ML20024B414

Trip Rept of 830502-04 Visit to Fort Mitchell,Ky to Attend Ninth Annual EPA Research Symposium on Land Disposal, Incineration & Treatment of Hazardous Wastes

ML20024B414
Person / Time
Issue date:	06/22/1983
From:	Pennifill R NRC OFFICE OF NUCLEAR MATERIAL SAFETY & SAFEGUARDS (NMSS)
To:	Martin D NRC OFFICE OF NUCLEAR MATERIAL SAFETY & SAFEGUARDS (NMSS)
References
REF-WM-3 NUDOCS 8307080674
Download: ML20024B414 (17)

Text

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WW3 Distribution l3UN 2 2198g nMSS r/f 406.3/ RAP /83/6/21 EE55/f M f WLL r/f REBrowning WM: 406.3 RAPenni fill LBHigginbotham EFHawkins PLohaus PDR MEMORANDUM FOR: Dan E. Martin, Section Leader Low-Level Waste Licensing Branch

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Division of Waste Management FROM:

Roger A. Pennifill Low-Level Waste Licensing Branch Division of Waste Management

SUBJECT:

TRIP REPORT - EPA RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM On May 2-4, 1983 I attended the Ninth Annual Research Symposium; Land Disposal, Incineration and Treatment of Hazardous Waste in Fort Mitchell, Kentucky. A copy of the abstracts of the papers are attached. Several of the papers which were presented are applicable to our work in low-level waste or uranium mill disposal facilities.

Wayne Pettyjohn with Oklahoma State University is preparing a document on ground-water models, particularly those which can be loaded on hand calculators or desk top computers. Some of these could be useful in our program.

No definite date of publication has been decided on yet.

Last year, researchers from Texas A&M presented a paper on the influence of organic fluids on clay liners.

Increases of approximately 2 orders of magnitude on the permeability were recorded. This year, diluted organic fluids were used and in some cases, no change in the permeability was recorded. This indicates that in some cases organic liquids will not have the deleterious effects previous noted, but that any organic liquids to be disposed of in a waste impoundment should be checked for compatability with the soils in the impoundment.

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DATE :83/06/21 8307080674 830622 PDR WASTE WM-3 PDR E

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_2-Several papers relating to synthetic membranes and leachate collection systems were presented.

I have been in contact with the EPA project manager of these contracts and we should receive copies of the reports when they are completed.

In addition, our contractor on synthetic liners, PNL, is in contact with several of 6.PA's contractors to help minimize duplication of effort.

A large amount of information on remedial action alternatives and costs has been made available by EPA contractors. Although much of this information is not applicable to radioactive wastes, some of the information could be helpful on specific problems, particularly if someone proposes an exotic technology.

In those cases, it would probably be more convenient to contact EPA on their experience than to acquire all the papers on EPA's remedial action studies.

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permit writers for evaluating facility designs and po ential performance of new waste representstive crets around the United States and has default parameter values for sim.

J disposal facilities. These documents could also be used for (a) guidance by owners /

ulations of most landfill designs. The theoretical development of the IIELP model and 4

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operators of interim status !acilities, especia!!y for closure and post-closure cover con-its app!! cation 10 cvaluallon of probable landfill performance is discussed.

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!deration, and (b) assistance to the owner / operator and permit official in Identifying and evaluating the technologies which can be used to control potential adverse effects GEOTECHNICAL QUALITY ASSUflANCE OF CONSTRUCTION OF on human health and the environment and in complying with the pertinent regulations.

DISPOSAL FACILITIES j

A Technical Resource Document

SUMMARY

OF THE FIRST YEAR OF OPERATION Ovin J. Dantin USAE Waterways Experiment Station t

Louisiana State University Vicksburg, Mississippi p

Baton Rouge, Louisiana This paper summarizes the techn. cal resource document. The need for a quality 3

The llazardous Waste Research Center, located at Louisiana State University

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opment Act of 1978, established institutional centers to focus on long-term, fundamen-

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sign: construction and operations; and quality assurance; all consolidated with him.

The organizational structure and the program areas of the llazardous

• 1aste Re-T he geotechnical parameters which should be tested, observed and documented during

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.C scarch Center are discussed, and the first year's accomplishments are highlighted. The basic tescarch focused on incineration, alternate methods of treatment / destruction, and ti ns f daign propernes tests and the applicabihty of indes propenies tests are dis-j

• ! * "* "* "'" E chemical / materials interaction and stabilization A summary of each research project is

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given. The current status of each project is also discussed.

to suppo a hazardous waste disposal facility quality assurance program is presented.

Ir. addition to the basic research efforts of the Isazardous Waste Research Cen-Accepted and commonly used methods for lesting water content, umty weight, specific l

ter, two adjunct programs currently being pursued are discussed. A technology transfer grav ty, grain-size distribution, liquid limit, plastic limit, shrinkage limit, cohesive soil c

program is being developed to co nmunicate to industry, governmental agencies, acade-

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mia and the public the advances being made through research and also to make avail.

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established to work with industry to define and serve the immediate problem needs to unique permittee f a hazardous waste disposal f acility,is presented. Conuderations for

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such a quality assurance program are also addressed.

l This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect 4l A MODEL FOR HYDROL GlC EVALUATION OF LANDFILL PERFORMANCE EPA policy.

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Paut/L Schroeder SECONDARY EMISSIONS FROM HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL

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LAGOONS: FIELD MEASUREMENTS USAE Waterways Experiment Station Charles Springer. louis J. Thibodeau>r, Phi!!ip D. lunney ard Rebecca S. Parker i

Vicksburg, Missippi

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and Fayettevil!e. Arkansas a

MichaelD. Smolen Stephen C. James

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Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia U.S. Environmental Protection Agency I

Cincinnati, Ohio The IIELP model is an interactive computer-based model designed for use by nonprogrammers to evaluate the probable hydrologic performance of esisting or pro-posed landfill designs. The snodel simulates runoff, infiltration, evarstranspiration, ace inm un&nenu at a s e mte ed fm wane @ sal wuc anade h Me conunuaen lateral subsurface flow, and percolation using accepted theoretical relationships and E"

1. technique. Flus values deduced frori thne measurements mere compared to water routing techniques. Ouiputs from the modelinclufe all aspects of the h>Jrologic th se calculated by the Cohen, Cocchio and Mackay model and were found to be m 1.

Cycle, with particular emphasis on teachate produeCo and percolation losses. The general agreement, although a number of inconsistencies were obsersed.

hydrologic model is interfaced directly with precipitation and temperature files from

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EPA policy.

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PROCEDURES AN3 TECHNIQUES FOR CONTEOLLING THE MIGRATION TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF LANDFILL CAS PRE!SURES OF LEACHATE PLUMES Charles A. Moore

'i Charles Kufs, Kathi Wagner, PaulRogoshowski, Ohio State University Marjorie KaplanandEdwardReps

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No Abstract Received clean, W e j

The problem of leachate plume management has been aggravated, to sorne es-INVESTIGATION OF CLAY SOIL BEHAVIOR AND MIGRATION OF tent, by a lack of understanding of plume dynamics and the various remedial options a

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS AT WILSONVILLE, ILLINOIS available. This paper summarizes information in the areas of teachate plume dynamics y

and plume management alternative. The paper describes factors that affect teachase q

R. A. Griffin, Keros Cartwright, P. 8. DuMontatte, plume movement and key considerations in defineating the current and future extent of j

L. R. Fo#rner, C. J. Stohr, T. M. Johnson, M. M. Killey, the teachate plume. Four technologies for controlling the migration of the plume are

8. L. Herzog and W. J. Morse also discussed: (I) groundwater pumping involves extracting water from or injecting J

water into wells to capture a plume or alter the direction of groundwater movement;

.i lilinois State Geological Surv*Y (21 subsurface drains consists of permeable barriers designed to intercept groundwater Champaign, lilinois j

systems;(3) barriers consist of a vertical wall of low. permeability materials constructed underground to divert groundwater flow to minimize Icachate generation and plume Clay soil behavior and migration of industrial chemicals are being investigated at movement; and (4) in-situ treatment methods which biologically or chemically remove a hazardous waste disposal facility in Wilsonville, Illinois (Macoupin County). The or attenuate contaminants in the subsurface.

study was initiated after the Illinois Supreme Court affirmed a trial court order requir-ing the wastes at this site to be exhumed and removed because of their proximity to Wit-sonville and the potential for harm to the town from continued operation of the site.

