ML20008D761
| ML20008D761 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Midland |
| Issue date: | 01/13/1969 |
| From: | CONSUMERS ENERGY CO. (FORMERLY CONSUMERS POWER CO.) |
| To: | |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8007300640 | |
| Download: ML20008D761 (54) | |
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-( TABLE OF CONTENTS !
V. i i Page l Section 2 , SITE AND ENVIROMENT 2-1 2.1 SUh2&RY 2-1 2.2 SITE AND ADJACENT AREAS 2-2 2.2.1 SITE IDCATION 2-2 2.2.2 SITE OWNERSHIP 2-2 2.2 3 SITE A CIVITIES 2-2 2.2.4 _ EXCLUSION AREA 2 2.2 5 POPUIATION 2-2 2.2 5 1 _ Resident Population 2-2 2.2 5 2 Cornercial Population 2-3
/] 2-.2 5 3 -Wide-Range Population Distribution 3 i/
s 2.2 5.4 Pro.jections 2-5 2.2 5 5 Icv Population Zone 2-5 2.2.6 ~IANDTSE (ntEstar AND 2VruitE) 2-5
- 2-8 2.2 7 ..CCESS AND EGRESS 2.2.8 MAKEUP WATER SUPPLY 2-8 2.2 9 AIRPORT ACTIVITIES 2-8 23 METECROIOGY 2-9 231 INTRODU TION 2-9 r
232 IESCRIPTIVE 1EIEOROLOGY 2-9 233 TWO-HOUR MODEL 2-9 2 3.h Twuin-70UR HOUR MODEL 2-10 2 3 5. r HRTY-DAY MODEL 2-10 (O 236 SubcaRY 2-10 00303 2-1
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'g TABLE OF CONTENTS (Contd)
_Section Page 2.h SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY 2-10 2.4.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF STREAMS AND LAKES IN VICINITY 2-10 2.4.2 TOPOGRAPHY 2-lh 2.4.3 STREAM FLOW 2-lh 2.h.4 FLOODS 2-14 2.k.4.1 Probable Maximus Flood in Tittabawassee River 2-14 2.4.4.2 Diversion of Bullock Creek 2-14 25 GEOLOGY 2-14 251 GENERAL 2-14 252 REGIONAL GEOLOGY 2-15
.n 252.1 Physiography 2-15
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2 5 2.2 Stratigraphy and Structure 2-15 253 SITE GEOLOGY 2-16 2531 Site Investigations 2-16 2532 Preglacial Geology 2-16 2533 Glacial Geology 2-16 2.6 GROUNDWATER H'.IROLOGY 2-17
.2.6.1 GENERAL 2-17 2.6.2 GROUNDWATER MOVEMENT 2-18 2.6 3 GROUNDWATER SUPPLY 2-18 2.6.k MIGRATION OF TlADICALTIVE ~ IONS 2-19 2.6.'5 ~ WATER QUATITY 2-19 l '2.6.6 WELL SEALING 2-19 27 SETSMOLOGY' 2-21 A ,'( 271 GENERAL GEOLOGY 2-21 272 SEISMIC HISTORY 2-21 00304 2-11 Amendment No. 2 e 5/28/69
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Contd)
=O Section Page 2 7 2.1 Earthquakes Centered Within 150 Miles 2-23 2 7 2.2 Distant Earthquakes Felt in Michigan 2-2h 2.T.3 AMPLIFICATION RATIO OF GLACIAL MATERIAL 2-24 4
2 7.h
SUMMARY
2-25 2-7 5 DESIGN CRITERIA 2-25 2.8 SOIIs 2-25 2.
8.1 INTRODUCTION
2-25 l 2.8.2 SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION 2-26 2.83 lABORATORITEdhS 2-26 2.8.4 DESIGN ('RT'I'rRIA .2-26
- 2. 8. 4.1 - Fill and Backfill 2-26 0
'S_ 2.8.h.2 Excavation Slopes 2-26 l .. 2.8.4 3 Foundation. Design -
2-27 2.8.h.4 . Settlement 2-28 l 2.8.h.5 Lateral Pressure 2-29 l 2.8.4.6 Fill' Material- 2-30 l 2.8.4.7 Dewatering 2-30 l 29 REFERENCES 2-31 i jOul 0030i5 2-111 Amendment No. 2 i. 5/28/69
, LIST OF TABLES ( Table No. Title Page 2-1 Development of People-per-Meter Factor 2-3 2-2 Projections of the Population of Michigan Counties Within 50 Miles of Site - 1960-1980 2-h 2-3 Major Industries Within 10 Miles of the Midland Plant 2-6 2-4 land Use of Michi6an Counties Within 50 Miles of Site 2-7 2-5 Reservoirs and Lakes Within a 50-Mile Badius 2-11 (Minimum Surface Area - 100 Acres) 2-6 c'hamina1. Analyses .of . Water .2-20
'2-7 Earthquakes Felt on the Southern Peninsula of Michigan 2-22 wm O
D Q. 00:108 2-iv
l LIST OF FIGURES l
, (At Rear of Section)
Figure No. ~~ Title 2-1 lant Site and Adjacent Area 2-2 Population Distribution, 0-5 Miles, Rev A 2 t S- Population Distribution, 0-50 Miles, Rev A 2-4 Population Centers =1,000, 0-50 Miles, Rev A 2-5 Population Centers = 25,000, 0-100 Miles, Rev A
.2-6 Tri-City Airport Runway Orientation 2-7 Generalized Geologic Map, Southern Peninsula of Michigan 2-8 y Location of Field Investigations
.2-9 . Bedrock Topography
.- 2--20 -' Isopach Map of Drift
((m; 1 b- 2-11 ,Ceclogic Cross Sections A-A and B-B
-+ 2-12 .
Perched Water Table in Surface Sand Ground-Water Contours 2-13 ~ Water Sample Locations 2-14 Geochemical'. Diagrams 2-15 Non-Instrumental Seicmic Events i 25 2-16 . Make-up Water System River Intake Structure -
'2-16a- .Make-up Water Pump Structure 2-16b Make-up Water bystem Plan & Profile s
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QJ 2-v 00307 Amendment No. 25 2/74
l l l l l LIST OF APPEITDICES Number Title 2A Environmental Study Meteorology 2B Surface 'Jater Hydrology 2C Planning Energency Shutdown Precedures l } ? f' t I 00:108 2-vi
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T 2' SITE AND ENVIROM4ENT Id 2.1
SUMMARY
Data presented in this section establish the environmental criteria used in the design of systems and concepts which control the routine and accidental release of liquid and gaseous vastes to the environment. All plant syste=3 and structures vill be designed such that under the = cst severe environmental conditions there vill be no uncontrolled relee.ses of radioactive =aterial in excess of 10 CFR 20 guidelines. The plant site is adjacent to the southern city limits of Midland, Michigan, on the south shore of the Tittabavassee River. Dov's main industrial ec= plex
. lies within the city limits and directly -north of the site and provides an area of controlled access of about two =11es between the reactor site and the Mid-land business and residential district.
.The area immediately to the east, south and -vest of the plant site is sparsely populated and is used for farming where suitable. Much of the rolling country-side is heavily vooded.
Studies of site, hydrology,.and meteorology have revealed no adverse conditions which would make the site unsuitable for the proposed nuclear plant. However, holdup.and treatment facilities for both gaseous and liquid effluents vill be provided so that normal or unusual a=ounts of vastes can be processed and re-p leased under favorable conditions without exceeding regulatory Heits. The Midland nuclear site is located in a region of slight seismic activity. The greatest earthquake ever recorded within 150 miles of the site was Inten-sity VI-Modified Mercalli (M4) which corresponds to a ground-acceleration of 0.05 g. Although earthquakes have been felt in this region of the United States, Midland experienced all with lov intensity. An intensity of V (M4) is assumed to have been the greatest experienced at the site. Intensities at the site from all other earthquakes were less than V. Intensity V corresponds to a surface acceleration of C.03 g on Hershberger's curve. A conservative value of 0.05 g should be adequate for design of the plant (design earthquake) and a value of 0.10 g surface acceleration (=aximun earthquake) is recom-mended for safe shutdown. The mavimum recorded flood level occurred in 1916 and was at an elevation of o10 feet above sea level. .The probable maxi =ue flood is esti=ated at an ele-vation of 632 feet. Natural plant grade is at an elevation of approxi=ately l 600 feet. The selected plant elevation is graded to 631+ feet. Surface soil composition at the site consists of a sand veneer ranging from 010 feet deep over an extremely. compact . impermeable clay layer whose thickness 4 varies from 130-190 feet. Because of this impemeable clay layer near the sur-face, water released on the site at grade vould drain toward the Tittabavassee Rivar. Contamination of domestic wells by surface discharged caterials is not believed possible because these wells are belov -the impervious clay stratum. x 00:109 2-1 Amendment No. 2 5/28/69
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I> i a The Tittabawassee River fl;ws easterly at the site towards Lake Huren with ficw v rates measured near the site ever a 30-year teriod varying frcm a los cf 39 cfs to a high of 34.CCC cfs with an average flow rate fcr the pericd of 1,527 cfs.
