River arm of Keyston'a Reservoir moved downstream l l

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and then up the Cimarron River arm, cover /47 a distance of 74 km in 6 days. Evaluation of covements and distribution patterns associated with spawning behavior was hampered by the extreme mobility of the fish, limited success with tagging fish from downstream areas of the reser-voir, and variations of thermal gradients between upstream and dowr. stream areas. The main body of the reservoir reached 15 to 19 C approximde/7 one month before the headwater areas, and fish moving upstream during April would have encountered cooler water in the river arms, which may have delayed further upstream migration (Figure R5). If a gradient of gradually increasing temperature determines the direction of spawning migration, downstream movement of fish in the main body of the reservoir, as observed for two fish, could have been favored during April or early bby. The gradient of decreasing temperature in the upstream direction in combination with the prolonged. occurrence of 15*to 19 C temperatures l in the Clinch River arm may be responsible for the unusually prolonged May-June spawning period noted by Higginbothg(1979) in Watts Bar Reservoir. y

Summer The summer period included mid-June through mid-August of 1979 and 1980, when water temperatures were higher than 20 C in all areas of the reservoir except the Clinch River arm and the Little Tennessee River in 1979 (Figure.13). Water temperatures of 22 C or less and dissolved oxygen concentrations exceeding 4 ppm were present throughout the reservoir during the first half of the season, but as warming con-tinued, there were some areas downstream of TRKm 903.5 where a combin-comentrabus ation of temperatures less than 25 C and dissolved oxygen above 4 ppm g did not occur. No fish were located in areas where these conditions prevailed, and this water quality pattern has been omitted from Figure l5, The number of fish tagged in summer 1979 included one in the main body of the reservoir, one in the Clinch River Arm, and three below Tellico Dam (Table 11). In 1980, three fish were tagged in the Tennessee River Arm and seven were tagged in the Clinch River Arm. Ten fish tagged in earlier periods also were located (Table 11). One fish which had been tagged previously in the Clinch River was relocated in the Tennessee River arm, however,.this movement transcended seasons and is not shownin Figure.l5. Although som'e fish moved considerable distances, the majority remained in close proximity to their original tagging or relocation site (Figure 15). Two of the fish tagged below Tellico Dam were never relocated, and five of the eight fish tagged in Clinch River remained within several kilometers of their tagging sites. The mean distance moved per day was 0.4 km (40 observations) and the range was 0 to 5.1 km (Figure 16 ). The mean ad water temperatures occupied by tagged fish wasl7,LF C.

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Table 11. Distribution and Movement of Tagged Striped Bass in Watts Bar Reservoir During Summer, 1979-80 Minimum Tagging Location at Distance Distance y Location and Consecutive Sitings Days Moved Moved Per Day Code First Next Elapsed (km) (km) Clinch River Arm 1.123 CRKm 32.0 Tech 99 CRKm 25.6 CRKm 24.3 6 1.3 0.22 CRKm 24.3 CRKm 25.6 9 1.3 0.14 Tech 125 CRKm 25.6 CRKm 20.1 29 5.5 0.19 Tech 126B CRKm 32.0 CRKm 14.1 20 17.9 0.90 CRKm 14.1 CPKm 20.1 9 6.0 0.67 Tech 151 CRKm 25.6 CRKm 26.7 15 1.1 0.07 Tech 154 CRKm 28.0 2 Tech 109 C CRKm 25.6 TRKm 862.4 19 71.7 3.70 2 Tech 119C CRKm 28.0 CRKm 25.6 9 2.4 0.26 d CRKm 25.6 CRKm 25.6 6 0 0 Tennessee River Arm 479-1-77 LTRKm 0.24 479-3-86A LTRKm 0.24 LTRKm 0.24 1 0 0 LTRKm 0.24 LTRKm 0.24 2 0 0 LTRKm 0.24 LTRKm 0.24 4 0 0 LTRKm 0.24 LTRKm 0.24 2 0 0 LTRKm 0.24 LTRKm 0.16 1 0.1 0.08 LTRKm 0.16 LTRKm 0.24 3 0.1 0.02 LTRKm 0.24 LTRKm 0.16 8 0.4 0.06 LTRKm 0.16 LTRKm 0.16 3 0.4 0.12 LTRKm 0.16 TRKm 962.1 6 0.4 0.06 TRKm 962.1 LTRKm 0.24 19 0.4 0.02 1.338 LTRKm 0.24 Tech 124 TRKm 954.8 TRKm 955.2 13 0.4 0.03 TRKm 955.2 TRKm 954.7 28 0.5 0.02 TRKm 954.7 TRKm 954.8 9 0.1 0.01 Tech 126A TRKm 962.2 Tech 128 TRKm 951.2 TRKm 854.4 51 96.8 1.90 Main Reservoir 479-5-78 TRKm 873.9 TRKm 873.5 1 0.4 0.40 TRKm 873.5 TRKm 873.5 1 0 0 , ~, _ _

(cenNoueel) Table 11. Minimum Tagging Location at Distance Distance y Location and Consecutive Sitings Days Moved Moved Per Day Code First Next Elapsed (km) (km) Tagged Previously Tech 107 TRKm 872.1 479-3-86B TRKm 872.1 TRKm 872.1 TRKm 872.1 10 0 0 TRKm 872.1 TRKm 873.6 4 1.5 0.38 TRKm 873.6 TRKm 872.1 3 1.5 0.50 TRKm 872.1 TRKm 872.1 4 0 0 Tech 117 TRKm 961.6 Tech 118 TRKm 944.8 TRKm 944.8 TRKm 944.8 28 0 0 TRKm 944.8 TRKm 945.6 9 0.8 0.09 Tech 114 CRKm 28.3 CRKm 28.3 CRKm 28.3 13 0 0 CRKm 28.3 CRKm 29.6 11 1.3 0.12 CRKm 29.6 CRKm 32.3 6 2.7 0.45 CRKm 32.3 CRKm 30.2 14 2.1 0.15 Tech 100B CRKm 31.8 CRKm 31.8 CRKm 31.8 1 5.1 5.10 CRKm 26.7 CRKm 15.8 35 10.9 0.31 Tech 109 CRKm 21.7 Tech 156 CRKm 31.3 CRKm 31.3 CRKm 31.3 7 0 0 Tech 115A TRKm 954.8 TRKm 954.8 TRKm 954.6 28 0.2 0.01 TRKm 954.6 TRKm 954.8 9 0.2 0.02 Tech 116 CRKm 24.8 CRKm 24.8 CRKm 24.8 13 0 0 CRKm 24.8 CRKm 32.0 17 7.2 0.42 CRKm 32.0 CRKm 5.5 18 26 5 1.47 1TRKm = Tennessee River Kilometer, LTRKm = Little Tennessee River, CRKm = Clinch River Kilometer l Not included in seasonal movement analyses ( 9

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8 O Sitings of fish in the main body of the reservoir and in the Tennessee River arm indicate that these areas were suitable habitats during earlier portions of the summer. One fish initially located in the Clinch River arm and one from the Tennessee River arm moved down-stream into the main reservoir during July. One fish stayed near Half Moon Island for three' weeks in July 1980, but was not relocated there-after; a'nother was caught by a fisherman on 8 August 1980 at TRKm 854.4 (approximately 6 km upstream from Watts Bar Dam); and the third fish was located only once on 21 July 1980 at TRKm 862.4. The small amount of movement observed for most fish in the Clinch River arm was similar to the results obtained from fish that were tagged there during late spring. l

Fall This period included mid-Augusf through October of 1979 and 1980, when water temperatures were often higher and dissolved oxygen concen-trations often were lower than levels regarded as preferred by adult striped bass. During August and September 1979, water temperaturas exceeded 22 C throughout the reservoir except in the Clinch and Little Tennessee Rivers, where the water was 18 to 20.5 C and had dissolved oxygen concentrations greater than 4 ppm (Figure 17). Dissolved oxygen concentrations less than 4 ppm and water temperatures exceeding 22 C were found downstream of TRI:m 866.5. In fall 1980, dissolved oxygen concentrations less than 4 ppm and water temperatures exceeding 25 C were found downstream from TRKm 903.5,and no fish were located in these areas (Figure 17). Water temperatures in the Clinch River arm never exceeded 20.5 C during 1980, while temperatures in the Tennessee River arm, once influenced by the cool waters of the Little Tennessee River (Figure 12), exceeded 25 C in all locations except for one known groundwater sources at Sugar 11mb (TRKm 954.8). Body temperatures of fish collected at Sugarlimb were 22 C, which was 3 C cooler than nearby the Upper layers of reservoir gradually cooled after water temperatures. 4 mid-September of both years. The number of fish tagged in fall 1979 included four in the Clinch River arm and four in the Tennessee River arm. In 1980, 19 fish were tagged at the Sugarlimb site in the Tennessee River arm (Figure l7). Efforts to tag fish in the main body of the reservoir were unsuccessful in fish tagged earlier periods also were in both 1979 and 1980. Eight g located (Table 12).

