ML20008E426

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Chapter 3 to Yankee Rowe Preliminary Hazards Summary Rept, Site. Includes Revisions Through 581201
ML20008E426
Person / Time
Site: Yankee Rowe
Issue date: 12/01/1958
From:
YANKEE ATOMIC ELECTRIC CO.
To:
References
NUDOCS 8101070147
Download: ML20008E426 (40)
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{{#Wiki_filter:300 1 2/27/$7 O 3 s178 300 GENERAL Location The site is located in the town of Rowe, Massachusetts, on the east bank of the Deerfield River at a point approximately three-quarters of a mile south of the Vermont-Massachusetts border. It is adjacent to the Sherman hydroelectric station of New England Power Company. Tha location is shown on Figure 19 United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Map, " Massachusetts-Vermont, Rowe Quadrangle"k attached.31680 shows the topographical Scale 1: features. This map is no Access The site may be reached by a secondary road which runs from Massachusetts Route 2 at Charlemont to Vermont Route 9 at Wilmington. The distances by road to the site are 13 miles from Route 2 and 21 miles from Route 9 The Hoosac Tunnel and Wilmington Railroad connects with the main line of the Boston and Maine Railroad at the eastern portal of the Hoosac Tunnel, about 7.5 miles east of North Adams, C Massachusetts. From this point, the railroad follows the Deer- \\ field River approximately 12 miles north to the town of Readsboro, Vermont, passing the site at the 6.5 mile point. Population T . lowing tabulation, based on 1950 census data, shows popun _on figures by zones. It shows clearly the in-fluence of the city of North Adams. These zones have been in-dicated on Figure 20. Distance from

Area, Population Density - Persons /Sa Mlle
Site, Square Including Excludirg Including Excludirs Miles Miles North Adans North Adams North Adams North Adams 0-1 3.14 174 55 1-5 75.6 1,862 25 0-5 78.7 2,036 26 S.10 23.5 26,946 5,379 115 23 0-10 314 28,982 7,415 92 24 10-20 946 75,311 80 0-20_

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O O O ro aunno ro e,uows raus ( ost I Ol V E R M 00 N T N / >WILMINGTON O i [ AMEM/AdAX BRATTLEBORO R I ) HEARTWELLVILLE 8 i WINCHESTER 2 O JACKSONVILLE / QWHIT ^ _.a_(NGHAM g, y-e -/ \\ -\\ \\ __g Z h NORTH PLAMTSTE ~~ ~ I / h [T) ADAMS a WILLIAMS. ? ROWE d COLRAIN TOWN ,t f* g g / D I a l CHARLEMONT ~Q k h 'SHELBUltNE@ 2 ADAMS ^~ ~ M A S S A CH U S E T TS \\ ~%, / GREENFIELD o / YANKEE A'IDMIC ELECTRIC COMPANY 3 I@ O 4 8 / To P/TTSF/fLD TO SPntNaftf/ n P E!

300:2 2/27/57 ~ The towns within a 20 mile radius which have a popula-tion in excess of 2,500, together with their distances and direc-tions, are as follows: Airline

Distance, Direction from Town gpulation Miles Site North Adams, mas.

21,567 9 Wsw Greenfield, Ass, 17,349 19 SE Bennington, Vt. 12,411 17 NW Adams, kss. 12,034 12 SW Bratt,leboro, Vt. 11,522 20 NE williamstown, Mass. 6,194 13 WSW Land Use There are only three industrial developments within 10 miles of the site, excluding North Adams and small sawmills. These are a box company in Wilmington, Vermont, a hardwood pro-ducts company in Readsboro, Vermont, and a paper company at Monroe Bridge, Massachusetts. A knife manufacturing company and a steel products company are down river at Shelburne Falls. This leaves Green-field and North Adams as the only important centers of manu-O. recturins from the point of view of this reporti North Adams, because of its proximity to the site, and Greenfield, because it is on the Deerfield River. Closely populated areas are found only in the centers of each town, so that the total land area devoted to housing is small. All of the remaining land is utilized as forest or cultivated crop land, except for railroads and highways. but 'the following data from the 199+ y towns are not available, Detailed land use figures b census of agriculture show the percentage of land devoted to crops in each of the four counties near the site: Total land Crop Iand, County Area A res Acres Per Cent Berkshire, Ass. 602,880 71,000 11.8 Franklin, has. 452,480 56,500 12.5 Bennington, Vt. 430,080 36,800 8.6 windham, Vt. 507,520 43,900 8.7

300:3 i 2/27/57 () Public Water Sunplies The main stream of the Deerfield River travels a dis-tance of +1.2 river miles between the Sherman Dam and its con-1 fluence with the Connecticut River. There are no downstream towns which use water pumped directly from the main stream of the river for domestic purposes. In the Mill Village section of Deerfield, one gravel packed well, located within 1,000 f t of the river, feeds into a public water supply which probably serves a part of the town. In other towns, only the village of Monroe Bridge and the towns of Shelburne Falls and Greenfield have public water supplies. These systems obtain water from springs, wells, or reservoirs on or near tributary streams. Site Lavout Yankee and its parent company, New England Power Company, own approximately 2,000 acres located on both sides of the Deerfield River, as shown on Figure 19 All of this land with the exception of the roads indicated and a group of five houses in the Monroe Bridge area is in the form of forest and unused farm land. The location of the plant is planned pres-({} ently at the easterly end of the Sherman Dam. This location was selected because of level nature of land, adequate founda-tion conditions, nearness to the Sherman Pond for cooling water supplies, convenient access by both highway and railroad. In addition, proximity to the high tension switching substation at the Harriman hydroelectric station of New England Power Company, in Readsboro, Vermont, would facilitate the de-livery of power to the interconnected transmission systems of the New England utilities which propose to purchase the output of the Yankee Plant. The road which follows the westerly edge of the river is a state road of black-top construction. The road on the easterly side of the river from Monroe Bridge to the dam is a private right-of-way over land of New England Power Company and can be controlled from its intersection with the Monroe Bridge-Rowe road. Currently there is no access to the plant site from the cast and nor h by motor vehicles because of a range of steep hills which surround the plant site. The distance from the plant site to the nearest point on the state highway is approximately 1,000 f t. New England Power Company owns almost all land on both sides of this road thus making it unlikely that outside parties would construct homes or other permanent installations in this area. An existing house and barn adjacent (~; to the Sherman hydroelectric station is occupied by the station s/ attendant and is owned in fee by New England Power Company. i

301:1 2/27/57 ,(b 301 METE 0BOLOGY Pollution Climatolony >f the Deerfield River Site In October 1955, James M. Austin, Associate Professor of Meteorology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, prepared for Yankee an analysis of the pollution climatology of the site, based on available data. As indicated by Professor Austin's report, complete meteorological data for a definite survey are not available now, and further observations are required. Professor Austin's report is quoted verbatim as follows: POLLUTION CLIMATOLOGY OF THE DEERFIELD RIVER SITE By James M. Austin Associate Professor of Meteorology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Tocorraphy The most important factor to consider in this pol-lution survey is the unusual topography in the vicinity ( _s) of the proposed site. The Deerfield River meanders through the hilly regions of western Massachusetts and southern Vermont. At the proposed site the elevation of the land is approximately 1150 ft. above sea level. Within a horizontal distance of one mile the hills on both sides of the valley rise to an elevation of 2000 ft., approximately. This steep-sloped character of the river valley exists to Charlemont, eight airline miles southeast of the site, anS beyond Wilmington, Vt. to the branches of the river 12 miles north of the site. Between these two towns the valley takes a very erratic course with a general decrease in elevation to the south. The valley is densely wooded on both sides. With such a deep river valley it is to be expected that the wind direction and speed will frequently differ markedly from that which prevails over the neighboring hills. Availability of Meteorolonical Data Pittsfield, which is located about 25 miles to the southwest of the site is the nearest regular weather bureau s tation. Prior to February 1947 Pittsfield took surface observations 24 hours a day but since that time (~) the observations have been less frequent. The nearest v station which has taken upper-air wind and temperature observations is Albany, New-York, located about 40 miles

