Text

Before,During & After.Briefing by B&W
	ML20024B003
Person / Time
Site:	Crane
Issue date:	06/05/1979
From:	Favret L, Macmillan J, Zipf G; BABCOCK & WILCOX CO.
To:	;
References
	TASK-*, TASK-GB GPU-0208, GPU-208, NUDOCS 8307010295
	Download: ML20024B003 (60)
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I ).- = C C Power Generation Group ..m a g Babcock & WilCCx is tne nation'S teJding su'pplier of foss41-fuel steam generating systems and associated equipment. and a principal producer cf nuctear systems and equipment. 8 '.Ws { Power Generation Grcup er proys 20.0C0 warkers in 14 piamts. 1 onmarilyin Cn:o. The preopal markets cf 8 tW energy sfsteras 1 are correst.c and cierseas e'ectne utilit.es aM the U.S. Gcv-f ernment, ctters inc:ude the transportation, puro ar d paper. [ chem 4 cal and petroieur.%ndatries. c. m EsWs Fcssel Pomer Cecerat.cn division des gns and balds a T' 7 7 e ccmplete bne of large foss.3-fired utshty type boilers and related \\ equipment, as aeli as s'.ectrostatic preceif ators. flue gas ( \\ desulfunEng systems. farts fcr industrial and utihty equipment. D and cil and ccal preparatica ard burning systems. d. Amen g the products cf the industrial & Martrie divis4ca are iy steam generating equier.ent forindustrial and specalited k p_ electnc utth? applicaticas as well as for the U.S. Navy. and the f Merchant Manne: auxiliary eQuiprnent such as pulveriters, air { heaters, coal feeders, and systems to remove pollutants from [ gas streams, chernical recovery equiprnent and pollution c0ntrol { equ;prnent for the pulp and paper industry; solid and hou;d waste it'onerators for edustrial and municipal apphcations. (- y s and pufwenzed coal injectica systems for the stett industry. I The N uctear Ecuipment division prod.,ces equipment and e eng,r.eering services fcr the Naval Nue: ear program. including { steam generators, reactor vessels, closure heads, core baskets, [1 ar*4 pressunzers. The divrs.cn also manufactures nuc! ear D s ecur;raent (cr Bf.W nucitar steam systems (NSS) as well as for e etner su;phers of nuclear systems. N uclear fuels and matenais. l are the rnaict products cf tne Nuclear Matenals division. The I N uc! ear Power Generat.cn division designs and builds nuclear f steam generating systems, and produces nuclear related goods [ and sef'oces. Babcccx & Witcca Canada produces fossil and nuclear steam ,j { L generatmg equipment, castings, process equipment. and mech. t.. Babcock & Wilecx Ccnstruction Company is a leading general'[_ anical construction services for Canadian and encort rnarkets. -h M# 3i, contractor ter the erection of electric utihty plants and general A O '"' '*

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4 (- i E 'b y-; s ~ ' ~ _ um m Materials Group ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ' ' ' The company's fundamental growth paitosophy has been one cf N expansion and diversificatien into areas that suc;crt or are related to its maict businesses. B tw began encar'dma its acDvices through the sfMualintegrat:cn of ma;ct tc :er ccm-F~ ponents such as steel thtJngand reftactones, and tne subse. cuent expansson cf these product lines to cther marsets. S LW ( entered the spec &ty steel busicess in 190 t to produce tum:frg 1 for B&W steam bcJers and entered the retractcry tasiress.n 1923 to guarantes a retiacte scurce of firetr:ck and insulating r i k firet: rick. g The nation's leadar:g producer cf scocalty 5ttel tubing. Baocock & Wilcon's Tubular Products duision is headquartered 4 ,.4 in 8eaver Faits. Penrisytr.nia. Seven ciants in Pennsylvania. N* ? Ohio, incona, and Wisecrisin emc:oy nearly 8.000 ceco:e. ( l 3 { Pnncipal products of the Tucular Products division are carton, aucy, and stamfass seamless steel tus rra and pipe, as F t well as cart >on and alloy welded steel tuning and pipe, for all types Cf pressure and (T'eCnanical acc! cations. In addition, steel extrus.ces (tubular and sciid shaces), wefdeg fittings and fbr:ges OV and seamless rol*ed nngs are important B SW tubutar products. 'z. / Mecnanical tubing is used in rail transportation, automotwe g farm equi;rrrent, and rr.etalworking ir.dustries; and pressure tutung is used in e!ectrical ocwer generation, oil and gas M? producticri, and chemical process.ng. t A leading manufacturer of specialty refractories and ceramic r fibers. SSW's Refractones dwis cn nas domestic plants in Auausta and He.ru: bah, Gecrgia, and a number of intemational operations and affiliates. The division employs over 1.600 peop;e. y IrG4ed in the wide variety of scocialty refractones and ) ~ ceramic fibers are firebnck, msulatmg f;rectick, ceramic fibers. j kaolin cays, refractory castabtes ard mortars. mineral wool insulation, and special caide refractones. Pnncipal custorrers are in the cr: mary metals, fumace I buildirig, glass and ceramics, chemical and petroleum indus b 4 tnes, and electnC utilities. -f*' I i [ ..W i C..,,

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truc? ear centrci red dnves, ar4 atl<retal ref!ectae ir su:at.cn fer [ use in electr.c utlities. J Badey Cce. tress Core;4tiy.Ecklif'e. Cn:o ;rccuces ct:rt lete jg3 i j analog ar4 d:g:tal ccmbustien ccett:1 s,steves fer all seg ren s p,'<r._ g cf the steam gercratien market. as mei as creurrat.c ard f,. - eiectncal cr: cess ir.strumentat.cn a 4 assocatec rreascr.cg. r disciay, ar4 cer.trc! Cevices, we'ced tre!at cenows. ard.rK:re P NWF~ {k " - T " I i riuclear cetecters. P'.ac.ts are en On:o. PeersyNan;a. ard F:crica. g,,,,,,a The Auterr.ated Macnir.Fd.vis.cn. wtn neadcuarters in Troy. s.. ~ p MicNgan, is. ieac:rg manufacturer cf Orcacherg tracntres ard [ [L '" tocis. ard creduces nign cred.:cticn ve tcal and ecnzer. tar a t latnes. trans!er rr.acNnes, cecter cc:uren rnacnices, ceecm::e t erimf g macnices. rctary tare macn. es. tnr.nien,r.acn res. y-and NC vert cai tatres. Majer trarkett are tre rneta:wcrk;rg ard = auterrctive industries. AVD :far.ts are :ccated in M.cnigan, T ittir cis Ncrth Carr.ir.a. Scutn Carotra, ar4 New Jersey. .d Cectrol Cerecerects Interr.at.cr.ai creduces vefcory centres DRAP vsNes tnat regu! ate f!cn are great:y reduce eoise in pipir g sistems, at:*.cs;neric verts fcr rac.se control, ar'd f.med. l'.ow veicoty ccr.!rol CRAG res.sters used in a variety of r edustr al sys*er s. d In t%e Acsarcad Ccmccsitesce artver.t.nign;erf:rrr.ance compcs.tes for recreaten.I and incustnai a;;i.cataces are produced. 4 .m r 'tl., s n.._... .-r ,, ~ ~..

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1 ~., I l BIOGRAPHY ] GEORGE G. ZIPF 0 VICE CHAIRMAN, J. RAY Mc0ERMOTT & CO., INC. suo g PRESIDENT, THE BABCOCK & WILCOX COMPANY j h a George G. Zipf, vice chaiman of J. Ray McDemott & Co., Inc., and president of The Babcock & Wilcox Company, joined B&W in 1942 as a student engineer. He received a B.S. degree in metallurgical engineering from Lehigh g University in 1942 and was assigned to the headquarters plant of the Tubular ? Products Division, at Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania. He advanced through its metallurgical department to become assistant superintendent and, later, super-3 intendent of the steel mill melting shop, f! ? Zipf was named steel plant superintendent in 1953, general superintendent i of steel plants in 1959, and general manager of the division June 1,1963. He [ was elected a vice president of the Ccnpany April 22, 1964, and a member of its i Board of Directors December 23, 1964 He assumed complete charge of the Tubular t Products Division January 1, 1965. His election as executive vice president. ? with headquarters in the B&W offices in New York City, came on December 29, 1966. } He was elected president on Dececter 28, 1967, chief executive officer on September [ 26, 1968, and chairman on April 25, 1975. i When Babcock & Wilcox was merged into J. Ray McDemott & Co., Inc. as a F wholly-owned subsidiary on March 31, 1978, Ziof became a director and vice chaiman f of McDermott and continued in his capacity as president of Babcock & Wilcox. [ He was born October 12, 1920. 100 May 1979 F I 1 I e i \\ .,. ~. 3 .. v. x E 1 -__-___-__________-__________________t__

i BIOGRAPHY LOUIS M. FAVUET EXECUTlVE VICE PRESIDENT i POWER GENERATION GROUP ThE BABCOCK & WILCOX COMPANY _

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] Louis M. Favret, evecutive vice president of The Babcock & Wilcox Company's Power Generation Group, joined B&W in 1951 as a student engineer. He received both B.S. and M.S. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Ohio State University. a Favret served nine years in the Power Generation Group's Cincinnati dis-trict as a service engineer, service parts engineer and ooiler sales engineer. 2 in 1961, Favret was transferred to the Power Generation Group's headquarters in Barberton, Ohio, and named manager of Marketing Research. He held this poti-tion until 1965, when he became proposal manager, Nu~ clear Power Plants in the i newly formed Nuclear Power Generation division. The following year he was ap-pointed Proposition. PTanning and Connercial manager of the Nuclear Power Genera-tion Division. Favret was appointed general manager of the Nuclear Equipment Division in January 1970, a division vice president in charge of the Nuclear Equipment Divi-sion in June 1971, and vice president, Nuclear Divisions in October 1973. He i was naned executive vice president of the Power Generation Group in March 1979 with B&W's Nuclear Power Generation Division, the Nuclear Equipment Division, and the Nuclear Materials Division reporting directly to him. He was born June 5,1928, in Colum. bus, Ohio. 800 May 1979 i i e ~ ~ ' ' ' ' ' ~ ~ " " ~? [ '~ ~

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I (m f i 1 } INTRODUCTORY REMARKS By George G. Zipf, Vice Chairman, E J. Ray McDermott & Co., Inc. 1 and ~ President, The Babcock & Wilcox Company i ) ?. we are pleased to have this opportunity to discuss with you s the accident at the Three-Mile Island Nuclear Station. F a We believe this subject is important not only to B&W, but ] for the nation as well, because the future well-being of the 2 United States will be affected by the energy supplies that are available. I S 5 For too long the utilities and the nuclear industry have [ had to carry the burden of promoting the peaceful uses of atomic energy. Three-Mile Island has brought this into sharp focus. t E Nuclear power is no longer a question for the utilities and B&W, [ Westinghouse, General Electric, and the other suppliers to ponder. It is a question of how the nation wants to live. V p I While we have appeared before <-nngrescional and regulatory l i b hearings, this is our first formai press briefing on the Three-i 1 r Mile Island incident that occurred in March. The period since the incident has allowed a careful and thorough analysis of the j events that took place. We wish to discuss these events and our [ conclusions with you in detail today. h ( With a decline in sensationalism, it is possible to do so I l in a more rational atmosphere. As Floyd Lewis, president of ? F V Middle South Utilities, has said, if the NRC staff had not mis-takenly talked about the poscibility of a hydrogen bubble t 1 p 4 E t 4 1 7-. y-y -.---1 -{ .(" I I l