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Table 12. Distribution and Movement of Tagged Striped Bass in Watts Bar Reservoir During Fall, 1979-80 Minimum Tagging Location at Distance Distance 1 Location and Consecutive Sitings Days Moved Moved Per Day Code First Next Elapsed (km) (km) Clinch River Arm 479-7-74A CRKm 32.0 CRKm 32.0 1 0 0 CRKm 32.0 CRKm 26.7 6 5.3 0.88 CRKm 26.7 CRKm 26.7 1 0 0 CRKm 26.7 CRKm 26.6 7 0.1 0.01 CRKm 26.6 CRKm 29.4 8 2.8 0.35 SR-1.2 CRKm 32.0 CRKm 28.6 1 3.4 3.40 CRKm 28.6 CRKm 27.5 6 1.1 0.18 CRKm 27.5 CRKm 36.0 14 8.5 0.60 CRKm 36.0 CRKm 34.7 2 1.3 0.65 CRKm 34.7 CRKm 35.2 18 0.5 0.02 SR-0.6 CRKm 36.0 CRKm 21.6 1 14.4 14.40 SR-0.8 CRKm 36.0 CRKm 34.7 1 1.3 1.30 CRKm 34.7 CRKm 22.7 14 12.0 0.80 Tennessee River Arm SR-1.0 TRKm 962.5 479-7-74B TRkm 962.5 479-4-77A TRKm 962.2 479-6-98 TRKm 956.8 Tech 120 TRKm 954.8 Tech 132 TRKm 954.8 Tech 135 TRKm 954.8 TRKm 954.8 2 0 0 TRKm 954.8 TRKm 954.8 15 0 0 TRKm 954.8 TRKm 954.8 25 0 0 Tech 150 TRKm 954.8 TRKm 954.8 2 0 0 TRKm 954.8 TRKm 955.8 15 1.0 0.07 Tech 124K TRKm 954.8 TRKm 954.8 11 0 0 Tech 131 TRKm 954.8 TRKm 954.8 17 0 0 Tech 140 TRKm 954.8 TRKm 954.8 11 0 0 TRKm 954.8 TRKm 954.8 6 0 0 TRKm 954.8 TRKm 954.8 1 0 0 TRKm 954.8 TRKm 954.8 7 0 0 Tech 129 TRKm 954.8 Tech 129X TRKm 954.8 TRKm 954.8 1 0 0 Tech 148 TRKm 954.8 Tech 115B TRKm 954.8 TRKm 961.7 12 6.9 0.58 Tech 130/1300 TRKm 954.8 TRKm 954.8 11 0 0 Tech 133 TRKm 954.8 Tech 137 TRKm 954.8 Tech 138 TRKm 954.8 Tech 141 TRKm 954.8 TRKm 961.7 11 6.9 0.63 Tech 142 TRKm 954.8 TRKm 954.6 11 0.2 0.02 ~ Tech 147 TRKm 954.8

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enc Winter The winter period included November 1979 through February 1980 and November through December 1980, when the reservoir continued to cool and was not stratified. Dissolved oxygen concentrations generally exceeded 7 ppm and water temperatures ranged from 16.5 C in November to 4 C in February (Figure f'). The Clinch River am usually was 1 C y warmer than the remainder of the reservoir. Ten fish were tagged in the main body of,the reservoir during January and February 1980, and four were tagged in the Clinch River arm in November 1980 (Table 13, Figure /7). Twenty fish tagged in a prior season also were located during the winter. Striped bass were very mobile during this season and showed no preferences for specific areas (Figure /7). The distance moved per day ranged from 0 to 17 km and averaged 2.1 km for 37 observations (Figure o Q0). Tagged fish occupied water temperatures averaging // C. Six fish tagged previously in the Tennessee River am traveled considerable distances; four moved downstream into the main body of the reservoir, and two moved down the Tennessee River am and up the Clinch River arm (Figure /7). Movement between the Clinch and Tennessee River armswasalsoobservedd4dogSprm Three fish tagged in the Clinch River am during November 1980 stayed near their tagging sites, but two fish moved 86.2 and 19.7 km downstream (Figure /9). None of the fish tagged or located in the main body of the reservoir were observed to move into the river arms during the winter. Two tagged fish were caught by fishermen in the Kingston Steam Plant's heated effluent, however, it is nct known if striped bass were attracted to the warm water temperatures or to the forage fishes located there. Schaich and Coutant (1980) observed a winter attraction to areas where groundwater sources were warmer than ambient water conditions.

Striped bass were relatively inactive during this season, and fish stayed within a few kilometers of their taggingsites..The most mean distance moved per day was 1.4 km (39 observations) and the range was 0 to 28.6 km (Figure.J8). Each of the two fastest rates of movement (28.6 and 14.4 km per day) occurred within a one day period and if these observations were deleted from consideration, the mean distance moved per day during fall would have been 0.3 km, which is equal to the mean computed for striped bass during summer. The mean water temperatures occupied by tagged fish in fall w@s5%25 C. Limited movements of fish within the Clinch River arm and the Sugarlimb site in the Tenneseee River arm suggest that these areas provided a refuge from the higher temperatures and lower dissolved oxygen concentrations found elsewhere in the reservoir. Waddle et al. (1980) observed striped bass in Cherokee Reservoir moving into refuge areas when water temperatures exceeded 21 C to 22 C. 9triped bass in the Apalachicola River were observed occupying thermal refuges offering 21 C water temperatures in the presence of 31 C surface temperatures (Crateau et al. 1980). 9

