ML19338D283

Terrestrial Ecological Survey for Midland Nuclear Plant Tittabawassee Substation to Gary Road Substation 345 Kv Transmission Right-of-Way, Final Rept

ML19338D283
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Site:	Midland
Issue date:	11/30/1979
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ML19338D272	List: ML19338D271 ML19338D279 ML19338D283
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{{#Wiki_filter:.__ _-- -____________________ - _ ____ _ g-ss .lV .g .'fNAL REPORT I TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR THE MIDLAND NUCLEAR PLANT I TITTABAWASSEE SUBSTATION TO GARY ROAD SUBSTATION I 345 kV TRANSMISSION RIGHT-OF-WAY FOR CONS"MERS POWER COMPN"i JACKSON, MICHIGAN I BY I g ASPLUNDH ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES BLAIR MILL ROAD WILLOW GROVE, PENNSYLVANIA and S & R ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTING Jenison, Michigan I November,1979

l l +' 11 ASPLUNDH } ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES SLAIR MILL ROAD, WILLOW GROVE, PA.19000 AREA CODE 215 TELEPHONE: 784-4247 ' November 10, 1979 ~ Dr. Gary-A. Dawson. . Environmental Service Department. Consumers Power Company-1945 W. Parnall Road Jackson, MI 49201 RE:. Terrestrial Ecological Survey - Midland Nuclear Plant - Tittabawassee Substation - Gary Road Substation ~- 345 kV Transmission Right-of-Way

Dear Dr. Dawso' :

n Asplundh Environmental. Services is pleased to submit the final report which documents the Terrestrial Ecological Study completed for the above referenced rights-of-way (ROW).. This report documents R0W conditions based on the fie?d cnalysis of vegetation, soils, topography, avifauna, mammalian fauna, and her-l petofauna. .The report is presented ir. a format to enable detailed review of the R0W's environmental components and to make appropriate decisions based on the data. l We commend Consumers Power Company for their sincere environmental concern, especially for the quantitative vegetation study conducted to determine the presence of endangered, threatened, or rare plant species. We at Asplundh Environmental Services appreciate this opportunity to work with Consumers Power Company on -this unique ecological study. J ncerely ycurs, / /pW f s%f ' Dennis-E. Holewinski Division Manager DEH/tm . REGIONAL' OFFICE: P.O. SOK 1871, ANN ARBOR. MICHIG4N 48804

• AREA CODE 313 e TELEPHONE 434 0700 '

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[ I TABLE OF CONTENTS Section .P_aSe, 1-1 1 INTRODUCTION 2 VEGETATION 2-1 Methodology 2-1 I Results of Qualitative Vegetation Sampling 2-2 Results of Quantitative Vegetation Study 2-7 J S0ILS AND TOP 0 GRAPHY 3-1 Methods 3-1 Summary of Soil Characteristics 3-1 I Soil Descriptions - Midland County 3-3 Soil Descriptions - Saginaw County 3-21 4 AVIFAUNA 4-1 Methods 4-1 Results of Fall Censuses 4-2 I Results of Spring Censuses 4-2 Results of Summer Censuses 4-5 Observations at the Midland Plant Site 4-7 5 MAMMALIAN FAUNA 5-1 Methods 5-1 I Trapping Results 5-2 Other Mammals Detected or Possibly Found in the Study Area 5-5 6 HERPET0 FAUNA 6-1 Methods 6-1 I Results and Discussion 6-1 7

SUMMARY

AND CONCLUSIONS 7-1 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY 8-1 continued

1 l i TABLE OF CONTENTS (Concluded) Section_ Page 9 APPENDICES A-1 A - Strip Maps of the Right-of-Way A-1 B - Plant Comunity Formulas B-1 C - Quantitative Vegetation Tables C-1 D - Soil Charts and Tables D-1 I I I I I !!I I I l

e I I LIST OF TABLES Paae 2-1 Approximate Percentage of Total Wooded Acreage on the 2-4 Right-of-way each Cover Type Comprises 2-2 Vegetation Species in the Study Area and their I Relative Abundances by Cover Type 2-8 2-3 Habitat Requirements and Other Information about I Endangered, Threatened, or Rare Plant Species that may be found in the Study Area or Elsewhere in Bay, Midland, 2-15 or Saginaw Counties 2-4 Monocot Plant Species which may be New County Records for Midland or Saginaw Counties According to Voss 2-17 2-5 Comon and Scientific Names of Plant Species Mentioned in this Report 2-18 4-1 Bird Species Observed in the Study Araa During Fall Field Work, October 7-14, 1978 4-3 4-2 Results of Bird Censusing by Transect and Strip-Census I Counts, May 17-20, 1979 4-4 4-3 Results of Bird Censusing by Transer.t and Strip-Census I Counts, June 11-15, 1979 4-6 4-4 Waterbird Species 00 served Flying over the Right-of-way at the Midland Plant Site, April 20 to September 15, 1979 49 4-6 Habitat Requirements of Endangered, Threatened, or Rare Bird Species that may be Found in the Study Area or I Elsewhere in Bay, Midland, or Saginaw Counties 4-11 4-6 Habitat Requirements of Bird Species of Major I Recreational and/or Economic Importwee that may be found in the Study Area or Elsewhere in Bay, Midland, 4-14 or Saginaw Counties 4-7 Common and Scientific Names of Avifauna Species Mentioned 4-18 in this Report I 5-1 Mammals Captured in Live-traps in the Study Area, October 7 to 14,1978 5-3 continued .I

I I LIST OF TABLES (Concluded) P ae 2g Table 5-2 Bats Captured in the Study Area, Jime 9 to 27,1979 54 5-3 Mammalian Species not Captured in Live-traps, but I detected by other means during this Study 5-6 5-4 Mammalian Species not Detected during this Study but which, Based on Range Maps and Habitat Descriptions, may be found in the Study Area or Elsewhere in Bay, Midland, 5-< or Saginaw Counties 5-5 Habitat Requirements of Endangered, Threatened, or Rare Mammalian Species that may be Found in the Study Area or Elsewhere in Bay, Midland, or Saginaw Counties 5-9 5-6 Habitat Requirements of Mammalian Species of Major Recreational and/or Economic Importance 5-10 E-7 Comon and Scientific Names of Mammal Species Mentioned in this Report 5-12 6-1 Turtle Sampling Stations and Trapping Efforts 6-2 6-2 Reptiles and Amphibians Detected in the Study Area by Ground Searchas 6-4 6-3 Results of Turtle Trapping at Selected Stations 6-5 6-4 Amphibians and Reptiles not Detected during this Study but which, Based on Range Maps and Habitat Requirements, may be found in the Study Area or Elsewhere in Bay, Midland, or Saginaw Counties 6-8 6-5 Habitat Requirements of Endangered. Threatened, or Rare Reptiles and Amphibians that may be found in the Study I Area or Elsewhare in Bay, Midland, or Saginaw Counties 6-9 6-6 Common and Scientific Names of Herpetofauna Species Mentioned in this Report 6-10 I .I

I I I LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2-1 Species-Area Curve for Young Upland Hardwoods 2-3 2-2 Species-Area Curve for Pole-sized Upland Hardwoods 2-11 2-3 Species-Area Curve for Mature Upland Hardwoods 2-11 2-4 Species-Area Curve for Young Upland Conifers 2-11 2-5 Species-Area Curve for Mature Upland Conifers 2-12 2-6 Species-Area Curve for Young Lowland Hardwoods 2-12 E 2-7 Species-Area Curve for Pole-sized Lowland Hardwoods 2-12 2-8 Species-Area Curve for Mature Lowland Hardwoods 2-12 2-9 Species-Area Curve for Old Fields 2-13 2-10 Species-Area Curve for Shrub Old Fields 2-14 2-11 Species-Area Curve for Shrup Swamps 2-14 2-12 Species-Area Curve for Wet Meadows 2-14 2-13 Species-Area Curve for Bogs 2-14 6-1 Turtle Trapping Site 5d on the Tittabawassee River North of the Midland Plant Site 6-3 6-2 Wood Turtle Captured at Turtle Trapping Site 5b on the Tittabawassee Rive, Midland Plant Site 6-6 I I I E E

I I I Section 1 INTRODUCTION Consumers Power Company proposes to construct and operate a 345 kV I transmission line and two 138 kV start-up lines originating from their Midland,- Michigan, Nuclear Power Plant. Tne line has a north and south orientatien and will traverse portions of Midland and Saginaw counties (SEc Map 1.0). Two start-up lines from the nuclear plant will cross the Tittabawassee River and enter the Tittabawassee Substation. From the substation. I the right-of-way (ROW) extends south and terminates at the Gary Road Substation Site in southwestern Saginaw County (~see Map 2.0). Asplundh Environmental Services was contracted by Consumers Power Company to perform the terrestrial ecological survey for this proposed right-of-way in order to satisfy State and Federal guidelines. Field work bega'i September 18, 1978, and was completed September 7,1979. I Data and other pertinent information were collected on vegetation, soils and topography, avitauna, mammalian fauna, and herpetofauna. Methodologies and results of each of these tasks are presented in this report. The maps located in the Appendix A section of the report contain air photos and topographic maps depicting existing conditions on the proposed right-of-way at the time of the survey. I I I 1 1-1 u

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t I I Section 2 VEGETATION METHODOLOGY Qualitative vegetation data were gathered along the right-of-way during the fall of 1978 and spring-summer of 1979. Through the use of scout maps and air photos, the field crews surveyed and plotted all vegetation communities onto air photographs. Tree heights were either estimated or mea" Jred with a Haga altimeter, the basal areas were measured with a Panama angle gauge. Community fonnulas were also developed showing major species in each height strata of the community. The qualitative I survey indicated the presence of approximately 130 individual plant communities within 14 major cover types (see Appendix A maps and Appendix B community formulas ). Table 2.5 at the end of this section I lists common and scientific names for plant species found in this report. A quantitative vegetation sampling was conducted in the summer of 1979 I using the following metnod: Initially quar.titative sampling was conducted in all wetland communities or where live-trapping had been done due to community diversity or uniqueness as determined in our fall walk-through qualitative assessment. Of the remaining communities, 33 percent were chosen at random to be sampled. For each community chosen, four numbers between one and I one hundred were randomly selected. These would represent the centerpoints of '-meter-diameter plots that would be located along a 100-meter transect to be established in that community. Plots were selected, in advance, for all randomly chosen communities. Selection continued until a minimum of 20 plots had been selected in each of the 14 cover types. Broad ecotones were counted as a separate community in which five plots were chosen to be sampled. Once in the field, transects were located within each community, crossing the greatest continuum of change, and labelled according to the directional orientation of the community (i.e., North to South, etc.). The four randomly selected plots were then located and marked. Each species of plant found within the plot was recorded. Any plants that could not be readily identified in the field were collected, labelled, and preserved for later identification. In addition to the plots, a walk-through of the transect was made to pick up any additional i species that might occur on the transect but not in other plots. Data from the walk-through were not included in the species-area cu rves. Two visits were made to each plot, one in late June or early July,1979, and the other in mid-September,1979, 2-1