I BIOGRAPHY JOHN H. MacMILLAN g VICE PRESIDENT 5 ~ NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION DIVISION p THE BABCOCK & WILCOX COMPANY 7 r John H. MacMillan, vice president of Babcock & Wilcox's Nuclear Power s 3 Generation Division, joined Babcock & Wilcox in 1957. He is a graduate of j Massachusetts Institute of Technology with a B.S. degree in mechanical engi- ? neering. In addition, he received a diploma of engineering from the Imperial l College of Science & Technology.. London, and was graduated from the Oak Ridge t School of Reactor Technology, r His first assignments were in the engineering department of the Atomic [ Energy Division, where he was responsible for nuclear analysis, thermal analysis I r and nuclear reactor shielding systems. L Loaned to the New York Shipbuilding Corpcration in 1961 and 1962 MacMillan I was engaged in the technical management aspects of the start-up program for the N. S. SAVANNAH, the world's firs t nuclear-powered merchant ship. Named assistant manager of the application development department in 1963, he was responsible for the design and development of advanced reactors, includ-ing breeders and advanced converters. In 1965 he was named manager of reactor engineering where he supervised contract and proposal engineering for nuclear utility and marine pcwer plants. Named manager of contract engineering in 1967, followed by an appointment as contract manager in 1969. MacMillan became general manager of the reactor department in 1971, responsible for design, licensing, contract management and servicing of commercial nuclear power systems. In October 1973, he became general manager of the Nuclear Power Generation Division. MacMillan was appointed to his present position of vice president, Nuclear Power Generation Division in January 1975. He was born December 9,1928, in Providence, Rhode Island. CH i a May 1979 yW %N'* g ge, - - - = =f7- ,(. - l 'l

_-w m g__-..,_...-m.= m-4 4 explosion -- which was highlighted around the world for several days -- the public concern would have been much less intense. I must say I am encouraged by the number of people in the media who are trying to do a conscientious job of searching out a the real facts and presenting them in a dispassionate manner. b L We have been receiving clippings from around the country and 5 1 r transcripts of broadcasts that indicate reporters are trying to I.v t give a complete accounting of the incident. i k We believe many Americans desire to look at the entire L picture in full perspective before making their judgment. (,. it In retrospect, we believe Three-Mile Island proves how very f' safe nuclear power is. While it was a serious incident, we are i r L gratified no deaths or injuries r.esulted, and only a minimal amount ? of radiation was released. i.- We are very satisfied with the overall performance of S&W's equipment under very severe conditions. And I might add that I i. am also pleased with the performance of B&W's nuclear divisions during this accident. I believe John MacMillan and his people j deserve a lot of credit for helping bring the Threc-Mile Island t[ plant to a safe shutdown. E l Prior to our technical discussions of the Three-Mile Island i accident, I would like to briefly review the Company's background b in the supply of steam generating equipment to the utility 1 industry. I L {; i l 5 . 2 -- ~ s I d s ,. y,. - ~;--.,-,. _ -. -. "(( ~ 7t. i

_ l. I_. _ lJ 1 i 1 4 explosion -- which was highlighted around the world for several 'l days -- the public concern would have been much less intense. ],$ m I must say I am encouraged by the number of people in the media who are trying to do a conscientious job of searching out the real facts and presenting them in a dispassionate manner. I We have been receiving clippings from around the country and f transcripts of broadcasts that indicate reporters are trying to

(2 give a complete accounting of the incident.

We believe many Americans desire to look at the entire v picture in full perspective before making their judgment. In retrospect, I we believe Three-Mile Island proves how.very I, safe nuclear power is. While it was a serious incident, E we are ? 1 gratified no deaths or injuries resulted, and only a mini =al amount hl of radiation was released. Pl L. l We are very satisfied with the overall perfornance of B&W's equipment under very severe conditions. F. And I might add that I [ am also pleased with the performance of B&W's nuclear divisions during this accident. G I believe John MacMillan and his people deserve a lot of credic for helping bring the Three-Mile Island plant to a safe shutdown. i ~ b Prior to our technical discussions of the Three-Mile Island fr i accident, I would like to briefly review the Company's background j in the supply of steam generating equipment to the utility t industry. ~ ,.e. r k > F i '"4 -,,,g - _ p,,,.. r m -a . \\ e _____m____--

-... :nxx me:__~ ( A e Fossil Power Experience ?' wr The Babcock & Wilcox Company was founded 112 years ago and much of our history has been linked to the utility industry. For example, when Thomas A. Edison opened his first power station I! a in New York City in 1882, Edison's 59 initial customers were (; E served by electricity produced with the steam power of four B&W t' F i boilers. An historic tribute to the performance of this early

l equipment is a note in which Edison told a friend that the B&W boiler "...is the best boiler God has permitted man yet to make."

During the past century, the Company's pursuit of improve-r cents in technolo^gy, safety, and efficiency led to a long and continuing record of achievement. For example, in 1930 B&W be-came the first manufacturer to use X-ray examination to provide increased safety and reliability in welded steel boiler drums. We led the way in utilizing higher steam pressure to achieve lower I power generation ecsts, and we introduced the highly efficient Universal Pressure steam generator to the utility industry. Last r 6 year two large B&W boilers of this type at Duke Power's Bellows F Creek Station were the most efficient fossil-fired units in the country. e t During World War I, the Company built over 1,500 boilers i for the Navy and Merchant Marine, and in World War II over 751 [ of the major steam-powered co= bat and rerchant vessels in the United States were equipped with boilers of B&W design. b t >l I i !l Il w,. yyg.y.. -. -. .m 3 Jn \\ a

1 Today over 670 B&W boilers operating on utility systems across the country generate approximately 35% of the electricity 3 consumed in the U.S. And the largest utility boilers now in service, seven units - each with a capacity over 1000 MWe -- J i 4 were all designed and built by B&W. In recent years utilities have recognized the increased Ij importance of reliability and efficiency in the stea= generating r-j equipment that they purchase. I am very proud of the fact that during each of the past two years, more boilers were purchased j Y from B&W than from any other supplier. n E Nuclear Enercy Exoe rience L Our involvement in nuclear power goes back to the beginning P } of the cc= ercial nuclear industry and our accomplish =ents since then have been many. We supplied the nuclear steam system to the first public utility to apply for a nuclear plant construction permit - Consolidated Edison Company for its Indian Point I plant. i I And the world's first commercial nucletar ship, the N. S.

Savannah, was powered by a B&W reactor.

Incidentally, the Savannah sailed the equivalent of over S-U2 times around the world without re-fueling, and had a near-perfect 99.991 reactor reliability while 4 at sea. 2 We built the first privately owned plant for the fabrication f i-of nuclear fuel elements and the first large pool-type research ,r reactor. We, also installed the first training simulator for i pressurized water reactors, which you will visit i later today. f 1 f-l !' ,w yv.-- -~ .c.; c.g g gn.. .+. ,{. 1-d .lj

= "* - ~~ p 1, c In addition to being one of the leading suppliers of com-ll a cercial nuclear steam systems, we are also a major manufacturer U h of components for our nuclear navy. We are a leading fabricator of nuclear fuels for both government and commercial systems, and { we have supplied nuclear components such as reactor vessels to I other nuclear steam system suppliers. Recently, we completed fabrication of the reactor vessel for the Clinch River breeder [i reactor project. [ t 4 In addition to tha two nuclear steam systems at Three-Mile j Island, we also supplied those for Duke Power Company's Oconee Units 1, 2, 3, Arkansas Power and Light's Nuclear Unit 1, Sacra = ento Municipal Utility District's Rancho Seco Unit, Florida Power Corporation's Crystal River Unit 3, and Toledo Edison's b i Davis-Besse Unit 1. L c Since the first of these Units, Oconee 1, went on-line in l? 1973, these nine B&W reactors have achieved over 30 reactor-years ? h of operation and have generated over 150 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity. And we believe these units have proven to be the most efficient light water reactors on line. i j Since its commissioning five years ago, Three-Mile Island a Unit I has been one of the finest operating nuclear plants in the r i world. Other B&W plants have achieved similar records, and the overall reliability of B&W reactors has been equal to or better a than the reliability of similar sized units from other manufacturers. ? In addition to the nine reactors that are now in commercial L service, B&W also has contracts for 19 other nuclear steam systems, both in this country and abroad. l I i i I m yg.ggy.- - - - - - ~ .\\ A e

+. In sumnary, we are an experienced leader in the field of Power generation -- both fossil and nuclear. In little over a century, B&W has grown from two men with an idea for a better boiler into an organization of almost 40,000 people at locations around the world. We are a company that has a distinguished history of service to the utility industry with a demonstrated record of technical excellence. e 9 9 .,- d 9 i e e e O e J 1 5-i 1 1 -,rw* v- -=w-.. w.~ ,q ,,,g_ g.7 r,-r-- r ir .,.. - -;n--aim-e- ri .{ . -e 1 e d ^ -'

uf .e THREE-MILE ISLAND-2: A BABCOCK & WILCOX PERSPECTIVE By John H.'MacMillan, Vice President, Nuclear Power Generation Division Lynchburg, Va. June 5,1979 This statement covers three general subjects: First, a brief description of the role of the principal participants in a nuclear plant project, such as Three Mile Island-2 (TMI-2); second, a description of a typical nuclear power plant, emphasizing those features that were significant in the Three Mile Island incident; and finally, a description of the incident and the subsequent support activities in which Babcock & Wilcox has been involved. The owner and Operator of a nuclear power plant is the elec-tric power utility. At TMI-2, the operating utility is Metro-politan Edison, a subsidiary of General Public Utilities. 4 Following a decision to add a nuclear plant to its system, most utilities hire an engineering firm to design the total plant and prepare specifications for major portions of that plant. Burns & Roe was the engineering firm that lesigned the TMI-2 plant. The Nuclear Steam System is one of the major parts of the i nuclear plant, which is purchased by the utility to specifica-tions prepared by the engineering firra and approved by the l utility. In the case of TMI-2, the Nuclear Steam System was provided by Babcock & Wilcox. Our scope of supply included the Reactor Coolant System, certain components within major auxiliary support systems and emergency core cooling systems, various instrumentation and controls and miscellaneous other equipment such as fuel handling equipment. This scope of supply represents approximately ten i percent of the total plant cost. The remaining portions are purchased by the engineering firm or utility to meet the total plant design requirements established by the engineering firm. i 4 l l t l l ~ ~~

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_. _ _, _... _. _ _ __~ _ 5' Y ,/ 2 As the project progrgsses, the utility hires a general con-3 J tractor tc manage the construction of the total plant. At j Three Mile Island, United Engineers & Constructors fulfilled r this responsibility. j The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) becomes involved b L early in the project with a review of the Site Environmental f Report and the Preliminary Safety Analysis Report - which 5 v describes the safety aspects of the entire plant, including l-' the Nuclear Steam System. Before significant construction can f proceed, the NRC must approve the site and preliminary design I and issue a construction permit. As construction nears comple-f tion, the NRC reviews the final plant design and issues an I operating license, which allcws a utility to load the nuclear fuel and proceed with tests and initial' operations. Through-S out the construction program, the NRC maintains surveillance at the site to assure conformance with the applicable regulatory 7 requirements. [ Plant operator training proceeds in parallel with the con-struction of the nuclear plant. The operating utility identifies Y~ candidates for the training program and develops the program L contenr., subject to NRC approval. A cypical t' raining program L takes about two years. The program includes classroom training ( in the basic elements of physics and radiation, detailed study F t of the plant to be operated, plant simulator training and parti- { c1pation in the initial test work at the reactor site prior to 6 fuel loading. Operators are tested by and licensed by the NRC. I F Once a plant has started operating, the NRC maintains a sur-j veillance function, monitoring plant operation to ensure compliance i with plant operating requirements, known as technical specifica-I tions. About once a year, a portion of the nuclear fuel is replaced and a revision of the operating license is issued by the NRC. i I. L i I k i v I _l -- _ ; =-,.-.. e. l