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Table 13. Distribution and Movement of Tagged Striped Bass in Watts Bar Reservoir During Winter, 1979-80 Minimum Tagging Location at Distance Distance 1 Location and Consecutive Sitings Days Moved Moved Per Day Code First Next Elapsed (km) (km) Clinch River Arm Tech 100BC CRKm 31.3 TRKm 853.1 44 86.2 1.96 Tech 112B CRkm 30.0 CRKm 32.0 20 2.0' O.10 CRKm 32.0 CRKm 24.2 1 7.8 7.80 Tech 500 CRKm 32.0 CRKm 33.4 20 .1.4 0.07 CRKm 33.4 CRKm 27.6 1 5.8 5.80 Tech 525 CRKm 30.0 CRKm 30.0 15 0 0 Main Reservior Tech 100 TRKm 874.2 Tech 102 TRKm 872.1 TRKm 872.1 ' l' O O TRKm 872.1 TRKm 906.5 7 34.4 4.91 TRKm 906.5 TRKm 906.5 7 0 0 Tech 103 TRKm 872.1 TRKm 889.1 1 17.0 17.00 Tech 101 TRKm 874.2 SQ-104 TRKm 874.1 SQ-105 TRKm 872.1 TRKm 872.1 1 0 0 SQ-106 TRKm 872.0 ~ Tech 108 TRKm 874.2 479-3-86B TRKm 874.2 479-2-76 TRKm 874.2 Tagged Previously Tech 1090C TRKm 862.4 SR-0.8 CRKm 5.3 SR-1.2 CRkm 34.7 CRKm 34.7 5 0 0 Tech 125 CRKm 24.2 CRkm 4.5 25 19.7 0.79 SR-1.0 TRKm 961.7 TRKm 961.7 TRKm 959.6 7 2.1 0.30 TRKm 959.6 TRKm 959.6 5 0 0 2.88 TRKm 959.6 CRKm 8.8 21 60.4 CRKm 8.8 CRKm 8.8 37 0 0 479-7-74B TRKm 949.2 TRKm 949.2 TRKm 942.0 7 7.2 1.03 TRKm 942.0 TRKm 946.3 12 4.0 0.33 TRKm 946.0 TRKm 807.7 30 78.3 2.61 479-4-77A TRKm 962.2 TRKm 961.1 7 1.10 0.15 TRKm 961.1 TRKm 960.8 12 0.3 0.03 TRKm 960.8 TRKm 959.5 7 1.3 0.18 TRKm 959.5 CRKm 2.4 16 53.5 3.30 CRKm 2.4 CRKm 4.0 8 1.6 0.20

(conboue)) Table 13. ./ Minimum Location at Distance Distance Tagging y Location and' Consecutiva Sitings Days Moved Moved Per Day Code First Next Elapsed (km) (km) Tagged Previous 1v 479-4-77A CRKm 4.0 CRKm 3.7 27 0.3 0.01 CRKm 3.7 CRKm 4.0 27 0.3 0.01 479-6-98 TRKm 954.8 TRKm 954.8 TRKm 944.5 7 10.3 1.47 TRKm 944.5 TRKm 906.8 7 39.1 5.59 TRKm 906.8 TRKm 854.8 15 52.0 3.47 Tech 132 TRKm 931.5 Tech 131 TRKm 954.8 Tech 140 TRKm 957.4 TRKm 957.4 TRKm 883.5 44 73.9 1.68 4 TRKm 883.5 TRKm 894.4 1 10.9 10.90 Tech 129K CRKm 16.8 Tech 148 TRKm 875.2 Tech 115B TRKm 962.5 Tech 130/130C TRKm 953.1 TRKm 953.1 TRKm 907.5 12 45.6 3.80 TRKm 907.5 TRKm 889.1 32 18.4 0.58 TRKm 889.1 TRKm 889.1 1 0 0 Tech 133 TRKm 874.7 Tech 138 TRKm 954.8 TRKm 954.8 TRKm 921.4 32 33.4 1.04 TRKm 921.4 TRKm 920.0 7 1.4 0.20 Tech 141 TRKm 854.8 Tech 142 TRKm 952.3 TRKm = Tennessee River Kilometer, CRKm = Clinch River Kilometer r --e-

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L 1 Evaluation of movements a.d distribution patterns within the main was keptred body of the reservoir during winter by an inability to relocate five 4 of the ten fish tagged there. Extreme mobility of the fish and the limitations of tracking in open water areas probably were responsible. 4 l l' i e 9 e 4 4 i J i i

Evaluation of Factors Affecting Movements Seasonal variations in the rate of fish movement were evaluated by comparing the mean distance travelled per day for movements that occurred within each season. The number of days elapsed between consecutive sitings varied widely among fish and seasons, but correlation coefficients between the rate moved and days elapsed withing each season and when all observa-tions were combined (n = 170 movements for which at least one day elapsed) -were not statistically significant. This indicated that comparisons of the mean distance moved per day were not biased by seasonal variations in the amount of time elapsed between sitings. One-way analysis of variance i,D3&') was used to determine if the mean rates of movement differed among seasons, and a Student-Newmen-Keuls test was used to identify which means differed. The original observations of distance moved per day (X) were transformed to log, (X + 1) prior to computing these tests because frequency distributions of the rates were highly skewed to the right (Figures ///, /f, /g, and@ ) and the variances differed 70-fold among seasons (Table llp.). Movement rates differed significantly among seasons (F = 8.5; P.10.01), and the geometric mean distance moved per day for Spring and Winter were similar but significantly higher than the rates for Summer and Fall (Table jlf). Transformation of the daIn did not completely equalize the variances amongseasons(TableJ![;F = 5.34; P 1 0.01), but the results of an approximate test of equality of means that required no assumption of equal variances (Sokal et al. 1969) were equivalent to those shown above. Seasonal variations in the rate of movement were probably due to an interaction between a variety of water quality factors as well as spawning

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behavior. The mean rate of movement was greatest during the cooler seasons and least during the Summer and Fall, but temperature appeared to affect movement mainly by limiting distribution rather than serving as a stimulus for movement. The distance moved per day following each siting of a tagged fish (n = 170 cases where distance was measured) was not correlated with water temperature occupied by the fish at their initial sitings. o e Mean water temperaturc$ occupied by tagged fish were 15.7 e in Spring,19.4 c QI 33,93pndQ4 in Summer, 20.5 e in Foll, and 11 c in Winter (Figure,s ). Variability in 0 temperatures occupied tended to be greatest during the Winter and Spring, but these seasons included the times when ambient conditions changed most rapidly throughout the reservoir. During Summer and Fall, the percentage of temperatures occupied by 0 0 fish within the 16 to 22 c range was 827o and 93%, respectively. The majority of sitings at temperatures above 22 c were made in the main body of the reservoir in late Summer prior to migration into cooler areas, and in the Tennessee River arm during Fall, where some fish were located outside of the apparent !nfluence of the Sugarlimb site. In the faffff case, competition for the limited space affected by the cool water source could have resulted in crowding, forcing some fish to occupy warmer ambient temperatures or move to cooler areas located elsewhere in the reservoir. Evaluation of other factors that may have affected distribution and movement were inconclusive. Correlation analyses indicated no significant effectohsize(length, weight)orageontherateofmovement,butthis was somewhat expected uecause only adult fish were tagged. Sex related effects could not be evaluated because external recognition of the sexes was possible only when the fish were in spawning condition. Ripe males were collected in the Clinch River arm (n = 4) and the Tennessee River ctro (n = 1) during June 1980. I

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lg0p represent average conditions at the 3-meter depth contourg During early spring, fish were expected to occur throughout the reservoir and move into headwater areas as water temperatures reached those associated with spawning (15 to 19 C). Most fish were collected or tracked during the later portion of this season, after they had already moved upstream. Differential rates of warming throughout the reservoir and the long period of 15 to 19 C temperatures in the Clinch River arm probably caused a prolonged and rather indistinct movement Fkare QS ). The mean to spawning areas throughout a three-month periodU( 4 water temperature occupied by striped bass during this period was 15.7 C. Schaich and Coutant (1980) reported that striped bass in Cherokee Reservoir selected a mean water temperature of 15.8 C during May. Temperatures during summer generally exceeded 22 C in all por-Thart DS ). tions of the reservoir except the Clinch River arm T 4 The water was somewhat cooler during early Summer of 1979, when fish were located i throughout the reservoir where temperatures ranged 20 to 22 C. This is the preferred range reported by Waddle et al. (1980), SchaIch I and Coutant (1980), and Coutant and Carroll (1980). Some of the fish observed in the main part of the reservoir at this time had moved down-stream from the river arms. Later in the summer of 1979, and thro 2ghout l l the summer of 1980, most fish were located in the Clinch River arm or l i Ba e e -- g e } *J ; QC. q(t E ".. ?~.$ 9 ^' =; g-A- g g _p: l M .l ,2 m a $ -,D., Q ---h-m s < c.Q.3. ~ t. Jt. /: t, ,e i n :- 1_ ~ -= -M E-VJ -C: . uw r.ac.;-%. .m,, c2 e -w Q ,..q sr %:QA Q w A .e J..M '/ ^ c, ti .e a m; "; p-j -5 ;r y y t-- rr c;/. F- :r _ p -~..: ; N _f g t P. s,.. ... :- :t. - ~ -d ^ ~, g .[