I All plants that were not identifiable in the field were 1ater identified by using " plant keys" from Gray's Manual of Botany (Fernald,1970), Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada (Gleason,1968), and Michigan Flora (Voss,1972). Voucher specimens will be added to the permanent collection at the Michigan State University herbariua. Species-area curves were then developed using data collected from each cover type. Results of each plot were plotted on the curve. The total number of species found in the first plot was indicated on the curve. For each successive plot those species that were new to the cumulative total were added. For example, in Tigure 2-1, Young Upland Hardwoods, the first plot selected contained 6 plant species, the second plot contained 7 additional species not previously identified, and each successive plot added 2 or 3 new species until the sampling intensity reached 16 plots. At this point, the c m e flattens and additional plots do not add significantly to the total number of species found in the cover type. The species-area curve indicates if an adequate sample was taken and it was. Priority areas such as archaeological sites or soil boring sites identified by Consumers Power Company were given special attention. Four-person crews swept the entire area collecting or identifying any plant species not already encountered. The extra effort was to identify any endangered, threatened, or rare species which might be there. RESULTS OF QUALITATIVE VEGETATION SAMPLING All non-agricultural areas of the right-of-way were visited. During this survey,14 major cover types and over 130 individual communities were identified and marked on aerial photos. In Appendix A, the section of right-of-way from Gary Road Substation to Tittabawassee Substation is shown on Maps 3.1 through 3.18. The southernmost start-up line is shown on Map 3.A and the northernmost start-up line is shown on Maps 3.B1 and 3.B2. Descriptions of each major cover type are listed and described below. Table 2.1 lists the percent total acreage each cover type comprisas of the total wooded acreage on the right-of-way. Young Upland Hardwoods (YUH) Areas of young upland hardwoods in the study area are limited to a few hedgerows dominated by small white ash (Fraxinus americana), American elm (Ulmus americana), basswood (Tilia americana), and apple (Pyrus spp.), I and small sandy openings with black cherry (Prunus serotina) and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides). Trees are less than 6 inches dbh, and are usually 20-35 feet in height. Hawthorn (Crategus spp.) and wild grape (Vitis spp.) are common understory species in the hedgerows; i the sandy openings have patches of blackberry (Rubus spp.) and staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina). Both the hedgerows and the sandy openings are underlain by grasses and are surrounded by old field and agricultural lands. 2-2 L__

E E E E W W W W W W m m m m m m w s = / 40 - E .G E m 30 - Y>l N g 0 !!z 20 - "m r 10 - YUH r I I I 5 g g 5 10 15 20 25 30 flumber of Plots j Figure 2-1. Species-Area Curve for Young Upland Hardwoods 1 1 l 4

I Table 2.1 APPR0XIMATE PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL WOODED ACREAGE ON THE RIGHT-0F-WAY EACH COVER TYPE COMPRISES

• I COVER TYPE

% TOTAL WOODED ACREAGE YUH 15.9 PUH 27.0 MUH 10.7 YUC 3.9 I MUC 2.2 YLH 7.0 PLH 20.6 MLH 10.2 SS 1.2 WM 1.2 B 0.1 TOTAL 100.0% Pole-sized Upland Hardwoods (oUH) Pole-sized upland hardwoods include communities dominated by aspen, red I maple (Acer rubrum), white oak (Quercus alba), and bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), black cherry, and elm. Paper birch (Betula papyrifera) is common. Tree diameters range from 6-15 inches dbh. Gray dogwood (Cornus racemosa) forms a dense patchy understory. Bracken fern (Pteridium I aquilinum), blackberry, greenbrier (Smilax rotundifoi ta), forbs, and grasses are cormion ground cover species. This cover type occurs mostly on sandy outwash plains. Mature Upland Hardwoods (MUH) This cover type occurs only on a few sandy ridges in the southern part I of the study area. Dominant overstory trees are greater than 15 inches dbh and average 60-90 feet in height. Large-toothed (Populus grandidentata) and quaking aspens, and oaks are the most abundant overstory species. I In most communities, the understory is sparse with tree saplings and witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) dominating. The ground cover is very diverse with greenbrier, Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), and various ferns and wildflowers. ~

• Excluding old field (0F), shrub old field (SOF), and agricultural land (Ag).

I 2-4. I

5 Young Upland Coniferous Woods (YUC) This cover type occurs only in a few small sandy areas where Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris), red pine (Pinus resinosa), and white spruce (Picea glauca) have been planted in rows. Bracken fern is common, though both the understory and ground cover are sparse; quaking aspen, blackberry, and gray dogwood grow in patches along the edge of most communities with this cover type. Mature Upland Coniferous Woods (MUC) This cover type includes stands of tall, straight, red pines planted in rows 40-50 years ago on sandy ridges and outwash plains. Most trees are 10-20 inches dbh and 40-65 feet in height. The pines are "self-pruned"--most lower branches have died and fallen off. Owing to the dense shade of the oversto'ry trees, the understory and ground cover are very sparse. Young Lowland Hardwoods (YLH) This cover type. includes dense thickets of speckled alder (Alnus rugosa) and logged-over areas dominated by ycung green ash (Fraxinus Jennsylvanic~) a and prickly ash (Zanthoxylum americanum). Also included in t1is type are formerly grazed lowlands now dominated by hawthorn. The understory I and ground cover are very sparse in the alder thickets and grassy in the hawthc;n-dominated areas. Where slash from logging is abundant, green ash and prickly ash dominate. Associated woody species include elm, wild grape, and poison ivy (Rhus radicans). Pole-sized Lowland Hardwoods (PLH) Pole-sized lowland hardwoods is one of the most prevalent cove; types in the study area. Most of the communities included in this type are dominated by quaking aspen, red maple, elm, and green ash, but in a B few woodlots pignut hickory (Carya glabra) and swamp white oak (Quercus E bicolor) are dominant. Hawthorn, prickly ash, and saplings of the above-mentioned species characterize the understory. The ground cover in most communities is dense, comprised of poison ivy, goldenrod (Solidago I spp.)4 asters (Aster spp.), nettles (Urtica spp.), and various forbs. Small patches of bare ground indicate that standing water remains for a substantial part of the growing season in a few spots. This cover I type was damaged greatly by ice storms in 1975 and 1976. Most aspen and many maples were toppled or stripped of their limbs by the storms which hit most of the Saginaw Valley. This has resulted in a dense patchy cover with many nearly impenetrable tangles. Numerous deformed I trees also reflect storm damage. Mature Lowland Hardwoods (MLH) This cover type includes lowlands dominated by large pin oak (Quercus palustris), green ash, red maple, bur oak, and pignut hickory with dbh 15-30 inches and 45-80 feet in height. Saplings of these species, I grape, hawthorn, and elm characterize the lower strata. The ground 1 2-5 1

I I I cover in most communities is both dense and diverse with poison ivy, Virginia creeper, nettles, and various forbs. As in the pole-sized lowland hardwoods type, there are some low patches of bare ground. 3 Because of the greater diameter of the crown trees and the relative g scarcity of aspen (which breaks easily under weight) this cover type was damaged much less by the 1975 and 1976 ice storms than were the pole-sized lowland hardwoods. Old Field (OF) 5 several old fields in various stages of succession occur in the study 3 i reu. A few are abandoned croplands. Dominant species are goldenrod, grases, asters, and wild strawberry (Fragaria virginiana). In a few places there is considerable en' roachment by gray and red-osier dog-c I woods (Cornus stolonifera) and sapling trees. Shrub Old Field (50F) This cover type includes late succession old fields with clumps of gray dogwood, red-osier dogwood, hawthorn, blackberry, and tree saplings intermixed with goldenrod, Queen Anne's lace (Daucus carota), asters, I grasses, and other herbaceous species. Shrub Swamp (SS) There are several old creek beds and bayous in the study area which are dominated by dense buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) 4-10 feet in height. Red-oster dogwood and chokeberry (Pyrus spp.) are I comon. Standing water is present much of the year but is absent during most of the growing season. Wet Meadow (WM) Wet meadows are scattered along the banks of agricultural drains and creeks and bayous in the study area. They are dominated by smartweed I (Polygonum spp.), cutgrass (Leersia spp.), begger-ticks (Bidens frondosa and Desmodium spp.), and various other wetland-dwelling herbaceous spceies. Standing water is present year-round in some of these; in others the soil remains moist throughout the growing season. Bog (B) The southern part of the proposed right-of-way includes the corner of a relatively large bog. Bogs are not numerous in the region; this community is probably the most unique vegetative association in the study area. This bog consists almost exclusively of low dense leather-leaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata) underlain by a dense mat of sphagnum moss (Sphagnum spp.). Some scattered lumps of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) and a few paper birch occur mostly along the I edge of this bog, but diversity is very low. Characteristic species of " classical" bogs--e.g., pitcher plant (Sarracenia spp.), sundew (Drocera spp.), tamarack (Larix laricina), black spruce (Picea mariana)-- I 2-6 I

I I I are absent. No standing water was prerent in summer or fall of 1978. The bog depends on drainage to the northeast through a narrow swamp crossed by the proposed right-of-way Agricultural Land (Ag) Much of the study area is actively farmed agricultural land. These l lands consist mostly of fields of wheat, alfalfa and corn, with some pastures for cattle. Many of these fields are very large; individual fields of 50 acres or more are common in this region. Table 2-2 lists by cover type (excluding agricultural) the major plant species and their relative abundance found along randomly selected transects on the right-of-way. Appendix B presents the I community formulas for each cover type found in the study area. RESULTS OF THE QUANTITATIVE VEGETATION STUDY f5 The quantitative vegetation study was conducted to characterize the nonwoody vegetation in the various community types and to determine if endangered, threatened, or rare plant species were present in the I study area. Species-area curves were used to determine adequate sampling intensity. Braun-Blanquet (1932) considers sampling of this (voe to be adequate when the curve becomes horizontal, while Cain I (1938) indicates that sampling is adequate when a 10 percent increase in the number of plots sampled results in an increase of species equalling 10 percent or less of the total present. Per the request of Consumers Power Company, a more intense effort of a 95 percent curve was achieved. Figures 2-1 through 2-13 present the species-area curves for each I cover type. Appendix C is a list of all species found during this phase of the study and indicating the cover type in which they were located. Table 2-3 presents the habitat requirements for endangered, threatened, or rare plants which may be found in Midland, Saginaw, I and Bay Counties. No State or Federal endangered or threatened plant species were found I during any portion of the study. However, a number of county records may have been identified according to Voss (1972). 3 Community 9, a bog (Figure 2-13), had the gr_.;.ast potential for ] unusual plants. However, none were found. The drainage in this community has been altered by the landowner and is no longer suitable for many typical bog piants (Fred Case, Saginaw, Michigan, personal I communication). Two county records, Eriophorum virginicum and Smilacina trifolia, were found. The shrub swamps were also uncommon, but contained no unusual plants. I 2-7 I

' 4.n. 'd -c ....g.. r: 4 g', ~. y }d,.- VEGETATION SP(CIES IN THE STUDY AREA AND THEIR RELATIVE ABUNDANCE $ BY COVER TYPE =I [* Table 2-2 '

c COVER TYPE

'5PECIES'. YUH ^ PUH. MUH 1 YUC'- 'MUC - YLH PLH MLH CF- $CF WM B h ' OVERSTO P [' American e'Im U: -~ J . Apple U. Sasswood 'U~ t Bitternut hickory : .C U_ C Black cherry C -C-U. C U Black walnut' U= .Sur oat U U }' Cottonwood - C U. Green ash. C Hackberry C- ~- Jack pine. C-Large-toothed aspen . C A C n Paper birch - C C U U U q Pin oak ~ C: -U U A C U -j Quaking aspen-U C A C C A j ' Red maple <U A U A ped oak A-C U. U C ' Red pine A A Sassa fras C Shadbush. C l Shagbark hickory U $11ver maple C l.- Slippery als U U . Speckled alder A sugar maple. 'C .C C -U C Swamp white oak A .C C - Sycamore - U - Tulip tree U White oak' C U White pine. C U SECOND STRATUM 1 Alternate-leaved dogwood. -C_ C American ela U U j' American fly honeysuckle C'

U Apple.