.~._q,._ e / Since the utility and its engineering firm define the plant specifications and design the plant, there are differences in h the various nuclear plants incorporating the aane nuclear steam 1 system design. Therefore, even though plants wtth the same nucicar steam system design may be thought of as being similar, f there usually are significant dif ferences in the total plant design. 5 Description of Nuclear Plant F Before proceeding with a discussion of the Three Mile Island incident, a description of a typical pressurized water reactor plant may be helpful. Figure 1 shows a plant schematic. The primary system contains reactor cooling water (green). The I secondary system contains steam (red) and feedwater (blue). The nuclear fuel core is contained in the reactor vessel and i is cooled by pressuri:cd water circuiating through it at approx-imately 2000 psi. This primary coolant leaves the reactor and / C flows to the steam generator. It enters the top of the generator, { flows through tubes in the steam cenerator and discharges at the { bottom. Reactor coolant pu=ps take suction from the bottom of the i F steam generator and pu=p the coolant back in the reactor vessel F i where it enters the reactor core. This primary system is a closed I system, and the reactor coolant is fully contained within it during normal operation. Pressure in the pri=ary syste= is =aintained by the pres-i P surizer, which nor= ally is partially full of water. Normal pressure control is achieved by electric heaters and water sprays within the pressurizer. To prevent overpressurization of the i primary coolant system, relief valves are provided at the top of the pressurizer. One of these is a power-operated relief l valve. In the event this valve f ails to RESEAT af ter opening, f there is a remotely operated block valve that can te used to isolate it. The steam discharging f rom the power-operated relief valve flows through a pipe to the drain (quench) tank located e 6 L within the containment building. t i e _ ? ~,

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i l r e During normal operation of the secondary system, feedwater is pumped into the steam generators and flows outside the steam t generator tubes, where it boils and is converted into super-heated steam. This steam flows to the turbine generator to produce electricity. When the steam leaves the turbine, it is i changed to water in the condenser. In the event the main feed-i i water system becomes inoperable, auxiliary feedwater pumps are provided to supply cooling water to the steam generators. L In the condenser cooling system, the heat removed from the s i steam is discharged either to a lake or a river or, as in the case of TMI-2, to cooling towers. (Figure 1) The reactor is provided with emergency core cooling systems. Of particular importance in the T.v.I-2 incident is the high-pressure ~ injection system, which starts automatically when primary system pressure decreases to 1600 psi. This safety system pumps water from a large storage tank directly into the pri2 nary system. Other emergency core cooling systems (not shown on Figure 1) include core flood' tanks, which operate at approximately 600 psi and low-pressure injection pumps that operate below 300 psi. Generally, the :iuclear Steam System supplier provides the equipment shown in green (Figure 1), including the emergency core cooling systems. The balance of the plant including the contain-j ment building, the secondary systca and the condenser cooling system are desianed by the enginvectag firm. TMI-2 Incident At approximately 4 A.M. March 28, 1979, while plant personnel l were performing routine maintenance on the feedwater system, main feedwater flow was inadvertently interrupted and the main feed-water pumps automatically shut down due to loss of suction pres-sure. As a result, the turbine generator shut do.cn and the 8 6 ~ - - ~ ~ - .r, z-e ,3-ns -. " - - - 4 ~~ = -h .. A. ..Y 'f4 ? i

q 4 / o auxiliary feedwater pumps started automatically, as designed. ,( Normally, these auxiliary feedwater pumps would have provided { emergency feedwater to the steam generators, but this did not happen at TMI-2 because the block valves downstream of the feed-J water pumps had been left closed. This was the first significant h event in the incident sequence. f H D With the loss of feedwater to the steam generators, more heat s was being added to the primary system by the reactor than was L being removed by the steam generators. Thus the reactor coolant i. 7 increased in temperature causing the coolant to expand into the L E pressurizer,. compressing the steam at the top and increasing I primary system pressure. In about five seconds, pressure r increased to the point at which the power-operated relief valve opened. Pressure continued to rise until approximately nine k I seconds when the reactor automatically shut down as designed. I Following reactor shut down, the primary system pressure began .to decrease. As expected in this type of transient, both the [ pressurizer level and the primary system pressure continued to decrease. The pressurizer' relief valve should have then reseated, but for reasons yet unknown it stuck open, continuing to dis-charge steam from the pressurizer to the drain tank. t The stuck-open relief valve was the second major factor in ( the TMI-2 incident. A remotely operated block valve is provided to isolate the relief valve in the event it does not close. However, the operator did j not recognize that the relief valve was stuck open until almost 2-1/4 hours into the ( incident. Primary system pressure continued to drop, reaching 1600 psi in approximately two minutes. At this point, the two high-pressure injection pumps started automatically as designed. Then the pressurizer level started to increase, and the operators shut down the high-pressure injection pumps apparently in order to avoid completely filling the pressurizer. One pump was shut down at 4-1/2 minutes, and the second pump was shut down at i 10-1/2 minutes. i k ; I x,.w.g w.,;.. -. ...g g i .i 4 e

p-l 00 i ~t This premature shutdown of the high-pressure injection system, M based on the inappropriate emphasis on pressurizer level alone, Fic g7 is probably the most significant factor in the incident sequence. g;. Had the operator allowed the high-pressure injection pumps to continue operating and perform their designed function of pro-S viding cooling for the reactor, there would not have been the subsequent core damage and corresponding release of radioactivity. I

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The high-pressure injection system is designed to keep tha core i. covered in the event of a small opening in the primary system, i such as a stuck-open relief valve. k with the pressurizer relief valve sti.ll open and high-pressure ( s injection shut off, pressure continued to drop in the primary system y the water in the hottest regions of the system flashed to steam f as and boiled off. As primary system pressure continued to drop, the four reactor coolant pumps began to de=onstrate high vibra-tion Icvels resulting f rom pu= ping a stea=-water c.xture. The E reactor operators shut off two reactor coolant pumps at 73 minutes b and the remaining two at 100 minutes. This action terminated E forced circulation of the stean-water mixture through the reactor. In the reactor core, water contir.ued to be converted to steam by the residual heat fro = the decay of fission products in the ~ { fuel. In the period fro = two to four hours, mest of the water in the core was boiled away, and the temperature of the fuel { cladding increased to a level estimated to be in the 2000 to f 3000 F range. Some of the circoniu= cladding oxidized in reaction f. with the steam and water, generating hydrogen gas. This hydro-f gen gas accumulated in the upper part, of the reactor coolant [ system and was the source of the much discussed hydrogen bubble. Eventually the high-pressure injection pu=ps were restarted. and primary system pressure was raised to a point at which a reactor coolant pa=p was restarted. Conditions stabilized in I the primary system at about 16 hours af ter the initial loss of f eedwater with primary system pressure at approximately 1000 psi and temperature at approximately 280 F. These conditions were f 9 6-I i N I ~ T Wj yQi.J. MQv:.: [l* i "' '= ~D~ ~~ ~ ~ "D Sh A. 1 7". L

_.,.-.r M W -/ ,F .~ maintained for several days while hydrogen was removed from the Jf3 primary system and preparations were made for long-term cooling h of the reactor core. Presently, the temperature in the primary e ;.; system at TMI-2 is approximately 160 P. Heat is being removed from the core by natural circulation of coolant through the steam {. generators, and pressure in the primary system is being main- {. l tained by auxiliary system pumps. In this condition,. long-term p cooling is provided without dependence upon instrumentation, ~ y pumps or other mechanical equipment inside the containment p building. 1 The significant factors in the incident were: 4 ?. [f Auxiliary feedwater valves - left closed e e Pressurizer relief' valve - Failed to close b - Unrecognized for 2-1/4 hours ~ E Inappropriate a=phasis on pressurizer level e indication only k. Precature shutdown of high pressure injection e Shutdown of reactor coolant pumps k. e l4 e Containment isolation These factors require further discussion to better understand the events that occurred. First, censider the unexplained closure of the block valves in the auxiliary feedwater system. These valves are operated remotely from the enatrol room with the valve position switches and posi tion indicate-lights located on the h main control console (Figure 2). During normal operation, these valves should always be open, and their open position is indicated L by a red light above the valve position switch. The operators E. unfortunately did not recognize these auxiliary feedwater valves i? t. were closed until eight minutes into the accident, when they ob- {' served that the water level in the steam generators had not in-creased as expected for this type of transient. The absence of i t t ) 7-I l 1 i s 2 P = ~',and'y*-' -~,g' ,y w;", 'e' 4 ,my wa . __--. 4 e ~. l t t _-i l _F. i

I 1 4 /' J k )3 i auxiliary feedwater during the 51rst eight minutes of the incident {i E changed the response of the primary system instruments, including pressurizer level. Therefore, the plant response was different f e than the operators had been trained to anticipate upon loss of [. F s main feedwater. L 1 i The second significant factor was the stuck-open pressurizer .i fj... relie" valve and the failure of the operators to recognize this 1 condition for 2-1/4 hours, despite a number of indications. Because-f,-h this valve remained open, without isolation, reactor coolant pres-p sure continued to decrease below expected levels. In addition, y the drain tank pressure increased until a rupture disc burst at about 15 minutes, and radioactive steam and water were released [' l-to the contain=ent building. Water level in the containment sump g increased and containment building pressure increased. The next,significant factor was inappropriate emphasis on f ~ pressurizer level indication alone. Pressurizer level and pres-sure are displayed en the main con' sole i==ediately adjacent to ,s one another (Figure 3). Figure 4 shows a chart of pressure and r level during the early minutes of the incident. The initial rise in pressure was followed by a decrease in both pressure and k pressurizer level. As stated earlier, the high-pressure injection pumps started automatically at about 2 minutes, pressurizer level l increased during this perioc and apparently these pumps were shut I[ down as the pressurizer level reachec the 400 inch level. This i action was taken by the operators despite the fact that primary ( system pressure continued to decrease. Operating procedures for f the loss-of-coolant accident specify that high-pressure injection ( pumps should be lef t in service until the pressurizer level is [ restored to normal and the primary system pressure can be main-tained above 1600 psi. The subsequent shutof f of the reactor coolant pumps resulted [ in reactor coolant boiling away until the level of coolant was y below the top of the reactor core (Figure 5). Also shown is the P 1 L' a8-I r. g ; -. ,----.-.p-1 3. _ ; - -, - --, ~ ~') s }: l*

l '(d J i e hydrogen bubble which was formed from the oxidation of the zir- .l 0 conium cladding. The NRC recently admitted that their assessment O! during the incident that this hydrogen bubble was "potentially I explosive" was in error, and that because of insufficient oxygen there was never any danger of an explosion. E; We will not know the exact condition of the reactor core until recovery operations proceed to the point where the reactor i. vessel closure head can be removed. Analytical data, however, indicate rather substantial oxidation of the cladding and distor-tion of the fuel assemblies. Although the cladding has been f; damaged, analyses of water sanples from the primary syste= at k? various times subsequent to the incident indicate that temperatures Y F. in the reactor core were not high enough to melt the uranium oxide I. fuel. h one other significant factor that has been identified by the 5' F NRC is related to the containment isolation system (which i~s not [ part of B&W's scope). At TXI-2, contain=ent location - closure of all pipes discharging from containment - is initiated when f containment pressure reaches 4 psi. This did not occur at TMI-2 E until approximately four hours after the loss of feedwater. During this time the stea= being discharged f rom the power-operated relief valve increased the pressure in the drTin tank until the rupture j . disc burst at about 15 minutes, spilling the contents of the tank ) into the sump in the ccntain=ent building. o The TMI-2 plant design includes previsions for automatic transfer of containnent s=p water to storage tanks in the aux- [ iliary building. This transfer occurred during early hours of the ) incident and resulted in the release of some radioactivity from I the auxiliary building ventilation system. Clearly this arrange-ment must be reevaluated. The design of the contain ent isolation' system can vary from 4 one plant to another. The TMI-2 incident indicates the necessity [ of isolating selected pipes from the containment early in an ( emergency, allowing other lines to remain f unctional in order to e serve components required for continued reactor core cooling. I r 1 F r ] e e r -~ 3n (. g.. -3 5-' - ' ' ' ~ " ' " ' ' " '~ "~ 't. ,.g .r 9 m I