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the coolest areas within the Tennessee River arm. Striped bass remained in these areas throughout most of the fall, and no fish were located in the main body of the reservoir when temperatures were 24 to 25 C. Most of the-fish located in the Tennessee River arm during this season occupied isolated cool areas which were regarded as thermal refuges as defined by Schalch and Coutant (1980). These refuges included the tailvaters of Tellico Dam before its c,losure in September 1979 and a site near Sugarlimb at TRKm 9,54,$. Fish collected at Sugarlimb during fall 1980 O O

• had intern'al body temperatures of 21 to 22.7 c(n:/7)while water temperatures were o

o 24 to 25 c throughout the Tennessee River arm. These fish apparently were attracted to the subsurface inflow of a spring. Mean water temperature occupied by all tagged fish during summer and fall was 19.4 e and 20.5 c, respectively, which was similar to the 20.5 e temperature selected by adult striped bass in Cherokee Reservoir during summer (Schatch and Coutant 1980). All parts of the reservoir began to cool during late September of both years, and as temperatures declined below 20 C (about mid-October), striped bass began to disperse throughout the reservoir. This pattern continued into the winter, and fish were located throughout the reservoir from November through February. The mean temperature occupied by o tagged striped bass during this period was 11 c. The importance of temperature in regulating distribuIton of adult striped bass in Watts Bar Reservoir closely agrees with the findings 1980),SchaIchandCoutant (1980), Coutant and Dudloy eN(. 0777)i of Waddle et al. Carroll (1980),4and Crateau et al. (1980) for striped bass in other systems. Maintenance of cool, oxygenated conditions in the Clinch River arm during the summer provides an extensive thermal refuge without the

o adverse effects of crowding as noted by Waddle et al. (1980) and Schalch and Coutant (1980) in Cherokee Reservoir. High natural mortality of striped bass during late summer as noted by Axon (1979), McCloskey et al. (198u), Waddle et al. (1980), and Schalch and Coutant (1980) has not been observed in Watts Bar Reservoir. Future development along the Clinch River arm, including a nuclear breeder reactor and a coal gasification plant, should be evaluated to determine the impact on the thermal regime and striped bass. Movement of striped bass in Watts Bar Reservoir could best be described as nomadic, with the inundated river channel being the main route of travel. Similar behavior was observed by Stooksbury (1977) and Summerfelt and Mosier(1976) in other reservoirs. Travelling notable distances in short durations, striped bass traversed the reservoir several times annually. A preference for headwater areas exhibited by striped bass in Watts Bar Reservoir was similarly noted in Oklahoma reservoirs by Summerfelt and Moster(1976), Mensinger(1970), and Deppert(1978), but not by Stooksbury (1977) in J. Percy Priest Reservoir, Tennessee. Long-range movements of striped bass within suitable habitats, interchange of fish between the Clinch and Tennessee River arms, and general habitation of the entire reservoir during cooler periods indicate that subpopulations do not exist in the reservoir. Knowledge of general patterns of movement and restricted distribution during the su=mer and fall, however, could be used to increase angler success and control the incidental catch of striped bass by commercial fishermen. Restriction of commercial netting to the main part of the reservoir during summer and fall and to tailwater areas during the winter would probably minimize the catch of striped bass. Angling should be encouraged in tailwaters and the river arms during spring, summer, and early fall and concentrated along the submerged Tennessee River channel in the main reservoir at other times. Nearly all fish sited in the main the part of the reservoir were located near. river channel.

i Evaluation of habitat preferences and movetaents of striped bass in Watts Bar Reservoir was strongly affected by the extreme mobility of the fish, the size of the area that needed to be searched, and difficulties with capturing fish at the desired ti.nes and places. Eighteen of the fish tagged moved at least 45 km prior to their next sighting, and there were many cases in which the time elapsed between consecutive i sitings exceeded three weeks. The amount of information obtained from each tagged fish could have been improved by increasing the effort devoted to searching or by monitoring fewer fish more intensively. Restricted studies of distribution during the immediate post-spawning period (June-mid-July) and the location of thermal refuges other than the Clinch River arm and the Sugarlimb site would complement the findings of this study and improve the base of information needed to improve angling and control commercial harvest. f 9 9 --.,-,.-n,

Austin, H. 'M., and O. Custer. 1977. Seasonal migration of striped bass in long Island Sound. New York Fish and Game J.. 24(1):53-68. Axon, J. R. 1979. An evaluation of striped bass introductions in Herrington lake. Fisneries Bulletin of the Kentucky Departn. t of Fish and Wildlife Resources. Bulletin No. 63. 33 pp. Barkuloo, J. M. 1967. The Florida striped bass (Roccus saxatilis). Fla. Game and F. W. Fish Cm m., Fed. Aid Proj. No. F-lO-R. 24 pp. Bishop, D. R. 1968. Rockfish egg introduction and evaluation. Tenn. Game and Fish Ca mission. Dirigell-Johnson Proj. No. F-27-6. 5 pp. Bowles, R. R. 1975. Effects of water velocity on activity patterns of juvenile striped bass. 29th Ann. Conf. S.E. Assoc. Game and Fish Com. 142-151. Calhoun, A. J., C. A. Woodhull, and W. C. Johnson. 1950. Striped bass reproduction in the Sacramento River system in 1948. Calif. Fish and Game. 36:135-145. Chittenden, M. E., Jr. 1971. Status of the striped (Morone saxatilis) in the Delaware River. Chesapeake Sci. 12(3):131--13.6. Churchill, M. A. 1967. Effects of stream flow regulation on water quality, the TVA experience. Presented at Int. Conf. Water for Peace, Washington, D.C., May 23-31,~1967. 13 pp. Combs, D. L. 1978. Striped bass spawning in the Arkansas River tribu-tary of Keystone Reservoir, Oklahoma. Oklahoma Dept; of Wildlife Conservation, Fed. Aid Proj. No. F-29-R-10. 27 pp. Cooper, J. C., J. B. McLaren, and T. B. Hoff. 1978. Movements of Hudson River striped bass. Program and Abstracts: Advances in striped bass life history and population dyanamics. Amer. Fish. Soc., Univ. Rnode Island. Coutant, C. C. 1978. A working hypothesis to explain mortalities of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in Cherokee Reservoir. ORNL/DI-6534. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 25 pp. Coutant, C. C., and D. S. Carroll. 1980. Temperature selection by ten ultrasonic-tagged striped bass in fresh water lakes. Trans. Amer. Fish Soc. 109:195-202. Coutant, C. C., and J. M. Rochelle. 1973. Tem xrature sensitive ultra-sonic fish tag, Q-5099. ORNL/DI-4438. Oac Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 26 pp. l 0