301:2 2/27/57 to the west. The upper-air temperature observations were discontinued in November 1951. Since 1951 upper-air temperature data must be obtained from Rome, N. Y., about 100 miles to the northwest of the site. For many years a cooperative observer station has been maintained at Hoosac Tunnel on the Deerfield River approximately three miles southwest of the proposed. site. Since January 1955 this station has taken wind and temperature observations at 8 a.m., 4 p.m. and midnight. An inspec-tion of the station showed that an anemometer was well exposed on the surge tank and was located about 240 feet above the river. The records of wind speed should give a good estimate of the wind in this deep valley. However wind directions have not always been observed in a systematic manner. In view of the availability of data this climatological 2, survey of the Sherman Dam site will be based primarily on 1%5-47 data and will be analyzed in the following manner. (1) The recent wind observations from Hoosac Tunnel will be utilized to establish the conditions favorable for calm or very light winds in the valley. The expected importance of inversions 4 ' (_) for light winds will be establiched by taking s the temperature difference between the valley 4 bottom at Hoosac Tunnel and the 850-mb (5000 ft.) i temperature at Rome, N. Y. (2) Since scant temperature data are available at Hoosac Tunnel prior to 1975, the Pittsfield surface temperatures will be used to determine the stability during the years 1945 to 1947. This procedure is justified by dtie comparison of Pittsfield with Hoosac Tunnel given in Table 1. The general stability of the air will be given by the temperature difference between the 5000 ft. temperature at Albany and the sur-face temperature at Pittsfield. Elevated low inversions will be noted by comparing the 3000 ft. temperatures with the 1500 ft. temperatures at Albany, N. Y. (3) The basic wind data will be the 2000 ft, pilot balloon observations at Albany for the years 1945 to 1947 It is the air motion at the level of the ridges which will carry contaminants to the populated areas hence the pilot balloon data give a more representative picture of the wind 4 ('-) field than the surface winds at Pittsfield. Since these basic data are not surface observa-tions the 40 mile distance from Albany to the

301:3 2/27/57 ) Sherman Dam site is not an important consider-ation. On the other hand when the data are used for pollution estimates it will be neces-sary to consider the topographical influences as well as the stability of the air. Meteorological Conditions Favorable for Calm or Light Winds Table 2 presents an analysis of the wind data taken at Hoosac Tunnel. This table sh)ws the expected high frequency of calms and light winds during inversion conditions (lapse rate negative). It is apparent that under these conditions the valley is essentially isolated from the free atmosphere above and that contaminants will drift along the valley rather than be dispersed to the free atmosphere on either side of the valley. With moderate to steep lapse rates (the dry adiabatic rate is 23 F) the low frequency of calms and the higher values of Vsfc/V2000 show that the air in the valley is mixing with the air aloft and that the air motion over the region is well represented by the 2000 ft. wind. Wind Regime (]) The 2000 ft. pilot balloon observations from Albany, N.Y., provided the basic data for the wind analysis. In the event of a missing report the 1000 ft. observation 3 was used when available and the speed was increased by 20'per cent to account for the normal increase of wind sith height. The 1000 ft. wind was used in only 3 per cent of the cases. When inclement weather pre-vented a pilot balloon observation.the surface wind at Pittsfield was used. In these cases the wind speed was increased by 60 per cent. Only 7 per cent of the time was it necessary to utilize the Pittsfield report. The-frequencies of occurrence of winds from various directions, grouped according to wind speeds and vertical stability, are shown in Tables 3 and 4. The daytime stability. utilized the 1 30 p.m. temperatures while the night time stability used the 1 30 a.m. temperatures. The stability classes are defined as follows: T Class Tsfc 850 -oo to 0* F Invers;3n +1' F to 10* F Stable -+11* F to 20* F Moderate lapse +20 F to oo Unstable where Tsfc and T850 refer to the surface and 850 mb ("~J (or 5000 ft) temperatures, respectively.

301:4 2/27/57 (['] From Tables 2, 3 and 4 it is apparent that calm conditions prevail in the valley on at least 30 per cent of the nights. This high estimate is supported by the recent June, July and August data from Hoosac Tunnel where calms were reported on 50 per cent of the nights. Undoubtedly the air is not motionless on these occasions. In all probability a down-valley wind of about 1-2 mph exists on these nights so that the most serious threat should occur at Monroe Bridge. With low wind speeds and stable air the turbulent diffusion is at a minimum. In i view of the high frequency of these conditions it would be desirable to determine the precise nature of the flow in the valley by direct observation, such as through the use of a smoke generator. Meteorological theory would indicate that Readsboro is a much less hazardous region since it is located up the valley from the proposed site and would only be affected by winds from a direction of 150-180 degrees. Since daytime inversions are uncommon these calm conditions usually disappear after sunrise. In view of its distance from the site and the meandering of the valley it is improbable that Charlemont will be affected like Monroe Bridge during these calm nights. The analysis of the data in Table 2 shows that sig-nificant wind speeds often exist in the valley even when /~) an inversion or a stable lapse rate prevails. It is k-most probable that the speed of the 2000 ft. wind is the important variable for distinguishing between calm conditions and light to moderate wind speeds in the valley. 'Below average 2000 ft. winds favor the former while above average 2000 ft. winds accompany the latter regime. Under these stable conditions the 2000 ft. direction may not always be representative of the wind direction in the vicinity of the site. Tbs tendency of the air motion to take the path of least resistance through passes rather than over peaks is a well-estab-lished principle and makes it difficult to simulate atmospheric motion in a wind tunnel (1). The ridges east and west of the valley have few prominent passes so that there is no reason to anticipate that the wind directions, under stable conditions, differ markedly from the free-air wind direction at 2000 ft. The tables show a maximum frequency of winds from a direction of 300 degrees so that the wind is most frequently blowing toward Shelburne Falls and Greenfield. The secondary summertime maximum of-winds from 180* is directed up the river valley toward Readsboro and Wilmington, Vt. The remaining towns listed in Table 5 arez infrequently downwind from the 7s proposed site. With the exception of Monroe Bridge and () ' 'Readsboro, all the populated areas are so located that the air must flow over a range of hills before it reaches the area. This motion over erratic terrain enhances the turbulent diffusion and thereby reduces the hazard.