U Basswood, C Beech C' C U A .U + Bitternut hickory. "ack cherry C-C -U m ' +onbush - U' ' C A Chose-cherry. U . Gray dogwood-- C-C. C~ . Green ash U A U .Hackberr/ U .Hawthein '. 0 A Highbush blueberry A ' Hop hornbeam U . Hornbeam 'C1 C .A Large cranberry - Large-toothed aspen - U . U~ .Lowbush blueberry A Maple-leaved viburnum ' .C p . Marrowleaf meadowsweet U ' U-A C C

. Paper birch

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t 4; -c <1 4 W-y

gi

. Tabis 2-2 (Cont 1 rued) r s-C0VER TYPE SPECIES" YUH V PUH MUH ~ YUC - MUC YLH PLH ~ MLH_ CF : SOF WM 8. . SECOND STRATUM " . (Continued) - 1 s t L . Sugar maple : U Summe dogwood.. C $wamp whtte oak C C-Tupelo - U White asm. .C~ il', . White oak. U White pine. U White spruce ktilow U C C C E- .Winterberry. .A 'U.. U wttet t 'il J 'A C THIRD STRA"UM' 37 American elm C q Aster - _ . C C U U 81ack cherry JBracken fern C C Outtonbush U. Choke-cherry U. C l-Currant. 1, U Gray doowood Ui U, Green ash. U U U Hi ghbush. bl ueberry C' U Meadow horsetati C Narrowleaf meadowsweet U U 'Ouaking aspen A Red maple - A A

Roja1 fern U

C Sassa fras U U Sensitive fern . Shadbush ' a C U Silky dogwood - s U Slippery elm L. -U Viburnum J U White pine U L} Willow - U Winterberry U C Witch hazel ' C C GROUND COVER Aster. C . Bedst raw 'C C A C A U .. Blackberry - -A Blue f1ag f ris : C A' .C U . Bracken fern A Bread-leaved aster C 'C ~ U U sl Canada mayflower. . U. C Canada moonseed LChristmas fern U-Cleavers -C' C Creeping dewberry 3 C .. C. C C Cutgrass. A ~ : Dewberry - ( - Dock ' C C Dodder. ~ A A Dogbane.

i C

' Duckweed C False Solomon's-seal ' Ginger. .A- 'u A C' U C i Goldenrod q Goldthread.. 'C C> A= A C Grape ' fern. U. U-4 m

Grasses '..

Cu

.i A- .U A 3 ' Greenbrier n - Heart. leaved aster ~ ?U Hickory saplings. C . Highbush blueberry ' C. -A -A 1 Jrtoneysuckle

C Indian pipes'

-. U. Jewelweed ' ' 20- ~ i U j Lopseed.. 'Ci l' . Lowbush blueberryf 'C' ' Mad-dog sku11can n [ ,U- -Maple-4 sved viburnue. .Uc e E continued ; , #'*~ j > ',d ~ 1 9: 2 x, n?p ' e =: - ~

r r Table 2-2 (Concluded) COVER TYPE i SPECIES

• YUH PUH MUH YUC MUC YLH PLH MLH OF SOF SS WM B

Meadow horsatail U C Mea dow-rue C Moneywort U C A Moss C C Mullein A Nettles A Nightshade U Nut sedge U Partridgeberry C Pearly everlasting A C Poison ivy U U A U Prickly gooseterry C C Raspberry U U Rough horsetail U C Royal fern U U Running pine U Rushes C Sedges U Self heal U Sensitive fern U U Sheep sorrel C C Sma rtweed A Sphagnum moss A Staghorn clubmoss U Sticktight C Strawberry U C C U U Summer grape A C C A U s Swamp milkweed C Swamp rose U Thi stle C Trefoil U Trillium U Tulip tree U Virginia chain fern C Virginia creeper C Watar hemlock U U White snakeroot U Wild asparagus U U Wild carrot A Wild yam root U Winte rgreen C C A A C C Yarrow A l " Symbol key: A = Abundant C = Comon U = Uncornmon t I s i I I f i \\ ? \\ 0 w

S M M M M M W W W W W W W W W W W W W 1 m .? 30 '

=

M 60 %l 20 - }

====. 50 - ,10 - z MUH m 0 O E 40 - gy 5 10 15 20 %l flumber o_f, Plots f 7 e-30 - d i Figure 2-3. Species-Area Curve for 5 Mature Upland Hardwoods PUH % 20 - U n ,a 10 - { 15 - g

=

g 10 - 5 10 15 20 25 30 o Number of Plots j 5-YUC Figure 2-2. Species-Area Curve for g Pole-sized Upland Hardwoods 5 10 15 20 r Nuinber o_f, Plots Figure 2-4, Species-Arca Curve for Young Upland Conifers t

m v w _m r 15 .a g 40 - = "o .O W ^ 10 'Bl'

=

30 - 'E s. o b 5 5 - MUC g = a 20 - -e 0 PLH or o 5 10 15 20 10-Number of Plots Figure 2-5. Species-Area Curve for Mature Upland Conifers 5 10 15 20 y Number of Plots 'M Figure 2-7. Species-Area Curve for Pole-sized Lowland Hardwoods = = = :-. W.40-o

=

E 'G h30-ti. 30-2 YLH u 5 20 - o 1 : MLH = g 20-b10- ~3 M :10-b lb 16 26 Number of Plots Figure 2-6. SpeciesUrea Curve for 5 Number of Plots' Young Lowland Hardwoods Figure 2-8. Specie 5AreaCurvefor Mature' Lowland Hardwoods i

W W W W , 0 3 W W 5 , 2 W s d le i W F d l 0 O F . 2 0 r W o f evr s u W t C o l a P er 5 f A o W 1 s r e e i b c m e u p W N S 9 2 W 0 1 erug i F W W 5 M W 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 2 1 M i UGEm t tlS "m or i W ?C E a ~ lll!ll

8 M M M We M Mr W-ML M O M M O O M' W M 30 m ?

====: g g 40 -

=====

g 9 20 - g E Il30 - 10-S SOF j g g 20 - WM o O M 10 - 5 10 15 20 flumber of_ Plots y Figure 2-10. Species-Area Curve for g Shrub Old Fields 5 10 15 20 25 '$ 20 tiumber o_f Plots 'G Figure 2-12 Species-Area Curve for E liet Meadows 15 - %l m3 u 10 - g g [5 SS e 15. 5-gj -g 10 - u 0 0 e 5 f~~ Number of Plots g 5 lb l$ $0 Figure 2-11. Species-Area Curve for tl H Number of Plots Shrub Swamps Figure 2-13. Species-Area Curve for Bogs

I Table 2-3 I HABITAT REQUIREMENTS AND OTHER INFORMATION AB0'JT ENDANGERED, THREATENED, OR RARE PLANT SPECIES THAT MAY BE FOUND IN THE STUDY AREA OR ELSEWHERE IN BAY, MIDLAND, OR SAGINAW COUNTIES. (af ter Voss,1972). a SPECIE-S HABITAT REQUIREMENTS Asclepias hirtella (Pennell) Dry sandy soils and prairies. Woodson-T(M) (Bay Co.) i Beckmannia syrigachne (Steudel) Marshes and other wet places, e.g., ditches. T(M) borders of springs. (BayCo.) Carex seorsa (Howe) Wet woods; swamps. Flowers April-early T(M) June. (Midland Co.) Carex pTatyphylla (Carey) Rich deciduous woods and rocky slopes. 7) Flowers late April-June. (Saginaw Co.) Cypripedium arietinum (R. Br.) In Michigan, thrives best on low dunes, Ram's head lady-slipper in partial shade of fringe in conifers along R(M); T(US) the northern shores of Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior; inland, under jack pine and oak and also in coniferous swamps dominated by cedar, tamarack, spruce, and fir. Flowers late May-June. (Midland Co.) Diarrhena americana (Beauv.) Floodplains; swampy forests; shaded river-T(M) banks and creek bottoms. Flowers July- !I September. (Midland Co.) Habenaria ciliaris (L.) Bogs; damp sandy meadows. l T(M) (Bay Co.) ! W Habenaria flava (L.) Usually in swampy woods, at seasonal pools, Green orchid in sandy alder thickets, etc., but some-R(M); T(US) times in open moist ground. Could occur

I in several locales in the study area.

Flowers June-September. (Saginaw Co.) Habenarialeucophaea(Nutt.) Open bogs (on floating mats) and tamarack Prairie fringed orchid swamps as well as wet prairie marshes. T(M)(US) (Saginaw and Bay Cos.) Sisyrinchium atlanticum (Bickn.) Fields; moist sandy shores jamp-dry T(M) meadows; marshes; low woods. Flowers May-July. (Midland Co.) Stina comata (Trin. & Rapr.) Only Michigan collections were from dry T(M) soil along railroads (in Kalamazoo Co.), and from banks of the Szginaw River in Bay Co. Probably not native to Michigan (Voss, 1972). I (Bay Co.) Trillium viride (Seck) According to Voss (1972), this is a taxon T(M) of the southeastern U.S. which suddenly appeared in 1950 in a mature beech--maple I woods in Saginaw Co., and was also collected in northwestern Gratiot Co. Such occurrences may represent long-dormant escapes from wildflower gardens. Flowers April-May. (SaginawCo.) .I a T = threatened; R = Rare; (M) indicates status in Michigan; (US) indicates status in United States.

J The greatest diversity of herbaceous plant species was found in the old fields (Figure 2-9). Sixty-one different species were located. The communities with the lowest species diversity were the bog (Figure 2-13) with 7 species, the young upland coniferous cover type (Figure 2-4) with 14 species, and the shrub swamps with 16 (Figure 2-11). Table 2-4 presents a list of those monocot species which may be new J county records (Voss,1972). Addit %nal county records may have been collected among the dicot species, but a current checklist is not available for this group (E. Voss University of Michigan, personal communication). The existing list (Beal,1904) is outdated; therefore, verification is not possible at this time. The location of these new county records does not indicate a special or unique habitat, but simply reflects a lack of systematic sampling in these counties (Voss, personal communication). For example, orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) and quackgrass (Agropyron repens) are common agricultural weeds. Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) is a widespread native grass of moist sites. All three were found to be new county records. Examination of the species-area curves shows all of the curves becoming relatively flat after a minimum number of plots were taken. The curves represent a 95 percent sampling level which means we might expect to obtain only 5 percent or fewer new species for an additional 5 percent increase in number of plots. In summary, the species-area I curves indicate an adequate number of plots were sampled in all cover types to insure reliable results. A number of special areas were identified by walk-through crews. The plant species in these areas will be radically disturbed by construction activities, but no rare, threatened, or endangered plants were found. I I I I I I 2-16

~ ~ Table 2-4 MONOCOT PLANT SPECIES WHICH MAY BE NEW COUNTY RECORDS FOR ~ MIDLAND OR SAGINAW-COUNTIES ACCORDING TO VOSS (197?) PLANT NAME MIDLAND CO. SAGINAW C0. Big duckweed X Blt.e flag iris X X Carex retrorsa X Carex siccata X X Cotton-grass X Cutgrass X Eleocharis smallii X X s Elymus virginicus X j Fowl manna' grass X Meadow fescue X Muhlenbergia frondosa X Orchard grass X Panicum dichotomum .X X Panicum sphaerocarpon X Pickerel weed X Poa sylvestris X Poa trivalis. X X Poverty grass X Quackgrass X Reed' canary grass X Redtop X i Scirpus pendulus X Smilacina trifolia X L Siwoth brome X Upland bent-X 2-17 . _ = -.