Crateau, E. J., Moon, P., and Wooley, C. M. 1980. Apalachicola River striped bass project. Annual Progress Report. U.S. Fish atxi Wild-life Service. 58 pp. Crawshaw, L. I. 1977. Physiological and behavioral reactions of fishes to temperature change. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34:730-734. DeAngelis, D. L. 1978. A computer program to plot isotherms in bodies of water. ORNL/IM-6395. Oak Ridge National laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 50 pp. Deppert, D. L. 1978. The effect of striped bass predation and water quality on the rainbow trout fishery of the lower Illinois River. M. S. Thesis, Univ. of Oklahoma. 103 pp. Dudley, R. C., A. W. Mullis, and J. W. Terrell. 1977. Movements of adult striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in the Savannah River, Georgia. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 106(4):314-322. Erickson, K. E., J. Harper, G. C. Mensinger, and D. Hicks. 1971. Status and artificial reproduction of striped bass from Keystone Reservoir, Oklahoma. 25th Ann. Conf. S.E. Assoc. Game and Fish Ca m. 513-522. Gift, J. J. 1970. Responses of some estuarine fishes to increasing thermal gradients. Ph. D. Dissertation. Rutgers Univ., New Bruns-wick, New Jersey. 154 pp. Hart, G., and R. C. Sumerfelt. 1973. Homing behavior of flathead cat-fish (Pvlodictus olivaris), tagged with ultrasonic transmitters. Proc. 27th Ann. Conf. S.E. Assoc. Game and Fish Comissioners, p. 520-23. Hart, L. G., and R. C. Sumerfelt. 1975. Surgical procedures for implant-ing ultrasonic transmitters into flathead catfish (Pylodictus olivaris). Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 104(1):56-59. Heitman, J. F. and M. J. Vad.DenAvyle. 1979. Species composition, catch rates, and impact of a comercial net fishery on striped bass in Watts Bar and Chickamauga Reservoirs, Tennessee. Proc. 32nd Ann. Conf. S.E. Fish and Wildlife Agencies, 32:576-587. Higginbotham, B. 1979. Growth, food habits, maturation, and distribution of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in Watts Bar Reservoir, Tennessee. M.S. Thesis, Tennessee Technological Univ., Cookeville. 82 pp. Higginbotham, B. 1980. Personal cmmunication. Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Cm mission. Hogue, J. J., Robert Wallus, and L. K. Kay. 1977. Natural reproduction by striped bass in Kentucky and Barkley Reservoirs, Tennessee. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 52(2):77-79. ~ 1

9 Klyashtorin, L. B., and A. A. Yarzhcmbek. 1975. Sme aspects of the phy(6):985-989.siology of the striped bass (>brone saxatilis). J. Icthyology 15 Koo, T. S. Y., ard J. S. Wilson. 1972. Sonic tracking of striped bass in the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 101:453-462. Kornegay, J. W., and E. T. Humphries. 1976. Spawning of the striped bass in the Tar River, North Carolina. Proc. Annu. Conf. S.E. Assoc. Game and Fish Com. 29:317-3D, Kruger, R. L., and R. W. Brocksen. 1978. Respiratory metabolism of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in relation to temperature. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 31:55-66. McCloskey, K., and V. Stevens. 1980. Striped bass investigations. Kan-sas Fish and Game Comission. Dingell-Johnson Proj. No. F-15-R. 74 pp. bbares, G. T., and J. R. McDearman. 1975. Ultrasonic fish tagging system development, January 1, 1974 - June 30, 1975, Proj. No. 2-219-R-1 Tenn. Technological Univ., Cookeville. 11 pp. Meldrim, J. W., and J. J. Gift. 1971. Temperature preference, avoidance and shock experiments with estuarine fishes. Ichthyological Asso-ciates Bull. No. 7. 76 pp. Mesinger, G. C. 1970. Observations on the striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in Keystone Reservoir, Oklahma. Proc. Amu. Conf. S.E. Assoc. Game and Fish Com. 11:253-264. Merriman, D. J. 1941. Studies on the striped bass of the Atlantic Coast. U.S. Fish Wildlife Serv. Fish Bull. 50. 77 pp. l Neill, W. H. 1979. Mechanisms of fish distribution in heterothermal l enviroments. Amer. Zool. 19:305-317. i Nichols, P. R., and R. V. Miller. 1967. Seasonal movements of striped bass (Rcccus saxatilis), (Walbaum), tagged and released in the Poto-mac River, Maryland 1959-61. Chesapeake Sci. 8(2):102-124. Nie, N. H., C. H. Hull, J. G. Jenkins, K. Steinbrenner, and D. H. Bent. 1975. Statistical package for the Social Sciences. McGraw Hill Book Cmpany. 675 pp. Orsi, J. 1971. 'Ihe 1965-1967 migrations of the Sacramento-San Joaquin estuary striped bass populaticn. Calif. Fish and Came 57(4):257-267. Pearson, J. C. 1938. 'Ihe life history of the striped bass, or rockfish c I (Roccus saxatilis). U.S. Bur. Fish. Bull. 49:825-851.

r i e Polgar, T. T., J. A. Mihursky, and W. R. Boynton. 1978. Relation between spawning stock characteristics, environmental influences, and spawning success of striped bass in the Potomac estuary. Program and Abstracts: Advances in striped bass life history and population dynamics. Amer. Fish. Soc., Univ. Rhode Island. Radovich, J. 1963. Effect of ocean temperature on the seawarti move-ments of striped bass (Roccus saxatilis) on the Pacific coast. Calif. Fish and Game 49(3):191-206. Raney, E. C. 1952. The life history of the striped bass (Roccus saxa-tilis) Bull. Bingham Oceangr. Coll. 14(1):5-97. Rathjen, W. F., and L. C. Miller. 1957. As of the striped bass (Roccus saxatilis) pects of the early life history in the Hudson River. N. Y. Fish and Game 4:43-60. Reynolds, W. W. 1977. Temperature as a proximate factor in orientation behavior. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34(5):734-739. Richards, C. E. 1978. Hypothetical population structure of northwestern Atlantic coast striped bass stocks. Program and Abstracts: Advances in striped bass life history and population dynamics. Amer. Fish. Soc., Univ. Rhode Island. Schaich, B. A., and C. C. Coutant. 1980. A biotelemetry study of spring-and sunmer habitat selection by striped bass in Cherolee Reservoir, Tennessee, 1978. ORNL/IM-7127. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 220 pp. Scofield, N. B., and H. C. Bryant. 1926. The striped bass in California. Calif. Fish and Game 12(2):55-74. Scofield, E. C. 1931. The striped bass of California (Roccus lineatus). Calif. Div. Fish and Game, Fish Bull. No. 29:1-82. Scruggs, G. D., Jr. 1955. Reproduction of resident striped bass in Santee-Cooper Reservoir, South Carolina. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 85:144-159. Scruggs, G. D., Jr., and J. C. Fuller, Jr. 1955. Indications of a fresh-water population of striped bass, (Roccus saxatilis) (Walbaum), in Santee-Cooper Reservoir, South Carolina. Proc. Annu. Conf. S.E. Assoc. Came and Fish Com. 1954:64-70. Sokal, R. R., and F. J. Rohlf. 1969. Biometry. W. H. Freeman arri Cortpany, San Francisco, Calif. 776 pp. Stasko, A. B., and D. G. Pincock. 1977. Review of underwater biotele-metry, with emphasis on ultrasonic techniques. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34:1261-1285. l

c. n Stcoksbury, S. W. 1977. A biotelemetry study of the striped bass, ~ (bbrone saxatilis), (Walbaum), in J. Percy Priest Reservoir, Tennessee. M. S. 'Ihesis, Tennessee Tech. Univ., Cookeville. 44 pp. Sunmerfelt, R. C., and D. bbsier. 1976. Evaluation of ultrasonic tele-metry to track striped bass to their spawning grounds. Final Report, Dingell-Johnson Project F-29-R, Segments 5, 6, and 7. Oklahoma Dept. of Wildlife Conservation. 101 pp. Tennessee Valley Authority. 1965. Tennessee Valley Authority. 1967. Quality of water in Watts Bar Reser-voir, Tennessee. 67 pp. Trent, W. L., and W. W. Hassler. 1968. Gill net selection, migration, size and age comoosition, sex ratio, harvest effeciency, and manage-ment of striped bass in the Roancie River, North Carolina. Chesapeake Sci. 9(4):217-232. Waddle, H. R., C. C. Coutant, and J. L. Wilson. 1980. Sumer habitat selection by' striped bass, Morone saxatilis, in Cherokee Reservrir, Tennessee, 1977. Oak Ridge National laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. 195 pp. Westin, D. T., and B. A. Rogers. 1978. Synopsis of biological data on the striped bass (bbrone saxatilis) (Walbaum) 1792. Marine Tech-nical Report No. 67, Univ. Rhode Island. 154 pp. Winter, J. D. 1976. Movements and behavior of largemouth bass (Microp-terus salmoides) and Steelhead (Salmo gairdneri) determined by radio telemetry. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota. Winter, J. D., V. B. Kuechle, D. B. Siniff, and J. R. Tester. 1978. Equipment and methods for radio tracking freshwater fish. Miscella-neous Report No. 152, University of Minnesota. 18 pp. I e