THE INFLUENCE OF SELECTED ORGANIC LtOUIDS ON THE I

The May 1931 order provided a unique opportunity to examine in detail the effects of PERMEABILITY OF CLAY LINERS the wastes on soils below and adjacent to the site and to measure the migration of con.

taminants from the trenches. Work is currently in progress, but results are not yet sufi;.

K. W. Brown, J. W. Green andJ. C. Thomas cient to permit substantial conclusions to be reported. The approach is presented here because it may be helpful to others evaluating hazardous waste disposal sites.

Texas A&M University The project prosides detailed geologic descriptions of the site, including macro, Cottege Station. Texas meso, and micro features and the effects of the waste teachate on these features. A de-tailed hydrogeologic and geochemical investigation is being carried out, including soit Rescatch on the influence of organic chemicals on permeability of clay soils used sampling, monitoring wells, pierometers, and hydraulic conductivity measurements.

to line waste impoundments has continued. Three types of clay liners have been pre-The latter include in situ vertical and secondary fracture flow, laboratory measurements pared by mixing selected clay minerals with sandy soil to achieve permeabilities to water of recompacted sampics, and horizontal and vertical tests of undisturbed cores. Mea-normally considered acceptable for waste impoundments. These liners were subjected to sus ements of effective porosity will be attempted where feasible. Detailed investigations two hazardous wastes, a xylene paint solvent waste and a contaminated acetone waste, of materials present within the landfill trenches include sampling for chemical and phys.

in both !aboratory permeameters and field cells. Wastes wcre tagged with tracer dyes to ical analyses. Trench materials are being examined with respect to the nature of the facilitate visual and microscopic observation of their movement through soil. Labo.

backfill and voids, and the condition of the drums and cover. Stereo-pair photography ratory studies were directed at determining the influence of different initial moisture is being used to record trench conditions and correlate them with measurements and contents and elevated pressures on slic permeabilities of clay liners subjected to these i

notes.

wastes. Both the initial moisture content and the elevated pressures influenced the time Laboratory studies and chemical analyses are being carried out to support the required for permeability changes to occur. The pressures at which the soils were tested field investigations.

did not influence the final permeabilities attained. The sampics which were tested at f

compaction moisture typicahy attained final permeabilities one tu wo orders of magni-GROUNDWATER AND LEACHATE PLUMES: A MODEL STUDY tude greater than those attained on samples presaturated with water. The fic!J study is stillin progress, but the preliminary data corresponded closely to the laboratory predic.

Wayne A. Pettyfohn tions of increased permeability. Visual observations of dye paths and chemical analyses of small soil sampics from both laboratory and fic!J studies indicated that the wastes Oklahoma Stata Urdversity J

moved through preferential channels in the center of the soit mass and not along the Stillwater, Oklahoma j

cdges of the permeameters or test cells.

This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect No Abstract Received EPA policy.

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r LABORATIRY MIDEL STU!IES CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE SOIL ANALYSIS AN) FIN!ERPZINTING OF UNEXPOSE3 AND EXPOSIED l,

SEDDING REQUIREMENTS FOR FLEX 18LE MEMBRANEg POLYMERIC MEM8RANE LINERS l

DonsktM. Laddand Gordon L. Carr Henty E. Hano Jr.

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y Vicksburg Mississippi Oakland, Cahfornia

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A plan is presented for analyzing polymeric membrane liners for waste storage Three laboratory tests were developed to si.wulate field loading conditions on l

and disposal impoundments before and after laboratory or pilot-scale exposure and t

flexible membrane liners during construction of hazardous waste landfills. One test field service. These analy*es can be used to fingerprint a material and to follow the j

method utilized a moving pneumatic tire loading, another used a rotating gyratory load.

changes that take place in a polymeric membrane liner during exposure to waste. They l

and the third used a cyclic vertical plate load. Loading conditions and thickness of cover can also be used to determine components of a waste liquid that are absorbed and are material over the membrane were scaled using Boussinesq equations to produce vertical aggressive to polymeric liners.

stresses on the membrane similar to those encountered under field conditions.

l This analysis plan includes determination of volatiles, emiractables, specific grav.

Test results showed that the moving pneumatic tire load test would be the most i

ity, ash and crystallinity of polymeric iir.crs. T he plan also includes gas chromatography useful for determining cover and bedding criteria using available site soils and candidate and infrared analysis of the entractables(and possibly of the organic volatifes) and ther-membranes. Also, a layer of clay soil was effective in preventing puncture c f the mem--

mogravimetric analysis of theliner. Also suggested is the use of pyrolysis gas chromato-brane by the subgrade, graphy, which can be performed directly on uncaposed and exposed liner materials.

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This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect Typical analytical results for unexposed and exposed liners are presented.

EPA policy.

EVALUATION OF A WA*oTE IMPOUNDMENT LINER SYSTEM AFTER LONG-TERM EXPOSURE APPLICATIONS OF GEOTEXTILES TO LAND DISPOSAL SITES Susan Roberts Raymond C. Harz Malcolm Pirnie. Inc.

USAE Waterways Emperiment Station White Plains, New York l

Vicksburg Mississippi li and No Abstract Received Henry Hano andNancy Nelson POTENTIAL MECHANISMS AND REMEDIES FOR CLOGGING OF Mauecon. Inc.

l LEACHATE DRAIN SYSTEMC Oakland. California k

Jettrey M. Bass, Raymond M. Cornish, John R. Ehrenfeld, No Abstract Received Stephen P. SpeIIenberg andJames R. Valentine EVALUATIONS OF TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY AND ACOUSTIC Arthur D. Little, Inc.

EMISSION TECHNIQUES TO DETECT AND LOCATE LEAKS IN 3

,;l Cambridge, Massachusetts WASTE POND LINERS

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'I Preliminary results are presented from a study of the potential for clogging of J. L. Davis. M. J. Waller, 8. G. Stegman and R. Singh Icachate collection systems and possible preventative and mitigative remedies. Some im-I portant mechanisms for clogging are iron deposition, calcium carbonate incrustation.

EarthTech Research Corporation t

formation of biological slimes, and various physical mechanisms. Preliminary results of Baltimore. Maryland a laboratory analysis of a sample of partially cemented pea gravel from the teachate col-lection system in Boone County Field Site (Test Cell f t) indicates iron, silica (quarti).

There is a great need to find reliable, non-destructive monitoring techniques to 3,

calcium and magnesium as the primary constituents in the cement.The remainder of the determine if a significant leak exists in harardous waste impounJment liners before the 1

t study will address the reason for the clogging at Test Cell #1, the potential for clogeing leachate seriously damages the groundwater regime. There is also a need to find tech.

of leachate collection systems at existing facilities, the expected cf fectis eness of prevent.

niques that can economically locate precisely the area where a leak is occurring in the j

ative and mitigative remedies to clogging, and recommendations for further research.

liner material.

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f The phase one part of this contract identified tnd evaluated a wide raise e f tech-LON0-TERM CATA CN HAZA".DOUS WASTE CODISPOSAL j

miques that might be applied to leak detection in waste impoundenent liners (Walter and IN LANDFILL SIMULATORS

~ Davis,1981). Two of the techniques recommended for immediate further study and i

i evaluation were acoustic emission monitoring and time-domain reflectometry. This James J. Wis!sh, and W. Gregory Wgt t

paper describes the laboratory and field studies carried out by EarthTech Research Cor-(

potation to evaluate the potential usefutaess of acoustic emission monitoring and time.