B l Table 2-5 COMMON AND SCIEfGIFIC NAMES OF PLANT SPECIES MENTIONED IN THIS REPORT I l l COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NANE 8 Agrimony Agrimonia striat_a Alsike clover Trifolium hybridum I Alternate-leaved dogwood _ Cornus alternifolia 'American elm Ulmus americana f American fly honeysuckle Lonicera canadensis Apple Pyrus spp. l Asclepias birtelli Aster Aster ap. Basswood Tilia americana i Beech Fagus grandifolia Beard's tongue Penstemon tubaeflorus Beckmannia syzigachne Bostraw Galium spp. I Beggar-ticks Bidens frondosa Beggar-ticks Desmodium spp. Big duckweed .Spirodela polyrhiza I Birdfoot trefoil Lotus corniculatus Bitternut hickory Carya cordiformis Black cherry Prunus serotina 3 Black huckleber y Gaylussacia baccata 5 Black medick Medicago lupulina Black snakeroot Sanicula gregaria Black spruce Picea mariana_ Black walnut Juglans nigra Blackberry Rubus spp. Bladder campion Silene cucubalus i Blue flag iris Iris versicolor Blue joint Calamagrostis canadensis Blue violet Viol _a papilionacea Blunt-leaved milkweed Asclepias amplexicaulis 1 i Boneset Euoatorium perfoliatum Brachythecium sp. Bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum I Bristly sarsaperilla Aralia hispida Broad-leaved aster Aster tracrophyllus Bur oak quercus macrocarpa Buttonbush _Cephalanthus occidentalis i Canada bluegrass Poa compressa continued E 2-18 i l

E l i B l Table 2-5 (Continued) l COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME I Erigeron_ philadelphicus Canada fleabane Canada mayflower Maianthemum canadense Canada moonseed Menispermum canadense i I Canada thistle Cirsium arvense h Carex argyrantha Carex bebbiT W I-Carex brunnescens Carex crinita Carex gracillima Carex granularis l I Carex intumescens_ Carex luoulina I Carex platyphyll_a* Carex retror_s; l Carex seorsa* I Carex siccata Carex vulpinoide_a; Carrion-flower Smilax herbac Cattail Typha spp. Chokeberry Choke-cherry Prunus virginia. ' Christmas fern Polystichum acrostichoides I Cinnamon fern Osmunda cinnamomeal Cinquefoil Potentilla simolex Cleavers Galium aparine Colonial bent Agrostis_ tenuis Common plantain Plantago major Cotton grass Eriophorum virginicum Coctonwood Populus deltoides I Creeping dewberry Rubus flagellaris Cutgrass Leersia oryzo_ ides Currant Ribes_ spp. I Daisy fleabane Erigeron annuus Dewberry Rubus sp. _ _ _ Diarrhene am_ericana* Dock Rumex spp. I Dodder Cuscuta cronovii_ Dogbane Amsonia spp. Downy yellow violet Viola pubescens I Duckweed Lemna minor Eleocharis smallii Elymus_ virginicus I Enchanters nightshade Circaea alpina B Eriophorum virginicum Erucastrum gallicum continued 2-19 L

1 r Table 2-5 (Continued) COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME i False Solomon's-seal Smilacina racemosa Field bindweed Convolvulus _ arvensis Field horsetail Equisetum arvense Flat-topped white aster _ Aster umbellatus Fowl manna grass Glyceria striata Fringed loosestrife Lysimachia cillata Galium obtusum Ginger Asarum canadense Goldenrod Solidago spp. Goldthread Coptis groenlandica Grape Vitis spp. Grape fern Botrychium dissectum Grass Gramineae spp. Gray dogwood Cornus racemosa Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica I Greenbrier Smilax rotundifolia Green orchid

• Habenaria flava Ground-ivy Glechoma h_ederacea Habenaria ciliaris
• Hackberry Celtis occidentalis Hawthorn Cratequs spp.

Heal-all Prunella _ vulgaris Heart-leaved aster Aster cordifolius Heath aster Aster e_ricoides Hedge bindweed Convolvulus sepium Hepatica acutiloba Hickory Caryaspp. Highbush blueberry Vaccinium coryrr.bosum f Honewort Cryptotaenia canadensis Honeysuckle Lonicera spp. i Hop hornbeam Ostrya virginiana 't Hornbeam Carpinus caroliniana Indian hemp Apocynum cannabinum._ Indian pipes Monotropa uniflora Jack pine Pinus banksi_ana Jewelweed Imoatien_s biflora Juncus d_ud_leyi Juncus effusus Juncus tenuis B Large cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpum Large-flowered tril' um Trillium grandiflorum large-toothed aspen Populus grandidentata Leatherleaf Chamaedaphne calyculata Lesser stitchwort Stellaria graminea continued 2-20 B.

I Table 2-5 (Continued) l COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME l Lizard's-tail Saururus cernuus 'I Lopseed Phryma leotostachya_ Lowbush blueberry Vaccinium vacillans f Lycopus americanus _ Mad-dog skullcap Scutellaria lateriflor_a B Maple-leaved viburnum viburnum acerifolium Marsh bedstraw Galium palustre Marsh fern Dryopteris palustris 1 Mayapple P_qdophyllum peltatum Meadow fescue Festuca pratensis ) f Mea 1cw horsetail Equise_tum pratense Nedow-rue Thalictrum spp. l I F :higan lily _Lilium michiganense_ Milio.n effusum l (111kweed Ascelepias_ syriaca I Moneywort Lysimachia nummularia Moss Politricum spp. Mouse-ear chickwaed Cerastium arvense Muhlenbei~gia f rondosa Mullein Verbascum thacsus Narrowleaf meadowsweet Pirea alba j Nettles Urtica spp. eg New York fern Dryopter_is noveboracensi_s_ l Nightshade Solanum dulcamara Nut sedge Carex escu lentus Orange hawkweed Hieracium aurantiacum I Orchard grass Dactylis glomerat_a 0x-eye daisy Chrys?.nthemum leucanthemum g Pale jewelweed Impatiens pallida Ig Panicled aster AsteQimplex Panicu h dichotomu_g Panicum hlicatu_n 'i Panjc_urr; schaeroct.rpon Paper birch Betu)_a p_apyrifera Partridgeberry Mjt.chella rdeas_. 3 Patience dock Rumex pf tientia 5 Pearly everlasting Ancohalis margaritacea Pickeral weed Pontederia cordata Pignut hickory Carya glabra Pin oak Quercus palustris Pitcher plant Sarracenia spp. Poa sp. j Poa autumnalis_ 3 Poa pratensi4 Poa sylvestris Poa trivialis I Pointed-leaved tick-trefoil Desmodium glutinosum continued I W 2-21

Table 2-5 (Contin ad) COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Poison ivy Rhus radicans Pokeberry Phytolacca americana Polytrichum commune _ Poverty grass Danthonia spicata J Prairie fringed orchid

• habenaria leucophaea Prenanthes sp.

Prickly ash Zanthoxylum americanum Prickly gooseberry Cynos bati J. Pussytoes Antennaris neglecta Pyrola elliptica Quackgrz, Agropyron repens T J-Pooulu1 remuloides Quakir.g aspen Queen Anne's lace Daucus carota Ram's head lady-slipper

• Cypripedium arietinum Raspberry Rubus _spp.

Red ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica Red clover Trifolium pratense _ Red maple Acer rubrum Red oak Quercus borealis Red-osier dogwood Cornus stolonifera Red pine Pinus _ resinosa Redtop Agrostis gigantea ^ Reed canary grass Phalaris arundinacea Ribgrass Plantago _ lanceolata Rough bedstraw Galium asprellum Rough cinquefoil Potentilla norvegica Rough-fruited cinquefoil Potentilla recta Rough horsetail Equisetum hiemale_ Royal fern Osmunda regalis I Running pine Lycopodium complanatum Running strawberry bush Euonymus obovatus Rushes Juncus spp. I Sarsaparilla Aralia nudicaulis Sassafras Sassafras albidum Scirpus atrovirens Scirpus_ lineatus B Scirpus pendulus Scotch pine Pinus sylvestris Scouring rush Equisetum hye_ male I Sedgee Carex spp. Se'r heal Prunel_la vulgaris Sensitive fern Onoclea sensibilfs Sessile bellwort uvularia sessilifolia I Shadbush Amelanchier canadensis Shade horsetail Equisetum platense Shagbark hickory Carya ovata I Sheep sorrel Rumex acetosella Silky dogwood Cornus obliqua continued 2-22

+ l i Tuble 2-5. (Continued) COMMON NAME-SCIENTIFIC DAME _ Silver maple Acer sacchtrinum Sisyrinchitm atlanticum* J' Slippery elm Ulmus fulva Smartweed Polygonum spp. Smilacina trifolia Smooth alder Alnus serrulata Smooth brome Bromus inermis Solidago altissima Solidago caesia i Selidago _ canadensis Solidago elongata S_olidago griminifolia Solidago nemoralis Solidago patula Solidago rugosa ( Speckled alder Alnus rugosa l Sphagnum moss Sphagnum spp. Spinulose shield fern Dyropteris spinulosa Spotted jewelweed ImpatieEcapensis Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium Staghorn clubmoss Lycopodium clavatt,m Staghorn sumac Rhus typhina Stargrass Hypois patula { Stellaria sp. Steeplebush _ Spirea tomentosa Sticktight Bidens spp. Stinging nettle _ Urtica dioica-S h comata* Strawberry Fragaria virginj ana, Sugar maple Acer saccharum Summer grape Vitis aestival_is Sundew Drocera spp. Swamp dogwood Cornus amomum Swamp milkweed Ascelepias incarnata Swamp rose _R_osa palustris Swamp white oak _ Quercus bicolor Sweet scented bedstraw Galium triflorum Sycamore Platanus occidentalis i Tall hairy agrimony Agrimonia cryposepala Tall meadow-rue Thalictrum polygamum (- Tamarack Larix laricina L Thistle _Carduus spp. Thyme-leaved sandwort Arenaria serpyllifolia i Timothy P_hleum pratense continued L 2-23

Table 2-5 (Concluded) COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Toothed white-topped aster _Seriocarpus_ asteroid _e_s Trefoil D_esmodium spp. Trillium Trillium spp. Trillium viride

• Tulip tree Liriodendron tulipifera Tupelo Nyssa sylvatica Upland bent Agrostis_ perennans_

Vfburnum Viburnum spp. i Viola sp. Viola blanda I l Viola pubescens I Virginia chain fern Woodwardie virginica Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia l Virginia knotweed Tovara virginiana h Water dock Rumex orbiculatus 3 Water hemlock Cicuta maculata Water-plantain Alisma plantago-aquatica Wary-leaved aster Aster undu!atus I White ash Fraxinus americana White avens Geum canadensis White oak Quercus alba White pine Pinus strobus I White snakeroot Euoatorium rogusum White spruce Picea glauca White sweet clover Melilotus alba White wood aster Aste_r_ divaricatus Whorled loosestrife Lysimachia cuadrifolia Wild asparagus Asparagus spp. Wild carrot Daucus carota I Wild geranium _ Geranium maculatum Wild lettuce Lactuca_ canadensis Wild licorice Galium circaezan_s I Wild yam root Dioscorea _ villosa Willow Salix spp. Winterberry lTeTverticillata Wintercress Barbarea_ vulgaris I Wintergreen Gaultheria procumbens Witch hazel Hamamelis virginiana Wood nettle Laportea canadensis I Yarrow Achillea millefolium Yellow avens Geum aleppicum Yellow goat's-beard Tragopogon pratensis Yellow sweet clover Melilotus officinalis I Yeilow wood sorrel Oxalis stricta g 2.u

1 I I 1 Section 3 SOILS AND TOPOGRAPHY METHOD 5 Soils information was obtained from the U.S. Soil Conservation Service Offices in Midland and Saginaw Counties. The Soil Survey of Midland County (USDA, i979) was prepared by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service a g using the standard soil survey format and issued in April,1979. The Saginaw County soil survey (Mahjoory and Whiteside,1976) was prepared by Michigan State University and superimposed data from the 1933 soil j survey (Moon et al.,1938) onto a 1970 aerial photo base. Thus, the 3 information available for each county varies in detail. Soil maps were prepared by photographically adjusting the scale of I standard 7.5 minute series U.S. Geological Survey Quadrangle maps from 1:24,000 to 1:72,000. Strips were prepared showing the right-of-way area plus 500 feet on either side of the right-of-way. Soil mapping i unit boundaries were then transferred from published maps onto the right-of-way strip maps using a pantograph. Each mapping unit was then encoded using a 2 or 3 letter map symbol for identification. Topographic information was also taken from Quadrangle maps. Maps units (shown in detail in Appendix A and described in Appendix D) were then described for the entire right-of-way area. Each description includes general facts about the soil, the principal hazards and limitations, as well as the management concerns and practices associated with use of the soil. The Midland County mapping units and soil des-l criptions refer mostly to phases of soil series. A soil series is a basic unit of soil classification, consisting of soils that are alike in all major profile characteristics except texture of the surface layer; i.e. having similar horizons in lithologically similar materials. A soil series phase is a subdivision of a series based on soil differences that affect soil management (i.e. differences in slope, stoniness, thickness,etc.). The Saginaw County mapping units and soil descriptions refer mostly to groups of soils series. In addition to the descriptions, tables were developed for each County showing the physical properties, engineering limitations, and building site development limitations for each soil. These tables can be found in Appendix D.

SUMMARY

OF S0IL CHARACTERISTICS The right-of-way passes through an area of level, poorly-drained soils formed from loams, silt loams, and clay loams. The soils of this area 3-1

r- 'i h were developed under very poor natural drainage conditions. Most soils retain moisture and are relatively high in organic matter, nitrogen, and lime. The' topography is nearly level, with some low depressions and narrow sandy ridges. Most of this area is wct, swampy'and, if wooded, covered

with second growth forest. Crop production is limited by naturally poor drainage and poor tilth (soil structure). -Tile drainage may provide an adequate outlet for water. because the soil-is deep, fine textured and well supplied with humus. Most soils are not subject to serious erosion from either wind or water (Whiteside et al.,1968).