• ~

ep s STRIPED BASS AND THE MANAGEMENT OF C00 lit!G LAKES In Press', Proceedings of the Third Conference on Waste Heat Management and Utilization,11-13 Charles C. Coutant liay 1981, S. S. Lee and S. Sengupta (eds.), Environmental Sciences Division Hemisphere Publ. Corp., Washington, D.C. Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 A ABSTRACT-- Striped bass, Morone saxatilis, is being introduced to freshwater reser-voirs, some of which are used for power plant cooling. The thermal niche of this fish species changes with age and greatly influences its success. Juve-niles, which prefer and grow optimally near 24 to 26*C (7S-80*F), may thrive in cooling lakes. However, adults, which seek temperatures near 20*C (68'F) and exhibit poor growth and survival above 22*C (72*F), may not survive summer conditions. Striped bass management in cooling lakes should be guided by these' thermal requirements. 1: INTRODUCTION Striped bass is an anadromous fish species native to the east coast of North America that is now being introduced into freshwater reservoirs (for synopses of the species, see [1] and [2]) and highly successful sport fisher-ies have often developed. Although individuals in freshwater have attained sizes of 23 kg (50 lbs) or more, there have been seasonal die-offs of large fish and poor growth and condition of adults at some sites, which have stimu-lated careful examination of the species' environmental requirements. Striped bass managenent already interacts with power generation. Some reservoirs being stocked with striped bass are used for once-through power plant cooling. Juveniles are being introduced into run-of-river or storage reservoirs already used for cooling, and some closed-cycle cooling lakes have been suggested as sites for striped bass stocking. The compatibility of striped bass with the thermal regimes of cooling lakes is explored in this paper, in order that appropriate fishery management plans can be implemented. 2: THE SPECIES' THERMAL HICHE Striped bass appear to have a changing thermal niche with age, a fact that greatly influences their success in freshwa ter environments [3]. A " thermal niche" may be defined broadly as the temperature selected in a thernal gradient after many hours of exposure and the temperature at which groath rate is maximum on unrestricted food ration. These behavioral and physiological cri teria generally coincide for fish species that have been studied extensively [4]. Water masces of appropriate temperature constitute

an ecological " resource" for a species, in the context of current ecological niche theory [5]. Species are generally most successful in environments where their ecological niche, in this case the suitable temperature range, is amply available. The thermal niche of a developing striped bass begins near the spawning temperature. It rises rapidly to high temperatures for juvenile growth, then gradually declines as fish mature (Fi g. 1 ). Spawning generally takes place near 18'C (65"F), and available evidence indicates optimal survival and growth of embryos and larvae near this temperature [1,2]. Juveniles, however, grow optimally in and select much higher temperatures -- near 24 to 26*C [6,7]. These physiological and behavioral data, largely from laboratory sttidies, match the observed spring / summer movement of juveniles of east coast stocks to,._ shallow nursery areas in their native estuaries. Laboratory temperature selection data suggest that preferred temperatures decline as the juveniles ,.. grow [7]. Field studies with sonic-tagged subadults in a small Tennessee lake " i' ORNL-DWG 80-7357R F C al [ JUVENILE TEMPERATURE SELECTION 26 - h %,M m.g 9 e ~ 75 - 24 - JUVENILE GROWTH

q q%

22 - Ad..D. iY...T...E_M. E..E...N..h...f. 0. N...E..~~..s.E..,i^E.E...f..iD. N w!::e:.:.: Nhigi. 20 - fiiL. ~ k!5if ;.: 65 - Scli!.. :.: i8 - w 16 - 60 - ( l l l I I I I i4 - O i 2 3 4 5 6 kg i I l i i i l l i I i l i i i 0 2 4 6 8 10 42 14 lbs FISH WEIGHT Figure 1. Changing thermal niche with size in striped bass. A-E: Optimal thermal range for growth of embryo, larval and early juvenile stages [1];O A: Temperatures selected by juveniles in laboratory thermal gradients in tuo studies [7,24]; o : Optimal growth temperature for well-fed juveniles in laboratory experiments [6]; Shaded: Zone of average temperatures occupied by 40 adults in summer telemetry studies [8,9,10]. Adapted from [3].

4 showed temperature selection near 22*C (Fig. 2). Adults in Tennessee reser-

voirs, similarly tagged with temperature-sensing transmitters, generally selected even cooler, temperatures 18-20*C [9,10].

The requirement of adults for cool, oxygenated waters in summer limited the habitable volume of Cherokee Reservoir, Tennessee, to several small thermal refuges in submerged spring stream channels. The restricted summer habitat appears to have con-tributed to massive die-offs of adults larger than 4-5 kg (8-10 lbs). In 'a study just concluded on Watts Bar Rerservoir, Tennessee, the healthy striped bass population exhibited marked seasonal movements related to water tempera-ture [11 ]. They alternated between autumn-winter-spring habitation of the entire reservoir [ temperatures <25*C (77*F)] and summer restriction to two major cool tributaries (Clinch and Little Tennessee Rivers) or a small spring. This pattern of a size (or age-) dependent thermal niche for striped bass,.. particularly the intolerance of large fish to warm water, satisfactorily ex-plains many " peculiar" facets of striped bass behavior noted in the scientific literature and in fish management reports.- For example, adults have been ob-served to move upstream toward cool dam thilwaters after spawning rather than move downstream to the ocean when coastal temperatures exceed,26 C [12]. Dam tailwaters seem to attract adults in summer long after the spawning run is over [13]. Summer distribution of adults in Percy Priest Reservoir, Tennessee, consisted of many small "home ranges" that may have been springs [14]. Late summer die-offs are common, but include only large fish [e.g., 15, 16]. In Florida, striped bass grow well as juveniles, but large fish are rarely found [17]. Summer temperatures in most reservoirs across the U.S. are well within the thermal niche range of juveniles, and they thrive in surface waters and coves [e.g.,18]. CRNL-Od4 73-18F8 2oy '\\22\\25 / 'N 28 " \\ 29 ll l l 2 e\\ \\ \\ \\ I I I I v "Jl S AQ \\ 4 \\

• )'s N.

l l ^- l #^ 'N " 's 'ag'NJ'3,,,,eJj l i S 6 N N l s s N N I K l 1 a \\ ' #^%.J l s i l q '-J \\to 'N,, is i (b) g APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST s PTEMBER ' OCTOBER NOVEMBER Figure 2. Average tempera tures (shown on isotherms) occupied by subadult striped bass [940-2815 g (2-6 lbs)] plotted at the depths where temperatures occurred between April and October 1975 in Lambert Quarry Lake, Tennessee. Isothermal conditions of the epilianion in 1 ate October prevented designating discrete depths (zones that could have been occupied are shown by vertical bars). From [8].