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_ . . .a. Tr.e 'Udlan 1 p1snt reactor site is to be located in Section 27 cf '5:dlanf Trvn-3:.ip cf ::i dland C .u:.ty , :!! chi gan. Dw 's main industrial ecmplen to whic ' the process steam will be sent 1133 directly n:rth cf the plant site. Figure 2-1 illustrates the site layout with respect to Dow and the city of Midland. 2.2.2 SITE C'<.ESHIP CP Co will be scle owner of land and equiptent within the site beundary illus-trated en Figure 2-1. 2.2 3 SITE ACTrvITIES Activities within the boundaries of the site will be confined to the genera-tica of e ;er and process steam. 2.2.h EXCUJSICI' AREA The exclusien area for the plant includes the CP Co plant site and, in addition, a small segment of land under control of the Dev Chemical Company. The distance frem the plant to the nearest exclusion area bcundary, in the direction of the Dcw industrial complex, is 500 meters. The segment of land under the centrol of
/
Dow includes a fenced part of their waste treatment pends which requires only occasional access by operating personnel. Although the exclusion zone is censidered to be 500 meters for dose calculational purposes, it actually encompasses that area within the site boundary. The dis-tance frcm the plant to the site boundary scuth of the plant is about 1800 meters. The exclusion area radius and the site boundary are shewn in Figure 2-1. 2.2 5 POPULATION 2.2 5 1 Resident. Population Figure 2-2 illustrates the distribution cf people 0-5 miles from the reactor. Two elements represent the total leading in any one sector at any time: (1) the per-manent residents,and (2) people employed or transacting business within the highly commercialized Midland area. These two elements are presented on Figure 2-2. Distribution of residents within the sectors was accceplished by analyzing CP Co electrical service distribution caps which show the location of each residential service within the fiva -i'a radius (CP Co has exclusive franchise rights in this area). By superi= posing the sector grid system on these taps, it vus pos-sible to count the residential services within a sector. Then, by applying a facter which represented the average number of people per residential service, the nurber of residents per sector was cbtained. The people-per-reter factor was developed by dividing population figures of counties and townships in the site area by the total number of residential ser-vices in that county or township, as indicated in Table 2-1. These factors were developed in areas where all residential services were supplied by CP Co. Resi-dential population figures within a sector represent 1960 values since the dis-tribution taps had been posted since January 19o0. 003;0
i i l o Table 2-1 ' (l-g / I Development of People-cer-Meter Factor Extrapolated Residential People
- Population 1966 Meters per Township 1965 1950 Porulation 1966 Meter Midland 35,500 48,000 36,333 9,661 3 75 Homer 3,632 h,953 3,720 987 3 76 W1111a=s 4,879 5,923 4,949 1,55h 32 Ingersoll 1,910 2,025 1,920 651 2 95 Extrapolated Residential People
-* Population 1966 Meters per County 1965 1970 Population 1966 Meter Midland 5h,942 59,824 55,917 16,590 3.h Saginaw 204,426 215,087 206,556 56,752 3.62
- Source: Midland City and County Planning Comissions, Saginav and Bay County-Pinnnero,<cnd Michigan-De m ent of C - ercc.
V[] 2.2 5 2 Comercial Population Because of the large number of comercial and industrial establish =ents in the vicinity of the plant, an. estimate.of the. number of people engaged in business activitics within each sector has been included on Figure 2-2. The number which represents the business loading is composed of employees and customers of the ecmmercial or industrial establishments in the area. The business loading per sector was also detemined by analyzing the electrical distribution maps for the area. Comercial and industrial services were located relative to the sector grid system. Those comercial and industrial establish-ments employing less than ten people were considered to load the sector by ten while those establishments employing more than ten were considered on an indi-vidual basis. Churches and schools, other'than high schools, were not con-sidered in the business loading since they generally serve the adjacent area. 2.2 5 3 Wide Range Population Distribution Sector population figures 0-50 miles were based on projected county populations given in Table.2-2. Topulation centers over 1,000 of -each county were located in the proper sector. After subtracting the population centers and associated area from the corresponding county data, the remaining population was distrib-uted on a people-per-square-mile basis. 7 00,N.1 2-3
'f a Table 2-2 k Projections of the Population of Michigan Counties Within 50 Miles of Site - 1900-1900
- Pop.11ation County 1960 1965 1970 1975 19eo Midland 51,k50 54,942 59,824 65,450 71,346 Bay 107,042 107,175 108,321 111,777 117,330 saginaw 190,752 204,426 215,087 228,888 245,220 Gratiot 37,o12 38,376 38,556 39,987 41,8ho Isabella 35,348 36,572 37,520 .39,251 40,5 %
clare 11,647 12,298 12,534 13,053 13,815 Gladwin 10,769 10,4% 10,286 10,570 10,953
.Arenac 9,860 9,593 9,423 9,560 9,967
^
3 Tuscola 43,305 W ,851 45,211 46,697 49,0 4 -[, l ~d Genesee 374,313 418,61o 461,643 504,253 553,990 Jmiawassee 53fM6 56,824 58,529 61,313 65,030 clinton 37,969 43,215 47,799 52,121 56,642 Montcalm 35,795 37,882 38,815 40,446 ha,827 Mecosta 21,051 22,306 22,737 23,533 24,769
- Source: Michigan Department of Commerce, Working Paper No.1, Table 6 Since. population center population figures were based on the 1960 census, it was necessary to estimate the 1965 and 1980 populations. In doing so, it was assumed that all population centers developed at the same rate as the county in which they were situated. The results of this analysis are illustrated on Figure 2-3 There is no significant seasonal migration of_ people within a ten-mile radius of the plant for recreational or other purposes. D ere are a number of camp-sites and ski resorts within 50 miles of the site; however, the' impact on sector population figures was considered insignificant. Migrant farm workers
.. provide seasonal help for area farmers, but their influence on sector popula-
. tion figures within . ten miles of the site would be insignificant.
-{f]V 2-4 00Rt2
Population centers of 1,CCO people or more within 50 miles of the site are 11-N/ lustrated on Figure 2-h. Figure 2-5 shows the locaticn of population center s cf 25.CCC cr mere uithin ICC miles of the plant. Ect? illustrations are bas d en 196C Census figures. 2.2 5.h Proj e ct ion s Prcjections of the ;cpulation growth cf the counties within 5C miles of the site are given in Table 2-2. "idland, Bay and Saginaw Ccunties are areng the f2stest GrCvinC cour.ti s in "ichican. It is also exnected that the perulation growth cf that porticn af a ecunty lying within five miles of che site will te slightly greater than the county average grcwth since Midland would be a center of develcptent. 2.2 5 5 Lcw Poculation Zcne The outer bcundary of the icw populatien tene is loc 0 meters frca the reactor build-ing. This area encompasses the property owned and controlled by CP Co to the south of the plant, a part of the Dow Chemical Company industr.ial ecmplex to the north, and 38 permanent residents to the southwest. The Icw population Ocne is shown in Figure 2-1. The evacuatica procedures for Dow are presented in Appendix 2C. 2.2.6 IXID USE (PRESENT AND FUTURE) Generalized descriptions of the land use within five miles of the site are given below. Present use of land was determined by examining geological survey maps t und aerials of-the area. Future use was based on past development, industrial
,/ trends and suitability of land for various purposes.
v North - (0 - 1 5 bules) - Heavily industrialized. Dow!s main industrial complex lies in this area. Rect for industrial development in NNE section.
' - (1 5 - h Snles) - Contains the populated residential, ccamercial community of Midland. Area is nearly saturated with buildings. Not much growth expected.
- (h - 5 Miles) - Primarily residential. This area is expected to develop into a residential suburban ecmmunity.
East - (0 - 1 Mile) - Heavily industrial, area saturated.
- (1 - 5 Miles) - Sparsely populated residential area. Many for-ested acres, scattered farming. Expect indus-trial growth 1-2 mile sector. This is another area for suburban development.
South - (0 - 1 "ile) - Land will primarily be part of site.
- (1 - 3 Miles) - Mostly forested lands, some farming. Likely spot for Dow expansion. . - (3 - 5 Miles) - Primarily farming, scattered nonfarming resi-dents, very few cccmercial establishments.
. ~ .
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25 Amendment No.h5
r l Table 2-h Iand Use of Michigan Counties Wi Michigan Counties Isabella Midland Montcalm Arenac land Use oge:rav Clare Gladwin Gratiot 48,000 37,000 13,000 25,000 6,000 "Corn 2,200 3,300 3,700 7 - - 22,000 9,000 6,000 14,500 2,000 Yo Winter Wheat
$ 3,500 1,500 1,500 7,500 9,500 2,700 11,000 3,500 Cats
- - 23,000 1,800 5,700 1,200 -
c Soybeans 0 'f5,000 23,000 25,000 27,000 11,000
- - 1,500 E Dry Beans
$ 1,710 620 1,240 - 1,300 Sugar Beets - - 140 M
210 290 30 450 90 20 20 90
$ Barley en 10 220 TO 190 6,100 590 Potatoes 10 10 8 33,000 7,000 31,000 16,500 0 24,000 15,000 'co ,000 15,000
_ Hay Total Acres 26,9ho 191,640 114,980 60,860 116,250 40,980 Cultivated 29,730 19,830 Total Acres 352,000 487,0ho 247,680 in County (b) 390,400 382,080 344,320 383,360 384,000 30.0 17 3 24.0 16.6 75 52 75 50.0
% Farmed Acres - State &
Nati o{est & - 60,200 10,00c 51,250 Parks D1 160,500 115,000 151,000 - 17 1 2.06 20.8
% Public Iand 41.0 31.0 43 7 -
September Source: " Michigan Agricultural Statistics," Michigan Department of Agriculture, Determined by measuring areas on Michigan road map. r
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I thin So Miles of Site Tctal Total % 13 Acres in State Counties State Prod Bay .Tuscola Clinton Shiawassee Genesee 46,000 31,000 26,000 2hl 200 1 ,ho7 ,o M 17 9,o00 38,000 29,000 29,000 17,000 167,5cc 762,000 23 18,500 37,500 103,20c 563,000 18 3,500 -21,000 11,500 15,500 10,000 1,500 ' 27,000 41,000 17,000 119,30o 480,000 25 1,100 12,000 22,500 2,500 357,50o 644,000 55
- 65,000' 93,000 136,h90 76,200 48
'15,520 15,990 - 200 llo 160 640 5,16o 28,000 29 380 4,400 o60 580 15,170 41,900 h4 9,600 730 170 230 2ho
~8,500 39,000 36,000 27,000 24,000 _ 295,000 1,713,000 17 131,100 257,12o 162,830 166,980 96,h80 301,000 544,640 382,720 361,60o 435,200 44.4 47 3 42 5 46.2 22.2 -
3 1967
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00315 2-7 y
2.2.7 ACCESS AND EGRESS The immediate plant area is fenced with all access gates controlled. The
/ -)N Midland Plant will be served by at least one access road.