301: 5 2/27/57 (~} The standard deviations of the wind speed have k-been computed for those groups which contain a large number of observations. In general the standard deviations are large compared with the mean wind speed and demonstrate that a wide range of speeds are observed in each category. For the estimation of the travel of contaminants it is necessary to adjust the pilot balloon speeds. An extensive analysis of wind in the New England mountains (1) shows that this adjustment cannat be estimated with a high degree of accuracy. Except within the valley, it is apparent that the wind speed about the level of the ridges controls the dispersion of possible contaminants. In view of the higher elevations to the west meteorological theory would indicate that winds from a westerly direction are accompanied by speeds over the ridge to the east which are less than the free-air pilot-balloon speeds. The " site" factor is estimated as ranging between O.6 and 1.0. The lower limit of 0.6 is based upon the observed winds in the valley and the observed winds at Pittsfield. With winds from an easterly direction the site factor will be higher. For up-or down-valley winds the ratios in Table 2 may be utilized to estimate the wind speed in the valley. 7s ~ Temperature Inversions The significance of inversions of temperature from the valley bottom to the free atmosphere above have already been discussed through the aid of Table 2. A second important inversion is the low but elevated subsidence or frontal inversion. An inversion about the mean elevation of the ridges will tend to suppress turbulent air motion and hence reduce the diffusion thereby leading to high concentrations downwind. Radiosonde observations from Albany, N. Y., have been analyzed in order to determine the frequency of inversions between 1500 ft. and 3000 ft. In the winter half of the year inversions are present 20 per cent of the time while in the summer the frequency drops to 8 per cent. These elevated inversion cases are also included in the data which comprise Tables 3 and 4. As expected most periods with elevated inversions give a small temperature difference between the surface and 5000 ft. 80 per cent of the elevated inversions -T850 values less than were accompanied by Tsurface 100 F i.e., the " inversion" and " stable" categories of Tables 3 and 4. Hence the. significance.of the stability 7~s (l with inversions has already been recognized by the stability classificaticn of Tables 3 and 4. The somewhat

3 01:6 2/27/57 (~) unexpected " inversion" cases in Table 4 for summer N' days can be attributed to the presence of these elevated inversions. Since the topography favors a high frequency of ground inversions and since the classification of Tables 3 and 4 serves to show the stable regime with elevated inversions, no further analysis of inversions will be undertaken. Topographical dif-forences make it impossible to apply a detailed inversion analysis at Albany to the proposed site. It is considered that the method adopted here gives a reliable estLmate of the frequency of stable and unstable air motion in the vicinity of the proposed site. Procipitation Since contaminants are washed out of the air by precipitation it is significant to determine the wind regime during periods of precipitation. The 6-hour precipitation amounts at Pittsfield and the 2000 ft. winds during the middle of the 6-hour period were utilized to determine the frequency of occurrence of precipitation with wind direction. A comparison of the precipitation amounts for the years 1945-1947 73 (,) with the 1cng-term average show that the three year period is representative of the long-term mean. The latter statistics are presented in Table 7 Table 6 shows that 73 per cent of the wintertime precipitation and 58 per cent of the summertime precipi-tation is in the form of light rain showers or snow flurrics. Much of the precipitation with west to north-west winds is of this type. The accompanying steep lapse rates of temperature and high wind speeds will favor rapid diffusion. Hence the fall-out concentrations will be minimized by unstable ccnditions and slight precipi-tation rates. The heavier and more prolonged periods of precipitaticn occur with northeast winds in winter and with northeast and southerly winds in summer. The northeast vinds toward the cities of Adnms and Pittsfield are blowing over erratic terrain so that they will give strong turbulent mixing thus reducing possible fall-out concentrations. The principle fall-out hazard will occur with the southerly rain-bearing winds in summer toward Readsboro and Wilmington. However the relatively high wind speeds will act to minimize centaminant concentrations. r q;

3018 2/27/57 Continuous point Source ~ X.V.2) ~ CX P - X (3) g z-n where x is distance downwind from the source. The maxi-zum concentration at y = z = 0 is Z= (4) Trc c.u.x -n 2 y These equations apply to the diffusion from a continuous point source placed at x = y = z = 0. The populated regions outside of the river valley are at elevations considerably lower than the height of the ridges in the immediate vicinity of the valley. The general air flow from above the sharp ridges to the lowlands will deviate from the general contour of the land so that the points of marinum concentration, defined by equations (2) and (4), will appear at a considerable elevation above ground level. The estimates of maximum concentrations at the ground can be made by setting y = 0 and z = h, whePe n is the estimated distance between the ground and the leiel of maximum concentration. Unquestionably h cannot be O e=ti ted vita a7 decree or precision but tri 1 co va-tations show even a modest value of h greatly reduces the concentrations.particularly near.the ridge. As far as people at the ground are concerned the topographical effect is similar to that of emitting the pollutants from a very tall stack.- This effect is an important one for reducing-the hazard to people or animals living.outside the river valley, Estimates of the diffusion parameters are given in Tables 8 and 9 In view of the topographic influence on the turbulence itself two sets of parameters are pre-sented. These estimates are based upon experimental evidence (2, 4, 5, 6) and the analysis of the proposed site. 'The: values given for the " stable" flow outside the valley are based upon a consideration that.the terrain:will ensure strong mixing near the surface even though the lapse rate from the surface to 5000 ft. may belong in the stable category of Tables 3 and 4. Esti-mated concentrations'can be computed for distances from the source by substituting for (ut) or x the distance from the source in meters. The units of 'X/Q are (meters)-3,. Alternative Estimates Q The diffusion project at M. I. T.'s Round Hill Field Station has recently found that satisfactory estimates of average' downwind concentrations can be deduced from con-tinuity principles. Effluent being emitted at'a rate Q i

30187 2/27/57 Hazards to Population U-This nnalysis of potential hazards to the population will consider two possibilities, namely, a continuous emission of radioactive materids and an instantaneous release of radioactive material in the form of an ex-plosion. Through the work of Sutton (2), Roberts (3) and others, equations have been prepared for tbe pre-diction of downwind concentrations. In the past decade these equations have been tested by field tests, suen as conducted at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (4), (5). In general Sutton's theory appears to give satis-factory engineering estimates except under inversion or very stable conditions - a condition which prevails 35 per cent of the time in the Deerfield River ' alley. v Of further significance is the fact that existing theory and empirical evidence are intended to apply to diffusion over reasonably homogeneous terrain. The terrain in the vicinity of the proposed site requires special consider-aticn. The erratic terrain favors two extreme conditicns, namely, highly turbulent flow out of the valley and ex-tremely stable flow within the valley. The expected concentrations will thus be estimated by using Sutton's equaticns and by introducing values of the parameters f} which recognize the unusual stability and instability. Continuity principles will be utilized to check the order of maghitude of the estimates. Instantaneous Point Source N (1) % yA4 nw c,Cgut)%M exP - + k l (x,y,z,t) is the downwind concentration where x,y,z and t are measured from an origin moving with the cloud l at constant speed u; Q is the strength of the source; Cx, Cy and Cs are diffusion coefficients; and n is a j parameter which varies with the turbulence. The concen-i tration at the center of the puff (x = y = z = 0) is given by N (2) %- TrMqc ((ut)h" 3 pJ l l