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donnain reflectometry for detecting and locating leak: from waste pond liners.

Covington, Kentucky d

8 The acoustic emission monitoring experiments showed that acoustic sounds, at

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frequencies up to 500 Hr. are emitted by water flows turbulently at rates between 0.3 ind

" 'l and I cm/sec through a sand and pea gravel Turbulent flow may occur in the sard at W

flow rates dowa 10 03 cm/sec. The amplitude of the acoustic sounds is 100 times l

MeyN. Kinman endJanef f. Alc&absuch 1

greater than the ambient background noise level that is likely to occur at a liquid im-t poendment pond. The scoustic sounds, at a frequency of 450 ifz. have an attenuation i

Universityof Cincinnati

~ o of 0.5 dD/m at a depth of one meter in a lake. Using the existing equipment we might Cincinnati, Ohio

~I detect and determite the location of leaks with a flow rate of I cm/sec at a range of about 3 pn from a leak.

The time. domain reflectometry experiments showed that a leak with dimensions This project was initiated to simulate landfill decomposition and contaminant re.

I equal to or larger than 0.5 the spacing between the parallel transmission ime conductors lease under controlled conditions. The research objectives were to determine effects en d

can be detected by this technique.The maximum conductor spacing tested was 2 m, but solid waste decompos; tion by the addition of different water infiltration rates, by pre-larger spacing between the conductors are feasible.

wetting the refuse mass, and by codisposing municipal refuse with sewage sludge and Further tests in the field under contro!!cd leak conJitions are necessary to deter-various hazardous wastes. To this end,19 landfill simulators were constructed in late mine the potential of both the acoustic emission monitorms and the time-domam reflec-1974 and early 1975. Each test cell was loaded with approximately 3.0 metric tons of tometry techniques for detecting and locating icaks in waste pond hners.

municipal refuse. Selected cells received quantities of hazardous waste additives. Mair,-

tenance and operation of these landfill simulators has continued to this date and ce!!s

"* n we a ternperature gas c rnp s n and v turne, and icachate quanWy and

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PILOT SCALE VERIFICATION OF A LINER LEAK DETECTION SYSTEM chems. cal characteristics. This paper presents teachate results for four of the harardous WendellIL PetersandDavid W. Shultz p ;

Southwest Research Institute This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect j

s San Antonio, Texas SPA policy.

Flexible membrane materials have been used as liners at landfills and surface im-AP' PLICATION OF SOLIDIFICATION / STABILIZATION TECHNOLOGY poundments to inhibit fluids from contaminating s'urrounding water resources. These TO ELECTROPLATING WASTES materials will act as an electrical insulator in such installations. Therefore, any leak in the liner will form a detectable electric current path by which a leak may be detected and Larry W. Jones, Philip G. Malone andJ. Pete Burkes located. The primary object of this project is to develop a method to detect and locate leak paths in membrane liners. A summary of the two-and three. dimensional electrical USAE Waterways Emperiment Station modelling of liners with leaks using computers and physical scale modc!s is presented.

Vicksburg, Mississippi Search techniques developed have led to hardware and planned pilot scale field studies.

The system developed for use at landfills and surface impoundments is. discussed. Ex-amples of equipotential plots showing 1:ak dependent surface effccts are included.

l Electroplating wastes are generally composed of f.ine gramed metal hydroxides y

This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not neecssarily reflect generated from the treatmenf of spent plating baths, rinse water, and liquid from clean-i EPA policy.

Ing an etc ng perat ns. A nun r of so adon/sta rad n systerns han been applied to these residues in order to develop a waste material with superior containment DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION OF SYSTEM TO RETROFIT pr perties. Systems for developing new high-temperature stable chemical compounds EXISTING LIQUID SURFACE IMPOUNDMENT FACILITIES WITH have found application for immobilization of specific metals. Low-temperature silicate SYNTHETIC MEMERANE p lyrners provide a lower degree of containment. Organic polymer systems that do not mvolve acidification have proven to be beneficial. Thermoplastic encapsulation systems David W. Shutti provide excellent containment. Analyses of water Icachates from crushed porro!an-Portland and porrolan encapsulated materials showed higher concentrations of some j

Southwest Research Institute metals than were obtained from water teaches of the untreated wastes. An x-ray diffrac-

) ~

San Antonio, Texas tion study of porrotan-Portland and porrotan encapsulates indicates no crystal chemi-cat involvement of the waste in the setting and hardening process. Containment in these l

No Abstract Received materials comes from encasing the metal hydroxides in the cementitious matrix.

I 22 4

23

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KEVELOPMENT OF A FRAMEW!RK F%) EVALUATIN3 COST-This first document, hwever, relied primarily en lifirmation available frons i

EFFECTIVENESS OF REMEDIAL ACTION AT UNCONTROLLED standard construction references and past applications not dealing specifically with had

f HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES ardous waste. This was done since the literature was found lacking back in 1980, and since costs from actual Superfund operations were not yet available. The purpose of this Ann St. Clair, Michae/ H. McCoskeysndJ. S. Sherman second document is to collect remedial action cost data that has recently become avail-able from site cleanup contractors and regulatory authorities. The emphasis on this sec-Radian Corporation ond project is to be placed on the incremental costs affiliated with worker health and 1

Auuin, Texas safety.

This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect No Abstract Received i

EPA policy.

SURVEY AND CASE STUDY INVESTIGATION OF REMEDIAL ACTION AT ANALYZING THE COST OF REMEDIAL ACTIONS j

UNCONTROLLED HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES EdwardJ. Yang andJames D. Werner S. R. Cochran, M. Kaplan, P. Rogesheskiand C. Furman I

Environmental Law Institute JRB Associates Washington, DC McLean, Virginia t

The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act JRD, under contract with the EPA,is in the process of conducting a nationwide of 1980 (Superfund) explicitly requires consideration of cost-effectiveness in the selec-survey of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites to identify and cuamine the various types tion of government response actions. Preliminary results from 23 case studies on expen-of remedial action technologies which have been implemented or which are in progress ditures of past site responses to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites are presented. These or are proposed as cleanup techniques. At selected sites, detailed case studies will be case studies present a wide range of remedial technologies, response frameworks and performed to document the specific reasons for the success or failure of applied response costs. The sites were selected to document information relevant to Superfund remediations technologie' and to determine the limitations and applicability of these s

responses. The results here include total response costs, an example of a cost section of technologies in other restoratie, activities or situations. The results of the case study a case study, and a comparison of costs for excavation, transportation and disposal for investigation will be used to provide an information transfer between those who have five sites. Costs for similar technologies appear to vary greatly among the sites due to experienced the implementation of a remedial action and those contemplating or pres-the particular characteristics of each site. Ilowever, understanding the factors that m-ently assessing or pursuing some form of site cleanup. The anticipated audience, the fluence costs provides a useful tool for planning cost-ef fective remedial responses.

survey findings, and case study reports includes members of industry and commerce.