J Fi! 3 f R T B&W Response h. e About 7:45 on the morning of March 28, B&W management in Lynchburg was notified of the incident. Immediately thereafter, g we convened a meeting of experts to identify specific information and manpower needs for providing support to Metropolitan Edison. As a result of that meeting, five people were dispatched to the [ site and by early afternoon a communication center was established j in Lynchburg that was staffed by our senior management and tech-l nical people. l By the second day, we had established an organization to [ provide round-the-clock support. Within that organization, j specific responsibility was assigned for evaluating data obtained f from the site and developing a pos.tulated sequence of events, } for conducting simulations of the events on the B&W control room f simulator, for developing and recommending contingency procedures, [ for performing co=parisions of physical plant data, for conducting specific analyses as requested by Met Ed.or the NRC, and for reviewing reports of other losc-of-feedwater transients. U a o As the course of the incident progressed and the need for r support increased, we dispatched additional people and equipment 1 L to the site. I personally went to the site to head the B&W on-i site team. At the peak of the B&W effort, we had deployed 47 people to the site and 218 people in Lynchburg were assigned to the communication center and related support acitivies. Out of [ this initial effort grew an organizational framework that gave us I r the capability to shif t our emphasis to ef forts to support con-tinued safe operation of the other B&W operating reactors. In parallel with the support of TMI-2, B&W worked actively } with utilities operating other B&W units. We met with representa- ~ tives of these utilities to describe the TMI-2 incident and pro-j vided comparison of the detailed design of TMI-2 with other operating units. We issued advisory bulletins, usually in parallel [ with the NRC bulletins, apprising our operating utilities of ( f [ ~ 10 - 1 e 7 e --w-ws,. ..q,'-

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i L (t A, -/ j recommended inspections, emphasing important operating procedures y i -y and describing proposed equipment modifications. We programmed i ^ e I our trhining simulator to represent 'ully the TMI-2 incident sequence of events'and started providing supplementary operator I' tra ining. We also have been actively involved with our other operating utilities in providing licensing support and appropriate i field enanges as required by the utilities. ( e" We believe the actions that we took following the TMI-2 t gl incident were sufficient to support the continued safe operation y i of other operating B&W units. However, the NRC elected to shut r down these units or maintain those that were shut down in that condition pending further review. We believe this was a very j conservative decision by the NRC. k.. 1 i t We have been working diligently with our operating utilities k to provide supple =entary informa tion required by the NRC. Cur- [ rently Duke Power Company has received authorization to continue b operation of its Oconee units. We expect shortly that Toledo Edison and Arkansas Power & Light will obtain similar authoriza-tion for their units. Both sacremento Municipal Utility District F and Florida Power Corporation are involved in maintenance opera-I tions on their units. They should be in a position to return I these units to operation upon completion of the maintenance L { operations. J The TMI-2 incident was a serious one in which substantial r quantities of radioactive material vara reles::d from the reactor core, but were contained witnin the primary system and 1, containment building. In reviewing the events, it is clear that of the six significant factors identified by NRC, five j involved the operator. With the exception of the stuck-open i i h pressurizer relief valve, all of the equipment in the plant e L performed as designed. The closed auxiliary feedwater block d valves, the undue emphasis on pressurizer level alone and the f i r t I L 1 4 3 ' 7 7,.4 g, , g s,-g =

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l ~ k 2 premature shu1! down of high-pressure injection pumps all in- @y volved inappropriate operator actions. Our analyses indicate [ that shutting off the high pressure injection system was the N most significant factor in the incident sequence. In our judgment, this was a recognizable and manageable sequence of events with existing plant instrumentation and

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controls. If the proper operator actions had been taken, there t would have been no core uncovering or subsequent damage. There are many lessons to be learned,from this incident and } the recovery operations. These lessons bould lead us to even v greater safety in nuclear plant operation in the future. t I-- ~ .E H r. 1 h t-I F o be l K E r r b i n n' I D i: r l . ' { t, ? -- -, s .,,y_,-...7,- 7 , p,,,. y, r-g 1 ];.- 8 l..._ n J. --e._~

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j f k r I AFTER THREE-MILE ISLAND i.! By L. M. Favret, Vice President g. Power Generation Group J Lynchburg, Va. June 5, 1979 n R George Zipf has told you of B&W's broad ranging and distinguished engineering experience during the past 112 years. ,I i John MacMillan has outlined the Company's viewpoint on the [ TMI-2 incident. r E ,k Now, I want to talk to you about the three iremediate l lessons learned from TMI. First, the man-machine interface can c now be improved through advancements in electronics and computers. This will enhance the measurement and display of information, t improve the operator's awareness and provide a better record of i plant information. Second, the operator's effectiveness should i be extended through intensive training, including the simulator, [ t to handle a wide variety of energency conditions including conditions when normal plant instrumentation or systems may not L be functioning. This will improve the operator's capability to i diagnose and respond quickly to abr~r..al occutrences.

Third, i

the licensing basis for nuclear plants should give greater l attention to potential transients in addition to the " maximum i 1 hypothetical" accidents that have been studied so extensively. These lessons and the many others that will become evident with time must now be addressed by the government and industry. 9., .-{.--. : v b P J

= b o g The government has in its charter to safeguard and protect 0 the public. It sets the standards for health, safety and competition in the free market. It establishes surveillance e mechanisms and communication requirements. Industry is here i to serve the public. It must be a good neighbor, satisfy safety 7 l concerns, foster economic growth, and provide goods and servicea at competitive prices. L li What is our response to Three-Mile Island? With regards L, to health and safety -- yes, there was an accident and it was unfortunate. However, there was no meltdown -- no China syndrome -- ( and the release or emissions from the plant were extremely low. The safety systems worked, and the plant was safely shut down. The redundancy of equipment paid off. s The accident was contained because in the nuclear industry there has been a continuing upgrading of the safety requirements of nuclear plants. Likewise, there has been a continuing upgrading of the emission controls for fossil plants. Each of these will hopefully lead to an improved public acceptance of each of these a generating methods. j 1 The response to Three-Mile Island by the government will result in improved communications with and surveillance of the nuclear industry. Communications networks are already being ] established between operating plants and the government. There is more accurate information now available to the public. Radiation monitoring and evacuation plans will be implemented. : ~ ._G . A. t s 9

= y J The supp' liers will be seeking equipment and control system y improvements -- extensive investigations are taking place to improve the man-machine interface. The utilities will be scrutinizing their operator training and ability of the operator to handle the events which do require i operator action such as TMI-2. Operators will be better trained in their procedures and surveillance in understanding transients } or upset conditions. These are some of the positive responses we r t see as a result of TMI. In our opinion, energy growth is needed in the United States. It is essential to our economic health as well as for social A k stability. The future energy needs are real. Without enough energy, society will be living in deprivation in comparison to 'i what we have today. Your children and my children will be standing in lines -- at the gas pu=p or worse yet -- waiting to have their

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s electricity turned on. Is this what we want? t a v We, the United States, must be prepared to meet the crisis. Otherwise, we face the consequences of ever-increasing dependence i upon foreign energy. Energy is vital i f our people are to improve P'i I their productivity and supply the goods and services of this i country. To that end, all of the energy options are necessary. I In reality, they are not options -- each is a necessity and = nuclear must be counted on -- and we at B&W plan to play a vital i I l role in this energy future. 4 p,i b i j ^ t j ~ , ~ ' -

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..._...u_ i e CLOSING REMARKS By George G. Zipf, Vice Chairman, J. Ray McDermott & Co., Inc. and President, The Babcock & Wilcox Corepany i I hope our speakers have given you a clear picture of what 4 took place at Three-Mile Island. In conclusion, I would like to say a few words about the i overall situation in the utility business and B&W's reaction to it. Since 197.4, electrical growth has b.een uncertain, energy policy has been confused, and financial difficulties have plagued 1 a number o,f utilities. The small growth in electrical demand has s caused constant change of construction plans with many cancel-lations, delays, and stretch-outs. The key to our business is solid technology and modern manu-I facturing capability. We believe these must be maintained. At i..) the same time, a viable business must have good asset utilization. This is particularly acute in the nuclear business where we see the industry operating at less than half capacity for the fore-seeable future. For this reason, we have announced our plans to mothball Mt. Vernon and consolidate nuclear hardware manu-facture in Barberton, thus maintaining our capability and improving our asset utilization. Likewise, we have chosen to supplement our i nuclear fuel capacity of Apollo with a sublet contract to General Electric. These recent actions, we believe, will assure a continued profitability within the Power Generation Group over the next five years, with all divisions, even the nuclear divisions, I .es amar ee.se

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.. ygw _ N 6 b / essentially holding their own. These decisions allow us to main-tain +echnical and manufacturing capability and to be ready to N [ respond to a market turnaround whenever it occurs while main-r, [' taining necessary fiscal health. Q Questions have been raised about our legal liability. l B&W L has complied with its contractual obligations under its contracts r f)d a with the, utilities and is continuing to assist Metropolitan Edison ?.i in that utility's efforts at Three-Mile Island. y We are confident h that B&W has no liability for any damage caused to the site or >1 J otherwise to the utility. s* O With respect to the claims of parties other than customers, } there are now pending a number of lawsuits, purporting to be class c" actions, against Met Ed, F asW and others for claimed damages result-l ing from the incident. Our ability to co= ment on these suits is f restricted by the rules of the rederal Court in P.arrisburg where h.< 11 most of the actions are pending. I can say, however, that having satisfied our contractual obligations and the plant having been y L licensed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and recognizing N L-that the rights of all are protected by the Pricr-Anderson Act in c t. I-these suits, we do not foresee any li4u u ity to B&W as a result of C these lawsuits. L r, There's been a lot of speculation in the last few years, E r-as the nuclear delays unfolded, about the lack of suf ficient work L to 1mep the several competitors in the nuclear" supply industry on f line. There's been a lot of speculation as to who it might be r that might fall by the wayside. There's been speculation, i 4 g -b L 1 l r e= ,p se m _..g g g g.y. ~ ~. ~- Ta. .\\ 9 9

.5 1 recently amplified by the incident at Three-Mile Island, that p[i perhaps B&W was the logical and likely candidate. I hope you