1di/' - 30189 y 2/27/57 spreads out as it is carried downwind. The edge of the (,m) conewhichmarkstheboundaryoftheplume(definedasyhth of peak concentration) can be estimated from the stan-dard deviation of the azimuth and elevation fluctu-ation of the wind. For flow outside the valley the average concentration I meters from the origin is given by Q : -{ LL%*ianu20g fo/n,201( whereay and al are the angular standard deviations of the wind in the horizontal and vertical; respectively. The reflection from the grcund is considered here as in Sutton's equation (3). For unstable conditions outside the valley ep and ai shculd be of the order of 15o and 6e, respectively. These values give (%/Q);, equal to 2 7 x 10~9 at 21.000 m, the distance of Shelburne Falls from the site. thg formula of Table 10 gives a maximum value of 1.2 x 10'O. Under invers1,n conditions within the valley the plume of contaminants will spread out in the vertical for a distance of 50 to 100 m and then will spread in the horizontal (see reference (7)). Hence, for dis- _/ tances beyond 100 m, the above formula becomes Q = TTtL% Iom. ?.g too bZaj b With inversion conditions in the valley eg and ai shculd be of the order of 4 and 2* respectively. These values give CY/Q)av equal to 2.5 x 10-4 at 1300 m, the distance of Monroe Bridge from the site. givesamaximumvalueof18x10-{heformulaofTable10 Maximum values may be expected to be about three times larger than average values. This continuity check thus gives dilution rates of the same order of magnitude as Sutton's formulae. From these checks and the previous consideration of topographical effects it can be concluded that the formulae in Table 10 give an upper limit to the concentrations at populated areas near the proposed site. Conclusions In all but one respect the proposed site is an ex-cellent one from a pollution standpoint. The densely populated towns and also the isolated farm communities, out of the river valley, are shielded from possible con-taminants by the ranges of hills on each side of the river. The necessity for contaminants to rise over these ridges before progressing toward populated regions ensures

301:10 2/27/57 a 1cw dosage rate at ground level. The estimates of s Table 10 are quite conservative to the extent that s they represent maximum concentrations. Within the valley, however, a possible serious hazard exists with the high frequency of inversion conditions. The employees of the New England Power Company, the residents of Monroe Bridge, and also of Readsboro could be subjected to high concentrations of contaminants. A detailed analysis of 802 concen-trations in the Columbia River valley (7) demonstrates some of the peculiarities of air motion in valleys. For example, houses on a slope, such as at Monroe Bridge, may experience only slight concentrations at night but with sunrise, air with high concentrations of contam-inants may be carried toward the slope. Inadequacies of theory and the lack of direct observational evidence make it impossible to assess, with any degree of reli-ability, the nature of the air flow during at least 30 per cent of the nights and early mornings. It is recommended, therefore, that direct experimental evidence be obtained of the air flow in the valley through the use of a device like a smoke generator. This recommendation is particularlyvorthy of consideration for any operation which involves a continuous emission of contaminants. O 4 [ m

301:11 2/27/57 1 O Tabit 1: Comparison of Hoosac Tunnel and Pittsfield Temperatures (Fahrenheit decrees) Hoosac Tunnel Pittsfield i i Average Mean Temperature i~ January 23.2 21.2 April 42.4 42.0 July 68.7 67.6 October 48.7 47.5 Av. Maximum Temperature 3 Januarys 30.9 30.5 i 3 Julys 82.5 79.3 Av. Minimum Temperature 3 Januarys 12.2 13.7 3 Julys 55.4 56.9 0

l t j yWJN .o 000 2 V o /, 1 1 3 1 4 7 f, 0 0 0 V t d ) ) ) h n 3 6 4 a id 5 6 3 i weh ( '( ( n ep d .pm 7 0 1 i vs M A 2 3 0 1 ses ts a nm c el ca o c 6 5 6 n r 3 4 n e ef a r e u Po n m t i a b e r m 0 s h e 0 n t p 0 0 o m 5 i s e 8 V t i t 1 3 0 0 a e /, 2 3 5 7 r 0 o t v 0 f h f 0 0 0 0 e 0 a V, s 2 e d t b V t n a o a a D d r d ) ) ) f n l dn M n ) 9 8 3 o a e e i 5 id 8 2 6 4 s n weh ( ( ( ( r d p n W 5 9 P ep e e a u l 1 .pm 1 2 0 4 b e l T e 4 vs m p n e A 5 5 9 0 u s e o 1 n h s Q n n n T s u u l a o T J a e o t= H t m c n= o k a e1 t l r n c= v s c 8 8 3 5 e o e o = r 3 2 e n Y e o ef h n w H m Po t u w t T e e a e N b J 2 0 v o i s e k 0 e 0 g s y c r o n n o l 2 b V 1 2 8 7 s o a e Y i H b r /, 2 3 4 6 s l e w a f 0 0 0 0 e e A f e T h h f N V, t t t i n a d e s e r i d e m d ) ) ) a e r o M n 5 3 3 ) p e u R p t id 6 5 3 4 f, Weh ( ( ( ( n s a t 1 ep i V r a d e .pm 'l 2 6 2 8 vs s n p e A 2 4 8 5 r i m r 1 e s w e u b s t t m a t a u l f e r ts n c h e 0 t p nm el e e 0 m ca 0 8 2 0 h h 0 s e c 4 2 1 T t 2 i t ref Po F F* f '0 0 o O e F 1 2 F er + + tu 'O 0 at o o 2 Ra o t t r t ee F F sp c pm o 1 1 ae 1 + + LT

301:13 2/27/57 m 'x.s' Table 31 Frequency of occurrence of winter nicht-tiae winds in various directions Crouped according to stability. The lower left-brgd number in each box is the average wind cpeed in m.p.1, (nautical) and the nudber in parenthcois in the standard deviation- (when available) for the particular direction and stability class. Winter. rofers to the months of October to March, inclusivo. All data are 2000 ft. winds at Albany, N.Y. for the years 1945, 1946 and 1947. Stability Dir'ection Inversion Stable Moderate Totals in Derrecs Lapse 350,360,010 .1.5 2.3 0.9-4.7 ~17.8 15.3-IG.4 020,030,040 1.8 1.6 0.4 3.8 14.9 18.2 38,0 UEk h 050,060,070 2.0 1.3 3.3 11.7 12.6 1.3 080,090,100 0.9 0.4 10.0 14.0 1.3 110,120,130 1.1 0.2 13.0 17.0 140,150,160 2.3 1.8 0.5 4.6 . O.6 P6.0 17.1 170,180,190 5.0 3.2 0.9 9.1 21.0 (9.6) 27.5 32.4 200,210,220 3.7 3.6 0.5 7.8 20.4 P2.6 19.7 230,240,250 3.5 4.5 1.5 9.5 14.." 21.3 27 3 260,270,290 2.8 6.6 5.9 16.3 16.5 22.3 (10.3) 78.7 (13.3) 290,300,310 3.5 11.5 12.3 27.4 17.1 27.9 (9.5) 27.3 (o.') 320,330,340 2.3 7.0 2.8 12.1 16.7 22.0 (7.8) 74.3 Totals 30.4 44.1 25.7 100.0

1 301s1+ 2/27/'i7 O Table 3B Frequency of occurrence of summer night time winds in various directions grouped according to stab:ility. The lower left-hand number in each box is the average win.d speed in m.p.h. (nautical) and the number in parenthesis is t; e standard deviation (when available') for the particular direction and stability class. Summer refers to the months of April to September, inclusive. All data are 2000 ft. winds at Albany, N.Y. for the years 1945, 1946 and 1947. Stability. Direction Inversion Stabla Moderate Totals in Decrees T=_a_ se 350,360,010 1.5 2.6 0.9 5.0 10.7 13.5 12.0 020.030.040 0.9 5.7 0.9 7.5 1G.0 19.7 (9.3) 19.2 050,060,070 0.5 2.2 0.2 2.9 5.0 12.1 10.0 I 080,090,100 0.2 1.1 0.5 1.8 10.0 11.5 12.3 1.7 110.120,130 0.2 1.5 23.0 8.6 5.0 140,150,160 1.3 3.7 21.4 15.8 170,180,190 G.2 9.6 1.5 17.3 25.3 (8.8) 23.6 (10.6) 27.8 200,210,220 4.2 7.0 0.7 11.9 21.4 20.3 (8.5) 26.0 230,240,250 2.6 4.2 0.2 7.1 13.5~ 16.6' 20.6 260,270,280 3.7 5.6 1.8 11.1 13.1 16.9 (8.5) 22.1 11.1 4.3 17.2 290,200,310 1.8 23.4 (8.6) 31.4 1_3_,2 _ 320,330,340

1. 7.