'm s N l 3-2 f

J SOIL DESCRIPTIONS - MIDLAND COUNTY s Bowers Silt Loam, 0 to 3 Percent slopes (bob) Typically, the surface layer is dark yellowish brown silt loam about 9 inches thick. The subsoil is about 20 inches thick. The upper part is dark brown, firm silty clay. Tc a depth of about 55 inches the substratum is brown and strong brown, massive, calcareous silty clay. Below 55 inches, it is loose stratified silt and very fine sand. Included with this scil in mapping are small areas of the sandy, some-what poorly drained Wixom soils on low knolls and ridges. Also in-I cluded are areas of the poorly drained and very poorly drained Lenawee soils in low shallow depressions. These included areas make up 2 to 10 percent of the unit. ] Permeability is moderately slow, and available water capacity is moderate. Surface runoff is very slow. A seasonal high water table is between depths of 1 and 2 feet. Shrink swell is moderate. Frost I action is high. The surface layer is friable and is easily tilled throughout a fairly wide range of moisture content, but it tends to crust or puddle after hard rains, especially in areas where the plow layer contains subsoil material. I Most of the acreage is farmed. The potential is good for cultivated crops, hay, pasture, and woodland. It is poor for engineering and fair to good for wildlife. This soil is suited to corn, soybeans, small grain, sugar beets, and grass legume hay or pasture. If it is used for cultivated crops, I soil blowing is a hazard. Minimum tillage and winter cover crops help to prevent excessive soil loss. Artificial' drainage is needed for highest yields. Regular additions of organic matter improve fertility, reduce crusting, and increase water infiltration. This soil is suited to pastureland. Grazing when the soil is wet, however, results in surface compaction, excessive runoff, and poor til th. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely deferment of grazing, and restricted use during wet periods help to keep the soil and pasture in good condition. I I g 3-3

~ This soil is suited to trees. Small areas remain in native hardwoods. Equipment is _ limited during wet seasons. Tree seeds, cuttings, and seedlings survive and grow well if competing vegetation is controlled or removed. The hazards of erosion, windthrow, and seedling mortality are slight. This soil is poorly suited to building site development and on-site sanitary facilities. It lacks sufficient strength and stability to support foundations and roads. The major problems are wetness, low strength, and slow percolation. Artificial drainage is needed. l Connecting sewage disposal facilities to a public sewerage system should be considered. The low strength can be partially overcome by replacing the base material with suitable material and by installing footing drains around foundations. Capability subclass IIw. (Appendix D-7.) Cohoctah Fine Sandy Loam, Gravelly Substratum (Ch) This nearly level, poorly drained and very poorly drained soil is on bottom land. It is subject to frequent flooding. Typically, the surface layer is very dark gray fine sandy loam about 10 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of about 60 inches I is multicolored fine sandy loam, gravelly rand, and gravelly loamy sand. Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of moderately well-I drained Abscota soils on low knolls, ridges, and flats. Also included are somewhat poorly drained loamy soils in the slightly higher nearly level areas and very poorly drained Sloan soils in the depressions and drainageways. These included areas make up 5 to 15 percent of the unit. I Permeability is moderately rapid in the loamy material and very rapid in the gravelly sand. Available water capacity is moderate. Surface runoff is very slow or ponded. Potential frost action is high. A seasonal high water table is within a depth of 1 foot. Most of the acreage is native woodland. land, hayland, grassland, and recreation facilities. Potential is poor for crop-It is poor to fair for woodland and poor for engineering uses. This soil is not suited to cultivated crops because of the hazards of flooding and soil blowing and the wetness. Because flooding is common and prolonged, it is nearly U.possible to overcome. The use of tiis soil for hay and pasture depends on the degree of flood I control and Jrainage improvement. Selection of wetland plant species, proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely deferment of grazing, and restricted use during wet periods help to keep the vegetation and the soil in good condition. 3-4 I l

y L h; ( This soil is suited to trees and shrubs. Most of the acreage is in native species. Flooding and wetness are major problems. Eouipment limitations, seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, and plant competition are severe. Removing obstructions from the natural drainageways re-duces the excessive wetness. Cutting or-girdling of undesirable species reduces plant competition. There is little or no erosion hazard in fully stocked woodland, f' This soil.is generally not suited to sanitary f acilities and building site development because of wetness and flooding. (. Capability subclass yw. (Appendix D-7.) Covert Sand _, 9 to 6 Percent Slopes (COB) This nearly level to gently sloping, moderately well drained soil occupies broad, flat areas, narrow ridgetops, and low knolls. Typically, the surface layer is black and light brownish gray sand about 5 inches thick. The subsoil is about 23 inches thick. The upper part is dark brown and strong brown, very friable sand. The lower part and the substratum to a depth of about 60 inches are multicolored, loose sand. In some places no precipitated iron, aluminum, and organic matter have accumulated. Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of the Covert S loamy substratum soils, excessively drained Plainfield soils, same-what poorly drained Pipestone soils, and poorly drained Kingsville ( soils. The Covert loamy substratun soil occupies the same kind of position on the landscape as the Covert soil but has a loamy substratum at a depth of 40 to 60 inches. -The Plainfield soil is on'the highest parts of the ridgetops and knolls. The Pipestone soil is on '.he foot slopes of the ridges and knolls and on the slightly lower parts of the - broad flat areas. The Kingsville soil is in small depressions and drainageways of the broad flat areas. These included areas make up ( 3 to 20 percent of the unit. This soil had rapid permeability _ and low available water capacity. Surface ' runoff is very slow. A seasonal high water table fluctuates between depths of 1 1/2 and 31/2 feet. Most of the acreage is woodland or idle grassland. _ Potential is poor for cultivated crops, pasture, and wildlife. It is fair for woodland and fair to poor for recreation and most engineering uses. This soil is suited to woodland, but the droughtiness causes seedling . mortality. Planting drought resistant varieties, mulching, and irrigating lower the mortality rate. Tree seeds, cuttings, and seedlings survive if competing vegetation is controlled or removed. Site pre- _ paration, prescribed burning, or spraying, cutting, or girdling is needed. C~e 3-5 b

~ ( This soil is poorly suited to sanitary facilities and dwellings. The seasonal high water table and rapid permeability are severe limita-tions for on-site waste disposal. The combination of these two properties can cause effluent seepage and result in pollution of ground water supplies. Connecting sewage disposal facilities to a public sewerage system should be considered. The seasonal high water table and saturation cause caving and make excavation difficult. If ex-cavation is necessary, tile drainage and shoring up the walls help to prevent the caving. The seasonal high water table limits other building site development, for example, footings and foundations. Tile drainage or fill is needed. This soil is favorable for local roads or streets. Capability subclass IVs. (Appendix D-7.) Incersoll Silt Loam, O to 3 Percent Slopes (IMB) This nearly level to gently sloping, somewhat poorly drained soil is in broad, flat areas. Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from 2 to 900 acres. Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown silt loam about 9 inches thick. The subsoil is mottled, brown, friable silt loam about 3 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of about 60 inches is multicolored, friable, calcareous, stratified silt loam, very fine sand, and silty clay loam. In some places, no clay has accumulated in the subsoil. Included with tF.s soil in mapping are small areas of somewhat poorly drained Posertille soils and poorly drained Pella soils. The Posey-ville soil is in the same position on the landscape as the Ingersoll i soil but has 16 to 24 inches of sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam over the loamy material. The Pella soil is in shallow depressions and drainageways. These included areas make up 5 to 15 percent of the unit. This soil has moderate permeability and slow surface runoff. It has (' a high available water capacity. A seasonal high water table fluctuates between depths of 1 and 2 feet. The surface layer is friable and is easy to till throughout a fairly wide range in moisture content. Potential frost action is high. Most of the acreage is farmed. Potential is good for cultivated crops, hay, pasture, and trees. It is good for wildlife, poor to fair for recreation, and poor for most engineering uses. Erosion damage is a hazard if cultivated crops are grown. Minimum tillage, winter cover crops, and grassed waterways reduce the risk of erosion. Using this soil as pasture is good erosion control. Grazing when the soil is wet causes surface compaction, poor tilth, and excessive runoff. Restricting grazing during wet periods keeps the pasture and the soil in good condition. 3-6

1 This soil is suited to woodland. Equipment should be kept off the site during wet periods. Site preparation should be done in the fall. Tree seeds, cuttings, and seedlings survive and grow well if competing I vegetation is controlled or removed. Site preparation, prescribed burning, spraying, :utting, or girdling is needed. This soil is poorly suited to on-site waste disposal, building site I development, and local roads and streets. The seasonal high water table can cause pollution of ground water supplied because of seepage of effluent from on-site waste disposal systems. Connecting sewage I disposal facilities to a public sewerage system should be considered. The seasonal high water table makes building site development difficult. ~ Tile or open ditch drainage helps to lower the water table. A suitable base material should be laid when building local roads to prevent I frost action damage. Capability subclass IIw. (Appendix D-7.) Lenawee Silty C1ay Loam (Le) 1 This nearly level, poorly drained and very poorly drained soil is in broad flat areas and drainageways. It is subject to frequent flooding. Individur areas are irregular in shape and range from 3 to 800 acres. Typically, the surface layer is black silty clay loam about 9 inches thick. The mottled subsoil is about 31 inches thick. The upper part is dan gruyish brown, firm silty clay loam; the next part is light brownish grey, firm silty clay; and the lower part is grayish brown, very firm silty clay. The substratum to a depth of about 60 inches is multicolored, very firm, calcareous silty clay. In some places the subsoil is more than 45 percent clay. Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of the somewhat poorly drain;d Wixom and Bowers soils and the poorly drained or very poorly drained Belleville soils. Wixom and Bowers soils occupy low ridges and slightly convex areas. The Wixom and Belleville soils have a coarser textured solum than Lenawee soils. These included areas make up 5 to 15 percent of the unit. Permeability is moderately slow, and available water capacity is moderate. Surface runoff is very slow or ponded. A seasonal high water table is within a depth of 1 foot. Potential frost action is high. Most of the acreage is farmed. Potential is good for cultivated crops, I hay, and pasture. It is poor for recreational facilities and for most engineering uses. This soil is suited to corn, soybeans, small grain, and grasses and I legumes for hay and pasture. The major problems are wetness and flood-ing. Artificial drainage helps to overr. ame these problems. Minimum tillage, winter cover crops, and field crop strips help to prevent soil loss. 3-7

m J This soil is suited to pastureland or hayland. Overgrazing or grazing when the soil is too wet, however, results in surface compaction and poor tilth. Artificial drainage reduces the wetness. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely deferment of grazing, and restricted use during wet periods help to keep the pasture and soil in good condition. H This soil is suited to trees, and many areas remain in native species. Plant competition, seedling mortality, and equipment limitations are severe. Removing or controlling competing vegetation, working during the dry seasons, and removing obstructions from natural drainageways to reduce wetness help to control these problems. Site preparation, prescribed burning, or spraying, cutting, or girdling is needed. s This soil is poorly suited to on-site sanitary facilities anti building s site development. Wetness and flooding are severe limitations for septic tank absorption fields, sewage lagoons, and landfills. Con-necting sewage disposal facilities to a public sewerage system should 1"j be considered. Construction of small buildings is limited by wetness and low strength. Local. roads need artificial drainage and suitable base material to overcome the problems of wetness and frost action. J. Capability subclass IIw. ( Appendix D-7.) Londo Loam, 0 to 3 Percent Slopes (LxA) This nearly level, somewhat poorly drained soil is in broad flat areas. J Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from 3 to 600 acres. l Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish brown loam about 7 9 inches thick. The mottled, firm subsoil is about 10 inches thick. The upper part is brown and pale brown loam, and the lower part is I dark yellowish brown clay loam. The substratum to a depth of about L 60 inches is gray, mottled, firm, calcareous loam. In some places the solum is thicker than 25 inches. Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of the somewhat I poorly drained Poseyville and Wixom soils and the poorly drained Parkhill soils. The Poseyville and Wixom soils are on the higher knobs and small knolls in the broad flat areas. They have a sandy surface layer and upper subsoil. The Parkhill soil is in shallow depressions and drainageways. These included areas make up 5 to 20 percent of the unit. I Permeability is moderate to moderately slow, and surface runoff is slow. Available water capacity is high. The shrink-swell potential is moderate. The surface layer is friable and is easily tilled throughout a wide range of moisture content. A seasonal high water I table fluctuates between depths of 1 and 2 feet. Potential frost action is high. 3-8 B.