! a will gain from the tone of the discussions today we firmly intend

{' to remain a part of the nuclear industry. The company has been i bl in the business for 112 years, and we expect to be here for a lot g.. longer. We place a tremendous dedication on the nuclear option. $r We believe implicitly that it's needed for this nation and for E the world. There is no equivocation or any hesitation on our part to keep going down the path that we're on. c r r L Lr: r. L. k 9 e 4 mx r E

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V h THE NEED FOR NUCLEAR ENERGY 7 stocurring in 1978 -for the fourth ame a saa years - the US was confronted wwth its vulnerabdity to e terrupuons 'g l ehorteees m the supo#y of fossd fuets. Fwet the od emtwgo. then a shortage ou natwai gas, fonrred tw a coal stram: .g each trought severe. sf apparenity tornoorary, he tishros. Most recentty the Irarman od crusas and mator d pace mereones for wnported petro 6eum revea ed this count y's dangerous rekance on energy resources beyond res neconal boundanos. 4 ^ The impoet Yet the ccrecons persast that mvete reposted probierres.Od and naturas pas prow de rarty 75 per carit of PI dre as our oriergy however, they represent less than 10 per cent of our domestc energy reserves. And k because UK:L-~'-~n of these fuses peakad a the earty 1970s. domesuc output must be supplemented wuth expenswe unports. l tast year. 45 per com of our nemmm needs - some 3 t>n.on twres - ca= from overwas. The. j coet:more than 542 been. ( C ri. to reduce this dram on our scornomy we must conserve cni snd gas as much as possible. But p l prectcmg conserveton without increasmg production of energy sgnores the lessort of the 1913-74 oa cnes: [ Gross energy consumpoon decreased by 2 per cuit wi 1974. Foa wng nght alonQ was a smlar 2 per o } cent decime a Gross Nator.al Prnduct. the aneaswe of the output of goods and seNces contrcunng to f j our standard of bwerig. 4 l Emrgy anos ,v Energy's importance to economc we -bomg and empoyrnent is wea estabkshed Generateg t%: e 1 the economy ancreenes m productrwity and mcorre whch we ca:I prospenty requwes that output grow f aster *an b employment. And for this to happen. energy use aeso rnust grow faster than erw'oyment. In f; C;. the [ corieurnpaon of energy per productrwe pod contrives to noe. b Further. wnde the total U.S. popdauon may grow about 6 per cent by 1985. the rusnber of workers wie + ancrease by near*y 12 pe cent to more tnan 1 to mi on and househotos by 15 per cent. :o 88 5 rr=rion. - 5 Smion these peope entenng tne work f orce vid estabassfwng new housenoids alreacty have been bom, the e need for adert onal energy aeready as estaneshed. The quescon tnen is how to actmeve the a:rwentry contradectory oogetrves of conserving energy and i I wicreasang producuon of energy F 4, I. The solucon can be found a the fasteet growing segment of our energy system-electnerty -andits sacree.e 5 f astest growfag source - nuclear power. Kstoncap. we have expenenced a 7 per cent everage annual 7 electrifica ties y j acrease a e6ectncar output. compared to 3.5 pe cent m gross energy consurr puon. Even with l conservanon, near. term eeectncal g owtn as or esenvy protected at 4.3 to 4.7 per cent per vote. Current 9y aoout 9 per cent of the od and rnore than 16 per com of the gas we consume are tasned to L generste neer$ one thed of ow esct9c ty. The opportureey for substantial savings as clear: shmna'a the l ( ime of od anc gas for e6ectncat irs.,,.,, renace them wrrn avadabie attematrves such as coal and i waruum and use e*,c ncr v etse<f as a substitute 'ce scarce ham 1 fosse fueds wherever ram j. 1 I j Th. nuai.., Genersoon of sectncny tw urarwmA.eed nuc> ear power plants has nceased d amai.cacy a recent i years. Product,on of more t%en 276 t>r on kmwatt henes a 1978 makext an mcrease of to per cant over contributnese ( the prowtous veer a u2 representec neer 13 per cent of as e6ectroty generated. t } (knrog the same genort. corancutsons to metncal procbeten by coal. oil, natural gas and attemetrve l energy sources as declaiod. Orvy hydro power a*so increased rts share of overaa supp#y. recovenng froni the arought of 1977 d These numbers however, co not tee the smoortant roie sdaved by nucie.ur power d6cng the past three winters.With loesd fuses :n short suppey. ut* ties surred to nuclear piants f or rnuch-needed sh r. in [ additson to provenr tnEmuns of kacwatt.hcus for thee own service areas, nuckar genersteg urets pometted the emport of more empenstwe fossd.fered powier to other parts of the nacon. t The ava6.t.be. Wrhr power has oeen proving reself n s,.a w servce for more etian 20 years. Cunenty opereurig nuoear plants produce eactncrty on the average for about 45 per cent less than the [ opt.o. weighted average cost of as coat. and osi.fr ed generation. No other energy option currency avalatde offers the prospect of cornparable neer. term sungs. Most smoortantly. ordy refiance on nucmar power today can he:p assure the adequacy of energy supply tomorroir ' l (: ~ -" ,a a.. ,..,,..n. 4. ,g \\ 1 ? I .... y.f ( ~ e-n 9,c,.m ..n -- - - -~

NUC' LEAR POWER: FACTS AND FIGURES l meestere Cepeerty, Mwe Sta twe ef 72 w m m h 52.396 U. S. "" h S2 wem constnacnon perrrets 101.148 4.m-ed-a _ 4.12 Apr*41,1s7s 30 onosder 35.082 5 192.738 [ m,cseer power piants wm operatsng hcenses represent approannate+y 9.7 per cent of total U.S insta%d { escene genersong capocny. { Nucleef sonoretie. Nucieer power plants a 1978 generated approannate*y 276 bihon uowart. hours of eb.L.4ror more ead : - - man 12.5 per carit of the naconal output. Average totas cost was.5 ccets per kAowatt.hca. For ca.i. irra me cost was 2.3 cents. for od. 4.0 cents.On a nanonal awage, rmdear energy saved over 45 per cent-neerty $3.6 tuihon -owr the weghted avmge cost of as cod-and od-feed genersoon. Further. tNs use of nucseer erwrgy saved the connsmpion of enore than 130 rr.non to o of coal or nearty 470 mdhon barredeofat Capeseer FM 5, po,,. festee Avestebiasty outeserete t of be se lead m.,4 GILO% 76.6 % 10.7 % h pe=or planta Cass 55.1 % 77.8 % 115 % is7s t Od 50.7 % 77.2 % 8.4 % a ( ase,of n sesser portiesof totet esiste Mwe U.S. espeehy i GM 1980" 89 70.243 11J % I of U.s. 1985* 151 139.407 18.8 % 1990 " 204 192.000 20.8 % P'" *' 1995 " 287 275.000 24.0 % 2000 " 407 395.000 27J%

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4- \\ q NUCLEAR REACTOR SAFETY Th. Commeroes nudear power piants m ite U.s have accumutated more man 460 reactor-years of operemon. 9 ,esore o.ng es two decades e. nsoon has sa.ned e. mm and.,--. u benerm oniucesor enser. e No iriury to the putsc has oczzmod. d j e No plant employee has been senoush crured by esposure e radwoon. The record of safety e unperansied by any other industnal expenence. i satim.t.e The most comprehensswe assessment of probat>lmes and consequences of acodents at r= ~ power of rista stscons was coriducted by some 60 soentists and engineers. uncer the s4.s&et dwecoon of Professor Normen C. Rasmussen from MIT. for the Reactor Safety Study NVASH-14001 completed in Ociober 1975. Among the concsus-is of the stweeww. 54 mdbon s,tudy: 1, i e The posashie c ;nse e =nces of potentut reactor acManits are pred.cted io be no larger. and iri marey cases much smauer. than tese of non-nucWr -*= sts. e Non-nuclea events ar3 about 10.000 ames more bke#y to produce ta ge numbers of fatairties than are nuclear plants. Riek h September 1978. a group of seven techn. cal emparts represenang a wee spectrum of wews on reactor wfety. chewed by Dr. Harold W. Lawns of the Unrversaty of Catforna. presented to the Nudear Regulatory essee.mene review Corrwresseort the results of sts year long review of WASH-1400. f Among these fmengs: i t e The Reactor Safety Stu:fy was a substantui advance ont previous attenets to estnute the tus of f e Unable to deterrrone whether the abso6ute probabetes of accdent sequencas enWASH-1400 are l high or now. the pe we be4rvss the error bounds on those estimates are. m generci. peatty understated. [ l e Deserte its shertcortungs the Haw,issen report provides at trus tane the most complete sangle picture of acocent procabiht,es anooste:S wim resciear re.ctors. \\ asRC in January 1979 the NRC issued a poi.cv staterrent on nok assessment accepteg these fwdngs of the poisev vowew group. mes.ong its conclus.on that absolute vaaues of the nsk presented n WASH-1400 should eis temews not be used unenticalhr ei: hor ri the regJatory process or for p@c pohey purposes.

The sts:ement contanued that the NRC has tasen and wWI contmue to take steps to assure that any such ime we the past van be correc.ted as appropnate.

{ Furtter, e bght of the review g'oup's conclus.ons on msant prr>bab.hties. the agency does not regard as reinable WASH.1407s numencas estamate of the oversa nsk of reactor acodent. Pocopective Neither the Lewis C-' tee report nu tN TO pol.cy stasemcr.t Questions the base: Safety of riuciegr b power plants. On#v me proos.on of a study that attempts to quant,fy tn,s safety has been reevek.ated. And WASH 14CC has been nonther ar' val. dated oy the review grcup nor repudseted by the regulatory [ commesseori. Som noted that desoste rts sivar1comsags, the Rasinussen report currentty prwides the most ccerotete s ngie picture of accioent orobat>htes - sed w m r= A== reactors. T Finaa. the Reactor Saferr Study has not been utAred significantry n me bcenseg of <=d== power [ v plants. Rather thus as accomgeshed through a defens e.m.depm acoroach e which the NRC ensures that 9 design and construction compey unm tressanos of standards and cr tena, conservatrve#y ara.=re to each l, step of desagn and to each system that becomes part of the foolery. Safety therefore donves from the aiherent festures and redunoant systems enginegred mto eact.nucsear genereong staton. t, In addeten the NRC conducts an ongong safety rewarch program tc ensure that these standards and l critena proede apprognate rnargins of safety. l i As em for bconses to budd and operate a nuclear power plant. furthermore. are reviewed and i approved by the Adescry Comtruttee on Reactor Safeguards, a group of techrecal experts ndependent of m the NRC staff. This process also provides opportunees for pubisc comments and haanngs. l 4 ] Nu*ard'e=rr Asserne& tm 7 b l .--n-4 .,5 4.33 ,.g;,3.g.q -. ~. -. - - - - - l ,g l i \\ m. .~ - - - ~ ' ~