7.6 2.4 11.7 8.7 19.7 (7.2) 21.4 Totals 24.8 G1.8 13.4 100.0

301:15 2/27/57 O Table 4A Frequency of occurrence of wintor daytime winds in wious directions grouped according to stability. See description to thble 3L. Stability Direction Inversion Stable Moderste Unstable Totals in M m es Lapse 350,360,010 0.7 2.0 1.6 1.6 5.9 9.0 14.0 12.2 9.1 020.030.040' O.5 0.9 1.1 0.5 3.0 9.0 15.0 16.7 9.7 050,060,070 - 1.8 1.3 0.5 0.2 3.8 13~6' 15.9 3.0 5.0 1.0 080,090,100 ' ~0.4 0.4 0.2 16.0 9.0 5.0 110,120,130 0.2 0.4 0.4' O.4 1.4 11.0 12.0 13.5 4.5 3.6 140,150,160 0.7 1.8 1 20.7 23.7 20.5 170,100,190 1.1 4.6 4.0 0.4 10.1 40.2 23.5 17.6 6.5 200,210,220 0.4 3.1 4.3 0.9 8.7 27.0 23.1 16.7 8.8 230,240.250 0.5 3.1 4.4 2.2 10.2 18.0 18.1 15.4 14.5 1.1 10.3 3.1 14.5 260,270,280 24.3 19.7 (8.7) 17.3 290,300,310 0.5 4.3 17.1 . 3.3 25.2 29.7 21.8 24.1 (11.1) 18.0 320,330,340 1.3 2.5 5.9 2.7 12.4 s) 18,,6 23.8 ~14.2 (5.9) 14.9 Totals 8.2 25.5 50.8 15.5' 100.0

301:16 2/27/ 57 O Table 43 Frequency of occurrence of suunner daytime winds in various directions grouped according to stability. See description to Table 3A Stability Directica Inversion Stable Voderste Unstable Totals in Dec ees Lnoce 2.2 4.2 6.4 350,360,010 12.7 8.2 0.5 2.6 2.0 5.1 020,030,040 12.7 11.4 11.5 050,060,070 . 0.2 0.9 0.9 0.9 2.9 10.0 13.2 10.8 6.2 [) 0.9 0.9 0.4 2.2 080,090,100 6.0 7.2 5.5 110.120,130 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.7 2.2 12.5 13.0 9.8 5.9 140,150,1GO 0.5 3.0 3.3 1.5 8.3 23.0 15.3 12.6 8.5 170,180,190 0.4 2.0 10.1 4.2 16.7 10.0 23.5 16.1 (6.9) 10.6 0.7 4.6 5.5 10.8 200,210.220 18.7 _17.7 12.0 (7.5) 0.4 3.5-5.2 9.1 230,240,250 18.0 16.2 11.0 (7.4) 0.2 4.1 7.0 ,11.3 260,270,280 15.0 19.7 11.5'(7.3) 0.9 6.6 9.6 17.1 290,300,310 16.2 17.6 (8.1) 13.4 (8.9) 0.2 2.6 5.0 7.8 () 320.330,340 10.0 15.4 11.3 (6.9) Totals. 1.5 9.j)_ 42.3 46.3 100.0

301:17 l 2/27/57 4 jO 4 Table 5: Location 91 Populated Herions 1 Distance Direction from Elevation in Meters Proposed Site in Feet j in Degrees Honroe. Bridge 1300 240 1100 L Readsboro 4900 345 1200 Charlemont 12000 150 600 North Adams 15000 260 700 v41=ington, Vt. 17000 20 1600 Adams 20000 230 800 Shelburne Falls 21000 130 500 I Bennington 27000 305 7c0 Greenfield 30000 120 200 Brattleboro 32000 65-300 Pittsfield 40000 220 1000 O.

301:18 2/27/57 O h ble EA: Lamy of occurrenc a of winter precipitation within 4 class ranges of 6-hour amounts grouped according to wind direction. The table it based on Pittsfield data for the years 1945-1947. The 1cter utanber in each box is tho' average wind speed (nautical miles per hour) for the particular wind direction and pracipitation class. Winter Wind Precipitstion. Bate (in/6br) Direction Trece 0.01-0.05 0.06-0.25 > 0.25 Totals 350,360,010 0.9 1.4 0.8 0.2 '3.3 14.6 16.9 10.3 11.5 020,000,040 0.7 1.3 1.5 0.4 3.9 17.5 18.9 13.6 15.0 050,060,070-- ~ 0.8 1.7 3.5 1.3 7.3 8.0 14.6 15.0 14.7 ( 080,090,100 0.2 1.0 0.8 0.1 '2.1 -11.0 11.7 12.6 14.0 1.8 i 110,120,130 - 0.4 0.4 1.0 12.3 13.0 14.1 140,150,160 ~1.8 1.7 1.6 0.6 5.7 21.2 20.9 24.9 22.2 170,180,190 4.5 2.6 2.6 0.8 10.5 24.6 .X). 6 29.0 30.1 200,210,220 2.4 2.6 1.7 0.7 7.4 21.3 29.1 22.3 30.7 230,240,250 3.0 3.2 1.6 0.6 8.4 21.6 19.9 I 23.6 14.6 260,270,'280 6.5 5.5 2.0 0.1 - 14.1 24.5 21.8 24.2 41.0 290,300,310 15.0 9.0 3.4 0.5 27.9 26.7 30.4 25.4 25.8 7.8 320.330,340 4.0 2.7 1.1

  • 20.7
21. 0 27.7 Totals 40.0 33.1 21.6 5.3 100.0 1

Precipitatier. cecurs within a 6-hour period 30 per cent of .the 01:e in vi..ter. J

301:19 2/27/57 k_) Table 6B: Frequency of occurrence of sunnnr piscipitation within 4 clase rances of 6-hour amounto groupsi according to wind direction. The table is based on Pittsfield data for the years 1945-1947. The lowor' number in each box is the averace wind speed (nnutical miles per hour) for the particular wind direction and precipitation class. Sumer Wind Precipitation Eato (in/6 hr) Direction Trace 0.01-0.05 0.0G-0.25 >0.25 Totals 350,360,010 1.2 1.7 1.8 0.6 < 5.3 8.5 13.5 14.4 11.0 020,020.040 0.9 1.7 2.6 1.1 6.3 14.2 12.2 14.2 16.0 050,060,070- ~0.8 2.6 17 2.1 7.2 . 8.2 11.6 11.5 14.9 080,090,100 0.5 0.8 1.5 0.5 3.3 (-_}) 5.0 10.4 9.2 15.3 110,120,130 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.3 3.2 9.8 13.1 12.3 11.0 I 140,150,160 2.3 4.8 2.6 1.7 11.4 21.5 16.2 15.6 15.5 170,180,190 4.7 5.1 4.7 2.9 17.4 21.0 21.8 25,2 23.3 200,210,200 2.6 2.7 2.6 1.5 9.4 20.7 21.5 21.5 22.0 220,240,250 2.1 2.1 2.7 '2.7 9.6 13.1 17.3 1 18.3 20.4 260,270,280 3.2 2.6 2.0 0.5 ' 8.3 17.7 18.5 22.0 12.0 290,300,310 6.1 4.2 1.8 0.9. ~13.0 22.6 24.0 20.3 21.5 320,330.340 1.8 1.8 2.0 0.3 5.9 16.1 19.4 16.6 13.5 (~' Totals 26.9 31.2 26.9 15.1 100.0 Precipitation occurs within a G-hour pcriod D per cent of the tico in summer.