l I i 1 Most of the acreage is farmed. Potential is good for cultivated crops, pasture, woodland, and wildlife. It is poor for most engineering uses and fair to poor for recreational facilities. This soil is suited to corn, soy'eans, small grain, sugar beets, a grass-legume lay, and pasture. The seasonal high water table can be lowered by tile or open ditch drainage. This soil is suited to pastureland. Grazing when the soil is wet, however, results in surface compaction, excessive runoff, and poor tilth. Restricted use during wet periods helps to keep the pasture I and soil in good condition. This soil is suited to woodland. Tree seeds, cuttings, and seedlings I survive and grow well if competing vegetation is controlled or removed. Site preparation, prescribed burning, or spraying, cutting, or girdling is needed. This soil is poorly suited to on-site sewage disposal, building site development, and local roads and streets. The seasonal high water table and the moderate to moderately slow permeability are severe B limitations for on-site water disposal. The combination of these two properties may result in pollution of ground water supplies. Con-necting sewage disposal facilities to a public sewerage system should 'be considered. The seasonal high water table and the moderate shrink-I swell potential make building site development difficult. All build-ings should have tile drainage or suitable fill at the base to prevent soil saturation. The natural soll should be removed and other soil I with less shrink-swell potential filled in around the footings and foundations. When building local roads, a suitable base material should be laid over the natural soil to prevent shrink-swell or frost action damage. Capability subclass IIw. (Appendix D-7.) I Oakville Fine Sand, O to 6 Percent Slopes (0aB) This nearly level to gently sloping, moderately well drained soil is on low knolls and convex ridges. Individual areas are narrow or irregular in shape and range from 2 to 150 acres. Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish brown fine sand about 7 inches thick. The subsurface layer is light brownish gray, loose fine sand about 7 inches thick. The subsoil is dark brown and brown, loose sand about 16 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of about 60 inches is pale brown, loose fine sand. In some places precipitated iron, aluminum, and organic matter have accumulated. I Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of the somewhat I poorly drained Pipestone soils and poorly drained Kingsville soils. The Pipestone soil is on side slopes and the slightly lower areas of N the knolls and ridgetops. The Kingsville soil is in shallow depressions 5 and drainageways of the knolls and ridges. These included areas make up l 3 to 15 percent of the unit. 3-9

Permeability is very rapid, and available water capacity is low. Surface runoff is very slow. A seasonal high water table fluctuates between depths of 3 and 6 feet or more. Most of the acreage is woodland or idle grassland. Potential is poor for crops, pasture, wildlife, and most engineering uses. It is poor ~ to fair for recreation and fair for woodland. J This soil is suited to crops or pasture. It can be droughty most of the growing season because of the low available water capacity. It is subject to soil blowing. Irrigation is needed. It should be almost continuous because of the fast intake and very rapid permeability. Minimum tillage, stripcropping, and winter cover crops reduce the risk of erosion. Using the soil as pasture is also effective in controlling erosion. During the drier, warmer part of the growing season the pasture is easily damaged by overgrazing and droughtiness. Proper stocking rates, I pasture rotation, and restricted or deferred grazing during the droughty periods keep the pasture in good condition. I This soil is suited to woodland. Droughtiness causes extensive seedling mortality. Planting drought resistant species and mulching will reduce the effects of droughtiness. Competing vegetation must be controlled or removed so that tree seeds, cuttings, and seedlings J. survive and grow well. Site preparation, prescribed burning, or spraying, cutting, or girdling is needed. I This soil is poorly suited to on-site waste disposal systems. The seasonal high water table is a severe limitation. The high water table and very rapid permeability can cause effluent seepage and result in pollution of ground water supplies. Connecting sewage I disposal facilities to a public sewerage system should be considered. The seasonal high water table makes site development for buildings with basements more difficult. Tile drainage is needed. If excavation is needed, the walls can be shored to prevent caving. Capability subclass IVs. (Appendix D-7.) Parkhill Loam (Pa) This nearly level, poorly drained and very poorly drained soil is in broad low areas, small depressions and drainageways, and along the base of ridges. It is subject to frequent flooding. Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from 3 to 3,500 acres. Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown loam about 8 inches thick. The subsoil is grayish brown and gray, friable loam about 17 I inches thick. The substratum to a depth of about 60 inches is gray and grayish brown, calcareous loam. In some areas solum thickness and depth to free carbonates are less than 20 inches. Some areas have I sandy surface textures or thin sandy bands in the subsoil. In places there is more clay in the substratum than is typical. 3-10 1

r ,'+ ,_.'A y [ q n Y. 1 Included with this' soil in mapping are-small' areas.of the somewhat - lpoorly.' drained Londo and' Poseyv111elsoils.. They occupy slightly-E~ higher areas or low knolls.. Also included areismall areas of the~ ~ ~'poorly1 drained and very poorly drained:Belleville soils, which have ' 20 to-40 inches of. sand over loamy material. They are.in the same . low: areas and drainageways. These included areas make up 5 to 15 1 percent of the unit. Permeability is ~ moderately slow, and available water capacity is' high. Surface runoff isjvery slow to ponded. A. seasonal'high water c table'1s within a depth.'of 1 1/2 feet. Potential frost action is ~ high. ~ / Most of the acreage'is cropland. Some' small areas are in native hard- - woods. Potential is good for cropland, hayland, pastureland, and woodland. It is poor for recreation-and for most engineering.uses. This soil is suited to corn, soybeans, and small grain. The' major problem is the' wetness from ponding and the seasonal high water table. [' Ditching and tiling are needed.1 Field stripcropping, minimum tillage, winter cover. crops, and regular' additions of crop residue or.other 1 organic matter help to maintain soil fertility, improve tilth, and ( control erosion. . This' soil;is suited to hay or pasture. Excess water is the major _ problem. Ditching and tiling are needed.. Selection of wetland plant y species, proper' stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely deferment of grazing,~and restricted use during wet periods help to keep'the^ ' vegetation'and the: soil.in good condition. h This, soil is well suited to trees. It has-the potential for moderately high wood-yields. Ponding and wetness cause severe equipment limitations 'and severe plant competition. Removing obstructions from the natural c drainageways :is needed. Harvesting when the soil is dry or. frozen also 1 ? is'needed. Cutting or girdling undesirable. species reduces plant competition. Wetness results in moderate seedling mortality and l windthrow. Improving-runoff is needed. On-site forestry assistance 'l 1s desirable if the stands are hart.soods. ~ This-soil'is poorly suited to building site development, sanitary . facilities, andulocal-roads and streets. Flooding, wetness, and slow percolation are'the major problems.' Generally, using these areas for sanitary. facilities is not economicallyifeasible. Using' fill material and footing drains for local roads and streets helps to control excess e [ water. (Appendix D-7.) ' Capability subclass IIw. [^ \\ m I }. 3-1.1 q;

Pella Silt Loam (Pe) This nearly level, poorly drained soil is in low flat areas and drainageways. It is subject to occasional tMding. Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from 3 tc 1,600 acres. Typically, the surface layer is black silt loam about 12 inches thick. The subsoil is olive gray silt loam and silty clay loam about 8 inches thick. The upper part of the substratum is olive, friable silty clay loam, and the lower part to a depth of 60 inches is grayish brown, friable silt loam and very fine sand. Included with this soil in mapping arc small areas of the somewhat poorly drained Ingersoll, Pipestone, and Wixor soils. Ingersoll wils are in a higher position on the landscape. Pipestone soils are sandy throughout and occupy broad flat areas, low ridges, and side slopes. Wixom soils have 20 to 40 inches of sand over loamy material. They are in flat areas and on low knolls and ridges. These included areas make up 5 to 20 percent of the unit. Permeability is moderate, and surface runoff is slow to ponded. A I seasonal high water table is within a depth of 2 feet. The available water capacity is high. Potential frost action is high. Most of the acreage is idle grassland or woodland. Potential is good I for cultivated crops, hay, and pasture. It is poor for woodland, recreation, and most engineering uses. I This soil is suited to corn, soybeans, and small grain. Wetness and soil blowing are the major prcblems. Ditch and t11e drainage are needed. Field stripcropping, minimum tillage, and winter cover crops help to prevent excessive soil loss. Returning crop residue or I regularly adding other organic matter improves fertility and increases available water capacity. I Using this soil for pasture and hayland is effective in controlling erosion. Wetness is the major problem. Ditch or tile drainage is needed. Livestock should be fenced away from the ditches to help I control bank erosion. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely deferment of grazing, and restricted use during wet periods help to keep the pasture and the soil in good condition. This soil is suited to trees. Much of the acreage remains in native species. Because wetness is a major problem, ratings are severe for equipment limitations, seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, and plant I competition. Removing obstructions from drainageways and increasing the depth improve drainage. Spraying, cutting, or girdling of un-desirable. species and proper site preparation reduce plant competition. Erosion is little or no hazard in fully stocked woodland. This soil is poorly suited to building site development and sanitary facilities. The major problems are wetness, occasional flooding, and low strength. A, tificial drainage is needed. Connecting sewage 3-12

I I disposal facilities to a public sewerage system should be considered. I Wetness, flooding, and frost action are severe limitations for roads. Capability subclass IIw. (Appendix D-7.) Pipestone Sand, O to 3 Percent Slopes (PsB) This nearly level to gently sloping, somewhat poorly drained soil is in broad flat areas and on narrow convex ridgetops and side slopes. Individual areas are narrow or irregular in shape and range from 2 to I-1,600 acres. Typically, the surface layer is black and g.ayish brown sand about I 6 inches thick. The subsoil is about 18 inches thick. The uppsr part is yellowish brown, very friable sand. The lower part and the substratum to a depth of about 60 inches are multicolored, loose sand. In some places no, precipitated iron, aluminum, and organic I matter have accumulated. Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of the Pipestone I' loamy substratum soils, the moderately well drained Covert soils, and the poorly drained Kingsville and Kinross soils. Pipestone loamy substratum soils have a loamy substratum at a depth of 40 to 60 inches. They occupy the same kind of position on the landscape as the Pipe-I stone soils. Covert soils are on the steeper slopes and in higher positions on the ridges and low knolls of the broad flat areas. Kingsville and Kinross soils are in the shallow depressions and I drainageways. These included areas make up 2 to 20 percent of the unit. This soil has rapid permeability and low available water capacity. I Surface runoff is slow or very slow. A seasonal high water table fluctuates between depths of 1/2 foot and 1 1/2 feet. Most of the acreage is woodland or idle grassland. Potential is fair for woodland. It is poor for cultivated crops, pasture, wildlife, recreation, and most engineering uses. If adequately drained, this soil is suited to crops or pasture. It has a seasonal high water table, can be droughty in summer, and is subiect to soil blowing. Tile or open ditch drainage lowers the high I water table. Extensive irrigation is needed. Minimum tillage and winter cover crops reduce the risk of soil blowing. This soil is suited to woodland. Wetiness causes high seedling mortality I and limits equipment use. Plowing in fall and planting in spring on the furrow tops reduce the effects of wetness. This soil is poorly suited to on-site waste disposal, building site development and local roads and streets. The seasonal high water table and rapid ' permeability can cause effluent seepage and result in pollution of ground water supplies. Connecting sewage disposal