A railroad spur is constructed to transport supplies and equipment to and frem the site. The spur connects to the Chesapeake and Ohio main line 2 approximately three-quarter mile east of the reactor site, crosses the Tittabawassee River on a new bridge and then runs westerly to the plant. Major highways serving Midland include US-10 and State Route 47. From Midland US-10, a f our-lane limited access highway, runs east to Bay City and northeast to US-27, the limited access highway oriented north-south in the middle of the state. State Route 47 is the main route to Saginaw and runs along the north shore of the Tittabawassee River near the east property line. US-10 passes approximately two miles north of the site. There are three public briges crossing the Tittabawassee River within five miles of the reactor site. A rail bridge sarving the. plant crosses the river 3/4 mile ESE of the reactor site.
' Midland is served by the -Penn Central (PC) .and Chesapeake and Ohio (C&O)
Railroads . The PC line runs E-W from Midland to Bay City and is situated 1-1/2 miles north of the plant. The C&O line runs NW-SE through Midland and follows the north shore of the Tittabawassee River to Saginaw. Tri-City Airport is the only commercial airport serving the Midland area. It is located 10 miles SE of Midland. Both United Airlines and North Central Airlines serve this airport.
, 7_s s/ Bus service for the area is provided by the Greyhound and Mercury Bus - Lines. Principal routes are to Detroit, Cleveland, Chicago, Lansing and Saginaw. .There is no city bus line.
2.2.8 MAKEUP WATER SUPPLY Makeup water is supplied to the plant in order to replenish losses due to seepage, evaporation, blowdown and windage from the plant main coolinn This makeup supply is drawn _from the Tittabawassee River by three
- 2. pond. pumps housed in a separate intake structure located north of the plant on the dike facing the river bank. The intake structure includes a trash rack and weir for control of silting. It also includes a traveling 125 screen having a wire mesh opening 3/8 - inch square and designed for a
' raximun flow velocity of 1 foot /second. Ite intake structure is shown on Figure 2-16. The pumps discharge directly into the main pond. Makeup water for the reactor plant, turbine cycle,'and process losses, as well as domestic water, is furnished by Dow. This water is pumped from Lake Ytmon and is treated as required for these services.
~2.2.9 'AlRPORT ACTIVITIES The landing and takeoff of aircraf t from the nearby Tri-City Airport is not considered a hazard. The airport, which is located about seven miles from The
//"~N .the plant site on a bearing of approximately S60E, has three runways.
(4, ,,/ main runway is 5,630 feet long on a bearing N50E. The two minor runways
~
bear:due east-west and S40E. Aircraf t using the smallest runway, which has the closest alignment with the plant, would pass about 2-1/2 miles from the ~ 003t6 2-8 Amendment No. 25 2/74
) ~,
plant. Since the plant site is not aligned with a runway and is at some dis-s/ tance from the airport, it will be flown over only at traffic pattern altitude. Fcr these reascas, it is censidered extremely unlikely that an aircraft could collide with a reactor building. All types of ecmmercial aircraft use the Tri-City Airrcrt on a regularly schauuled basis. Reference is made to Dceket 5C-25C which discusses the impact resistance capa-bility of a reactor building similar in strength to these reactor buildings. Figure 2-o is a reproduction of the anlwaukee Sectional Aeronautical Chart (US Departrent of Commerce) which shcws flight paths from the Tri-City Airport, runway orientation, control cones and other smaller airports located at Mid- 4l land (Barstov), Bay City (Clements), Saginav and the private airpcrt at Senefield. 23 METECaOLCGY 231 r:TECDUCTIon The meteorology and the diffusion climatology of the Midland site have been evaluated to provide a basis for estimating the effects of release of waste gas, estimates of exposure frcm a postulated accident, and design criteria ( l for storm protection. A summary of the method and the results follows. J v 232 DEScarFTIVE METECaoLCGY , The Midland site is en the flat J and of the lower peninsula of Michigan. It lies too far from Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay to be affected by land-sea breezes, but close enough to the Great Lakes to have a higher than average amount of cloudiness in the late fall and early winter. About 30 inches of precipita-tien fall per year. Some of this comes from an average annual snowfall of 33 inches. Mean monthly temperatures range from 25 F in January and February to 72 F in July. The highest and lowest recorded temperatures are 106 F and
-30 F, respectively.
233 T'do-ECua MCDEL Frem five years of =cnthly wind data at Ludland, nine months were identified as having the greatest air pollution potential. HotTly data from the Tri-City (Saginaw) Airport for these nine months were placed into Fasquill stability categories using Turner's methed. Each night of these nine months was examined to find the two consecutive hours having the highest stability category (pcorest diffusion). From these data, the probability of the first and second hour being stability categories D, E or F was calculated. The winds associated with each category were used to calculate relative concentrations, X/Q, as a function of distance. The relative concentraticn for each categcry was then weighted by its probability Of occurrence and adjusted to account for the effect of the building, te give an average hcurly X/Q of 1 9 x lo-h s/m3 ( _. at the exclusien boundary ( SCO m) . This value for X/Q includes the building wake dilution factor of 4.2 and a wind speed of 2 5 m/second. 00117 u 4-a-uu
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o ; - w v. ,.3 X ,c7 3/-3 3 .. ..%.-
- n. .. y c .3 uo4cn w.cu..ma a s ,(ccC , ~
.). m. .u. .i - ta.' ua i ~. . ' t.d-da -
a.
- k. ".~i ' " . . s- d~_.. i ' " + 4 . . " n a. * ~. v""
. k . .o_ ,
a wind speed of 195 r/see and Category E diffusica conditions. . o-u.3 5 . r.mmv. .m.v. a .m_ er . The nine months of data were used to obtain an average stability category and wind speed for each directicn; this is similar to the 2h-hour medel. That di-
.-a. C t .' C n "- i +,,, b.. t u". u.6 * * ~".. S+w -
D**ak<'f*f-*'--' a..d Ca.+ + a - + . "s *w .b.a. _' ^., v a_-+ v, d -
"aa-
+ o ca.' cu_' a +_ a .-a.'-..i".a a' "a . . .-d o ~r _ da. ma "s. ". ' s a ..
e
- nca... a+4r... .r.--- ." 4 v a_
+
/' a a .
^ ." . . . * .k..' ", ".'..d. u_.a da+
Saginaw, .
.o..
the highest =cnthly frequency of any one wind directicn was 19 percent. Thus, the calculated relative concentration was cultiplied by C.19 and adjusted forthe at cavity exclusien dilutien effects (5CC boundary (2.6) :). to give an average hcurly X/Q cf 1.1 v.10-5 s/=3 , gory D diffusien conditions were assumed.An average wind speed of 2.8 t/see and Cate-
! o
-.7.6 -
w, ."w"' ". .."1. .Y s,,, The diffusion acdels are soundly based on data frce Tri-City Airport located only eight miles away and data frca the pcv chemical plant just across the Tittabawassee River. The ecdels are conservative in that: (a) no credit is taken for wind can+ .c-a. -d ' lu+ #.c.. dua_ + c '. ". . a_ direction o changes (in the 2-hour ecdel), (b) there is hC per-Dev ke u_i ' d.4 .7e o" ". .k. a. . t h. a_ w .* ".d .4 -
- di-ac*o.cn, a.d (c) .^ cra.d.*' .i s *a.k. a.n .#c.- '.P.a_ 'o " '.
4
. . . o . . , . ~ . . k.a. .. c .-+ P.a . _' /'
.a'.'-/ 4. ..d" c a_ d. *".-k".'a.~..a.
m 4" a.
- ~ .
to the abcut one square mi'.e of het water around the reactor site. These
+ u. .a - a_ adata nm+ , .- and .ca<,
=cdels are believed to provide a sound basis for the design of c-.4 +a. .
Refer to Appendix 2A for a detaile:1 report en meteorclegy. 2.h SURFACE '4ATER HYERCLCGY 2.h.1 CHARACTERISTICS CF STRFjRS AND LA'GS IN VICINITY The c c+o slepe
.m ,y,.
of theo Tittabavassee m_ _a_ .