301:20 2/27/57 O Table 7: Precipitation Statistics from Pittsfield, Mass. Month Average Precipitation Average Number of Days (inches) with Precipitation ( > 0.01 inch) January 3.1 17 February 2.5 15 March 3.2 15 Apri) 3.6 15 May 3.8 15 i June 4.6 12 i ? July 4.9 13 August 4.3 10 September 4.2 10 October 2.9 9 Novmber 4.0 13 l December 3.0 14 i I O

1 301:21 <r 2/27/57 1 i .O r Talues of Diffusion Parameters for now within the Valley I Table B: C, C C, i Temperatura I.apee ante n(m/sec) n 7, Inv'ersion 1 0.6 0.15 0.15 0.1 i Moderate Lapse 6 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.2 Unstable 5 0.15 0.3 0.3 0.3 i l l l i t Yalues of Diffusion Parameters for now out of the Yalley [ f Table 9: i n C C C Temperature Lapse rate u(m/sec) x y Stable 8 0.3 0.25 0.25 0.2 Unstable 6 0.15 0.3 0.3 0.3 Q + i s h Y r - y' i f m.. ._r..-.,

301:22 2/27/57 0 Table 10: Estimates of the Dilution Factor %/Q A. Within the Valley (Monroe Bridge and Readsboro) Mutiansa concentrations from equations 2 azul 4 Instantaneous Source Continuous Source Inversion 160/(ut)

  • 42/[*

Moderate Impse 29/(ut)* 2.1/ Unstable 13/(ut)* 1.4/[* B. Outside the Valley krimum concentrations from equationa 2 and 4 Instantanecas Source Continuous Source Stable 29/(ut)2.55 1.6/[*7 Q Unstable 13/(ut)* 1.2/[* lO -m -- ~

301:23 I 2/27/57 ' O REFERENCES l (1) P. C. Putnam: Power from the Wind, D. Van Nostrand Co., New York (2) O. G. Sutton: Micrometeorology, McGraw-Hill 1953, New York (3) P. F. ", Roberts: The Theoretical Scattering of Smoke in a Turbulent Atmosphere, Proc. Roy. Soc., London A,1922. (4) P. H. Lowry: Microclimate Factors in Smoke Pollution from Tall Stacks, Meteorological Monographs Vol.1, No. 4, 1951 (5) I. A. Singer: A Comparison of Computed and Measured Ground-level Dose-rates from Radio-argon Emitted by the Brookhaven Reactor Stack Brookhaven National l Laboratory, 1954 O y (6) D. G. Friedman: The Height Variation of Lateral Gustiness and Its Effect on Lateral Diffusion, Journal of Meteorology, Vol.10, No. 5,1953 (7) E. W. Hewson: Atmospheric Pollution by Heavy Industry, Quart. Journal Roy. Meteor. Soc., Vol. 71, 1945 i (End of Professor Austin's report) l i I J

301:24 12/1/58 (]} Meteorolonien1 Measurements Program Based on the recommendation of Professor Austin as stated on Page 301:10 that field measurements of wind currents be obtained, a weather recording system has been established which includes both automatic recorders at the site and data obtained by chservers at hydroelectric stations in the vicinity. The data ob',ined from one of these locations, No. 5 Station of New Englano Power Company four miles downstream from the site, consisted of temperature and precipitation at two-hour intervals and wind velocity and direction at four-hour intervals. These data have been superseded by measurements taken at the site since September 1958. A second location was at Harriman Hydro-electric Station of New England Power Company two miles upstream from the site. Data concerning vet and dry bulb air temperatures sky cover, and precipitation have been recorded since June 1956., An automatic weather recording system was placed in operation at the Yankee site in November 1957 It measured air temperatures, wind direction and wind velocity at half-hour intervals. Most important data were taken at Sherman Dam using instruments mounted on a 30 ft utility pole, supplementary data were recorded at the top of the highest hill in the area about 956 ft above the crest of the dam. A third meteorological station on a hillside 276 ft above the crest of the dam was used N for a few weeks, but discontinued because of the effect of near-(~J by trees. s Data for the period November 1957 through April 1958 were analyzed in May 1958. Most significant among the results was the unusually high frequency of winds below five miles per hour occurring from 30 per cent to 60 per cent of the time frcm month to month. The result of this work was to focus attention on the micro-meteorological conditions within 2,000 ft of the stack. This eliminated the need for the No. 2 and No. 3 weather stations as being out of the range of interest and seriously affected by trees in the vicinity. This also demonstrated the need for more sensitive instrumentation to record continuously wind velocities down to less than one mile per hour. Calculations of atmospheric dilution have been based on use of the Sutton equation; however, the physical obstructions caused by hills, buildings and tanks as affecting air flows originating at the top of a proposed 30 ft waste disposal system stack make the Sutton equation inapplicable. (See Section 208.) As a result, a second stage meteorological program is now authorized, although the equipment previously described will be kept in operation at Sherman Dam until the new data become /-)s (_ available.

1 301:25 12/1/58 R(]) The second stage program is intended to yield three-dimensional wind patterns within 2,000 ft of the plant buildings, to show the effects of the buildings themselves, to measure the height and strength of temperature inversions, as well as to develop a continuous historical record of wind conditions at two i key positions for correlation with data obtained on a sampling basis. The present instrumentation on the dam will be replaced by an anemometer and wind vane of more sensitive characteristics. These are to be mounted 50 ft above the crest of the dam, compared to the present height of 30 ft. A new location,on a knob shown on the USGS map as elevation 1560 MSL about 2,000 ft southwest of the plant site, vill be used for upper level air current measurements. This is 440 ft above the crest of the dam. This will require the removal of trees from an area of about three ~ acres. A sensitive anemometer and wind vane will be installed at this site, also. ] It is expected that these data will be available after the spring of 1959, at which time, the erection of all plant buildings including the vapor container will be substantially completed. t e d' y / .~ ,,/ l . Q ,; y

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302:1 2/27/57 Q 302 HYDROLOGY Plant Site The plant site is entirely located on the watershed of the Deerfield River. Surface and subsurface drainage is from the high lands east and south of the plant site toward the river. Observations of ground water level in the borings show a drop of $ ft from Boring 2 to Boring 1 and a drop of 10 ft from Boring 1 to Boring 7 Thus, at the time these borings were made, the gradient of the ground water table was downward toward the north-west which indicated flow of the ground water toward the Deerfield River. The glacial tills of the site contain considerable fine sand, and the lower members contain some silt and clay size par-ticles. While free draining, permeabilities of these soils are lower than most fluvial deposits of sand and gravel. The boring and seismic survey plan is shown in Figure 21. Deerfield River Drainare Area The Deerfield River rises near Sunderland