This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect state agencies, local authorities, and the EPA. Case study reports will be structured so EPA policy.

that they will provide detailed data on the remediation techniques employed, the cir-j cumstarwes and conditions in which they were implemented, their apparent effective-

"8 "I'

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COSTS OF REMEDIAL ACTIONS AT UNCONTROLLED

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HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES sults wdl quantify the number and type of reported uncontrolled releases of hazardous substances that have undergone a certain degree of remediation, provide a standard for James J. Walsh, John M. tr.ppstr, MichaelP. Scott and AnthonyJ. DiPucci.

comparison when assessing or deciding on a plan for remediation, identify cleanup tech-nologies which may warrant further research, and most importantly provide a forum in

'" **" **'" " E'*' " # #"'

SCL Engineers Covington, Kentucky FIELD SCHEME FOR DETERMINATION OF WASTE REACTIVITY GROUPS 6

Preliminary investi0ation Subsequent to the passage of the Superfund Act, the U.S. Environmental Pro-tection Agency and other regulatory agencies were faced with the dilemma of selecting Ursula Spannaget, Richard Whitney and Dean Wolbach cost-effective.cmedial actions for uncontrolled hazardous waste sites.This paper sum-marizes two documents being developed to aid regulatory officials in their decision-Acurex Corporation making process on Superfund site cleanup. The first document outlines the steps to be Mountain View. Cahf ornia taken in costing alternative remedial action unit operations, and combining these unit operations to yictd costs for an entire remedial action scenario. Unit operation costs for Remedial action at hazardous waste disposal sites requires procedures to predict each of 21 different remedial actions are presented in this paper. Examples are provided the potential consequences of mixing waste materials from separate sources. Previous

~

of the costhg methodology for applying remedial actions at each of landfills and sur-procedures have assumed a prior knowledge of the chemical composition of the waste i

face intpoundments.

materials. The need for small scale mixing as a safeguard prior to large scale mixing is

)

24 25

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1

l

,1 Waste Sites, in Washington, DC, in November,1982. The technical aspects of slurry The selection of a grout for a specific waste site will depend on its injectability, trench construction as it is app!!cd to hazardous waste site groundwater control are ditrability, and strength. These factors relate site hydrology, geochemistry, and geology discussed, eo atout physical and chemical properties.

The materials used for trench excavations are described, along with their func.

tions. Also desctibed are the materials used to backfill the trench, forming the final cut-REMEDIAL ACTION RESEARCH: WASTEWATER 1.AGOONS off wa!I. Emphasis is placed on the two most common backfill materials, soil-bentonite i

and cement-bentonite; their characteristics, and what is known of their compatibility EllyK. Triege/sndJoseph R. Kolmer with hazardous wastes.The way in which various cut-off wall configurations can be ap-plied to a site are discussed and illustrated. Construction procedures for a typical soil-Woodward-Clyde f Associates

• L bentonite slurry wall are outlined, and examples of completed wall costs given.

l Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania I

This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect EPA policy.

Remedial action research at hazardous waste sites requires assessment of existing conditions and the design of a program which is effective in abating current contami-HANDBOOK FOR EVALUATING REMEDIAL ACTION TECHNOLOGY PLANS nation and preventing future releases. This paper discusses the efforts currently under-way at the Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant (LAAP) to close two inactive wastewater y

John R. EhrenfeldsndJeffrey M. Bass lagoons. The lagoons consist of a small cadmium electroplating lagoon, and a pink water lagoon containing TNT-laden wastewater and sludge. Characterization of the site Arthur D. Little, Inc.

conditions is near completion, and laboratory evaluation of sludge and water treatment Cambridge, Massachusetts techniques is in the initial phases.

Tasks within the research project include (1) treatment of the sludges, waste-Remedial action technologies are designed to reduce human exposure to harard-waters and rossibly soils to acceptable contaminant levels, (2) developrnent of safe ous waste and decrease the contaminants to acceptable levels by either containing materials handling procedures for the TNT and RDX sludge in the pink water lagoon, hazardous materials in place or removing the intrinsic hazard by decontaminating or and (3)long-term monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness of the treatment proce-physically removing the hazardous substances.

dures. Research activities are being closely coordinated with the U.S. Army Toxic and This paper discusses a document which provides an outline of technical llazardous Materials Agency.

information that potentially could be used to evaluate long-term remedial action plans for controlling or treating wastes or teachates at uncontrolled hatardous waste sites.

A LITERATURE SURVEY OF THREE SELECTED HAZARDOUS WASTE The document **llandbook for Evaluating Remedial Action Technology Plans,is not DESTRUCTION TECHNIQUES a design manual, nor does it contam rules or regulations pertammg to remedial actions.

The intended audience includes those involved in the review of preliminary engineering Danny D. Reible and David M. Wetzel reports or final design of remedial action at the waste sites.

Louisiana State University COLLECTION OF INFORMATION ON THE COMPATIBILITY OF Baton Rouge, Louisiana GROUTS WITH HAZARDOUS WASTES In order to provide direction to the LSU Center for llazardous Waste Research G. Hunt, P. Spooner, V. Hodge and P. Wagner a literature survey of current and proposed means for the destruction of hazardous wastes was conducted. As part of this study, three processes were identified as being ap-Jfl0 Associates l

plicable to spill and dump site wastes in which the wastes are present in concentrations McLean, Virginia I,

in excess of I percent but are suf ficiently dilute to preclude incineration without separa-tion. These apptcable processes, in-situ biological degradation, co-treatment in indus, This paper presents information on the compatibility of grouts with different trial facilities, and wet-air oxidation, are described and potential tesearch areas to prove i

clas>cs of chemicals. This information can be used as a basis for testing and selection of g

the viability are outlined.

I the type of grout to be utilized at a specific waste disposal site based on the compounds found in theleachate.

DRUM HANDLING PitACTICES AT ADANDONED TwcIve different types of grout are included in this study, based on their avail.

HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES ability and utilization in waterproofing and consolidation projects. Sixteen general classes of organic and inorganic compounds are also identified that encompass the types of chemicals which could be found in teachate from hazardous waste d;sposal sites.

R. Werietand K. Wagner

.,j Through an indepth information search, the known effects that each of the chemical

%9 Jfl0 Associates y

classes would have on the setting time and durability of each grout are identified and McLean, Virginia q

presented in matrix form.Since compatibility data are not complete for each grout type, fi d 4 I

predictions are made, where possible, for silicate and organic polymer grouts based on No Abstract Received their reaction theory.These results are also presented in matrix form.

29 I

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em emphasized even when the chemical composition af twD waste materials Indicates The 1:ndfill b Windham, C nnecticut was operated from the late 1940's tn til compatibility.

1979. In 1976, it was shown to be generating leachate and to be contaminating ground-i A test acheme has been devised, based upon standard qualitative test procedures' water moving downgredient loward a public water supply reservoir. In 19751980, SMC thich will enable woriters in the field to determine the gross chemical composition of Marein designed and implemented a closure plan for the landfill which included regrad-waste materials. Chemical composition information obtained from these tests is used to ing, installation of an impermeable PVC top seat, and revegetation. Total closure costs classify waste materials into reactivity groups, and thus predict compatibility character.

amounted to 50.44 per square foot. Investigations of the structuralIntegrity of the top

[

Istics. The test scheme includes a field test kit, a series of flow diagrams, end a manual seal were conducted in 1980. These investigations indicated a minimal number of small V

for using the flow diagrams and test procedures. In addition, a simple devsce to observe punctures occurred in the top seal membrane. Spring recharge was effectively inter.

'l the effects of mixing two hazardous waste materials has been assembled and is included cepted by the membrane and diverted from the landfill. The area of the plume of con-In the field test liit. The test schemt h broken into sta procedure sets. Each of the proce.

l tamination was found to have been reduced. It is concluded that the top seat instded

~

dure sets consists of a series of simpMests nu ic3 as a step m the classificat!on of an over the landfill has effectively reduced generation of teachate. Water crosion of the r

nknown waste material The (ut procedures hm been verified experimenta!!y by ap.

surface soils resulted after heavy spring rains but was corrected before damage to the pt mg the tests directly to a group of $7 c.)mpounds, chosen to represent a wide variety i

4 membrane occurred.

l sf hazard classes. The informatha provided in this manuscript is in support of the U.S.

g.

Environmental Protection Agency's implementation of PL-96-510 Comprehensive En-EVALUATION OF REMEDIAL ACTION ALTERNATIVES-A vironmental P esponse, Comper:sation and Liability Act of 1980.