~
_4 - 4 3 , - . v~.,, River varies free about four feet to about one s _e~ a< a on. s a.,.a_ s+..a ra 4.,a. -- 4 ,. i u
.oe - m c a _3 , s . -a_ _e .o
- e. e 4, general area. Thera e. .. ...ha_
areas that have been drained by constructing canals and ditches.are numerous s Table 2-5, " Reservoirs and Lakes '4ithin a 50-Mile Radius" of the pre;csed plant c site, includes these bodies of water having a surface area of 1CC acres er scre. The of the information State of Michigan. in the table has been reviewed by the Depar: tent of Ccaservation of Saginaw Bay - an ar In addition to the lakes listed, about hkC,CCC acres v cf Lake Huren - are aisc within the 50-rile radius. Several this portimn of the bay. runicipalities and wate- districts obtain their water supplies frca 00?!S
4 1 1 TABLE 2-5 s, RESERVOIRS AND LAKES WITHIN A (MINIMUM SURFACE AREA - 1 No. Reservoir / Lake Rive r/C reek County Township - R 1 Peach Lake Peach Lk. C r. Ogemaw T22N R2 2 Lake George Rau Cr. Ogemaw T21N R1 3 Secord Reservoir Tittabawassee River Gladwin T19N R1 4 Bentley Marsh North Hollases River Gladwin T19N R2 5 Smallwood Lake Tittabawassee River Gladwin T18N R1 6 Kawkawlin Creek Kawkawlin Creek Midland T16N R$ 7 Hollases River No. 3 Mo11ases River Gladwin T18N R$ 8 Hollases River No. 5 Mollases River Gladwin T19N R8 9 Wigwam Bay N. Br. Pine R. Arenac T18N R$ 10 Nayanguing Point - Bay T16N Rt 11 Wild Fowl Bay Mud Creek Huron Tl7N R1 12 Fish Point Wiscoggin Creek Tuscola Tl5N RT 13 Tobico Marsh - Bay T15N Rt 14 Caro Hydro Plant Cass River Tuscola T12N R1 15 Quanicassee Quanicassee River Tuscola T14N R5 16 Old Muskrat Farm - Tuscola T12N R1 17 Murphy Lake Goodings Creek Tuscola - tapeer T10N R1 18 Craw Island Saginaw River Saginaw T13N R2 19 Holloway Reservoir Flint River Genessee - Lapeer T8,9N R$ 20 .Kearsley Reservoir Kearsley Creek Genessee T7,8N RF
' Note: (1) Storage data not available (2) Average depth of wildlife floodings is 2 f t (3) n.a. - not available i
i
) ooats
I 50-MILE RADIUS 30 ACRES) FrPm Site Surfacce enga Owner / Agency Distance Direction Area Purpose (miles) _ (acres =) ,3E State 49 N 238 Recreation ,2E State 44 N 134 Recreation
- Wolverine Power Corp. 32 N 2090 Power, recreation E St. Dept. of Conserv. 32 N 150 Wildlife flooding 2)
E Wolverine Power Corp. 27 N 1290 Power, recreation
- St. Dept. of Conserv. 14 N 590 Wildlife flooding E St. Dept. of Conserv. 50 NNE 590 Wildlife flooding E- St. Dept. of Conserv. 50 NNE 195 Wildlife flooding E St. Dept. of Conserv. 38 NE S horel i i ne Wildlife flooding E St.. Dept. of Conserv. 20 NE 396 Wildiffe flooding E St. Dept. of Conserv. 44 ENE 1516 Wildlife flooding E St. Dept. of Conserv. 37 ENE 586 Wildlife flooding 25E St. Dept. of Conserv. 17 ENE 400 Wildlife flooding E. Michigan Sugar Co. 40 E 200 Water supply E. St. Dept. of Conserv. 30 E Shorel l i ne Wildlife flooding E St. Dept. of Conserv. 48 ESE 120 Wildlife flooding E St. Dept. of Conserv. 44 ESE 203 Recreation, conservation E' St. Dept. of Conserv. 18 ESE 1157 Wildiffe floodin9
.9E City of Flint 50 SE 510 Recreation, emergency water supply E Land Development Assoc. 48 SE 250 Recreation RESERVOIR AND LAKE DATA WITHIN A 50 MILE RADIUS MIOLAND PLANT f 2-11 3
<>ctro:43
( T A ltL E 2-5 (Conti: RESERVOIRS AND LAKES WIThlN A 5 (MINIMUM SURFACE AREA - IC No. Rese rvoi r/ Lake River / Creek County Township - Rar Shiawassee River Saginaw T10,1 i R 3,1 21 Shiawassee Flats Clinton - Shiawassee 76N R1E, 22 Sleepy Hollow Little Maple River Maple River Maple River Gratiot 73N R2W 23 24 Rainbow Lake Pine Creek Gratiot TSN R3W Crystal Lake - Mont cal m T10N R5W 25 Mud Lake - Montcalm 710N REW 26 Duck Lake - Montcalm TION R5W 27 Montcalm T12N R5W 28 Bass Lake - Al ma Pine Ridge Gratiot TilN R3W 29
'O Martiney Lakes W. Br. Chippewa R. Mecosta T15N R7W Townline Creek Montcalm T12N R7W 31 Townline Lake Horseshoe Creek Montcalm T12N R7W 32 Horseshoe Lake Chippewa River Isabelle T14,15N R6W 33 Lake Isabella 34 Coldwater Lake Coldwater River Isabelle TISN R6W Clare T17,18N R6, 35 Big Mud Lake -
N. Br. Chippewa R. Clare T17N R6W 36 Big Cranberry Lake Clare T17N R6 c 37 Eight Point Lake - Doc & Tom Creek Clare T18N R6W 38 Doc & Tom Lake 39 Crooked Lake - Clare T17N R6W Cl a re T18N R5W 40 Leke George Isabelle T16N R6k 41 Littlefield Lake Coldwater River Clare T17N R4, 42 Lake Thirteen Runyon Creek < 00:1.31 I o
a b ,ued) , D-MILE RADIUS 0 ACRES) ' From Site Surface (1) ge Owner / Agency CDistance Direction Area Purpose (mi l es) (acres) E St. Dept. of Conserv. 19 SSE 1600 Wildlife flooding j RlW St. Dept. of Conserv. 48 S 500 Recreation St. Dept. of Conserv. 33 SSW 200 Wildlife flooding Private Development 39 SW 350 Land Development State 42 WSW 724 Recreation State 41 WSW 127 Recreation State 40 WSW 306 Recreation State 38 WSW 103 Recreation 117 Water supply Clty of Alma 27 WSW W 1400 Recreation, wildlife St. Conservation Dept.:. 50 habitat State 50 W 280 Recreation State 50 W 105 Recreation 40 W 730 Land development Isabelle Develop. Cortrp. State 37 W 294 Recreation 48 WNW 219 Recreation N State 46 WNW 293 Recreation
. State 46 WNW 388 Recreation N State 45 WNW 187 Recreation State 44 WNW 264 Recreation State 44 WNW 244 Recreation State 38 WNW 183 Recreation State 37 WNW 109 Recreation SW. State
'P 003?.2 2-12 3
-- _ __________--___-_________.___-_-__-___P
r I h TABLE 2-5 (Continued) RESERVOIRS AND LAKES WITHIN A 50-Mi-(MINIMUM SURFACE AREA - 100 AC' Reservoir / Late River / Creek County Township - Range No. Clare TI7N R4W 43 Five Lakes Five Lakes Creek 44 Stevenson Lake - Isabelle T16N R4W So.Br. Tobacco River Clare TI6,17N R4W 45 Lcke Shamrock Floodwood Creek Clare T20N R5W 46 Old Fur Farm 47 Lily Lake Green Creek Clare T18N R5W Clare T20N R4W 48 Long Lake South Branch Cr. Clare Tl9,20N R4W 49 Arnold Lake - Clare T19N R4W 50 Budd Lake - Cranberry Lake Cranberry Creek Clare T19N R4W 51 Midland T15N RlW t S2r-s,, Sanford Lake Tittabawassee River t~ Roscommon T22N R2W .53 Denton Creek Denton Creek Roscommon T21,22N R1,2W 54 West Twin Lake - Townline Creek Townline Creek Clare T21N R3W 55 Silver Creek Ogemaw T21,22N R4E 56 Ha'rdwood Lake Ogemaw T2iN R4E 57 Cranberry Lake - Gladwin T20N RiW 58 Bliss Ranch Lake W.Br. Tittabawassee R. Gladwi n T19N R2W 59 Pratt Lake Cedar River Gladwin T18N R2W '60 Wiggens Lake Cedar River Gladwi n T17N R2W
- 61. Ross Lake Tobacco River Gladwi n TI6,I7N RIE
.62 Wixom Lake Tittabawassee River Clare n.a. 63 Lake of the Hills - f
-3 00:1 ?.'T c
s
\
<E RA ADIUS !ES)? - Surfac F
~
From Site _ Owner / Agency Distance Direction Area Purpose (miles) (acres - - Estate 36 WNW 142_ F.e crea t ion S tState 32 WNW 113 ecreation F Pri vate 31 WNW 100 and development ESt. Dept. of Conserv. 49 NW 261 #IIdiffe Flooding Estate 44 NW 209 7ecreation iState 44 NW 210 7ecreation CState 43 NW l i g. Tecreetion
" State 41 NW 175 ecreation 8
State 41 NW 106 -ecreation
' Wolverine Power Corp. 10 NW 211g FNe r , recreation LSt. Dept. of Conserv. 49 NNW 27C 'dildlife flooding State 48 NNW 275 Recreation St. Dept. of Conserv. 47 NNW 565 Wildlife flooding ,
State 47 NNW 172 Recreation / 5teste 45 NNW 171 Recreation State 40 NNW 140 Recreation NNW 180 Recreation )
-Stcte 34 ?
~
G1cdwin County 33 NNW 290 Recreation Village of Seaverton 25 NNW
~
294 Recreation W31 verine Power. Corp. 18 NNW N60 Power, recreation Private n.a. n.a. n.a. Land development l I e 00324 1 2-13
2.4.2 TOPOGRAPHY There are few hills in the headwaters of the Tittabawassee River,
*=# with maximum elevations of about 1,500 feet above sea lev '. Most of the area, however, is between 600 and 750 foot elevat as, with little topographic relief and a poorly defined drainage pattern.
2.4.3 STREAM FLOW
'The US Geological Survey has operated a gauging station about one mile upstream from the site since 1936. A study of the records for this station indicates that, with the planned reserve storage for 100 days of plant operation, there will be sufficient flow for the estimated cooling system makeup supply of about 40 cfs.
Initial filling of the cooling pond could be accomplished during one flood season by using the full capacity of the cooling pond makeup pumps, with. filling being completed in one. month dur.ing the spring runoff. However, the project schedule provides for two seasons of filling and flushing the pond to allow for a possible dry year and to insure that the completed pond is in a satisfactory condition. 2.4.4 FLOODS 2.4.4.1 Probable Maximum Flood in Tittabawassee River
~,
(N- ) The probable maximum flood (PMF) discharge of 270,000 cfs, including the effect of upstream dam failure, will cause a river level of about s/ 5 elevation 632 feet at the plant site. The tops of dikes are also at elevation 632. Thus the cooling pond dikes will not be overflowed during the PMF peak flow. The plant area has been filled to elevation 624 and thus the vital installationr are protected against water damage in the extremely unlikely event of a probable maximum flood. 2.4.4.2 ' Diversion of' Bullock Creek 22 Bullock Creek drains approximately 40 square miles with an estimated flow, prior to relocation, of 3,700 cfs during a 100-year flood. Relocation does not change this flow. 2.5 GEOLOGY 2.5.1 GENERAL
.The, Midland nuclear. power-plant. site is. located on a glaci.1_ lake plain along the Tittabawassee River south of the city of Midland. The topo-graphy of the area is comparatively flat with elevations ranging from 600. feet to 625 feet above mean sea level. Vegetation covers most of the urea and -the soils are mainly sands, clays and clay-sand mixtures. - %_J.