i t 4 1 3 facilities to a public sewerage system should be considerea'. The seasonal high wate.1 table and unstable soil conditions make building site development difficult. When saturated, the soil liquifies and fl ows. Tile drainage lowers the water table and' hR ps to prevent i satur.ation. Fillir.g with a more stable naterial also helps to lower the water table and reduces instability. If excavation is needed, the walls can be shored to prevent caving. In building local roads, a suitable base material should be laid to prevent damage from frost action. Capability subclass IVw. (Appendix D-7.) 3 Pipestone Sand, Loamy Substratum, O to 3 Percent Mopes (PTB) This nearly level to gently sloping, somewhat pcorly drained soil is in broad, flat areas and on narrow convex ridgetops and side slopes. Individual areas are narrow or irregular in shape and range' from 3 to 500 acres. Typically, the surface layer is very dark graj sand about 8 inches thick. The subsurface layer is grayish brown, loose sand aboit 2 inches thick. The subsoil is about 19 inches of multicolored, very friable g sand. The upper 23 inches of the substratum 1s multicolored, loose sand, and the lower part to a depth of about 60 inches is reddish gray, firm clay loam. In some places no precipitateo' iron, aluminum, and organic matter have accumulated. Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of the moderately well drained Covert soils, the somewhat poorly drained Wixom soils, and the poorly drained or very poorly drained Belleville soils. Covert soils are steeper and occupy the higher positions on the narrow convex ridgetops.' Ktxcm' soils have a loamy substratum at 20 to 40 inches. Some are lower on the side slopes. Scrie are in the broad, flat areas. Belleville soils are' in shallow depressions and drainage-ways. These included areas make up 5 to 20 parcent of the unit. Permeability is rapid in the sandy material and slow or moderately' slow in the loamy material. Available water capacity: is low. Surface runoff is slow or very slow. The surface layer is friable and is easily tilled throughout a fairly wide range of moisture content. A l seasonal high water table fluctuates between depths of 1/2 foot and i 1 1/2 feet. Most of the acreage is woodland or idle grassland. Some areas are farmed or pastured. Potential is fair for cultivated crops, pasture, and woodland. It is poor for wildlife, recreation, and most engineering uses. 3-14

.c This soil is suited to cropland or pasture. It has a seasonal high water table, can be droughty in summer, and is subject to soil blowing. Tile or open ditch drainage lowers the apparent high water table. Extensive irrigation is needed. Minimum tillage and a wirter s 4 co er crop reduce, the risk of soil blowing. i i / This soil is suited to woodland. Wetness causes seedling mortality and limits equipment use. Plowing in fall and planting in spring on the furrow tops reduce the effects of the wetness. This soil is poorly suited to on-site waste disposal. The seasonal high water table,is a severe limitation. The seasonal high water table and rapid permeability can cause effluent seepage and result in pollution of ground water supplies. Connecting sewage disposal facilities to a public sewerage system should be considered. The seasonal high water table makes building site development difficult. When saturated, the soil liquifies and flows. Tile drainage lowers the water table and prevents saturation. Filling with a more stable material also helps to lower the water table and overcome the instability. If excavation is needed, walls can be shored to prevent caving. In constructing local roads, a suitable base material should be laid over the natural soil to prevent drainage from frost action. Capability subclass IIIw. (Appendix D-7.) Pipestone-Oakville-Urban Land Complex, O to 6 Percent Slopes (pub) This map unit consists of nearly level to gently sloping soils on outwash and lake plains and narrow ridges. It is 40 to 50 percent somewhat poorly drained Pipestone soil, 20 to 30 percent moderately well drained Oakville soil, and 15 to 25 percent Urban land. The areas of each soil and Urban land were so intricately mixed or so small in size that it was not practical to map them separately. Typically, the Pipestone soil has a surface layer of olack and grayish brown sand about 6 inches thick. The subsoil is about 18 inches thick. The, upper part is yellowish brown, mottled, very friable sand. The lower part and the substratum to a depth of about 60 inches are multicolored, loose sand. Typically, the Oakville soil has a surface layer of very dark grayish browri fine sand about 7 inches thick and a subsurface layer of light brownish gray fine sand about 7 inches thick. The subsoil is dark brown and brown fine sand about 16 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of about 60 inches is pale brown, loose fine sand.

n places the Pipestone and Oakville soils have been radically altered.

Some of the low areas have been filled cr leveled during construction, and other small areas have been cut, built up, or smoothed. Approx-imately 75 percent of the natural surface layer has been disturbed during 3-15

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i

I I I the construction of buildings and streets. Most of the disturbance has resulted from the spreading of soil material excavated for base-ments and streets. Most of the fill is less than 18 inches thick over the original soil. In some small depressional areas the fill is I thicker. Some of the high spots have been smoothed. Typically, the Urban land part of this unit is covered by streets, I parking lots, buildings and other structures, and no soil identification is possible. I Included in mapping and making up 2 to 10 percent of the unit are small areas of Plainfield and Kingsville soils. The excessively drained Plainfield soil is in the higher convex areas. The poorly drained Kingsville soil is in depressional areas and drainageways. I Permeability is rapid in the Pipestone soil and very rapid in the Oak-ville soil. Available water capacity is low in both. The Oakville I soil has low shrink-swell and frost action potential. The Pipestone soil has moderate potential frost action. The seasonal high water table fluctuates between depths of 1/2 foot and 1 1/2 feet in the Pipestone soil and between 3 and 6 feet or more in the Oakville soil. Pipestone and Oakville soils, the open parts of the unit, are mainly lawns and parks. They have poor potential for lawns and gardens, I fair potential for trees, and poor to fair potential for recreation. The Pipestone soil has poor potential for most engineering uses, and the Oakville soil poor to fair potential. Pipestone and Oakville soils are poorly suited to grasses, flowers, vegetables, and shrubs because of droughtiness. A proper watering schedule and selection of drought tolerant species are needed to I overcome this problem. Bare areas should be planted or covered to prevent soil blowing. These soils are suited to trees. The high seedling mortality can be I overcome by watering, planting, or covering to prevent soil blowing and by eliminating competing plants. l The Pipestone soil is poorly suited to on-site sewage disposal, u building site development, and leal roads and streets beca;se of wetness. The Oakville soil is suited to dwellings and small commercial buildings without basements and to local roads and streets. All I buildings should be constructed with footing drains. When excavations are made, both soils tend to cave. Shoring cutbanks and installing tile drains are needed to overcome the problems of the caving cutbanks and the wetness. Limitations are severe for picnic areas and playgrounds. Artificial I drainage, seeding of bare areas, and irrigation during the dry season are needed to overcome the problems of wetness, excess sand, and droughtiness. On-site investigation is essential to properly evaluate and plan the development of specific sites. Not assigned to a capability subclass. 3-16

I I Poseyville-Londo Complex, O t 4 Percent Siopes (PxB) This map unit consists of nearly level to gently sloping, somewhat poorly drained soils on low knolls, at the base of slopes, and in I drainageways. Individual areas of this unit range from 10 to 225 acres. They are I 50 to 60 percent Poseyville soil and 30 to 40 percent Londo soil. The Poseyville soil is in the slightly convex, higher areas, and the Londo soil is in the slightly concave areas and the drainageways. Areas of each soil were so intricately mixed or so small in size I that it was not practical to map them separately. Typically, the Poseyville soil has a surface layer of very dark I grayish brown loamy sand about 9 inches thick. The subsurface layer is about 5 inches of brown sand. The subsoil, about 7 inches thick, is dominantly yellowish brown, mottled sandy loam. The substratum to a depth of about 60 inches is gray, mottled loam. Typically, the Londo soil has a surface layer of very dark brown loam about 9 inches thick. The mottled, firm subsoil is about 10 inches I.. thick. The upper part is brown loam, and the lower part is yellowish brown clay loam. In places the subsoil contains weak accumulations of precipitated iron, aluminum, and organic matter. The substratum to a depth of about 60 inches is gray, mottled loam. Included with these soils in mapping and making up 10 to 20 percent of the unit are small areas of the poorly drained and very poorly drained Belleville and Parkhill soils. They are in drainageways and slightly concave areas. In the Poseyville soil permeability is rapid above the substratum I and moderate or moderately slow in the substratum. The Londo soil has moderate or moderately slow permeability. The available water capacity is moderate in the Poseyville soil and high in the Londo I soil. Surface runoff is slow. The seasonal high water table fluctuates between depths of 1 and 2 feet. Potential frost action is high, and the shrink-swell potential is moderate. Most of the acreage is cropland. Some areas are woodland. Potential is good for farming and forestry. It is poor for engineering and recreational uses. This unit is suited to cropland. The major problem in cropland management is the seasonal high water table. Artificial drainage is needed. The main crops are corn, wheat, beans, and sugar beets with I some mixed hay and pasture. This unit is suited to trees. Some areas remain wooded. Tree seeds, I cuttings, and seedlings survive. and grow well if competing vegetation 1 is controlled or removed. Site preparation, prescribed burning, or spraying, cutting or girdling is needed. 3-17

I I I These soils are poorly suited to on-site sanitary facilities, building site development, and local roads and streets. The seasonal high water table is a severe limitations for sanitary facilities and building site development. Connecting sewage disposal facilities to a public 'I sewerage system should be considered. Artificial drainage should be provided around buildings to keep the soil from becoming saturated. In places, a suitable base material for local roads and streets must be hauled in from outside the area. Capability subclass IIw. ( Appendix D-7.) Wauseon Sandy Loam (Wa) This nearly level, poorly drained and very poorly drained soil is in low flat areas and drainageways. It is subject to frequent flooding. Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from 4 to 180 acres. Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown sandy loam about 8 inches thick. The subsoil, about 27 inches thick, is dark gray and gray sandy loam. The substratum to a depth of about 60 inches is I gray and olive, very firm silty clay. In places, the surface layer is thinner or lighter colored than is typical. Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of the somewhat I poorly drained Wixom and Pipestone loamy substratum soils. They are on low knolls and ridges. Also included are small areas of the poorly drained and very poorly drained Belleville soils, which have 20 to 40 inches of sandy material over loamy material. They are in low flat areas and drainageways. These included areas make up 5 to 15 percent of the unit. Permeability is rapid in the loamy material and very slow in the clayey material. Surface runoff is very slow, and available water capacity is medium. A seasonal high water table is within a depth of 1/2 foot. I They clayey material has high shrink-swell potential. Potential frost action is moderate. I Most of the acreage is idle grassland or woodland. Potential is good to fair for crops, fair for hay and pasture, and poor to fair for woodland. It is poor for recreation and for engineering uses. This soil is suited to corn, soybeans, and small grain. Wetness and soil blowing are the major problems. Ditch and tile drainage help to control wetness. Field stripcropping, minimum tillage, and winter I cover crops help to prevent excessive scil loss. Returning crop residue or regularly adding other organic matter improves fertility and increases the available water capacity. Using this soil as pastureland or hayland also is effective in controlling erosion. Wetness is the major problem. Ditch or tile drainage helps to control the wetness. Livestock should be fenced away from the 3-18 3 m

ditches to reduce the risk of bank erosion. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely deferment of grazing, and restricted use during wet periods help to keep the pasture and soil in good condition. This soil is suited to trees. Much of the acreage rer..'.?s in native species. Wetness, the major problem, results in severe limitations for equipment use and severe plant competition. Seedling mortality I and windthrow are moderate to severe. Removing obstructions from drainageways improves drainage. Cutting or girdling of undesirable species reduces the plant competition. There is little or no erosion B hazard. E This soil is poorly suited to building site development and on-site waste disposal. The major problems are wetness, slow permeability, I and high shrink-swell in the clayey material. The soil should be artificially drained. Connecting sewage disposal facilities to a public sewerage system should be considered. Wetness, shrink-swell, i and frost action are severe limitations in constructing local roads and streets. They can be partially overcome by replacing the base material with suitable material. Capability subclass IIIw. (Appendix D-7.) Wixom Loamy Sand, 0 to 3 Percent slopes (WxB) This nearly level to gently sloping, somewhat poorly drained soil is in flat areas and on low knolls and ridges. Individual areas are irregular I in shape and range from 3 to 500 acres. Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish brown loamy sand I about 9 inches thick. The subsurface layer is about 5 inches of grayish brown fine sand. The mottled subsoil is about 20 inches thick. The upper part is dark yellowish brown, friable fine sand; the next I part is pale brown, very friable fine sand; and the lower part is brown, firm sandy clay loam. The substratum to a depth of about 60 inches is reddish brown, firm silty clay loam. In some places, no precipitated iron, aluminum, and organic matter have accumulated. I In some soils less than 20 inches of sand overlies the loamy material. In some the substratum is more than 35 percent clay. Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of the somewhat I poorly drained Pipestone loamy substratum soils, which have 40 to 60 inches of sand over loamy material. They are on low knolls and ridges. Also included are the poorly drained and very poorly drained Belleville I and Parkhill soils. They are in narrow drainageways and depressions. These included areas make up 10 to 20 percent of the unit. I Permeability is rapid in the sandy material and moderately slow in the loamy material. Surface runoff is slow. Available water capacity is moderate. A perched high water table fluctuates between depths of 1 and 2 feet. The shrink-swell potential is low. g 3-19