DEMONSTRATION / APPLICATION OF GROUNDWATER I

DEMONSlRATION Ce THE BLOCK DISPLACEMENT METHOD AT WHITEHOUSE, FLORIDA F. W. Bond and C. R. Cole t

1. "" "E Batte!!e Northwest Richland, Washington l

Foster-Miller, Inc.

i Waltham, Massachusetts Foster-Miller, Inc. has conducted a demonstration of a new remedial action tech-

~

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and D. E. Sanning s igue for isolating chemical waste sites. This demonstration was carried out adjacent to the Whitehouse Oil Pits in Whitehouse, Florida, and a report of preliminary conclu-U.S.EnvironmentalProtection Agency e

sions was presented before the National Conference on Management of Uncontrolled Cincinnati, Ohio Hazardous Waste Sites in Washington, DC, in November,1982. This paper presents up-dated data interpt etations and conclusions drawn from more detailed data analysis.

No Abstract Received The Block Displacement Method (BDM)is intended to place a low permeability I

b:rrier around and under a large block of carth by means of a combination of dri!!ing, notching, fracturing and slurry injection culminating in the upward displacement of the SLURRY TRENCH CONSTRUCTION OF cttire earth mass. There are two separate processes: one for perimeter barrier construe.

POLLUTION MIGRATION CUT.0FF WALLS tion, the second for bottom barrier construction. These two processes impact each other and the nature and sequence of their application is geologic dependent. In demonstrat-Philip A. Spooner and Roger S. Warief ing the process at Whitehouse, Florida, horizontal fractures were extended at a depth of 25 feet from seven injection holes within a 60 foot diameter block.These fractures co-JRB Associates alesced to form a separation extending to a semi-fractured perimeter. The bleck was

{

McLean, Virginia i

then displaced upward as much as 12 inches by injection of approximately 2,000 cubic feet of bentonite slurry. Upward displacement was monitored by standard survey tech-and siques during the injection phase. Following displacement completion core drilling and geophysical surveys were conducted to verify the integrity of the bottom tarrier.

Walter E. Grube, Jr.

This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect EPA policy.

U.S.EnvironmentalProtection Agency Cincinnati. Ohio THE IMPACT OF TOP-SEALING AT THE WINDHAM, CONNECTICUT LANDFILL A technical handbook evaluating the use of slurry trench construction techniques for controlling poilution migration has recently been completed. This work, funded by Rudolph M. Schuller, Alison L. Dunn and Williarn W. Beck, Jr.

the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's Of fice of Research and Development,is intended to provide guidance to evaluators of proposed remedial actions that included SMC Martin. ' nc.

I subsurface barriers emplaced by slurry trenchir 3. This paper updates the overview pre-Valley Forge, Pennsylvaru.a sented before the National Conference on Management of Uncontro!!cd llazardous

- 26 27 j-

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SESSION 8 - HAZARDOUS WASTE INCINERATION SPECIATI:N CF HALOGEN AND HYDRZEN HALIDE CIMPOUNDS IN AND TREATMENT GASEOUS EMISSIOf3 David A. Stern, Barbara M. Mystt, DEVELOPMENT OF A VOLATILE ORGANIC SAMPLING TRAIN (VOST) i Joseph F. LachowsklandKenneth T, McGregor i

Giegory A. Jungctaus, PaulG. Gorman, George Voughn, GCA Corpotation George W. SchenandFredJ. Bergman Bedford, Massachusetts MUwest Researchinstitute A sampling and analytical method for the speciation and quantification of hy-ansamty, Mssoud drogen halide (IIX) and halogen (X ) emitsions in a gas stream was evaluated in the lab-3 and oratory, Analyte gases of ecrtified purity were introduced into a mixing and sampling manifold system, dynamically diluted with ah, and sampled into a series of midget im.

Larry D. Johnson pingers. Quantification of analyte species was performed by lon Chromatography. The methodology was also evaluated in the presence of S0 and NO, matrix gases. The pro-3

}

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency cedures were effective in selectively absorbing flX and X from the gas stream provid-3 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina ing for the speciation of these gases.

l DIOXIN COLLECTION FROM HOT STACK GAS USING SOURCE David Friedman ASSESSMENT SAMPLING SYSTEM AND MODIFIED METHOD 5 TRAINS -

AN EVALUATION U.S. Environmental Protection Agency l

Washington, DC Marcus Cooke, Fred DeRoos and Bruce Rising

}

i The hazardous waste incineration regulations include the requirement that, for BatteIIe Columbus Laboratories selected principal organic hazardous constituents (POIICs), a destruction / removal cf fi-Columbus, Ohio ciency (DRE) of > 99.99% must be achieved. In order to calculate meaningful DRE va-I lues, reliable sampling and analysis methnds must be availatle. This paper reports on and the development and evaluation of a volatile organic sampling train (VOST) for the col-tection of volatile PollCs from stack gas. The VOST is a method designed by the MerrilI D. Jackson, Larry D. Johnson and Raymond C. Merrill. Jr.

USEPA as an alternative to the use of integrated gas bulbs and bags. The' paper includes data concerning the co!!ection and analysis of four volatile POllCs during the labo-U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ratory evaluation, descriptions of the equipment, a description of a field version of the Research Triangle Park, North Carolina VOST, procedures followed to minimize sample contamination in the field, and conclu-sions and recommendations from the study.

Dynamic gas-phase spiking was used to demonstrate the collection cfficiency of two EPA source sampling systems for tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins. The Source As-THE FEASIBILITY OF HYDillDE GENERATION INDUCTIVELY COUPLED sessment Sampling System and Modified Method 5 trains were used to collect a rep-i PLASMA SPECTROSCOPY FOR ANALYSIS OF VOLATILE METALS i

resentative sample administered in trace quantities into the hot eshaust gas from a flue I

gas source capable of simulating incinerator stack conditions. Nine experiments were M. P, Miller, P. M. Chinn, S. G. Snyder and A. K. Wensky performed with the two sampling systems to measure the overall method recoveries for l

vaned levels of 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. liigh resolution glass capillary col-1-

Batte!!e Columbus Laboratories umn gas chromatography /high resolution rnass spectrometry techniques were used to Columbus Ohio analyze the collected samples. Recoscries were considered quantitative for a!! spiking experiments, except one, demonstrating the usefulness of the SASS and MM5 trains in The detection limits normally obtained by induct:vely coupled argon plasma c llecting and analyzing low levels of dioxins in hot, gaseous combustion emissions.

spectroscopy (ICAP) for arsenic, selenium, antimony, and mercury were reduced by factors of between 50 and 500 by use of a commercially available hydride generation STACK SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF FORMALDEHYDE g

zystem (Applied Research Laboratories). Coupling of the hydride generator to the spec.

1 trometer required minor modifications. Detection limits obtained in standard solutions Kevin J. Bettis, AnthonyJ. DeMarco, Virginia A. GradyandJudith C. Harris L

c f As, Se, Sb, and ils were 0.2,0.2,0.I, and 0.2 pg/I, respectively. Analysis in some I

samples is difficuts due to hydride suppression, particularly from aluminum and iron.

Arthur D. Little, Inc.

Sample c!canup procedures can be used Io eMminate some interferences.

Cambridge, Massachusetts 30 31

i I

A collection medluta of potentialitse for the determination c.f formaldehyde 12 LA80RATERY. SCALE Fl.AME MODE STU3Y Olr Wy stationary combustion research and development projects was evaluated in a laboratory HAZARDOUS WASTE INCINERATION test atmosphere. The ' medium consists of a porous polymer sorbent, i.e., XAD.2@,

coated with 5% by weight of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine hydrochloride (2,4-DNPil

• s HCI). Formaldehyde is retained on this medium by adsorption and formation of the W. R. Seeker, J. C. Krsmilch and M. P. Heap 2,4-dinitrophenythydrazone derivative. Analysis was conducted by reverse phase HPLC

'h with an acetonitrile / water clutant.