Oi 00,W5 2-14 Amendment No. 22 9/73 L: -_ - - _ - _ . - - - - _ _ _ _ _ -_ _ _ _ _
'h The site lies in the Tittabavassee River Basin which includes ten counties. The area is drained by five rivers: the Tobacco, Salt, Chippeva, Pine and Tittabavassee Rivers. The four s= aller rivers merge with the Tittabawassee vest of the city of Midland. A drilling program and a seismic refraction survey were conducted at the site to evaluate the geology and groundwater hydrology. The drilling program in-l cluded holes which range from LO feet to 432 feet in depth. In addition, the logs of shallow borings that were drilled for Dow in 1956 were reviewed. The seismic survey consisted of refraction surface, uphole and cresshole shooting. ) 252 REGIONAL GEOLCGY 2 5 2.1 Physiography The southern peninsula of Michigan falls within the broad physiographic classi-fication of the Glaciated Plains 'rovince. The entire district is character-ized by comparatively lov topographic relief, and the surface-configuration is largely the result of glaciation. The Midland r4Re, located in the east central part of-the Lower Peninsula, is in the Saginav Iowland. The general elevation of this region ranges from 600 to 800 feet above mean sea level. 2 5 2.2 Stratigraphy and Structure (. (^ The Michigan Basin is a broad, shallow structural basin that occupies the southern peninsula of Michigan; eastern Wisconsin, northeastern Illinois, northern lndiana, eastern half of the Upper Peninsula, and. northwestern Ohio. The basin is roughly circular in shape and has a diameter of approximately 500 miles. The southern peninsula of Michigan is a composite basin of Paleozoic sedi-ments overlain by glacial drift. Figure 2-7 shows the generalized bedrock geology. The Paleozoic sediments within the basin thicken toward its center 1:hich is in the east central part of the couther. peninsula of Michigan. The depth of the basin is s=all in co=parison to its diameter and inclination of its geologic formations is ordinarily between 25 and 50 feet per mile. In general, folding in the sediments in the Michigan Basin has a persistent northwest trend except in the vestern part of the state where very little structure is apparent. The folding is gentle and oil and gas investigations in the region show that structural closures are generally less than 200 feet. One fault zone has been mapped in the Lower Peninsula about 55 miles south of the site. However, this fault zone is the source of much academic argument concerning.its presence. It appears from subsurface exploration that, if the zone-exists, it is Trobably composed of en echelon type fractures vhichend in a general northwesterly direction.
-The Keweenav fault, trending northeasterly, exists in the western portion of the Upper Peninsula, approximately 325 miles northwest of the site. A less hfs) v important fault zone, approximately 240 miles northwest of the site, trends 2-15 003?6 Amendment No. 2 5/28/69
f
/~/ vesterly. These faults are outside of the confines of the Michigan Basin and +A are not structurally significant to the geology of the basin in the Lower Peninsula.
- 253 SITE GE0IOGY 2531 Site Investigations
, Site investigations were conducted to evaluate the geologic conditions that are pertinent to the design, cons +.ruction and operatica of the Midland Plant. The investigations include boreholes and a seismic survey. The boreholes, ranging from W feet to h32 feet deep, were drilled in the i= mediate area of ,. the site (Figure 2-8). Sa=ples of the soils were obtained at regular inter-i vals and selected samples were laboratory-tested to define their physical characteristics. Two of the boreholes penetrated into rock and cores were obtained and visually classified. In addition, the logs of water wells in the area and the geologic logs of shallow borings that were drilled for Dev in 1956 were reviewed. Seismic surveys were conducted in several directions en the surface of the ground as well as uphole and crosshole shooting. 2532 Preglacial Geology The lover Pennsylvanian Saginav For=ation forms the bedrock at the site pi (Figure 2-7). It consists of a series of nearly flat-lying, red, green, gray
's t and black micaceous shales interbedded with white, tan and red sandstones and siltstones. Minor quantities of argillacecas limestone, coal, anhydrite, gypsum, sider 1?e, and pyrite are also present in the for=ation. The Saginav Fonnation represents a heterogeneous sequence of lenticular beds of continental origin that were deposited in a cyclic pattern.
Preglacial erosion scoured strean channels into t5.e Saginaw For=ation which were later modified by the movement of glaciers. Figure 2-9 s a contour =ap on the top of the bedrock surfe.ce _ in the site area. The top of bedrock at the site is between 350 to 360 feet below the ground level. This was confi med by a seismic refraction survey over the area. Brine and salt removal from the Devonian Detroit River Group has been conducted by Dow in the area at depths of approximately h,2OO feet. Dov has selectively positioned the salt wells and recharged the brine aquifer with depleted brine. 2533 Glacial Geology The Great Lakes region is covered by a thick mantle of glacial drift censisting of clay, sand, gravel and till. The deposits are Pleistocene in age and repre-sent.four. distinct. glacial periods. The fourth and final glacier, which melted 5,000 to 10,0C0 years ago, formed the land features which now characterize cost of'the Michigan landscape. In the Midland area, the glacial material -is Tepresented by 350 to 360 feet
, /,. ) of lake deposits of various ages and types (Figures 2-10,2-11). These lake W/ deposits may be divided into four categories:
003?.7 2-16 Amend =ent No. 2 5/28/69
(O)
- a. The upper layer is a veneer of brown quartz sand which is clayey in some areas. It is soft and often contains water. The sand varies from zero to ho feet in thickness over the area and represents a lake bottcm or beach sand.
- b. The second zone is an extremely compact, impermeable blue-grey clay.
It contains very thin discontinuous silt layers and occasicnal peb-bles. The highly ce= pact nature of the clay is probably due to preconsolidation by one or =cre of the following: (1) weight of an overlying glacier; (2) weight of overlying sediments that have been eroded away; (3) che=ical nature in which the clay was for=ed. Of the three, preconsolidation by the weight of the glacier seems to be the most reasonable. The clay varies in thickness due to erosion on its surface. Four borings penetrated through the c.'.ay in the site area. These indicate that the clay ranges from 130 feet to 190 feet thick.
- c. Underlying the blue-grey clay is a bed that grades frc= comract, fine grained brown sand to clayey, sandy gravel. This stratum ranges from 30 to 45 feet thick In the three borings that penetrated through it.
The sand is water saturated and under artesian pressure. This' zone is not everywhere distinct from the underlying zone (d).
,, 'd. The final drift zone is a thick sequence of white quartz sands and p)
( gravels which are water saturated and under artesian pressure. Since these deposits are lake or flood plain deposits, they a're videspread in. relation to the site area. A seismic survey over the area. complemented the findings of the boring program. Based on velocity interfaas, three stratues were delineated. The upper stratum is a 5,200 feet per second (longitudinal "P" vave) velocity layer corresponding to t:1e brown surface sand deposit. The blue-grey clay layer and the sand and gravel aquifers are represented by a 6,100 feet per second velocity zone. The relatively high velocity in this layer suggests that both the blue-grey clay and the artesian aquifers are preconsolidated. Also, the seismic data indi-cate that these glacial members are present under the entire site area. The third stratum, identified by the seismic survey, is a 10,000 feet per second layer which corresponds to the Saginav For=ation. This velocity is consistent with velocity measurements performed on cores. 2.6 GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY I
-2.6.1 GENERAL The s-ite 'is located in an area where glacial lake deposits of sand, silt and clay overlie bedrock which consists of Pennsylvanian Saginaw For=ation. The lake deposits range from 350 to 360 feet thick at the site and are relatively videspread. The Saginav. Formation is nearly flat-lying and consists of chales,
('1 sandstones and siltstones. j 00M8 2-17
The presence of the thick, impermeable clay member (Figure 2-11) has produced 7) (, two hydrologic conditions at the site. They are: (1) A perched water table in the sand above the clay. (2) An artesian aquifer in the sand and gravel underlying the clay. The perched water table is in the upper brown sand which ranges from zero to 42 feet thick in the borings. The quantity of water in these surface sands is limited and they are not a source of domestic supply in the area. Small domestic supplies are obtained from the underlying confined aquifer. 2.6.2 GROUNDWATER MOVDENT Figure 2-12 is a contour =ap on the top of the water tuble in the upper sand as indicated from the borings. From the plate, it can be seen that the hydraulic gradient at the site is approximately one foot vertical to 100 feet horizontal toward the river. A survey of borrow pits and drainage ditches indicates that
-this~ general direction of groundwater flow persists for several miles south cud vest of the site, although southward the gradient is somewhat less. Past ex-perience has shown that the water table in the surface sand varies only from two to three feet seasonally.
Several permeability tests were conducted on the surface sand and the values ranged from 10 to 538 feet per year. If accidental discharge of contaminated
-g water occurred at the site, it would flow through the surface sands at a rate
- g i of approximately five feet per year toward the river. Domestic vells in the area vould not be affected since they are located up gradient from the site.
During periods of flood, river water would be charging the surface sands and groundwater flow through these sands.vould probably be southeastward parallel to the stream. Also, under flood conditions, the g oundwater within the sur-face sands vould.have easy accesa: to the river.and dispersion.of contamination should be rapid. From Figure 2-11, it can be seen that accidental conta=ination of the surface sand would have no effect on the artesian aquifer below the thick, impermeable clay. This layer, uhich acts as the confining media preventing the upward flow of the artesian water, also prevents the downward percolation of surface water from the plant area. A survey of the domestic ve ns near the site shows that they obtain their water from the underlying arte.aian zone. 2.6 3 GROUNDWATER SUPPLY The quantity of water in the upper sand is limited and, therefore, the domestic wells in the area obtain their supplies from the confined aquifer below the
-thick impermeable clay.