Vermont, followsawindingcourseinasoutherlydirection36milesto the Massachusetts-Vermont state line, and then continues south G

about 7 miles into Massachusetts where it turns and follows a U meandering but general easterly course for about 36 miles through Shelburne, Deerfield and Greenfield to its confluence with the Connecticut River. It has a total drainage area of 664 square miles, 347 square miles in Massachusetts and 317 square miles in vermont. The drainage area above Sherman Pond is 236 square miles. Improvements ~ There are eight hydroelectric generating p1 ants and two large storage reservoirs along the Deerfield River. Both the reservoirs and two of the hydroelectric plants are above the site, while the remainder are downstream. Pertinent data pertaining to these hydroelectric developments are as follows: Hydroelectric Generating Stations Elevations

  • Dam Location Nominal Plant Full Normal

_Miles from Mouth Station Ownership Capability,kw Pond Tailwater of River Searsburg N.E. Power 4,800 1,650 1,416 60.O Harriman N.E. Power 45,000 1,392 1,000 47.2 Sherman N.E. Power 6,500 1,002 921 41.2 No. 5 N.E. Power 15,000 922 676 40.6 V, m. No. 4 N.E. Power 6,000 368 299 18.8 No. 3 N.E. Power 6,000 297 229 16.0 Gardner Falls West. Mass. 3,700 229 189 14.9 No. 2 N.E. Power 7,000 189 123.5 12.9

  • All elevations on local datum: 0=105.66 ft above MIL

302-2 2/27/57 Storage Rese-voirs ( ) \\j Drainam Area - sa miles Reservoir Contents Gross Net acre-ft Billion cu ft Somerset 30.0 30.0 57,345 2.498 Ihrriman 184.0 154.0 116,075 5.056 River Flow The United States Government operates a river gage sta-tion one mile downstream from Charlemont, Massachusetts. De-talled public records at this point are available from 1913 to date and show the effect of storage reservoir operation. ( %,,/ "^\\ 4 L

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/ \\\\jEL970' \\/ \\ j + {f EL9T 4 o l l x T'\\ s \\\\ + s NOTES: S 'o'aS u"u'w"IIc n'is1o"s s*s I Ua'a'o'vNt"am" st a \\q gg u u.usssoarum Et970- +. \\, \\, Y:g'\\ i 1 \\ a; I \\ {I' h 3 s h No ) x9 \\. \\** l BORING AND SElSMIC SURVEY PLAN ) t 1 5 \\ \\ \\ l9 \\t \\' ii \\ ) S 9., s 303:1 2/27/57 j - (]} 303 GEOLOGY 4 Plant Site The site lies in a small valley entering the Deerfield River Valley from the southeast approximately opposite the east i end of Sherman-Dam. This dam was constructed as a hydroelectric project by the New England Power Company in 1926 and has a maxi-mum height of approximately 90 ft. Except for the Deerfield River Valley the site is surrounded by the Berkshire Mountains, which i rise to heights of about 1,000 ft above the site to either side and immediately behind it. This area was overridden by conti-nental. ice during Wisconsin glaciation, Island. at which time continental ice reached the central portion of Long It is probable at the location of the site that the surface of the ice sheet .was at least 3,000 ft above sea level. The ice sheet almost { totally removed all residual soils and the present soil mantle found in this vicinity is_predominantly glacial till and drift. The surface of the bedrock at the site is extremely irregular, solid ledge outcropping in a small hill along the 2 northeast side and again in a large hill to the southeast. Consequently, one of the concerns of this investigation was to establish bedrock elevations within the_ area as a guide to de-sign in order to keep rock excavation to a minimum. Three r3 borings, Nos. 1, 2 and 7, were made at the locations shown on _. U Figure 21. A small gravel pit, which had been opened by a local highway department, afforded an examination of the upper soil. A seismic survey was made to check depths to bedrock. The seismic survey was run using the refraction technique, the depth of bedrock being determined at the end of each seismic j survey _ line. The elevation at each point where it was de-termined is shown on Figure 21. These elevations indicate the surface of the rock generally slopes toward the Deerfield River. The soils' disclosed by.the borings as shown on the logs,-Figure 24, are primarily medium to fine sands with gravel, cobbles and boulders. These soils are glacial tills, most prob-ably' laid down as bed moraine by the ice sheet. They comprise a' heterogeneous mass of soil dumped into place by the glacier and compacted by its weight. Some individual boulders are L 10 to 12 ft in size. Figure 22 shows typical soils exposed in the gravel pit. Figure;23 shows large glacial boulders exposed along the shore of.Sherman Pond t The borings indicate that the deeper lying soils are somewhat more compact and contain a slightly greater percent- _ age of clay and silt size particles than the upper soils. The-seismic survey also _ indicates the deeper lying soils to be somewhat more compact as velocities were higher than in the

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.~ ? ,.Y,., f \\ FIG 23 LARGE GLACIAL BOULDER s e 6 s / i BORING NO. I BORING NO. I A BORIZ 5 0' EAST OF 80 RING No.1 1040 e EL 103 7 E L.103 7't LOAMY SAND LOAMY SAND 7 LOAMY SAND y GRAVEL AND I O' GRAVEL AND E I o' GR AVEL AND I BOULDERS ?.ie s BOULDERS c sf BOULDERS 3 HARb FINE I'h '.*I' A YELLOW SAND, f35a HARD FINE y' E VERY COMPACT , GRAVEL MD

  • 0.

YELLOW SAND, '.b. a f,' I BOULDERS A*p GRAVEL AND FINE SAND. j..'g. GRAVEL AND ,ogo ! _M '3 0_, BOULDER-COR D 3 5' BOUL, D E R S MON L D3 ga, is o. .t I l COMPACT FINEYELLOW SAND,, f'g.q. NX CORE -d2J T9 o"g~ is 5 ,e .,. c GRAVEL AND

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~ T BOULDERS w.g COMPACT FINE u,. Q.- SAN GRAVEL ' ? ". ? --- - AN D IC A ---- '3 2 4 o' -- I'.y' 1010 " H ARD FINE -- SAND, GRAVEL, MICA AND 4. BOULDER-CORED 9 0, E'i4 i RECOVERED B.5' BOULDERS 38 0, BX CORE 33 o' BOULDER-CORED 2.O' COMPACT FINE 33.o' EX CORE 1000 YELLOW SAND.~ [ REFUSAL GRAVEL,BOULD- -as' ~ - - w ERS SOME CLAY O. 39 oi e CORED 05 I COMPACT FINE 9 40 0 z YELLOW SAND. 'ess 990 GRAVEL AND --i.T 45 0 BOULDER-CORED O.5* BOULDERS A 46 0 RECOVERED O.5' a U VERY COMPACT f.'s E X CORE a FINE BLUE '85 505' SAND, GRAVEL' 980 BOULDERS NREFUSAL AND MICA 970 960 950 940 LEGEND 9 SAMPLE + NUMBER OF BLOWS OF I40 LB HAMMER FALLING is 4 30" REQUIRED TO DRIVE SAMPLE 12" CR LESS M IF INCHES DHIVEN ARE INDICATED. .1,, WATER LEVEL IN DRILL MOLE AFTER COMPLETION OF 80 RING. E L. ALL ELEVATIONS REFER TO NEW ENGLAND POWER CO. DATUM WHICH IS 105.66 FT ABOVL ME AN SEA LEVEL, U SGS DATUM. .f r 4 a i FIG 24 { 3 NO. 2 BORING NO 2 A BORING NO 7 2 0' E AST OF BORING No.2 ,1040 l - EL. iO38 Tf g EL 1038 5 jis t.O 'e l'033 i t NO SAMPLES i I TA K EN,00WN } j.__ T_0_18. O.[ 14.d_ g_ _....._..._______------]i020 I i ~ 18 o-VERY COMPACT 18 0' FINE YELLOW G LOAMY SAND, GEL 1014't '8ENT CASING SAND GRAVEL F !1' 21 o' GRAVEL AND AND 8dULDERS BOULDERS v.mL

2. O' V.

g'7 L*, un, < 101o 6 VERY COMPACT '*?