3 Energy and Environmental Flesearch Corporation The laboratory evaluation consisted of:

frvine, California s

4-Sampling / Analysis of a formaldehyde test atmosphere

{

$h Sampling / Analysis of a simulated stuk matrix d

j',

Analysis of spiked samples Evaluation of storage stability j

Independent analysis.

C. C. Lee The precision (relative standard deviation) associated with the sampling / analysis (f the formaldehyde atmosphere with the test medium was observed to be 7.1%. The measured formaldehyde concentration was within 21% of the "true" concentration as U.S. Environmental Protection Agency deurmined by the chromotropic acid method.

Cincinnati, Ohio Sampics collected from the stack matrix were spiked with formaldehyde. Ob-I.

served recovery was 107%. Sarnples stored for seven days showed an increased apparent formaldehyde content of about 17%.

~

The results of a laboratory study of flame mode harardous waste incineration i

are reported. The primary goal of the study was to compare the various incinerability FACTORS AFFECTING THE GAS-PHASE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION ranking procedures with rankings generated under flame conditions typical of liquid in-OF CHLORINATED AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS jection incinerators. Secondary goals included the generation of fundamental flame-mode destruction data to compare the nature and relative rates of flame and non-flame Barry De#mper, Douglas L. Ha#, Wayne A. RubeysodJuan L. Torres thermal destruction, and to act as a guide for the types of experiments necessary to es-tablish a correct incinerabihty rankmg.

The approach adopted to this study was to simulate liquid injection incinerator University of Dayton Research Institute failure conditions under which waste materials avoid destruction by bypassing or other.

Dayton, Ohio wise escaping the highly effident flame zone. This approach needed sufficient experi-mental flexibility to require the use of two laboratory reactors. In the microspray reactor, droplets of waste compounds were injected into laminar, hot, post-flame gas to and i

study turbulent mixing limitations. The five model compounds selected for study were:

benzene, chlorobenzene I,2 dichloroethane, chloroform, and acrylonitrife.

srdA Carnes Under conditions which were typical of highly efficient combustion (i.e., low CO and unburned hydrocarbons) compound destruction was essentially complete. If flame U.S.EnvironmentalProtection Agency g

conditions were sufficiently perturbed, significant breakthrough of test compound was Jefferson, Arkanssa observed in the stack gas.1he results indicate that no single incinerability ranking ad-equately describes the results from both reactors for all the experimental cc wditions ex-amined. Rather, rankings tended to depend on the particular failure condition which caused the breakthrough. For example, the ranking which resulted from operating the This paper reports the results of laboratory studies concerning the high-temperature gas-phase thermal decomposition of seven different chlorinated benzenes.

rnictmpray nactor et an insufficient temperature to completely remove the compounds was found to be s,m lar to the thermal destruction ranking. The majority of the turbu-i i The generally observed trend is toward increasing thermal stability with increased chlo-rine sdstitution. The relationship of thermal decomposition to time and temperature lent name reacts ranUngs were not matched by any of the proposed rankings. A fur-ther result was the dication that CO and unburned hydrocarbon measuremenu were in can be adequately described by first order kinetics and application of the Arrhenius equation. Studies of the effect of oxygen concentration on the thermal decomposition strongly correlated with destruction efficiency for the flame zone.This result supports a

the contention that these simple measurements may be used to continuously monitor in-e<f hexachlorobenzene and pentachlorobenrene suggest that the susceptibility to oxygen

'I""* '" P"I"* 8 "C'*

tttack is reduced with increased chlorine substitution. Data also suggest that tne decom.

position mechanism changes with temperature.

This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect EPA policy.

EPA policy.

32 33 t

THE PACKAtED THERMAL REACTOR SYSTEM:

a shock tube devic 2 which has produced a series c f " combustion ignition delay ** or CID DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION characteristics. It is believed that the CID parameter can serve as an effective rnessure of the incinerability or combustibility of various hazardous waste components, supple.

Wayne A. Rubey, John L. Graharn and Barry DeMnger menting or replacing other available ranking methods or practices. Also presented are preliminary discussions of other experimental activities on combustion at I.SU related Urdversityof Dayton Researchinstitute to droplet size and behavior in incinerators and the vapor phase chemical reactions to Dayton, Ohio be studied in flat. flame burner tests.

This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect

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and i

EPA policy.

J

[

%.u RichardA. Carnes STATUS REPORT ON THE EPA COMBUSTION RESEARCH FACILITY i

n U.S.EnvironmentalProtection Agency frank C. Whitmore and C. Fred fowler j

Jefferson, Arkansas

]

Versar, Inc.

In view of the urgent need for thermal decomposition data to guide the safe in-Jefferson, Arkansas cineration of hazardous organic materials and industrial wastes, the University of Day.

ton's Environmental Sciences Group has developed a simp!c Packaged Thermal Reactor This paper provides a status repor on the hazardous waste incineration research System (PTRS). The PTRS can rapidly, casily, and safely determine the relative thermal program at the EPA Combustion Research Facility (CRF)in Jefferson, Arkansas. The st bility for organic substances under a wide variety of temperatures, residence times, CRF is a 3600-ft facility which has been constructed for the purpose of conducting par-2 and gaseous atmospheres. In addition, the PTRS is quite sensitive, as the level of ametric investigations of hazardous waste destruction in an existing pilot scale rotary 99.99% de.truction can often be measured directly. Also, the PTRS is small and quite kiln incinerator and a pilat-scale liquid injection incinerator which is currently being compact, making it easy to use in almost any installation, procured. The paper provides a description of the existing facilities, recent facihty mod-In this paper the design, development, and application aspects of a prototype ifications, and the sampling, analytical, and safety considerations being provided in the PTRS are discussed.

facility. Baseline testing of the rotary kiln is discussed along with plans for hazardous This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect waste testing in the immediate future.

EPA policy.

This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect EPA policy.

INCINERABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS A PROFILE OF EXISTING HAZARDOUS WASTE INCINERATION FACILITIES DavidL. Mitter, Vic A. CundyandRichardA. Matula "

Edwin L. Keitz, Leo J. Boberschmidt and Richard L. Holberger Louisiana State University The MITRE Corporation Baton Rouge, Louisiana McLean, Virginia Incineration in properly designed and operated facilities is used to destroy com-and bustible organic hazardour wastes. In principle, a completely efficient incinerator con-verts halogenated hazardous waste material with no metal content via high temperature j

C.C. Lee thermal oxidation to carbon dioxide (CO ), water (II 0), halogen acids, and low 3

3 voltme non-hazardous ash or residues. In order to optinally design incinerators which U.S. Environmental Protection Agency perform according to current U.S. Environmentel Protection Agency (USEPA) regula-l Cincinnati, Ohio tions, it is necessary to develop a fundamental understanding of the thermal destruction i

behavior of organic hazardous wastes. llazardous waste composition is complicated by The incineration of hazardous wastes has been receiving increasing attention th:r fact that there are several different chemical environments present in various regions since the implementation of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (f tn incinerator. In each of the regions the rate of reaction, that is the rate of conver.

(RCR A). The hilTRE Corporation is under contract to the U.S. Environmental Protec.

sioI of organic wastes into products, as well as the actual chemical identity of the prod.

tion Agency (EPA) to assist in the development of a hazardous waste incineration ucts is controlled by a different mechanism. An understanding of these differences is (IlWI) data management system, l his ef fort has two major aspects: data co!!cction and essential for the proper modeling and design of an incinerator.

data base implementation. The paper published in the proceedmgs of this conference This paper presents a brief overview of various fundamental research studies of presents the results of part of the data co!!cction worL. ~llus talk summarires those re-liquid hazardous waste incineration supported by the USEPA at Louisiana State Uni-suits and then describes the current status of the liarardous Waste Control Technology versity (LSU) in Baton Rouge. The presentation emphasizes the application and initial Data liase (IlWCTDith the data base developed to store that, and other data pertinent results of single-pulse shock wave studks conducted on chlorinated methane mixtures in to the thermal destruction of hazardous waste.