Potential _ groundwater is available at the site from the artesian sands and gravels beneath the clay and from the Saginav Sandstone Member of the Saginav Formation (Figure 2-11). However, the quality W the water is poor. A test was performed on the artesian zone through a five-foot screen set in the sand i t *
\Q
, 00329 2-18 Amendment No. 2 5/28/69
{
'S below the thick clay. The zone flowed two gallons per minute at a height of
([Q 42 inches above the ground. With a h5-foot ball-down, the zone produced 20 gallons per minute. The direction of flow of the artesian zones is unknown. However, based on the fact that moraines lie several miles to the east, it appears that the flow is from east to vest. 2.6.4 MIGRATICU OF BADICACTI7E IGNS The cation exchange capacities of four samples of soil from the site were deter-mined in the laboratory. Two of the samples were obtained frcm the sandy surface deposits and two were obtained from the upper parts of the videspread clay. The sa=ples were selected from undisturbed naterials which were obtained by driving a Dames and Moore Type U soil sampler ahead of the borehole. The ion exchange capacities as determined on the samples are: Cation Exchange Sample No. Hole No. Depth Material Capacity (me/100 gm) 1 2 95' silty clay 26.0 1 4 2.0' Silty Clay 15 1 3 5 2 5' Silty Sand 15 4 5 85' Fine Sand 2.2 (~ i-b) As has been previously stated, the videspread thick clay at the site precludes contamination of the confined aquifer. As is evident from the above tests, the possibility of migration of centaminant through this clay is very re=ote because of ,the extremely low permeability of the clay and the affinity of radionuclides
'in solut_on for it'.
Radionuclides in solution have a very lov affinity for the surface sands, but due to the very lov hydraulic gradients of these surface deposits and their close proximity to the clay, significant or long-distance travel of contaminant should be negat;ed. 2.6 5 WATER QUALITY Except for some local vells contaminated by deeper brine sources, the ground-water in the area is potable although concentrations of iron cor:monly exceed the limits recommended by the US Public Health Service. Salt water generally vill be encountered in the Paleozoic sediments in the Midland area where the bedrock surface elevation is less than 500 feet above mean sea level. Water in the glacial deposits below an elevation of 500 feet is also likely to be saline. Water sample locations are on' Figure 2-13 and Table 2-6 summroizes the results of chemical analyses. Geochemical diagrams _of_the. complete chemical analyses are on Tigure 2-14. 2.6.6 WELL SEALING Water wells located within the cooling pond area vill be sealed as a preliminary C'i pbase of the dike construction program. This sealing vill insure that cooling V pond water does not seep into the domestic supply and that no artesian ground-water leaks into the cooling pond water. 2-19 00,130 Amend =ent No. 2 5/28/69
i
/
i TABLE 2-6 CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF WATER (Constituents in ppm) mpid No, pH Ca Mg Na K Alk'y. Hardness Bicarb. 4 C1 3 GROUND WATER W-1 7.1 40 12 39 2 214 148 261 9 22 0.5 W-2 7.1 40 16 25 2 204 164 249 1.5 18 i W-3 7.5 30 16 28 2 185 140 226 1 6 < 0.1 W-4 7.3 58 21 19 2 260 232 10 317 7 2 W-7 7.1 35 12 44 2 200 137 244 2 16 2 W-8 7.3 24 16 83 2 178 124 26 217 78 1.9 W-10 7.1 56 25 68 3.8 290 244 354 11 76 1.1 W-Il 7.4 69 24 36 3.6 296 272 361 20 16 2.4 W-12 7.0 168 31 1032 6 196 552 339 250 1880 7 MDH-1 215 2 KA-1 7.7 59 23 222 244 50 OC-1 7.7 160 200 176 0C-2 8.3 79 33 229 334 190 or ' 7.7 250 420 Ds 7.6 156 1660 SURFACE WATER TR-1 8.1 166 356 202 40.5 208 TR-IA 8.1 255 124 42 108 4.0 TR-2 7.0 138 19 155 7.5 160 423 195 89 370 1.3 .TR-4 7.1 55 13 7.9 3.4 144 192 176 23 1.4 27 to: All water analyses were conducted in 1968 except as noted. ( 00T131
s f SiO I' 2 Fe F Mn TDS _ Remarks 14 <0.05 0.4 40.02 250 Agricul tural wveell 13 1.0 0.4 <0.02 227 Domestic well 6 <0.05
- 0.3 <0.02 197 Domest'c well 16 <0.05 0.4 < 0.02 284 Domestic well 12 <0.05 0.3 <0.02 260 Domestic well 8 0.80 0.3 <0.02 340 Domestic well 16 3.6 0.3 < 0.01 420 Maness #1 20 1.1 0.4 < 0. 01 322 Domestic well 11 2.4 0.2 0.04 3790 Domestic well 0.3 Domestic well, 1967 industrial wel'1, 1959 7.6 0.17 623 Arpa well 1.1 Monroe #3, 195 4 10.5 1.6 1070 Domestic well, 1966 9.9 8.0 4196 Domestic well, 1966 618 Ti ttabawassee E River, 8/9/67 418 Tittabawassee E River, 3/28/67 6.0 2.8 0.5 0.02 963 Tittabawassee F River 6 1.2 0.4 < 0.01 270 Gravel Pit 00332 i i
i 2-20
f 27 SEISMOLOGY 271 GENERAL GEOLOGY The geology of the Midland nuclear power plant site is described in the Geology section of this report. Briefly, the site is underlain by lake sediments ccmprised of stiff clays and sands deposited by glacial activity. The top of the Saginav For :ation is at a depth of 350-36c feet in the site area. It is upper:ost in a thick sequence of nearly flat-lying sedimentary rocks which are structurally unconplicated throughout the southern peninsula of Michigan. No faults are c:apped in the surficial deposits of the southern peninsula. One fault zone has been proposed about 55 miles south of the site and is the source of much academic argument concerning its presence (see Figure 2-14). If it does exist, it probably consists of en echelon type fractures which trend in a general northwesterly direction. The active Keveenaw fault exists approximately 325 miles northwest of the site on the Upper Peninsula. This fault is not related geologically to the struc-tural province of the Michigan Basin and its activity is not i=portant in the evaluation of the Midland site. A less important fault zone about 240 miles northwest of the site in the vicinity of the Menominee Range does not appear to be active. O 272 SEISMIC 3ISTORY h' ' Midland, Michigan, is located in a quiet seismic region. Table 2-7 shows earthquakes felt-on the southern peninsula and their esti=ated intensities at Midland. Earthquake-history ~for-the' north central United States began in 1610 when French Jesuit missionaries started keeping records. The interior of Michigan was not settled as rapidly as-the areas bordering the Great Lakes and early earthquake data, generally newspaper accounts and personal journals,
~
are available from only scattered localities. In considering the seismic history of Midland, two sources of earthquakes are evaluated. Shocks were felt from: (1) earthquakes which originated within a 150-mile radius of the site, and (2) earthquakes which originated at greater distances but whose effects were felt in the site area. The selection of a 150-mile radius is arbitrary. i w J ) 00333 2-21
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V kJ V iABLE Z-7 EARTHQUAKES FELT ON THE SOUTHERN PENINSULA OF MICHICAN i DATE LOCALITY COORDINATES INTENSITY i At Midland, At Center Michigan U N. Lat. W. Long of Damage (estimated) 1663, Feb. 5 St. Lawrence River Region 47.6 70.1 X III 1804, Aug. 24 Ft.
Dearborn,
Ill. (Chicago) 42.0 87.8 --- not felt
- 1811-1812 New Madrid, Mo. 36.6 89.6 XII III 1872; Feb. 6 Wenona, Mich. 43.5 83.8 Y IV-V 1877, Aug. 17 Southeastern Michigan 42.3 83.3 IV-V not felt 1883, Feb. 4 Indiana and Michigan 42.3 85.6 VI not felt 1884; Sept. 19 Ohio 40.7 84.1 VI IV 1886, Aug. 31 Charleston, S. C. 32.9 80.0 X III 7
$ 1895; Oct. 31 Charleston,Mo. 37.0 89.4 VIII IV 1905; Mar. 13 Menominee, Mich. 45.0 87.7 V not felt 1905; July 26 Calumet, Mich. 47.3 88.4 VII not felt
, 1909; Jan. 22 Houghton, Mich. 47.2 88.6 V not felt j 1909; May 26 Illinois 42.5 89.0 VII III
- g3 1918, Feb. 22(?) Northeast of Lansing, Mich. ---- ----
IV not felt
$9 1925, Feb. 28 Canada 47.6 70.1 VIII II
$ 1937, Mar. 2 Western Ohio 40.7 84.0 VII not felt 1937, Mar. 8 Western Ohio 40.6 84.0 VII-VIII not felt 1943, Mar. 8 Lake Erie 42.2 80.9 IV-V not felt 1947, Aug. 9 South Central Michigan 42.0 85.0 VI not felt 1967, Feb. 2 Lansing, Mich. ---- ----
IV not felt
272.1 Earthquakes Centered Within 150 Miles Five earthquakes centered within 150 miles of the site (see Figure 2-15). Of these, only the August 9, 19k7 earthquake was located using instrumental data from seismograph stations. The other four earthquake locations represent centers of greatest intensity, and their plotted positions do not necessarily reflect epicentera, points on the earth's surface above the actual disturbance. These five earthquakes were not e,trong at their origins and, in the Midland area, the intensities were even lover. On February 6,1872, three shocks lasting 30 seconds were reported felt at ' Wenona, Michigan. Although there is no town by that name in Michigan now, an old atlas shows a Wenona close to the present site of Wenona Beach near Bay City. According to the coordinates supplied by the US Ccast and Geodetic Survey, the approxi= ate center of this aarthquake was about 22 miles southeast of the site. It was felt only locally and had a maximum intensity of V. (All intensities in this report are according to the Modified Mercalli Scale.) On August 17, 1877, an earthquake was felt in southeastern Michigan in-the Detroit area, about 100 =iles from the site. According to C. G. Rockwood, whose catalog is a valuable source of early earthquake data, a slight shock was felt in Detroit and.in a few of the neighboring towns which lasted from 30 seconds to a minute and was accompanied by a rumbling sound. Earthquake History of the United States states that at Redford and Greenfteld Village near Detroit horses were frightened and there was a noise like a train. This earthquake was felt over an area of about 200 square miles. .These descriptions (pd correspond to an intensity of'1V-V, and this is the intensity given in Earth-quake History, Revised (1956) Edition. ~Although the Revised (1963) Edition gives an intensity of VII, the description of effects of this earthquake is
.. consistent..with. intensity lV-V. In_any case, this earthquake wac not felt in the site area.