CPENT FUEL OTOR' AGE i WsJoer fwei At a nuclear power plant, frc.Ts os e-fourth to one-thard of the urarwum fuel core as replaced each year. management The spent fuel removed -contained in square assernbi.es of rods some 14 feet long by one-half inch in dameter -is stored nually at the reactor sete in water-fined pools of re-nforced concrete bned with stacle s stool. i As traditionally envissoned, tNs spent fuel would be transported after several months' cooEng to repecessmg plants for recovery of resedual uranium and newN generated plutorturn On 7 Anni 1977. however, commercal eeprocessmg in the U.S. was def erred moefirstefy as part of a Presadential policy to reduce tt'e nsk of nuclear weapons prohferatsort As a result, reactor water basms now must be modated to store not relatrveey smas amounts of spent fuel for several months, but much larger cuantites for several years. Reector To meet this need. util. ties stready have taken steps to expand on-sate storage capaoty. etorego At plants under construccon or planned. future water t>asms may be enlarged m the desegn stage. cepecity At plants currently operstmg. ad6tional or improved storage racks have been instaAed to utiae as avestable space or to mcrease the density of fuel assemory loadng. Spent fuel also can be transferred to other pools at multiple unit sites or. after sufficsent cool ng. et smwar reactors on th a same utnty systrom i These modafications typcaay extend the capacaty of esistmg bases to 10-15 ann wi fued 6scharges. Even these utskty mmatrves, however, wat prove insuffcent if the suspensson of r t wy is [ prolonged and if off sste storage capaoty is not made avadable. Proposed On 18 October 1977 the Department of Energy proposed a program under wtuch utades could transfer gove.n mentes atte and custody of spent fuel to the federal govemment upon payment of a fee and de6very to an stoeege approved storage sate. servicee DOE mtends utumately to store eradated fuel assembi.es m geoic9e formauons suitable for permanent 6sposalif reprocessmg does not occur. This reposatory is Ortpfed to begm operation en the earfy 1990s. Until that time. DOE piar.s to p ovide capaoty for etenm storaje of spr nt fued at away-from-reactor (AFR1 water bases built and managed by onvate 6ridust'y cr. if necessary, by the govemmerit. In February of thrs year. 002 transeretted to the Prescent d Congress a proposed Spent Nuclear Fuel Act of 1979 and a proposed bin for Nuclear Regulatory Com*r%s.on 1.cer sang of AFR's budt for stonng commerpal nuclear fuei. DOE miends to recover from uh au costs assocuted with storage and esposal of spent fuel. Estrnated fees for accepteg a typical annual finei dscha ge range from S4.5 rr=4.on to $7.5 rrma.orce 1977 dortars. or up to 6 per cent of current costs for rurdear generadon. If reprocessang eveatua9y is approvec utinties cou c rec'.a.m t ue togerr.er with a partai refund of fees a or a credit tor managsng future sol 4.f ed hig*ilevel waste. It reprocessing rs derwed, no compensaton is offered for the va6ue of resdua! urarnum ud plutorwum. Prelimmary guiceistiers p*oposed try DOE recuire frve years advarce notice to transfer utw. Spent fuel, therefore. covid not be accepted at a federa' storage facdrty betare 1964 - the target date for completng the frst AFR. Reactor By that time. much of the espanded capacty gamed at reactor bases through utdrty anodrficaDons w4 shutdowses have been failed. possible With pooes unad6e to accept spent fuei essembe.es from annuel desctwges. refueing of the rmaclear generatmg stauon could not take place in these cases on4y trans*ers of spent fuel to other storage fachtes on the same system will prevent these piants from shuttmg down. Firm it as essential. then that DOE ma ntam, and if poss.e6e acce' sate. rts schedule fce providag off-erts

timeta bae capacty for mtenm storage of spent fuel essenties A necessary first step is the prompt formutacon of a fem structure of fees. Dme and enethod of payment and detaded entena for accepting ette to scent fuel.

Onty with these guidei nes can utihtaes determme the feesebe6ty and.~o.T-cs of transf amng drscharged fuel assembles to the govemment. In tum this assesstrw at wel enable prvvate cuiJstry to propose provieng storage facd4tes and services as needed Continued operanon of nuclear power plants already on ime. as wed as ut*ty confsdenca en ort $enng addinonal nuclea* generatog capacty, depends on the earliest possible resoludon of the spent futd storage problem. NuckerPower Aasemur fsn l r ,, -- 7 n., v- -v y l m ( g l l n l t

3 MANAGING HIGH LEVEL NUCLEAR WASTE origin More then 99 per cent of as the rad.oactrvrty produced by waste n the enor, fuet cyde for a nudeer power plant is contamed withm the assemtdass of spent fuel it discharges 2ch year. By. products of the fissaan process. stus annual waste from the reactor we.ghs less than one ton. q Contawung and isolaang ins matenal from man and Ns environenent untilits radoactnerty has de@ J to harmless levels as the obvectrve of a nuclear wasto management program. 5 l Concentrete and Reprocesemg the spent fuse to recover remerung energy volves would produce e concentrated Egi.ed eentsia weste.The res4ue as converted fws: to dry powder or granules. then medied to monobthsc glass withm f stamises stee4 canesters.14 mehes m eameter by to-12 feet long. 2 As the fuel escharged by commeroal nuclear power plants to the end of the century. tf,wc - M j would fin approaamete#y 36.000 weste contamers. occupymg some 425.000 cubic f eet. I loolstien Schefied and encapsulated. high leved waste is suitable for isolatsori-separacon from the t>osphere l La geolosie over the twne necessary Ior r==6amettwo decay. f formeseene For the past two decades-permanent disposal m deep geologsc formadons has been extensrvdy stu6ed. with bocced deposits of rock sait adonnf.ed as the most prorrusing medrum for a repository for the permer.ent the ran d of soladfied wT.a,6.al nuclear weste. Spent fuel Wsth reprocess.ng deforted indefirutely, however, this reposatory now must Ds capable of accepong also storage and spent fuel assembhes for retnewable storage or permanent disposal { diaposes Most of the technologies. ma'enals and rnethods developed for carusters of glass 4ed waste applyalso to encapeutetion. handl.ng and emplacement of entact. unreprocessed fuce assernbises. 5 Several times as many containers are reatreed. however, with a corresporcng meresse in total volume: ) more then 300.000 packages oc:voymg up to 3.225.000 cut >c feet for cumulative oischarges to the sum e of the century. Furttw. spent fuel 5,enerates shghtfy more heat and over a much longer penod than does j schefed reprocessed este. Arid et contams 100 times more long.hved plutonsum. } Tne effects of these meremental erepacts on geologic moeum and faokty desegn have riot been futy assessed for a reposstory for storage and esposal of int.act spent fuel assembles. j in March 1978. t$e Presadent estabaished an intevagency Review Group on Nuclear Waste Management to Proposed changes in

' formulate recommencapnns for estaodishment of an administratiori policy with respect to long.tarm j

peogrene management of nocear waste and suoporong programs to vnplement this pokcy." U The resuit of this e fort es a oraft report to the Pres. dent issued by the IRG m March 1979. I o Mapor oecrssoris on tre federai p o?, ram for riudear waste a arwgement now awaet a Pressdentsa: review memoraricum I Timety Optioris are avadab.e to devesco means for the permanent disposal of nuclear waste. L action Indeed. orw orobaem 's that tners are a riumber of approaches each of whsch appears prnhah&m of

- - ded success. Irorucashr tnrs eversaty of ava.taole apo W appsrent'y has d.verted iocus away from a specific solution.

There es legiamete concem eccoreng+v. that the finallRG sm. a.T.,4ations 4ke the past two decades of gowmment pians acd promises - *4 not lead to resolution of the waste esposal asaue: widess the Pres. dent are Congress ta=e the necessary actions to ensure a scJution. Importantty. the Pres.oent avet1 Congress tr'usI commit the forteral govemment to a wed-defsned program leedng to an earty fwst reposetory ref ectmg its convicteun that nuclear waste wit be dsposed of i with no sagru'ficant nsk to the pubhc. L To ensure prog ess. early and etense development of reposstory sete and technonogy are essantsel to e l sufftoontfy focused anc reinath managed program for soeving the assue of high nevet nudear waste. 5 Detaywig cruoal oecissons wisi guarantee further imped ments to a solutico rather than achieving an effecove reso6unori i 1 1 1 Nwhear hmer AssemMy f 979 = - "f 1Q. rI e' ? l I' 'H s d

e ~ ^ 'W PUBUC ACCEPTANCE OF NUCLEAR POWER j 1 New While na and regsonal pubhc attitude surveys in 1978 contmued ta reveal that a clear matonty of the Arnencan pubbe favors contmued development of nuclear energy new support emerged "i the form of eupport emerging statements by a number of endependent nat.onal orgar'utaDons and a growing pro-ener,(otizens

movement, independent The deve4opment of nuclear energy. including the breeder reactor. is essential to the Black Commurvty and i

se e ternents must be wwyoroush pursued. the Natenal Assooanon for the Advancement of Colored People sa.d in earty / 1978. "The fact is that nuclear power mit be recurred to meet our future energy needs for e4ectncrey. ff we I do not move ahead now wth nuclear. the neat generaDon is the+y to be setting arourm m the dark blammg the utihties for not doeng somettwng stus generatioris offcals would not let thern do." At a meetmg wth Presadent Carter n November 1978. the Natennal Gowerr. ors Conf erence presented a comnsttee report wtuch stated "We need a more posttrve comentrnent on nuclear energy by the Adrmtwstrapon and a demonstrated solution to the waste management prob 6em. As agree that nudear energy must play a large part m production of electnoty and We present Adrmrustration poicy as 1 madequate to bnng ttus about." In kne wth thew support for breeder reactors and reprocessang. the govemors sa4 that spent fuel should be consedered 'a valuable future eru-rgy resource'* and that any plans anvohnng spent fuel should pomwt "retnevabrhty." ( fri a report assued by its Courol on Scienotic Affairs. the Amencan Med. cal Assocaten said that "'it d appears that coal and nuclear power wil be the pnnc: pal fuels for e'ectnc power production in the nest 25 p years

Tbc report added that nuclear power has the lowest advem empact on health among the pranopal 6

fuels for e4ectnc power production expected to be used late n ttus century. F Pro-energy It was dunng 1978 that new voices emerged m support of energy suffeoency and nudear power.The "saient maronty' begart to be heard wi state. local and federal heanry around the country. Nearty 100 ( geoupe emerge y otisen pro. energy acton groups, particularly m the Northeast ano West, orgarv:ed to counter many of the [ no. growth, ano-nuclear' arguments which unct recenthr seemed to dorrunate the pubhc debate over P energv 1 Aftee Surveys of putAc opuwon taken soon atter the 28 March 1979 acodent at Three Mie Island mdcate the [ Thee. magenty of Amencans conunues to support construcnng new nuclear generatmg statiorts. h Mile e Afty-two per cent of Amencans favor the nuclear optoon while t2 per cent oppose buelding more T t stand nuclear power plants. Louis Ha ns found m a national po:1 conducted for AOC.TVdunnq Acad 1979.The survey was taken after the erwha! cays of the Three Abe Island accident. e More Wash ngtort O C.. **ei nrsdents support nuclear power than not -concluded a survey i conducted by The Washington Post dunng the fwst week m Apnd 1979 Cf the 934 people witannewed by L I the Post. atter the Three % istand acc.de it 33 per cent sa.d stwy were supporters. 28 per cent described themse#ves as ocoonenn and 34 per cent v.e a neutral u had no coinmn. e Supporters of nuc; ear eneegy won a v< tory on 8 Apniin Aushn. Temas, when 53 per cent of the [ voters. m a bond nsue. Approved contm ed partoDation by thew murwopal ut.hty cornpany et u constructing a 2.500. megawatt nudaar power plant. [ ( e President Carter on 50 Apre sa.d that.: was not possMe to "abar= son" nucsear power a the F: forseeable future and that a " bureaucratic n.gntrnare or mate of red tape" would not Contnbute to more saf ety at tiuclear power plants. e 3 sty-two per cent of 375 res oents surveyed who bve wthe 15 rnies of the Three Mae Island tw-taa, plant contmue to support twesear power despite the accsdent. said the Lancastcv forev.genrer.Aoianaf et a poR released 13 Apnt. The seney. wtuch was conducted between 2 8 Apr I. also showed a 58 percent positrve view for the cone.nued operatmn of Three MJe island reactor urut No. 2. l i l ( i 1 I t a = ~ ..,3,. _y E w- __w , p v. t q l. l