. 34 35 ji

A profl!c of hazardous waste incinerif on activities 12 the U11ted States h:s been' f

EMISSl!N TEST RESULTS FOR f

developed based on data submitted in RCRA Part A permit applications, as verified by A HAZARDOUS WASTE INCINERATION RfA spokesmen for each facility. A total of 284 operational hazardous waste incinerators l

were verified at 219 facilities. Projection of these figures for the entire population pro-Andrew Trenholm andPaulGorman duces an estimate of approximately 350 operationalincinerators at 270 facilities.

The llWCTDB has the capability of storing detailed waste characterization data Midwvest Research instituto engineering design information, operating conditions, and performance data on all Kansas City, Missouri types of activities involving thermal destruction of hazardous wastes. It is now in its i

final testing and loading stages. When fully loaded, it will have the results of the Part A snd verification effort; nonconfidential portions of OSW's Regulato;y impact Analysis stack tests data, RCRA Part D permit application data and the results of trial burns for Benjamin Smith and Dons /d oberseter ilWI facility permits; as well as data from ORD's research projects. The data base re-sides at the National Computer Center in Research Triangle Park and can be accessed U.S. Environmentat Protection AQency by remote terminals over the telephone lines.

Cincinnati, Ohio This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect EPA policy.j The Environmental Protection Agency is preparing a Regulatory impact Analy-sis (RIA) of hazardous waste incineration. Part of the data gathered for this analysis was obtained from tests conducted by MRI at eight incinerators. The scope of this test program is described in this paper and the results are summarized. The test covered a PARTICUI. ATE AND IfCl EMISSIONS FROM range of waste and mcinerator types, combustion temperatures, and residence times.

' HAZARDOUS WASTE INCINERATORS Principal Organic Ilarardous Constituents (POllC) were identified and quaetified in the waste feeds and stack effluents to determine Destruction Removat Efficiencies (DRE). A number of Products of Incomplete Combustion (PIC) were also identified PaulGorman and Andrew Trenholm and quantif ed in the stack effluent. Other measurements made were POllC in liquid and solid elfluents; chlorides and metals in all cf fluents; and particulate, hydrocarbon, Midwest Research Institute and carbon monoxide in the stack effluent.

Kansas City, Missouri This,is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect EPA policy.

and FULL-SCALE EMISSIONS TESTING ON BOARD THE M/T VULCANUS i

Don Oberackerand Ben Smith D. G. Ackerman, Jr.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency TRW inc.

Cincinnati, Ohio Redondo Beach. California and EPA regulations place limits on particulate and IICI emissions from waste incin-eritors. These regulations require that particulate emissions be no more than ISO J. F. McGaughey ond D. E. Wagoner mg/m8 (0.08 gr/dscf) corrected to 7% 0, and that chloride removal efficiency be no 3

less than 99% if Cl emissions exceed 1.8 kg/hr (4 lb/hr). As a result, most hazardous TRW Inc.

wist? incinerators which hand!c waste containing chlorinated compounds are equipped Research Triangle Park, North Carotina with particulate / IICI removal systems. This equipment usually involves some type of wet scrubbing device, the most common being packed towers, venturi scrubbers, or sod electrified scrubbers. In some cases the scrubbing media is only water, but in other cases, the scrubbers utilize recirculated water with the addition of alkalirie materials M. D. Jackson (ciustic or time) to neutralize absorbed IICI. Under EPA sponsorship MRI has col-lected particulate and llCI emissions data from a variety of such incinerators. This l

U.S. Environmenta! Protection A0ency paper evaluates the data, control system performance, and probable mechanisms and Research Triangle Park, North Carolina rilitionships affecting emissions. Results indicate that alkaline scrubbing and partic-ritte emissions may be related.

Emissions testing was performed under sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect Protection Agency (EPA) during the oceanic incineration of 3.523 metric tons of liquid EPA policy.

wastes containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by the incinerator ship M/T VUL- -

37 36

s e

CANUS. The incineration took place during the period 15 31 Argust 1982 in the Gulf Sever;l boiler design types cnd waste compositions are being tested to identify of Mexicounder Permit No.itQ 81-002, Ter, te:ts were performed using an EPA.specifled train to sample ef fluent com-compatible waste / boiler combinations for cofiring. The sampling protocol includes bustion gas. Corresponding time-composited sampics of waste were taken. Samples continuous monitor measurements of stack concentrations of O,. CO, CO,, NO,, and from six of the ten tests were analyzed for PCDs and other selected species.

total hydrocarbons; modified EPA Method 5 measurements of particulates, and grab sampics of fuel, waste and ash streams. Principal organic hazardous constituents i

The various measures of performance met or exceeded requirements of the per.

mi. Incinerator wa!! temperatures averaged 130PC, oxygen 10.1 percent, carbon da-(1"OHC's) are absorbed onto two organic sorbent traps built into the sampling trains.

t e xide 9.1 percens, and carbon monoxide 8 parts per million. Combustion efficency av-During post test chemical analyses, gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (GC/MS) b used on allinlet and outlet samples to allow computation of destruction and removal esaged 99.9 percent. Destruction efficiences of PCDs and chlorobenzenes averaged efficiency (DRE) of selected POllC's in the waste. Three boilers have been tested: a greater than 6 percent.

This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily. reflect 10.000 lb/hr wood-waste-fired watertube unit cofired with creosote waste residue; a 8,400 lb/hr gas-fired firetube unit cofired with resin containing paint wastes; and a EPA policy.

230,000 lb/hr gas-fired watertube unit cofired with phenol-containing wastes. Analyti-cal results for the three tests are discussed in this paper. Most of the hazardeus com.

FLUIDIZED-BED INCINERATOR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION pounds present in large concentrations in the waste were destrrsyed and/or removed to an efficiency in the vicinity of 99.99 percent. Destruction and removal efficiencies were 3

l Robert R. Hall, Gary T. Hunt and Mark M. McCabe generally Iower for the wood. fired unit than for the two gas-fired units.

This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect j

EPA policy.

Bedford, Massachusetts and SUBSCALE PARAMETRIC STUDIES ON THE COMBUSTION OF HAZARDOUS WASTES John O. Mi!!iken C. Dean Wolbach, Carlo Castaldini, Andrew R. German, h

Jeffrey M. Kennedy and Howard B. Mason U.S. Environrrmntal Protection A0ency Research Triangle Park, North Carolina Acurex Corporation A sampling and analysis program was conducted to assess the pstformance of a Mot,ntain View, Catifornia fluidized-bed hazardous waste incinerator. Union Chemical, Inc. designed and built the incinerator to destroy the organic portion of the wastes produced by their solvent recy-Thermal destruction of hazardous wastes by co-firing with conventional fucis in gg cling business. During the test program,5.21g/mm,(11.5 lb/mm) of wastes containing 9.6 percent chlorine were burned. The priru, pal volatile chlorinated organics in the feed wire I,I,2.trichloro-l.2,2-trifluoroethane (3.0 percent),1,1,1 trichloroethane (3.4 per-c;nt), trichloroethylene (2.4 percent), and tetrachloroethylene organics, with the Vola-tile Organic Sampling Train and Tedlar bags. Particulate and IICI emissions were sam-g pied wkh a Modified Method 5 Train. Results are presented in this paper, designed to reveal how boiler design and operational variables affcct time-temperature distribudons in the combustion zone and, subsequently, how time-temperature impacts waste destruction ef ficiency for several waste types.1hese results are being used to' help FULL-SCALE DOILER EMISSIONS TESTING OF interpret field test results and to develop a semi-empirical correlation model to identify HAZARDOUS WASTE CO-FIRING compatible boiler / waste combinations.

The subscale tests were performed on a distillate oil fired cylindrical combustor C. Castaldin/, N. B. Mason, C. D. Wolbach and B. DaRos with a 33 inch diameter and a 12 foot length capable of a 2 million H TU/hr firing rate.