&..c~- amp t*& @.t :~L 4_ r &..; w.y : W ~?.%g, .ywy wap. ?W $.T&&:s.. $q?h.., ptpb 'WY. .f ~ .: r &. 4.... 4 y &+. eS M). Q u n,. .a e f, ~ ,. Y.h l7G; M. p., c... ~.6%7^ $ yp*p. m:. >: ~?goL. + e .T 3:^ ACCESSORYiFACTORS9.W M.cf C G : ~ Q Wl. M w-. 7 A QQ& ff.$Q &.L '$Q y.j Q.- 5 l%.; 44-6

M g.g

.[Jp q;A3.E ...M 3.1... Dissolved.:0xygenP.. u. uw w -A . w:vt.- .g' ?: Rtj@(Ny M.WD.O5Wimpediment".to.. full $ utilization @gof; thema suitablef~fo&ykl1 ?.. - 'n. temperatures in@JW A: major zones r adults intsummersis.(availabilitytof dissolvedt oxygen. Cool R hypolimniaxof31' kes are:often. accompanied by low oxygen. levels. Thiswasthew2%p.. a case in.Chdfok'ee ReservoiH[9;10]iwhere fish seemed to occupy dissolved oxygen M[2 1evels onlysas41ow sasi223lmg/LJ in' order to -attain the desired temperatures..F e Oxygen : levels;.below thati. point.'inithe main r'eservoir -were avoided, and fish UNN . sought refugelin, cool springs. and ;s'pring stre'ams. Because we observed:lo'ss of 7 9 ' weight, hi'ghfincidence.of, bacterial; skin infection, and continuous mortalities M+- !in the Cherokee fish,'we doubt that' the 2 mg/Ll. level of dissolved oxygen could 7W'. a be consijered Esatisfactory L for., ai healthy population. A " squeeze" between M. necessary6 thermal habitat <and available oxygen supplies has been shown to L'?,. s.r limit avaiTable. enviro,nment. for. other cool-water species, e.g., the - cisco3. ' _. (Coregonusiartedii). [19]. ".. E-W ,.g.. ~. < -. ba...g. v.c. * : .w ~ Thetimportance fof?dissolvedToxygen to suitable thermal habitat for adult'.'. Mstriped.bassgini summer:. points ;torthe trophic state of the water as a critical, 4 - factor forhthis species. In -eutrophic lakes. high nutrient levels stimulate. ' i 1 high organic 9 matter production (usually phytoplankton) which is followed by ~ Oxygen-d,epleting decomposition in deep (cool) water layers. The cool habitat is then poorly. suited.for,, adults. In nutrient poor conditions (oligotrophic). there isilittle organic 1 matter to decompose, and the cool, deep strata retain enough oxygen in summer to support the adult striped bass at suitable tempera-tures. Eutrophic lakes can thus be seen as high risk situations for striped bass populations, if a fishery for large sized fish is the objective. 3.2. Food.' ~ .. < - l... Cl early j food must be available if fish are to grow and survive. The interactions between a fish's need to seek food and its selection of tempera-ture have been extensively debated with little clear resolution of guiding principles.4The bioenergetic demands' for food intake would seem to dictate some flexibility in choice of themal habitat if the fish is to be success-ful. Some-fish. species show this flexibility in the form of feeding excur-sions outside. the normal niche breadth, but these seem to occur primarily on the coollside of the themal niche [ Lack of flexibility on the warm side may be relai.ed to the physiological g0]. causes of rapidly diminishing growth rates above thefthemal optimum (see [6]). Even on the cool side, the literature shows some cases of extreme inflexability, e.g., starved bullheads in the ~ Connecticut. Yankee discharge canal [21] that apparentaly refused to enter cool e water where food was available. Adult striped bass seem to avoid temperatures below about 18.5*C (65*F)~ [21], but this has not been examined carefully in _. relation to food availability.

?

- :l -~ Adult' striped bass studied in themal refuges in Cherokee Reservoir in-summer [9,10] appeared to be starving amidst plenty, a circumstance which seems inexplicable except when viewed in the context of themal niche theory. Fish, collected by electroshocking, from the cool density underflow of Mossy Creek as it entered the reservoir (Fig. 3) exhibited empty stomachs' and greatly extended, black-green gall bladders (a symptom of unused digestive capabili ty ). Yet there was abundant food in the fom of young gizzard shad, (Dorosoma cepedianum) in the warm layers above them at. 29-32*C (84-90*F). m

• ~s.

e -.l r.o a

f ORNL-OWG81-9364 STREAM TEMPERATURE SUMMER oAYTIME 17-18'C TEMPERATURE HIGH WATER LEVEL (SUMMER) PROFILE ggO pg E ^+y-sTRIPEo e Low-WATER [ @ x BASS \\ l GRAo WATERFALLS m %,". (1-2 m) i " **$MIXIN '~ ~M w WATER LEVEL 20 M M " (WINTER) TEMPERATUF:E (*C) Figure 3. Diagrammatic longitudinal section through Mossy Creek

Cove, Cherokee Reservoir, Tennessee, showing density underflow of cool water that constituted a thermal refuge for adult striped bass.

Potential prey schooled in warm layers above, but were not uti-lized. From ' observations in [9i,10]. Bait fish lowered by anglers into the cool underflow invariably caught adult striped bass but the adult bass would not penetrate th.e sharp thermal gradient to feed on natural schools of prey. From this evidence we conclude that the upper thermal niche boundary for striped bass is extremely inflexible. 4: MAilAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS The implications of these observations for cooling lakes seem clear. In general, lakes with summer temperatures near 24-26*C uill provide optimal thermal conditions for growth of juveniles if food resources are available. These temperatures will be increasingly unsuitable as the fish grow, however, and the young fish must move elsewhere for cooler water. Lakes without tem-peratures below about 22*C in well-oxygenated zones will be unsuitable for adult striped bass larger than about 5 kg. Cooling reservoirs that can be designed to maintain both warm habitats for juveniles and cool habitats for adults may be successfully managed for striped bass fisheries. Watts Bar Reservoir which we recently studied [11], cools TVA's Kingston Steam Plant, a 1600-MW coal-fired station, yet has a thriving population of large [ greater than 14 kg [30 lbs)] healthy striped bass. The principal reason for success appears to be the combination of both extensive warm shallows in coves for juveniles and cool water (<22*C) from the Clinch River tributary (which is fed by a hypolimnetic discharge from upstream Morris Dam) for adults. Even in summer, the warm thermal plume overrides cool water which allows unobstructed passage by adults. In winter, the thermal plume serves as an attractant for mid-sized striped bass and sup-ports a popular sports fishery. The loading factor is also low for this main-stem Tennessee River reservoir. Cherokee Reservoir on the other hand, which receives waste heat from TVA's John Sevier Steam Plant, is eutrophic and has only small thermal refuges [9,10]. Its striped bass population has been plagued by summer mortalities since 1972 when stocked juveniles first reached adult size, and large fish are rare. Some reduction of suitable adult habitat in summer can actually aid a sports fi shery. Thermal refuges serve the necessary function of bringing anglers and fish together. The concentrated fish beccme a readily harvestable remurce, provided the ratio of population size to available thermal refuge

St) Q ; jf,$l.I:fih@ y m2%M%~~.n y.% 4hNyb N MM[MA2. 'N' ih5I .Q. J..y, M Ml y y: %.y &r > y ,? p y M. w, g. % " 5: f f J :y;", m n _ :.w *., . ~v .x .g. v Q Szy.y volume is niit so high as,to induce ~, detrimental. crowding causing ~ starvation and j*Ty 4 u. ' disease,;.asOseen :in Cherokee' Reservoir. Wherever summer themal habitat is y ' ' extensive relative to inumbersiof adult fish, the angler h'arvest-has: been -low - l- .despite a' heal. thy (population..y For:themale refuges to markedly aid a fishery, Q:.:- \\the. population.hasitoge; established. long enough.for anglers to locate the. ;;q _ refuge sitesM(trackingdstudies 'using. ultrasonic 1or radiotelemetry.[e.g., ?~F 9,10,ll ]- canj ef fectiv 5 ) . quantitativengoal; for*,ely speed this process ? Fishery managers thus have a _g establishing stccking rates for each lake based on the 26 size of available tadult themal. refuges. They should strive for sufficient 3Fy s adult numbersy tosinduce.(some' concentration in thermal refuges without undue 5JM c rowding. ;Thef a;.pearance' of. adult mortalities should signal that they. have :.an

exceeded theglake's summer carrying capacity.