~.. o.; - m l e w ~ LCW LEVEL RADIATION 4 N[E Os nattioes Nctear radation cor*sists of a stream of partdes or rays entted by unstat4e atoms as they eM er6,iss spontaneously esantegrate to reach a non racoactrve or stable state. p Unstabne eiements occur naturacy -in the a.r we breathe. the food we cat. the water we dr=*, the houses we bve m and the earth on whch we waA. Even our bed.es are rrwwy ra6oactrve. In a nuclear reactor, radiation occurs pnmanN when ursruum atoms spht durmg the fasaon process. Most of the resultmg fragments -bghter weight atoms - are unstable and therefore radoacuve. ~,,. RadisDon from a nudear power DLant is physcaay no efferent from the radubon found m nature. p so~etee This naturaay occumng radiacon hos a# ways been part of maris errwonment. U Each year the avecge pe son m the U.S. receives about 130 trutbrem. a urut measunng radiaton dose to en+ amw. mis y the body. This background e posure comes from cosm.c rays: urarwum. roo um and thonum m the e. asth's crust and bumieng matenals: racoactnre potassaurn m food and water. And man's technology has mereased h:s radateon exposure. Medical appkcanons. f aaout from past C nuclear weapons testang and rnesce4Laneous sources such as telewseon, tuminous dal snstruments, ar I transport and occupatsonal esposures add some 80 rrma. rem annuaay b L From opersoon of all commerciai nuclear power reactors. as well as as the suppornag facates and actmties an their fuel cycle. the estamated average dose to an endvidual in the dor.esbc poputabon is less C-than one-thed of a mapirem per year, h Without nuclear seectncrty then. the tyt> cal Amencan es exposed to appromemately 210 tran.com I annuaay. With nuclear energy. to 210.1 L, Ble4ogical At sufficiently hagM doses. radetion can cause cancer and genetic or mhented def ects. effeces The most conymcmg evidence of a relationsNp between radiation and human cancer bes above levels of 100.000 redirem. A#chr:acas or observed etf ects are found above 30.000 rrulinem. k-These data come from the few large groups of people subiected to massrve doses. genera &v over bnef f penods. c>oneers in modca8 rahogy - rrwLons of rrwit. rem. pat.ents treated wnth X-rays for anbrttas of the sc>ne - 700.000 arwa rem. the vicams of Heroshima ard Nagasaiu - SG000 rn.a rem. [ Many more peooie have bee 9 emarvuned over several decades to dete rrwne if a br* easts be4ow 30.000 f rrelirem. With the encept.cm of fe as trad.ation au chrmcal results have been negatrve. (. For genetic darr. age, generaW no ev dence has been found en humans to suggest that radsauonis a - contnDuteg agent. =< r, stecent Recent*y severa'stuces - statrstica: rat

than chnscal-have reported inodences of cancer among

[ s to s ee tic.a4 certain groups rnuch h g*=-e than escacted at matrvety low leveis of esposure [ These special pop pat.ons arc.rfae worsers at two federal nuclear f acihties - typicaey racervng .tud ee. thousands of truG rem pee year - arvt cfwicten whose parents received X-rays dunng or pnor to pregnancy -hundreos to thousanos of merem. Esperts review.ng t*=se epor s have m d vut s.gr fsant errors n rru thodology and concur that the e evidence presented does not s.ebstantsste #Nny of the cla.ms made and that there as no Justriacetaan for f reducmg occupationai radatWI eaposure starusartis. Also state.g that these st.ad.es are inconcuswe. as wudt as rec.omrnend.ng further rese as a draft h report of an interagency Tash 8erce on lorwng Radabon recentty assued by the U S. Department of a Health. Education and Wertare. s consenoue Standards for protectng the p.m.t against radacon are estabkshed by the U.S. EnvronmentC.6 w. on etendeede Agency and enf orced for ccernercas nuc) ear f ecAties by the Nuclear Regulatory Commissaars These red ation gu.cidines have evoh,ed from decades of study and recommendanon by national and 6 intemational groups. marty estaDkshed long before the amval of nuclear gewer. In 1928 the intemetion.nl Commiss.on on N6ciogical Protect >on was forrned. In the fosowng year, the L National Councal on Radmaton Protecten and Measurements F Further moepenoent reviews are conducted by the Natsonal Academy of Scaences-National Reseerds Counoi and by the Urwted Nancms Scentrfic Comtrettee on the Effects of Atomse Ra6aten. Standards for radiation protection. then, haw been stud ed contmuous>y f or half a century and i represent the corbective capenence and gudgrnent of the world's experts - a consensus unequated ri any other feed of envronmental protectors t. t NucAser power Asserewy 1973 I nh ~" e '.% E' g [h' es

I'*

~FM [ ) '. 7 ~" * ~ '"'Y p= ~, o 'I l..

1. BACKGROUND RADIATION EXPOSURE PER YEAR 100 ar Harrisburg 150 nr Denver 80 nr Medical per person i TMI Maximum 80 - 85 mr probable 40 - 45 mr i 2. _FROM TMT 3300 person rems

1. cancer fatality

~ 1 genetic defect, NATURAL 325.000 cancer deaths 60,000 genetic defects 4 cancer deaths per year from brick home's 500 deaths per year from auto accidents 3. LIFE SHORTENING EFFECTS Factor Decrease of life Overweight by 25: 3.6 year l Male vs female 3 year Smoke 1 pack per day 7 year 2 packs per day 10 year City vs country 5 year TMI 10 seconds POSTER DISPLAYED 274 die in DC-10 crash in Chicato 1 { 350 die from memorial weekend auto accidents i 1 person may die from cancer in 10-30 years from TMI i l 1 y. ,, - -7 ge ;._ af.7'a s.} - - ' - * -m' m , " ' ~ ' ~ ~ ' gb -. - - 3 O e I .,n... .wxenom *

N

GE 17 A Flow Line GuestEditorial ~ NUCtBRS INEVITABE ROLE IN OUR ENERGY FUTURE It a; Tears that our nation is hr C L Cnreer be. ding on a course that may depriw Guiman a J CEO "In some regions... us of ihe full pxential knefitsof / Ra.i AfcD< mort e C... Inc. nuclear poweris clearly a relathrly snu!! number of veal PP N~- the most economical nuclear purr. In hunger for auses. choice" } M-4 y\\. 4, ciriu-ns has tarmed nudcar enern as p Ewn with higher first cons a pubhc enenw.This and-nuckur tard P.* and-grouth a mmunent lus had dis-T

.1 j

and longer lead times. nuclear power "_ 'd.> 3' p)'j plants are economially competithe l pnynrtiwarep;itialinituence.despite (i with coal fins) units in marn puts of the importance of energv to our ecor;- the United States. In some n geons. onn De American drtum still prtvails i s. .J e foInuwt pspie-we desire armi driw I '.7 ,. my J4

like New Englaal, w hach ochenvise for a highty stardard of living. Achiv
ii

.; \\,, - would te altrxs completely depndent \\' 3 upn imprtn! od. nuclear purr is r

'Q

,"*#[ ing this gul will rts;uireinettused I I clearly Ihe nxnt nonomical choice. plants ase imnid;ng a sienificant . [k energy usace.Tal.w. nudcar puer y Thehrterircrwof theSeabrook, New Ilampshire, contrtnvrsy is that amount of reliable.noromicalenergy. and the asd to uw this n!uable re-f D-i nuck-ar energy is the trst long-term ,~ v>urtv will intsitably gnnv in the furure. N source of eknricity for the emlunkd Our erm.vgv remurces are finite. \\ j pmer companis senice area. If the r To utdire thec rt-ourcts diathrly. \\. starkin is not compkred. the loss of \\ ihis nonnmical purr source will hurt we rxul a dhrrsi:y d efergy suirlies and lulancv in th-ir aryliotim. Ghrn \\ rot only the urdity, but alv> the k, cal 'g ^, ^-( m>mtm and twery consumtv sened the current entg pen:re.1 submit h*,, ' that uithout increaxd uwof nuckor by the utiliy. ermerg. thel'mt6d Stain wi!! h unahk etterts :n Ldl nyneewng aal the t to maintain its irdasru! cerunw Orst Rner brmkT Pront can k>gi ~I'he public risk is less into ahe rut ceruun. We may nrn ulh N vinstnxsl e a wait and xv" than the chance of being feel the o wqtxaw of today's urtu.J p >!x. t.< dwkying w d ' s hrulogi... struck by a meteor" canhadi in nuckur orskts as early as 11uu;7nuth nus be p>htkally the 1980%. a hen nurw esp 1u prtdat aurva,. Nr it is an un; ruacnt ap- % fen has hvn a special con-5 4mrtages of ekoricirv. Such durtago pnuch to wr natuin\\ crrrev tharkV n rn of the anti nuckar activists. An u di almtnt trrtainly nu n lamttunti numt a muki cauw snvn wommic cuminarnn of ihe rnord howewr. kna pntlucti n-Ln ingrn!sents of lurdsh.7 inihe nest da.4 assihyond. pnn xk. cont lusive evikrxv that the a nupr n<csson. We Ine in an era w ben nrry ufen nonj of ihe nuckar industry '""*"*X'i"i'""""'** I'"'cellent and cann le riv led by "*hA M m-6 ramuc wrvnal. I hlise ihar k.xk rs any oc ht tru br incus rial undertakin g. has repeatedly dealt in ih.pnute xcor, p,rticularly in No one has etrrlxrn kilkd as a result blows to this proven buurx >s.cnnot afford tn stand ly of comtreccial nuck-2r power genera-energy sou. rte." whde a prmm energy wurce is cut tion: ard studks. such as that con-7 c4f wr.hmt justifiable cauw. ducus! by Dr. Rasmussen of MIT, Despitepotessiertsof faithin Atitsinapion nuclearpmer haw corriuded that the chances of a nudcar smet the Adminisration lus was sed as a relatively irupnsive. fatal accident are highly improbable. rt7eatedv dealt bkm s to this prown safe an! emironmentally acetreable The phiic risk is less than the chance energy s5urce. Gerrnrnent indtrision source of ekttricity. Nuclear pnver's nf h-ing struck ly a meteor. on nuclear waste nunacernent and rt<tml to date has prum! that light Nuckar pwer has alsn earntd F bcensing reform haw kft utility water rextormtisfy thew early high marks with resp <t to emiron- [ planren in a quarxiarv. aa! Presikntial expernns mental qualiev. Nuclear plants are l ,m.-r- ,,v. w$~ W...,.. y.. f ~;Q '.' " - ' r ?- .= .v. g g. '.r : - i .8 ..d' j ,' I i