  • N* 's

,e**'1 FINE YELLOW VERY COMPACT 8 }+1 g, FINE SAND, - fQ SAND, CRAVE L =4-DOULDERS AN$ GRAVEL j9' . __ _. _ -__. Lli T LE CL AY _- 'Ob 3 ~7 BOULDER-COR 000 35 0' ~~ ICA ~ ' - h'a IT O RECOVERED 1.0(D 10' ~-" 76 0 1T.Q.c 39 0'. BOULDER-CORED 7 [ N X CORE L .or w AX CORE d 2t 6 t VERY COMPACT W *00 FINE BLUE Ye' ' ~ ~ - - - - - ~ ~ ~ - - - - ~ ~ 990 9 ves

SAND GRAVEL -

BOULDERSANC M,8 'in see a SOME CLAY i.'. A 'o a -a .sii U 126I $ 2.O' '. - + W \\ REFUSAL VERY COMPACT ~- M 3s o BOULDER-CORED 0 5' -.4 seo FINE YELLOW h 37o RECOVERED O.5* l SAND LITTLE ,ns BX CORE FINE DRAVEL, BOULDERS p,-

.z.,

AND UTTLE CLAY _*e gro G, M 52 o BOULDER-CORED O.5' 53o RECOVEREDO.5* h 54 5' AX CORE._ eso \\ REFUSAL 950 940 LOG OF BORINGS i1 1 Off Sir 3

303:2 2/27/57 The borings were carried to a depth of approximately 50 ft. Each boring was started using 4 in. casing and NX core-bits, the largest size available, stepping down as boulders which required coring were penetrated. Even with these techniques, it was necessary to try two different locations at both Borings 1 and 2 in order to reach this depth. The bedrock is composed of Archean Metamorphics pre-dominantly schists and gneiss. The rock is fresh and free of weathering. Although jointed, this is a strong, stable rock. Foundation Desien The soils underlying the site are strong, stable mate-rials and when the surface mantle of humus and top soil has been removed there would be little, if any, advantage in foundation stability and strength to be gained from deep foundations. Ac-cordingly, it is recommended that all structures and equipment be founded upon spread footings at such depths below ground sur-face as are necessary to ensure protection against frost. The shearing strength of granular soils is proportional to the stress normal to the plane of shear. The rupture plane of footing failure follows a logarithmic spiral shape starting at one edge of the footing and reaching a depth below surface which 7, is roughly proportional to the width of the footing. Consequently, C, bearing pressures for footings on granular soils should be smaller for narrow or shallow footings than deep wide footings. Recommended bearing values for footings on these soils are shown on Figure 25 A maximum bearing pressure of 6 tons per sq ft for large, deep footings is recommended with suitable reduc-tion for shallow or small footings indicated graphically. Removal of boulders from footing excavations might be difficult and might result in disturbance of the soil below l nominal footing grade. Soil which is loosened or disturbed in t these operations would compress more under load than undisturbed soil; for example, a zone of loosened soil under one edge of a footing might cause undesirable tipping. Care in excavaticn would be required to minimize disturbance. All disturbed and loosened soils below footing grade should be excavated with side slopes not steeper than 45 deg and the hole backfilled to footing grade with lean concrete. f

FIG 25 8 8 7 7 6 r-6 / / to / LL o qr o f/ I 5 5 / 2 a: f E %+ m m 2 / A Z o / Q O n o I v / s 4 4" i e 4 W / 4+ l Wo s J J a e y , -fj - 3g 3 m mum,, g d 4 4 . e.. d W W f = D D -x-7:?-e 1;' 1:4f::T'I ' '.

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:*

I 2 I:;II '

  • fN IIU'I ' ~ I'k'!:

2 r f B NOTE: DIMENSICN 2 SHALL BE MEASURED FROM LOWEST POINT I ON SURFACE OF GROUND OR FLOOR WITHIN DISTANCE OF l 48 FROM CENTER LINE OF FOOTING O O O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 B= WIDTH OF FOOTING-FEET SOIL BEARING VALUES FOR FOOTINGS ex

304:1 2/27/57 () 304 SEISMOLOGY The general area is seismically stable. Only two earth-quakes (1), (2), of sufficient intensity to be felt by any con-siderable number of people have epicentered within 50 miles of the site; one on July 28 1875 near Canon Mountain, Connecticut, and the second November $3, 1884 in Southern New Hampshire. In addition, the site has undoubtedly experienced some motion attendant upon shocks epicentered in other regions but which were felt over wide-spread areas, such as the earthquake of February 28, 1925 which epicentered in the St. Lawrence Valley and which was felt as far south as Virginia. While this earthquake was felt over a consid-erable region, damage was entirely limited to a narrow belt on either side of the St. Lawrence River, predominantly in areas of soft, rather unstable soils. Linehan (2) indicates the site is in one of the areas of least seismicity in the Northeastern United States and that the risk of shock is very slight, but consideration should be given to the possibility of a weak or moderate earthquake. Experience has indicated that damage from earthquakes is greater in areas which are overlain by soft, unstable soils, especially if these are of considerable depth. Soils at this site are compact glacial tills and bedrock is at shallow to (] moderate depths. Experience has shown that, with these favor-able conditions, earthquakes of moderate intensity will not cause structural damage to modern framed structures designed to withstand reasonable wind loads. Accordingly, it is recom-mended that no special provisions be made for seismic design in this plant. (1) N.H. Heck " Earthquake History of the United States" Special Publication No. 149, U. S. Department of Commerce, Coast & Geodetic Survey (2) Rev. Daniel Linehan S.J., Director, Weston Observatory, Memorandum dated April 29, 1955 i s,

305:1 2/27/57 i ([] 305 PREOPERATIONAL RADIATION MONITORING A program of continuous monitoring of airborne activity began in October 1956. A scintillation type detgetor with energy discriminator is directly connected to an automatic time print out. By this means, the counting rate integrated over the energy spectrum is obtained as a permanent record. These data are cor-related with weather conditions, particularly precipitation and snow cover, by which means many of the variations which occur can be explained. Dust samples are being obtained several times per month, using a high volume air sampler. These are counted to obtain in-formation about the amount and nature of radioactivity carried on-i ( dust particles. This work will be extended to include periodic. sampling of river. water and soil in order to develop a complete record of natural radioactive background before nuclear fuels are delivered to the site. J t rs .(L) ) i s i ) J i -s __,-_.__.______m_ -}}

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