The commonly-held belief that

• 2.7 j uvenile. grdwth ' rates'will c be the limiting factor for. successful stockingl%

srates is probably notsvalid for striped bass. MS W EI?MM,sTW f 2 'Small Meavily; laaed cooling lakes may serve A' 'excelleninursery areas D. -.~ for rapid rearing. of juveniles. Current practice for striped bass propagation includes-spawning-and egg and larval development in controlled hatchery tanks in April and?May, followed byirearing to stockable size in heavily fertilized

outdoor pondsh[KL Cottrell,.J' Eagle Bend Fish Hatchery, Clinton,. Tennessee,.

pers. comm2 F Survival 'after stocking appe.ars to be highest with the largest juveniles, y]et many rearing ponds do not attain optimal growth temperatures of ~ 24-26*C until. mid-summer. Waste heat from power generation may thus be used productivelyi.,in some cooling lakes for enhanced production of large juveniles . for - stocking} el sewhere.. Thei size attainable. at these warm temperatures is ~ still unclear, but the average thermal niche appears to have shifted downward to near 22*C by the time the fish have reached about 1 kg (2 lbs) [8]. Pro-ducti~on of commercially-marketable striped bass in cooling lakes [22] may be precluded unless the downward shift in thermal niche can be matched by the onset of autumn cooling. In conclusion, the fishery manager who wishes to use power station cooling lakes for striped bass fisheries needs to carefully answer questions about the annual thermal structure of the water body. Will themal additions eliminate all water below about 22*C in summer and thus prevent survival and growth of adults? Will overall aquatic productivity be so high that suffi-ciently cool:. zones will be deoxygenated? Can thermal refuges for adults be established 'during critical periods if they are not already available (for exampl e, by 9 diverting spring streams or by pumping cool groundwater)? Can striped bass stocking rates be established so that thermal refuges allow for moderate concentration of adults bui." are not overtaxed by an expanding group of rapidly-growing juveniles? Can cool-water prey also. be stocked which would provide food; within the thermal refuges in summer? Will there be extensive areas of shorelines and coves where temperatures will be in the 24-26*C range for maximum growth rate of juveniles? Only by matching the cooling lair to the themal niche requirements of the fish species can one expect to develop successful populations. o y ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was sponsored by the Office of Health and Environmental Research, U. S '. Department of Energy under contract W-7405-eng-26 with Union Carbide Corporation. I thank J. E. Breck and S. W. Christensen for critical review of the manuscript. Publication No.

1760, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak, Ridge-National Laboratory.

E 1 f

a -. ~

• -A REFERENCES j.

L -a 1. D. T. Westin and B. A. Rogers; Synopsis of Biological' Data on the Striped ~ Bass, Morone saxatili: (Walbaum) 1792. Marine Tech. _Rept. 67, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island,1978. 2. E. M.

Setzler, W.

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V. 'iWood,i H. H.

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~ Biological Data on Striped Bass, Morone'saxatilis (Walbaum),10AA Tech. Rept. NMFS Circ. 433, FAO Synopsis No. 121, '~ilational ' Marine Fisherias Service, Washington, D.C.,1980. 3. C. C. Coutant, Environmental Quality fo@ Striped ' Bass, in -1. C16pper (ed.) Marine Recreational Fisheries _5,~ 179-187,. Spo'et Fishing Institute, Washington, D.C. pp. ~ 4. R. W. McCauley and J. M. NssElman, The Final " referendum as an Index'of' the Temperature for Optimum Growth ~ in Fish, European Inland Fisheries Advisory Comm. Symp. 80/E76,1980. j ~ i ~ 5. J. J. Magnuson, L. B. Crowder and P.

• A. Medvick, Temperature as an Ecolog '

ical Resource, Am. 2001., vol. (19, pp. 331-343,1979. I '6. D. K. Cox and C. C. Coutant, Crowth Dynamics of. Juvenile Striped Bass as Functions of Temperature and Ration, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., vol.

110, pp. 226-238,1981.

7. C. C. Coutant, K. Zachmann, D K. Cox, and B. Pearman, Temperature Selec-j tion by Juvenile Striped Bsss-in Laboratory and Field, Oak Ridge National. Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, in preparation. ~_ -t 8. C. C. Coutant and D. S. Carroll, Temperatures 0ccupied by Ten Ultrasoni'c- ~ Tagged Striped Bass in Freshwater Lakes, Trans: Am. Fish. Soc.,. vol. 109, pp.195-202,1980. ' "7 - j ' 9. H. R. Waddle, C. C. Coutant, and J. L. Wilson, Summer Habitat Selection by~ Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis, in Cherokee Reservoir,~~ Tennessee,

1977, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Rept. ORNL/TM-6927, Oak Ridge,' Ten'nessee,1980.

~ 10. B. A. Schaich and C. C. Coutant, A Biotelemetry Study of Spring and Summer Habitat Selection by Striped Bass in Cherokee Reservoir, Tennessee, 1978, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Rept. ORNL/TM-7127, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1980. 11. T. E. Cheek, M. J. Van den Avyle, and C. -C. Coutant; Distribution and Movements of Adult Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis, in Watts Bar Reservoir, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, in preparation. ~ 12. R. G. Dudley, A. W. Mullis, and J. W. Terrell, Movements of Adult Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis) in the Savannah River, Georgia, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., vol.106, pp. 314-322,1977. 13. D. L. Deppert, The Effect of Striped Dass Predation and Water Quality on the Rainbow Trout Fishery of the Lower Illinois River, M.S. thesis, University o f Oklahoma, Norman, Okl ahoma,1978. _.__l

14. S. W. Stookesbury, A Biotelemetry Study of the Striped Bass, florone saxatilis (Walbaum), in J. Percy Priest Reservoir, Tennessee, Tennessee Wildli fe Resources Agency Tech. Rept. flo. 77-58, flashville, Tennessee,1978. 15. J. R. Axon, An Evaluation of Striped Bass Introductions in Herrington

Lake, Kentucky Dept.

Fish and Wildlife Resources Fisheries Bull. 63, Frankfort, Kentucky,1979. 16. V,. ficClosky, Striped Bass Investigations, Report for the Period 5 f4 arch 1976 to 29 February 1980, Kansas Fish and Game Commission, Topeka, Kansas, 1 980. 17. F. Ware, Investigations of Striped Bass and florone Hybrids, Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission D-J Project, F-32 Final Report, Tallahassee, Fl orida,1978. 18. ii. J. Van den Avyle and B. J. Higginbptham, Growth, Survival, and Distri-bution of Striped Bass Stocked into Watts Bar Reservoir, Tennessee, Proc. Annu. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Fish and Wild 1. Agencies, vol. 33, pp. 361-370,1980. 19. P. J. Colby and L. T. Brooke, Cisco (Coregonus artedii) liortalities in a Southern flichigan lake, July 1968, Limnol. Oceanog., Vol. 14, pp. 958-960, 1969. 20. G. Kromrey, Dist,'ibution and Feeding of Pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) and Black Crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) in a Power Plant Cooling Lake, fl.S. thesis, University of Wisconsin, fiadison, Wisconsin,1976. 21. D. flerriman and L. fl. Thorpe, The Connecticut River Ecological Study, Am. Fish. Soc. lionogr. 110. 1, Bethesda, flaryland,1976. 22. J. Radovich, Effect of Ocean Temperature on the Seaward flovements of Striped Bass, Roccus saxatilis, on the Pacific Coast, Calif. Fish Game, vol. 49, pp.19T-207,1963. 23. L. J. Wawronowicz and W. ii. Lewis, Evaluation of the Striped Bass as a Pond-Reared Food Fish, Prog. Fish-Cult., vol. 41, pp.138-139,1979. 24. J. W. tieldrin and J. J. Gif t, Temperature Preference, Avoidance and Shock Experiments with Estuarine

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7, fliddletown, Delaware,1971.}}