On February h, 1883, an earthquake was felt in northern Indiana and southern Michigan. At Kalanazoo, Michigan, windows were cracked and buildings were shaken. The maximum intensity from this shock, 115 miles southwest of Midland, was VI. The earthquake was not felt at Midland. i On August 9, 1947, south central Michigan experienced an earthquake which ! dan ged chi =neys and cracked plaster at Athens, Coldwater, Colon, Matteson l Lake, Sherwood, and Union City. An area 18 miles in radius experienced in- ! tensity VI. Saginav was at the outer limit of the area over which the shock I was perceptible, and experienced intensity I to III. The earthquake was probably not felt at Midland. An earthquake northeast of Iansing on February 22, 1918, was reported in The Monthly Weather Review, but no other infor=ation 'vas given except that it was of intensity IV. Another disturbance at Iansing on February 2,1967, has been
~ reported and assigned intensity IV. 'It is doubtful this was an earthquake since the vibration lasted three hours. Possibly both disturbances were of nonseismic origin.
00?.% 1 1 2-23
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s 2 7 2.2 Distant Earthquakes Felt in Michigan ( ) i Earthquakes centering at distances greater than 150 =11es have been felt with low intensity at the Midland site. The Jesuit missionaries =ention earth-quakes felt in Michigan in 1638, 1661, 1663, 166h, 1665, 1668 and 1672. Their epicenters cannot be located with precision, but several are thought to have originated in the St. Lawrence River regica, about 700 miles away. Of these, the earthquake in 1663 was felt = cst videly. On August 24,180' , an earthquake shcok the present site of Chicago, Illinois, and localities i- Indiana. It was felt ever an area of approx 1:ately 30,C00 square miles, e.1 the Midland area =ay have experienced it with very low intensity. The New Madrid, Missouri, earthquakes of 1811-1812 were felt in Michigan but the epicenters were over 600 =iles south of the site. Detroit (110 miles southeast of Midland) experienced an esti=ated intensity of IV-V frc= cne of these shocks, and the intensity at Midland was probably III. On September 19, 188h, an earthquake originating in Ohio was felt in Saginav. A local newspaper stated, "At Saginav the shock was felt especially in high buildings. Chandeliers were swung and some alarm occasioned. At Bay City the shock was barely perceptible." This corresponds to intensity IV. The Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake of August 31, 1886, was felt at points throughout Michigan. The shocks were felt by several at Saginav and {O V hotc1 guesta icft their roc =c in fright. The duration vac -ecti=nted at 2 seconds by The Detroit Free Press. Many places nearby reportedly did not feel the earthquake. Midland is in a region which generally experienced intensity III. On October 31, 1895, a strong shock centered near Charleston, Missouri, was felt in southern Michigan. The Detroit Free Fress reporte? that in Saginaw "a rumbling was heard and loosely fastened fixtures are said to have fallen from the valls to the floor." This corresponds to a low intensity IV. A local shock was felt March 13, 1905, at Meneminee, Michigan (200 =iles northwest of Midland). It is attributed to mining operations. Similar earthquakes caused by mining occurred frou 1905 to 1909 on the Keveenav Peninsula, and none were felt in the Midland area. On May 26, 1909, an earthquake in Illinois with an intensity VII occurred. This earthquake =ay.have been felt in the Midland area with intensity III. An earthquake in the St. Lawrence River region on February 28, 1925 was felt throughout Michigan with an intensity of.about.II. Saginav is just -beyond the : area affected by an -earthquake which occurred on March 2, 1937, in Ohio. This shock was probably not felt at the site. 2.7 3 AMPLIFICATION RATIO OF GLACIAL MATERIAL p ' b) A study of the amplification effects of the glacial =aterial was performed by Weston Geophysical Engineers, Inc based on data they collected in the site area. Their results show that, for the' frequency range in which the natural 2-24 00,T3i3
l
) ,
i frequency of the plant buildings would exist, the amplification ratio on an assumed free surface of blue-grey clay would be less than 2.0. However, the intensities recorded.in the Midland area from historic earthquakes already . reflect the amplification ratio and these intensities are relatively low. 2 7.4 SUIC%RY The P.idland nuclear site is locatei in a regien of slight seismic activity for which there is' no known geologic control of earthquake distribution er occur-rence. Earthquake history for this region begins in 1610. Table 2-7 shows that, although earthquakes have been felt in this region of the United States, Midland experienced all with low intensity. An intensity of V (!C4) is assumed
,to have been experienced at the site as a result of the February 6, 1872 earthquake. Intensities at the. site from all other earthquakes were less than V.
2.75 DESIGN CRITERIA
~~ '
'The maximum. intensity experienced at the proposed Midland nuclear site as a result,of any historic earthquake is V. Intensity V corresponds to a surface cceeleration of 0.03 g on Eershberger's (1956) curve. A conservative value of 0.06 g should be adequate for design of the plant (design earthquake) and
, a 0.12 g surface acceleration (maximum earthquake) is recommended for safe " ' p) (" ' ahutdown. ..Although .not used _in this report, other com=on terminology for these earthquakes is " Operating Basis Earthquake" and " Design Basis Earth-quake," respectively. v. 2.8 SOILS. 2.
8.1 INTRODUCTION
This section presents the summarized results of studies of tle foundation in- , vestigation phase of the environmental study at the proposed Midland Nuclear Pcwer Plant, including the Dames & Mocre reports entitled " Report, Foundation
' Investigation and Preliminary Exploration for Borrow Materials, Proposed Nu-clear Power Plant, Midland, Michigan, for Consumers Power Company" filed with the AEC by Amendment No.1 (dated February 3,1969) to the Application, and
" Supplement to Report - Foundation Investigation and Preliminary Explorations for Borrow Materisis, Proposed ' Nuclear Power Plant, Midland, Michigan," dated March 15, 1969 The proposed location =1s adjacent to plant facilities of Dow on the western
- shore of the Tittabawassee River in Midland, Michigan. The soils overlying bedrock .are of glacial origin and consist of. glacial tills, glacial outwash, and glacial lake depcsits.
Several programs -of ' investigative borings have been made in the project area
.to detez=1ne the subsurface soil profile, to evaluate the foundation soil bearing capacity and' settlement characteristics, and to substantiate that
[aT~ lsditable' fill materials are available within the proposed cooling water J reservoir' area. w
-99,q3, e
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d - -
The results of these investigations indicate that the founcation soils are satisfactory to support the plant loads and that suitable fill =aterials are available within the proposed reservoir area. 2.8.2 SUBSURFACE EXPLCRATION The program indicated that in the plant area the site is blanketed by a layer of topsoil containing roots and other organic material which range in thick-ness from about h to 12 inches, except in marshy areas where 2 to 3 feet of organic silty soils are present. Underlying the surface in some areas are sands which are loose near ground surface but become very dense with depth and were found to range from 0 to 60 feet. These sandy soils are underlain by very stiff to hard cohesive soils, predominantly gray silty clay, which extend to depths of 30 to 60 feet. These cohesive soils contain numerous silt lenses. The deeper soils consist of unifomly hard cohesive soils, predominantly brownish-gray _ silty clay, containing some sand andzgravel to a depth of about lho to 200 feet. Below these deep cohesive soils is very dense and clayey, sandy gravel down to bedrock. A portion of this layer consists of very dense poorly graded . sand at depths extending from 240 to 360 feet below ground surface. In the cooling pond, part of the area is blanketed by sandy and silty soils varying widely in density and composition and ranging in depth from 2 to 22 feet below ground curfcce. Thecc sandy and silty soils are undcriain-ty firm (?( - to very hard cohesive soils. All of these materials should be considered suit-able for incorporation in the plant and dike fills. 2.8 3 LABORATORY TESTS The laboratory tect progra= for detemination of design criteria consisted of direct shear, unconfined compression, triaxial compression, dyna =ic triaxial compression, and consolidation tests on selected undisturbed soil samples from the plant area; plus moisture-density tests in conjunction with each strength
.and consolidation test and on other undisturbed samples; compaction, relative density, and per=eability tests on renolded soil sa=ples from the proposed cooling pond area, particle size distribution of selected soils in the plant and reservoir areas; rock compression tests on the deep shale bedrock; and Atterberg. limits on selected samples from both areas.
2.8.4 DESIGN CRITERIA 2.8.h.1 Fill and Backfill All fill and backfill caterials are adequately compacted to insure stability
'of the fill and to ' provide adequate support for structures founded on this fill without excessive settlements.