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~ = A Row Line Guest Editorial cbn. compuct. ard rwat in.gp-arance. Witleut nuclear omer.mr kval. state ard ftdtal agencks. As a Shielding and uringent conrrtid entsv futu:v wui! k biuk. E2n to-nacim in tsul of energv. we(bn t r4uctive nurerials assure a safe rrtdar dimesri ed an! cas resnes Nw rine ru :ha Un!of rtd rap. emironment trar a nuck-s pbnt. are dairs!hr:e tra, and md pm (*rau we an tur th Iirming pnstss A prson who lhesin a trick Nme 4gmf a:arit kschred prtMerm. In addi-to a rer.nuNe p-riod-sav ihe yers will recehe a higher sbsage of radi.t-tain.th wa%! cum ':ethmkvies -it w di N attit!r for the U.S. pwer tion from the walls tbn he or she will -wlar. cretNrmal. tabl an! fusen induan to irslu& nuckur omer in imm stan!ing a the proprty line pract-m.n rts;u:re rmre tbn 'o i:s plans ter :uture qucin..md ihe d a nuck-ar plant. yersof &sekymer:: triere tM can natien o hkch to N durt of dwtricity Nuclear waste dispw.d is a bear a sierati.:r:t prta n et cur asto k ihe erd ei t& century. nurmgeaMeprtMem:homewr.plitical tstan. Naks puer w:".It nadd Gul-tired pmer plants ard in'ecision oser rtTrawing 2rd wor-to scuain our tuhrM'e ea! Nse tor Lehr Wea Reac ors se duct tem the asek r wnt et :Me rew ento dutiens to pn3 sk the erstp u e ntul a_ge has debyed re olution et this inue. t w erc e. iur tN !st quarter or this tvnturv. Techrokyies hae hen (kseiopd for wtidifving an! soring nuc! car wastes. Ier sinter's caul stnie iunher A mush *rcen rar se erstyv P cy is 4i but a comprt4rmhe eowenment &tawtrrai the rud fordaentv m rsesar. to pnwi& for our niety program is requind to &ructstrae ervrq w;yb fer pm er eerstatiert. w hen od en 2n.! tumentkwul . thew tethrobg es in futhale The stnke-wh:ch lead lit d.n s-uranium reels ue d ! cud 7 appliariom. souil hase h.m! certs'eraNy greeer In the pst.ekctrie utilities imrxt witkut nuciar pmer c;-xirv. "...the Administration c had a fair'v nraightforward apprtuch in rnarn 2n a of the tvuntry. nu! car appears to be b.orrowing to planning.skbrerul cq cirv.Thev puer arrad Ja rrupr uortiud m m tomonw s enes based decsiens on haing rd units' aI*cdar, r8vbueipndcah s tmm security to appease on idarhely prtdictaNe kudtrowth coal pmer ; bnts. ptterns ard the h4ici tha the public Ar this time.the 'O cumnwrcul minority political groups =ou!d h-nefit f rom utility crtorts to rextors supply 12 prtrnt of.\\nu-ricts today! produce pmer at tk kmest pasbie ekctrieirv. To assure. tularud pmer cost. With the curn:nr ebes in our sourtt.tb role of tu:ckar omer will At prew.r. we are only super-ener9 ricture. espn.ia!!y in the nudear hne toincreme:ard thee shouk!te ikially hster oit tbn other irdustrial area. urdity exwutive:S k!k ar purth.:3-at least a 50 50 y!!r twtween uranium rutim>. Our coal. petrokum ard ing rextors rbt-plicies ard rttu-an!ccul as fuel for r=w pmer pbnts. uranium rreo che us trure britude in T nnina sur future. Our bng-range b brory red tap: side-nouk!tv tk Of thtocalnumhroico.danlcuck-ar most ecemmical rne2ns ci prtwidity pbnts schedu!cd tw starry in the next entgv pbntting. hower.mus: reflect electricin to their cusomers. Sirxx dca&.shwr 0 pttrnt will N nuckur. the t.st tN: thcx fuels are fisac 1974.onku for nucleariars! fossih Ekouse r:uclear pbnts h.ae hieher re<ourto. Mere drarmtic sMrthes units hase fal:en off truricdly.The puer kses tbn coal units ert the ~ of enern in Britain. Franx. West bck of rrw orders in recent > cts is aserage. the planrsd nuc! car stations Germany us! J.qun haw kd ihese in effect a de fxto nucler moratorium. 3ill provide ahmr 40 prcent of the countries to con mit to nuc! car fuel This situation pas the sta.atbn: trw yerwrarine capcity. terrarssing ard the 1.ipil.\\ktal Fass Where uouki av scard without Coin.ident with the rwem Breuler Rex:or iLWBRi. ruo tech- / nuclear pued plitical uncertaintv.the tint spn rolyies tNr the present Administra, frtwn contrxt to comnwrth! sp rarion ' tion has cifettiieiv shehu!. Bv not > O i: of a nuck-somerplant has!cngtherwd implerrrruing thEc tethrukEes- "Without nuclear power, to as much as 12 sors. to a !arce hxh of wh(h on increase the life of e a q,,@ our enew future would dyns due to tN'regubrory trivss. our ur.usum nwes signitiontly-be bleak" In wme axes. nuc5es obnts nyuire the Adminisra;m c4 years m te ter-It; a;pucal from nure rNn 50 different rowing from tormerow's energy 5&ty g o I 1 f""* h%." L.*, __ ""d*Z =. e

n ,L A Flose Line Guest Editorial (- j ,.F. i. Edser's %se: Sw lone sisser edse,ush are nis,.=Jsit se pewww se ser seneres Ar ear =v and speesse a(p,mme no, _ passess se sedienw seed._ _ =As ese an.eh.d ene,ity marrh. dusrahassa er idaisesses De opuismas ear =wn it de aar ascesas,dr o ev/iset shear e/ The. Conssel Dms ma er e/ Kura -es t.c., hes.de.e e/ A A t,r:Anke. Ver F Ca.ess edsene6 e., erseased 6, _ _ end Cessrsef Measser. Flow Ceass=I Diveses e,st are erAene= Arisseuf br a densress an she neair a( Ar simer edser se e charsy s( As thearw t Omtributin to our immtdute h nty to Jpp ase mirurity political groups totTp* frDm a pourd of uraniuirt mrec muk i tmiav. We must do abrever we can to light water reactondo. As a miewable e Due to unpadictable,ard ntgy xiurcr.betulers offer ihe test restticth e internstional p>lices. the ,[ exte'nd ihe life of our uranium recrws, e and rtprrnwng ard the fast brmkr inng-term rneans d esanling our Umtal Stato can m kmger exertiw e koric cracirv. nduong ourikpul. workl kanhap m nuclear y. E can do just ibt. my on other fuels afd prtn dmg time Other tutke av piing their own way e Rcprxessing of lir,ht water oawky other tevhnnkigics. unch as to skwky nuclear energy, mcluding e 5 rextor fucl-to make we d reidual t fissile nuterial in son fuel-ovntually wta and fusm piwet. bnukn aml nyrm sung. For thn j rmn H h "'o aatt ihat nuclear f must take pixe. This rtptwssing "...it may be necewasy

- TR *iU k'* *" i"""F F "P" II shook!tvpnndaltw ordtiv pmgrams l

for tempury storadeof sphs fuel, to buy foreign. breeder tam mie in the emrp future,d the p i for darkping wase dispisal f acilities technology *.* workl. It is :ime for Anwnca s le:dcrs d '*" courw that win a>we and for op rating dmonstration re. Theli uid metal faw Ntukt kmgwem enerp supph,es through the prtnwng iacilitics. As stata!.cther l rutice are proamlin t with textor using plutonium ftwl h.asIwn full utiliuik n el our nuckar remurces unkt skwkprmet for rmrv than 20 am!highinkwkyd industrial repmcessing, A comnwrcial rtpaceuing wars and is a prmen meurt. He plant is abo 41rcadv in exisence in the ' French bnukr run or. PNnh. is in C'P'hh'i'5-Unind Stato at Bunnv!!. South sp. rat'un generating 250.\\1W ol j Caroliru, but it cannot te ceivrand ekoricity.The 1200.\\1We Sun:r-cug,, L (,.v,v, fu,,,,,,s houw of (bngesinposvrnment Phenh brtukt-a joint Fanh. ,, c/uj,may,,/dx i=.ird.tre/ chief Catman ard Italian pnibt -is unter ,,.c.,,j,,,,,,g,,,,ff gay,ya.,,,,,a. pilkin aml regulatons unct sts crmstructkin ard shalukd for l'1M ,,,d C,,m/wn. Inc. since cadi 197a irupon. TN pra,rrury parpre of rv-(ptaten.ItiNtricaeur dl'.S Climh fle usi. Ice redpsalent am/cbir/ pmcussng is to nuner the rtsaul Rner LT11'BR pnso is not om c,,fj,,,,,gcc, f,,1972 and c/uirr,wn i ihsile nutenalin pet fuel meluding pi,$ni it m.n tv rsussars in but ,,fde hiorrlin 1974 iN plutonium gem ratu! dunng piutv tonign brudt tuficuk.o m a Inv c,,,c,j,,j,yjfps, plant spratiort. Pluumium shouki te yeas wIen it hwnss n a..: to our ,ugfA,,,,,,ff j,, f 9y, as,j;,yf f c ,.,,g,,,.,,,,,f A,.,,,,,,,,w,g g,, of viend as a vdualk inel ard not as a ruticM-4 rs tbt the imder h an j ut apms nuscrial. The salest. as wtd, twnnal stip in our em-to ,,,/,L,,,,,,,,,rstn,ctios, tuo A ars laer, as tmest prtducthe. pl.att for plutotuum darkyrm nt. / /c then.uhwescc/thmugh.7 mannskr is in an op-rating nuck-a reactor. De lhgurdd snru hn = nt t.mahties. ,,/ nu nae.,,wr,t p,siti<,ns aisd bi cassie j high-kwl ralmucthe wage from apnnsdng aid storage 6.quhlity, a der.ct,.r in 1961. fle uus elected ~ tsprinnng. pet iuelcan h wiidifid ard dmo pnstnrm-ne aern.1of cscrurin s firt44niin JWsm/ into a compact form ami mond rer-plutonium brdling are nurr. kit ,,,;,,,.y.,,,j,, ej,, p,,3jjg,f j, f 972, l nunentIv. It is estinuud !bt rtpo-ruvssay. programs iL: rnmiIc a,ufj,,,,f ty,,j,,.,g,, g,,,,,,4 ~ c:wmg the soni fueldirbrpd from inykinentnl m amiumien with tht-c,,,,, j ,,gfesj, y,a Odcases. all commercial nuckar ptaries betwten retirrment of bnukt etthmkigv. buniarw. si,1cc 19M lle is agnsilasste now and ihe 3rar 2000 willonl pro. Thew gwerams not onh willimpnnt ,,/ff c r,j,,n,fy,,f Lu j,,jff, with 3 date an amount of high level radio-our kmg term erwergy psture sienifi-a luche 4,er.4 gree in cit d cingisiccdag. aethe wase that can te w!iddid ard cmily, but they will alw haIp bnng the c,arr:is a nwmher o/the mond in a m!ume about t9:21 toIhe pnwns nuckar program hick intoihe A,,,,fca, s,cirer of Cird Enginecrv. the site of a footk!! fickl.10 to 20 fawrable light it & < sus.Omv we Anwrican Intreti,te of,Uining and kve a whertet kmgcym oficy. , Uria #ureicalEncincers, and the feet deep. ek<trie utilities and the pubin un-poj,wu gyg o,,,,,g Sgi,fy ' j Dnukt reactors paluce rmwe fuct than they consume and make it doulmHy nill ca!! upm omrneiusul i swible to estract 50 times as much , nuclear rextors en nuke their full l -- ~ _nv x n....--._ .1 y +. I}}

ML20024B003

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