Radial temperature profiles are measured at five stations along the combustor axis. I or Acurex Corporation c I ring, waste is mixed with the distillate oil and injected through a single atomirer in a Mountain View, California

'.ariable swirl burner. The test plan includes investigation of the effects of 30 combina-tions of firing rate, excess air, waste to fuel ratio, waterwall surface area, burner smri settmg, and waste type. Preliminary efforts reported in this paper have focused on the Co. firing of certain hazardous wastes with heat recovery in industrial boilers core combustion flow and indicate firing rate and excess air as significant variables af-may be a promising way to comply with Resource Conservation and Recovery Act pro-fccting waste destruction. Subsequent tests will explore the effects of wa!! quenching on visions for safe waste disposal while recovering useful energy. To explore the feasibility

[

waste destruction, and environmental side effects of cofiring, the incineration Research Branch of U.S.

j This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect j

EPA is sponsoring full scale field sampling and analysis tests of boiler waste cofiring.

j, EPA policy.

38

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N P

l W

f.

detail. Finally, the paper determines the uncertainty associated with using IEM due to M

CEMENT KILN INCINERATl:N CF CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON WASTES: THE SAN JUAN CEMENT COMPANY Its choke of population data bases, by comparing population exposures deriv DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM 4

the methodology with those obtained using other data bases. It concludes that the choice of distributing population and computing exposure throaghout an impacted area

, James A. Peters and Thomas W. Hughes is unlikely to introduce differences in exposure estimates of greater than 250%.

e This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect Monsanto Research Corporation EPA policy.

Dayton, Ohio

',j[

and OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST RELATIONSHIPS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE INCINERATION Robert E. Mourninghan Robert J. McCormick

)

U.S. Environmental Prcrection Agency Acurex Corporation Cincinnati. Ohio Cincinnati, Ohio I

Cement kiln incineration of chlorinated liquid organie wastes was investigated in

. This paper outlines the results of an EPA-sponsored study to develop a 5-month demonstration program at San Juan Cement Company in Puerto Rico. Chlo-relationships between operation and maintenance (O&M) costs for hazardous waste in-rinated monocarbon enmpounds (POIIC's) were monitored in the waste and emissions, cinerati n facilities and the various waste-specific, design-specific, and operational fac-and the fate of added chlorine in cement production was determined. Seven levels of I rs that affect these costs. An overview of the cost estimating methooology is pre-sented, followed by a derivation of annual O&M costs for a hypothetical incineration percent chlorine in the waste were burned at ten different waste feed rates. Extensive sampling and analysis was conducted to look for the potential presence of polychlori-f, I8CUN -

Y nated dibenzodioxins (PCDD's) and polychlorinated dibenzofut ans (PCDF's). The de-This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect struction and removal efficiencies (DRE) of the POllC's ranged from 91.043% to f

EPA policy.

99.997% with only 6% of the DRE's greater than 99.99%. Poor DRE results were at-tributed to the absence of sr.cient waste atomization and the difficult incinerability of chlorinated monocarbon s. apnunds. It was found that about 82% of the input chlo-rine appeared in the cement clinker. The amount of chlorine appearing in the baghouse RETROFIT COST RELATIONSHIPS FOR EXISTING HAZARDOUS WASTE dist varied from 5% to 26% of total chlorine input. The total absorption of the llCl INCINERATION FACILITIES formed averaged 99.7% in seven tests. PCDD's and PCDF's were not produced at de-tectable Icvels when the cement plant was operating normally.

RoberM McConnick This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect EPA policy.

Acurex Corporation Cincinnati, Ohio This paper outlines the results of an EPA-sponsored study of potential retsofit AUTOMATED METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING INHALATION EXPOSURE costs for hazardous waste incineration facilities. Cost relationships are presented for TO HAZARDOUS WASTE INCINERATOR EMISSIONS

. major capatal additions or modifications that could be required to bring existing facih-ties into compliance with RCRA performance regulations. A hypothetical retrofit cost F. R. O'Donnelland C. A. Holton scenario is also presented.

This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect Oak Ridge National Laboratory EPA policy.

Oak Ridge, Tennessee TH AL ST UCTION OF VOLATILE CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS This paper describes a computerized methodology for estimating the ambient pollutant concentrations and population exposure which result frorn release of air emis-ITH A HIGH TEMPERATURE FLUID WALL REACTOR (HTFWI sions from hazardous waste facilities. The computer program which performs these cal-culations is called the Inhalation Exposure Methodology (IEM). This paper summarizes

^*

.9 how IEM has been used by the EPA to assess impacts of harardous waste incinerator emissions and suggests other uses for the model. It describes the capabilitics of IEM in Thagard Research Corporation i

Irvine, California

• 40 i

ss

.t !

1 1

1 I2 a project sponsored by USEPA (nd the Califorzia Office cf Appropriate alkane Et!!!z* tion, including some chich may be deficient in this hydros}!ase. Conse.

i(.

Technology, Thagard Research Corporation treated four volatile organic compounds in quently, we plan to screen the library for this gene by transforming these mutants with i

its patented liigh Temperature Fluid Wall Reactor. The IITFW process is a high tem.

the library DNA and looking for clones which have acquired the abl!!!y to use tetrode.

5 perature process for dele tifying organic wastes by quickly reducing the wastes to their cane as a carbon and energy source. In separate experiments we have indicated that S.

i elemental state. The principic that differentiates the IITFW process from other high cerevissae D7 is heterozygous for the amount of P-450 since haploid cultures form 2:2 temperature processes is that in FW uses radiant heat coupling rather than convection.

segregation ratios of high and low levels of P-450.

4 g

The core of the reactor is heated by external ciectrodes. Normal operating temperatures This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarRy reflect M

are in the region of 4,000*F.

EPA policy.

-}

In the experiment, four compounds (dichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, Freon 12, and trichloromethane) were introduced into the reactor by bubbling a nitro-i gen sweep gas through the liquid compound and into the reactor. The interpretation of

,$h.

the assessment data is still underway.

l T g, This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect 3)

EPA policy.

I FULL SCALE DEMONSTRATION OF WET AIR OXIDATION AS A

)

1 HAZARDOUS WASTE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY i

f I

i Waliern Copa, Jarnes Heimbuch and PhMIip Schaefer

\\

Zimpro inc.

Rothschild, Wisconsin 1

The purpose of this paper is to summarize what is to be done in the demonstra-l tion of Wet Oxidation of toxic and hazardous wastes at a full scale installation. This l

work is being performed under EPA and State of California sponsorship at Casmalia Resources, a commercial waste treater in California. The report will include data on i:

continuous operating units of a commercial nature, it will also include testing on actual l'

wastewaters produced by industrial clients in the Southwest portion of the United g

States, j

This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect EPA policy.

ENGINEERING GENES IN YEAST FOR BIODEGRADATIONS John C. Loper,.lerry B. Lingreland Vernon F. Kolb l

University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio in order to obtain a yeast gene sequence which would allow the isolation of dif.

ferent P-450 genes for use in specific biodegradations, we have constructed a Cardida stopicalls 750 genomic library. This genomic libsary contains C tropicalis gene se-

'I quences stored as 5 to 10 kilobase pair lengths of DNA inserted into the shuttle vector

]

pAB107. The library contains DNA sequences which will complement mutations in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain deficient in the biosynthesis of both histidine and ode-I cine; thus at least those C fropicalls genes can be functionally expressed in S. cerevi-sisc. One C. tropicaliscytochrome P-450 sequence codes for an enzyme which catalyzes the w-hydroxylation of n-alkanes. This hydroxylation is the first step in a catabolic

L, pathway which allows the organism to grow on tetrodecane as sole carbon and energy source. Mutants of a closely related yeast exist which are blocked in dif ferent steps of n-t 42 m

j

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