,2. 8. h-. 2 Excavation Slopes G, ' ,' Excavations through the dewatered sandy soil are cut on a slope of one vertical
) to one and one-half horizontal or flatter. Excavations through clay soils are 2-26 00M8 ^=end=ent No. 2 5/28/69 l
cut on a slope of two vertical to one horizontal or flatter. Temporary exca-vations within clay soils and which are not subject to surcharge leading are cut ved;1cally with an unsupported height of up to 15 feet. Temporary excavstions through devatered sand fill soils are cut on a slope of one vertical to one and one-half horizontal or flatter. Te=porary excavations through compacted clay fill coils which are not subjected to surcharge loading are cut vertically with an unsupported height of up to lo feet. Per=anent slopes through compacted granular fill soils are constructed on slopes of one vertical to fcur horizontal or flatter. Permanent slopes through compacted cohesive fill soils are constructed on slopes of one vertical to two horizontal. 2.8.4 3 Foundation Design The reactor buildin6s and the lower portion of the auxiliary buildings are at elevations such that foundations are established on the stiff to hard cohesive soils which underlie the site. Within this material,and extending from a depth of 2ho to 360 feet below ground surface is a layer of*very dense granular =aterial with Standard Penetration Test blow counts on the order of 200 blows or greater per 6-inch penetration. These soils are considered to provide excellent foundation support without ex-cessive settlement under both static and dynamic conditions of loading. These structures are founded en earth-supported =at foundations. The south portion of the auxiliary building has its base at elevation 610 while the existing ground surface soils in this area vary between elevation 605 and elevation 612. The surface soils in this area are loose sands of variable thickness which do not provide suitable foundation support. Consequently, these '
. soils are to be recoved down to the underlying very stiff to hard cohesive soils and foundation grade then attained by the placement of controlled compacted
~
granular or cohesive fill. All loose in-site sands, soft or compressible clay soils, and organic soils will be excavated in the turbine building area. The turbine building and turbine generators are supported on mat foundations on controlled compacted fill. The ultimate bearing capacities for the mat foundations are serized below: Foundation Gross Ultimate Elevation Bearing Camcity Unit Supporting Soils (Feet) Lb/Ft2 Reactor Building Very Still to Hard 582 5 45,000 Natural Clay Soils Auxiliary" Building Very Stiff to Hard 562.0 50,000 Natural Clay Soils 580.0 45,000 Controlled Compacted Fill 610.0 30,c00 Turbine h ilding Controlled Compacted Fill 610.0 30,000 ( Turbine Generators Controlled Compacted Fill 602.0 30,000 . l 1 2-27 00WB Amendment No. 2 1 1 5/28/69 i
o o
<(D 5 The preceding tabulation assumes that the fill is composed of compacted clay s,s soils; if ecmpacted sand fill is used, the ultimate aforementioned bearing capacities will be greater than the tabulated values.
Shallow spread foundations established in the controlled ccmpacted fill for the support of appurtenant structures are at a minimum depth of h-1/2 feet belew the adjacent plant grade to prevent the effects of frcst action. The allowable bearing pressures for spread foundations en centrolled ecmpacted fill are tabulated below: Minimum Allevable Net Bearing Pressure (psf) Foundation Dead + Live Dead, Live & Depth Lead Seismic Loads Supporting Soils (Feet) (FS = 3 0) (FS = 2.0) Centrolled Compacted Clay Fill 45 5,000 7,500 Controlled Compacted Granular Fill:
~ Foundation Width = 2 '7t 45 2,800 h,200 Foundation Width = k Ft 45 3,100 4,650
-Foundation Width = 8 Ft k.5 3,700 5,550
<m. Foundation Width = 12 Ft h.5 4,3co 6,450
,k)' 2.8.4.4 Settlement
%m/
The maximum total and differential settlements are estimated based on consolida-tion tests. The estimated settle =ents include the effects of lowering the ground-water level,. excavating, placement of plant fill to elevation 634,-the imposed structural leads and subsequent raising of grcundwater level to normal cooling l pond surface elevation 627. The results of settlement analyses for structures supported on mat foundations are tabulated below: Estimated Estimated Maximum Maximum-Settlement Differential Settle =ent Unit Inches Inches Reactor Buildings 1 1/2 1/4 - 1/2 Auxiliary Building At Elevation 562 1/2 - 1 1/h - 1/2 At Elevation 580 1/2 - 1 1/h - 1/2 At Elevation 610 1-1/2 - 2 1/h - 1/2 l Turbine ~ Building 1-1/2 - 2 1 /h - 1/2 l([%)). . Turbine Generator' Mats 1-1/2 - 2 1/4 - 1/2 00!MO Amendment No. 5 12-28 __ .- ~,_ _- _'11/3/69 _
O It has been further estimated that the =aximum differential settlements which j could occur between adjacent structures are as follows: Estimated Maximum Differential Settlements Between Structures Adjacent Units Inches Auxiliary at Elevation 562 and at Elevation 580 1/2 Auxiliary at Elevation 562 and at Elevatien 610 1 Auxiliary at Elevation 580 and Reactor 1/2 Auxiliary at Elevation 610 and Reactor 3/h Auxiliary at Slevation 610 and Turbine Building 1/2 Turbine Building and Turbine-Mat 1/2 Earthquake loading of short d: ration should not cause additional settlement of appreciable magnitude. The estimated additional settlements under earthquake loading are less than 1/4 inch. Although detailed settlement analyses are not performed to evaluate settlements of shallow spread footings established in the compacted plant fill, it is esti-f,(,s) mated that settlements vill be on the order of 'l/2 inch or less provided that 'C the allowable bearing pressures are not exceeded and the fill is adequately compacted. Time Rate of Settlement - It is estimated that one-tenth to one-half of the maximum settlements. tabulated previously occur, as elastic recompression, essentially simultaneously with the load application. The re=aining one-half to nine-tenths of the maximum settlements occur in accordance with the time rates estimated from consolidation test data and presented below: Approximate
' Percent of Time Total Settlement Years 20 2 50 10 90 50 Settlement of conventional spread foundations, established on an appreciable thickness of controlled compacted granular Till, occurs essentially as -t.he load is applied to the foundation.
2.8.4.5 Lateral Pressures The valls of -structures .below final plant grade, elevation 634, are subjected (N ' to horizontal loads imposed by backfill materials, hydrostatic pressures. and U _) 00341 Amendment No. 2 2-29 5/28/69
the horizontal components of adjacent foundation loads. Excluding the hori-7
-Q zontal cernponents of adjacent foundation loads, the long-term lateral pressures against rigid and nonrigid walls are computed using the following equivalent fluid unit weights:
Equivalent Fluid Unit Weight (Lb/Ft3) Backfill Material Above Below Adja:ent to Structure Water Level Water Level Nonrigid Walls Sand Soils 14 0 80 Clay Soils 50 90 Rigid Walls Sand Soils 60 100 Clay Soils 80 110 Lateral pressures developed adjacent to rigid walls iz:: mediately following place-ment and compaction of backfill materials may exceed the long-term pressures in 1,h2 portion of the-vall near the ground surface. Consequently, rigid walls are designed for the equivalent fluid unit weights presented above or a uniformly distributed pressure of 600 pounds per square foot, whichever is greater at any particular depth. 2.8.4.6 Fill Material - Fills up to approximately 35 feet in thickness ere used in the attainment of the
'propo' sed' final-' plant /* grade of'634'Teet. Sour ~ees of Tcssible-fill"Tcaterial'are
- (V
. /\
available from the plant excavation consisting of sandy soils and clay soils; from borrow sources within the proposed reservoir area consisting of dune sand deposits, sandy surface soils, and clay and silt soils; and from off-site sources. All of these materials are suitable for use in construction of the
, plant. fills. _.
2.8.k.7 Dewatering Plant excavations will extend through sandy soils below the groundwater level and into relatively impervious clay soils. While only minor water seepage is anticipated in the lower clay soils, devater-ing operations will be required in connection with excavations in the sandy soils.
,i . )- ' As . -
2 W'$2 Amendment No. 2 5/28/69
% 29 REFERENCES Cohee, G. V., and Landes, K. K. , " Oil in the Michigan Basin," Habitat of 011, A=. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists, 1958.
Giroux, P. R. and Huffnan, G. C., "Su=ary of Ground-Water Conditions in Michigan in 1965," State of Michigan Department of Conservation. Hinze, William J., " Regional Gravity and Magnetic Anocaly Maps of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan," Report of Investigation 1, State of Michigan Depart-ment of Conservation, Geological Survey Division, 1963 Hobbs, W. Herbert, " Earthquakes in Michigan," Michigan Geol. and Biol. Survey, Publication 5, Geological Series 3, 1911. Jodry, R. L., " Reflection of Possible Deep Structures by Traverse Group Facies Changes in Western Michigan," Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, Vol 41, No. 12, 1957 Landes, K. K., " Detroit River Group in the Michigan Basin," US Geol. Survey Circular 133, 1951. Newcombe, R. B., " Structure and Accumulation in the Michigan Basin and Its
- Relation to the Cincinnati Arch in Problems of Petroleum Geology," Am. Assoc.
Petroleum Geologists, 1934. ((N , ~Newcombe, Tt. Ts. , ~" Outline of the ' Geologic History of Midland County," ~ Michigan () Department of Conservation, Geological Survey Division, March, 1958. Pirtle, G. W., " Michigan Structural Basin and lts Relationship to Surrounding Areas," Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, Vol 16, No. 2, 1932. Todd, David Keith, " Ground Water Hydrology," 1963 Smith, W. E. T., "Some Geological and Tectonic Considerations of Eastern Canadian Earthquakes" in Appalachian Tectonics, Thocas H. Clark, Ed., 1967
' Earthquake History of the United States, USC & GS Publ., Revised (1963) Edition.
United States Earthquakes, USC & GS Publ., 1928-1965 Woo 11ard, G. P., " Areas of Tectonic Activity in the United States as Indicated by Earthquake Epicenters," Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union, Vol 39, No. 6, 1958. .?. in _lw /. I 00M3 2-31 Amendment No. 2 5/28/69
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MILWAUKEE ## Of tarebert Cantorrnas Conic Protecteon Standard Piennees 33* and 45* Scale 1500 000 mi nol Ts0 ! 3ratute woes l 230l 2401 2 50 i Nou cal u..esr, l l y-O yo' fJourts Greerr Bay) 3* W u* I . l
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EXPLANATION g N O @ rm= Former *Permo- Cortoniferous red beds! shale clov { ond sondy sholes vp s ',
.k 2y
> Grand River Formation and Saginow Formation; 63 cheefly sandstone, some sholy timestone and cool.
'sos y z , Grand Ropeds Group, Marshofl Sandstone and Coldwater Shore, chiefly shale and dolomitic shot k< some timestone and sandstone 2 5 o a a f o, y c_=1r_.- Elisaorth Shale and Antrim Shole, shale with 1
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4
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h ~
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\i NOTE t Geology is generalized from the Michigan Deportment o' g Conservation Geological Survey Division.
44' 3 fc/,j. f _ (t) The Centennial Geologic Mop of the Southe-Peninsula of Michigon, 1936. jy.]g{} Q~ , i (2) Stratigraphic Succession in Michigan. Chart f. l964 j (3) Bedrock of Michigan, Small Scote Map 2,19ES
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