I I Most of the cereage is farmed. Potential is fair for crops, fair to good for hay and pasture, and good to fair for woodland and wildlife. It is fair to poor for recreation and poor for most engineering uses. This soil is suited to corn, soybeans, and small grain. Wetness and soil blowing are the major problems. Ditch and tile drainage help to control wetness. Field stripcropping, minimum tillage, and winter I cor ' crops help to prevent excessive soil loss. Returning crop due or regularly adding other organic matter improves fertility ri and increases available water capacity. This soil is suited to hay and pasture. Wetness is the major problem. Ditch or tile drainage is needed. Livestock should be fenced away from ditches to reduce the risk of bank erosion. Proper stocking I rates, pasture rotation, timely deferment of grazing, and restricted use during wet periods help to keep the pasture and soil in good condition. I This soil is suited to trees. Much of the wooded acreage remains in native species. Wetness, the major problem, results in high seedling mortality and a moderate equipment limitation. Removing obstructions I from natural drainageways improves drainage. Plant competition, erosion, and windthrow are not concerns. This soil is poorly suited to building site development and sanitary facilities. Wetness is the major limitation. Artificial drainage is needed. Connecting sewage disposal facilities to a public sewerage system should be considered. Footing drains are needed around foundations I for buildings. Construction of roads and streets is limited by wetness, low strength, and shrink-swell and by frost action in the , e' finer textured soil material. These problems can be controlled by g drainage and by strengthening or replacing the base material. Suitable topsoil is needed for lawns. Capability subclass IIIw. ( Appendix D-7.) I I I I 3-20

i 1 50Il DESCRIPTIONS - SAGINAW COUNTY i Arenac Series l The Arenac series consists of somewhat poorly drained soils developed in sand or loamy sand, 40 to 60 inches thick, underlain by loam to silty clay. "5ese soils occur on nearly level to gently sloping outwash plains and lakt plains, and have a seasonally high water table. The depta to the finer material ranges from 40 to 60 inches. In some areas, fine sand occurs in the sandy portion of the profile. The under-lying material ranges from loam to silty clay. [ The sandy apper portion of the Arenac soil is thicker than that of the i Wixom soils. The Pipestone soils lack the underlying loam to silty clay materials. I j The Arenac soils ire a major component of the Ar and As map units in Saginaw County. The soil management group is 5/2b. I Arenac soils are moderate for farm crops. Seasonal high water tables require drainage for optimum crop yields. They have low natural fertility; fair to good bearing capacity for farm machinery during wet periods. Loamy and clayey material below 42 to 60 inches restricts movement of water downward. Production of hardwood and conifer trees is low to medium. Seasonal high water tables limit root development, drainage is required before planting, and the windthrow hazard is severe. 3 The recreation potential of this soil is moderate. A seasonally high water table occurs. The bearing capacity for foot traffic and light I[ vehicles is good to fair, but the soil dries out slowly in spring. Belleville Series The Belleville soils are naturally poorly drained and are developed in 'I sand and loamy sand, 20 to 40 inches thick, overlying loam to silty clay f loam. They occur on nearly level to depressional areas on till plains and lake plains. The water table is high during much of the year. The texture of the coarser upper horizons varies from loamy fine sand to medium sand. The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 30 inches to lime and frcm slightly acid to mildly alkaline. 3-21 1 B t

1, The Belleville soils are more poorly drained than the Metea and Wixom soils, and have coarser textured upper horizons than the Corunna soils. These soils are a major component of the Gd or W map units and are minor inclusions in the As or Ay map units in Saginaw County. The soil management group is 4/2c. Belleville soils have a moderate potential for farm crops. The high water table requires artificial drainage for optimum crop yields. They have low natural fertility; fair to good bearing capacity for farm machinery during wet periods; and sandy material unstable when wet. l Production of hardwoods and conifers is low to medium. The high water table limits root development, drainage required before planting, and the windthrow hazard severe. I The recreation potential on these soils is severely limited by the high water table, slow dry out in spring and after rain, and fair to good 1 bearing capacity for vehicles and foot traffic when wet. I Capac Series The Capac soils are naturally somewhat poorly drained and developed in loam or silt loam till. They occur on nearly level to gently sloping till or lake plains. The water table is near the surface during the annual wet seasons. Solum thickness and depth to carbonates ranges from 26 to 40 inches. Coarse fragments range from 0 to 10 percent throughout the solum and C horizon. The solum below the Ap horizon ranges from medium acid to neutral. The Ap horizon may be sandy loam. Coatings on faces of peds I in the Bt horizon have chroma of 2 or lower. This horizon is clay loam, silty clay loam, or heavy loam and averages between 18 and 35 percent clay, but is typically about 25 percent. It has moderate coarse or medium angular or subangular blocky structure. The C horizon has 2.5Y, or 10YR hue, value of 5, or 6, and chroma of 2 or 3. It is loam or coarse clay loam. The Capac soils have lighter colored surfaces than the Conover soils. They have coarser textured profiles than the Ithaca soils and have less compact C horizons than the Shebeon soils. Capac soils have lighter colored surfaces and are naturally better drained than the Brookston l or Parkhill soils which are developed in similar materials. The depth to lime is greater in Capac than in the Londo soils. t The Capac soils are major components of the Kf, K1, and S1 map units and are minor inclusions in the My map unit. The soil management group is 2.5b. Capac soils have a good potential for farm crops. The seasonally high water table requires artificial drainage for optimum crop yields. Wet 1 3-22 l

I I I depressions in some areas with slow runoff of water; wide crop adapt-ability; poor to fair bearing capacity for farm machinery during wet periods are some of the limitations of this soil series. The potential for production of hardwoods and conifers is low to high depending on the degree of wetness. Seasonal high water table limits root development, drainage required before planting, and windthrow hazard is severe. The recreation potential is severely limited by the high seasonal water g table, especially in the spring. Surface layer is soft and muddy 3 when wet, dries out slowly in spring and after rain. l Charity Series The Charity soils consist of poorly drained soils developed in highly E calcareous stratified lacustrine clay and silty clay materials. These B soils occur on nearly level till and lake plains. A few snail shells are distributed throughout the profile and on the I-soil surface. Some lime spots and concretions are observed in the B229 and C horizons. Some black Mn segregations are seen on the ped faces. The ped surfaces are smooth with gray (5Y 5/1) color. Few root channels I are seen throughout the pedon. The silty partings in the C horizon are strongly calcareous. These soils are major components of the B. Tc, TcIII and We map units and are minor inclusions to the To map unit in the 1933 soil survey of Saginaw County. The soil management group I is ic-c. l Charity soils have a moderate potential for farm crops. Limitations I include high water table and slow surface drainage; artificial drainage E is needed for good crop production, but is difficult to obtain; slow permeability; high natural fertility; poor workability when wet; and poor bearing capacity for farm machinery during wet periods. Commonly I deficient in maganese and/or zinc. l l The potential for production of hardwoods and conifers is low to I medium. The high water table limits root development, unless drained; and the windthrow hazard is severe. g The recreation potential is severely limited by the high water table; 3 slow dryout in spring and after rain; surface layer is muddy and sticky when wet; and the soil has poor bearing capacity for foot and vehicle traffic during wet periods. l Colwood Series The r71 wood series consists of poorly drained soils developed in stratified very fine sand and silt. These soils occur on nearly level to depressional areas on outwash and lake plains. I 3-23

I The thickness of the solum ranges from 15 to 38 inches but is dominantly I 24 to 38 inches. The permeability is moderate. Thickness of surface horizon ranges from 10 to 11 inches. These soils are mostly used for corn and bean production. The Colwood series is associated with Parkhill, Kibbie and Sisson (formerly Tuscola) soils in Saginaw County. It is a minor component of the Bk, Gd and Tv map units. Colwood soils are the poorly drained member of the Sisson, Tuscola, Kibbie and Colwood 4 toposequence developed in stratified lacustrine silts and very fine sands. The soil management group is 2.5c-s. Colwood soils have a good to moderate potential for farm crops. I Limitations include high water table; artificial drainage required for optimum crop yields; drainage is difficult to obtain in some areas. because of silts and fine sands below 24 inches; fair bearing capacity I for farm machinery during wet periods; and if drainage cannot be obtained, limitation increases. g The potential for production of hardwoods and conifers is low to g medium. The high water table limits root development and the windthrow hazard is severe. The recreation potential is severely limited by high water table; surface that is muddy and soft when wet; and slow to dry out in spring and after rain. Water stands and ponds on the surface. 5 Conover Series I The Conover series consists of somewhat poorly drained soils developed in loam or silt loam till. These soils occur on nearly level to gently sloping till or lake p'ains. The C horizons contain free carbonates. The thickness of Ap horizon ranges from 8 to 10 inches while the solum thickness as depth to carbonates range from 18 to 32 inches. The poorly drained Parkhill soils are in a drainage sequence with the Conover series. The Conover soils are a major component of the Cl map unit and a minor j component of the Ay, Bk, B1 and BlIII map units in Saginaw County.

s The soil management group is 2.5b.

! E Conover soils have a good potential for farm crops. Limitations include j seasonal high water table; artificial drainage required for optimum crop yields; slow runoff in some wet depressions; wide crop adaptability; and poor to fair capacity for supporting farm machinery during wet periods. The potential for production of hardwoods and conifers is low to medium depending on the degree of wetness. The seasonal high water table limits root development. Tile recreation potential is moderately limited by a seasonally high water tdble, especially in spring; slow dry out in spring and after rain; and poor capacity for supporting foot' traffic and vehicles when wet. g 3 24

E I Corunna Series _ The Corunna soils are naturally poorly drained soils developed in sandy loam materials 20 to 40 inches thick over loam to silty clay loam till. I They occur on nearly level to depressional areas on till and lake plains. The water table is at or near the surface throughout the year. The solum ranges from slightly acid to mildTy alkaline in reaction. The Ap horizon ranges from very dark gray to very dark brown (10VR 2/2) in color and from sandy loam to loam in texture. The texture of the B219 I horizon ranges from sandy loam to loam. The B229 and B23g horizons W include hues of 10YR, 2.5Y, and SY, a value of 5 or 6, and a chroma of 1 or 2. The depth to the mildly alkaline or calcareous IIC horizcn ranges from 18 to 40 inches. The IIClg torizon ranges from loam to I silty clay loam in texture. (he Corunna soils have finer textured A and B horizons than the Belleville soils and coarser sola than the Parkhill soils. They are a major component of the W map unit and a minor component of the My map unit in Saginaw County. The soil management group is 3/2c. Corunna soils have a good to moderate potential for farm crops. Limitations include high water table; artificial drainage increases crop yields; I slow runoff and wet depressions; slow dryout and warm up in spring; wide crop adaptability; high natural fertility; and poor to good bearing capacity for farm machinery during wet periods. The potential for production of hardwoods and conifers is low to medium. High water table limits root development and the windthrow hazard is severe. The recreation potential is moderately limited by seasonally high water tables; slow dryout in spring and after rain; and water stintis on surface for extended periods. Covert Series The Covert series consist, of moderately well draina6 soils developed in deep sands. These soils occur on nearly level to undulating outwash and lake plains. Very little ortstein is observed in the B horizon. Ground water table fa is commonly in the vicinity of f0 inches and seasonally higher. Covert 'S soils are minor inc usions in Ar, Bf and Ss map units on the 1933 survey of Saginaw County. These soils are better drained than Pipestone and Kingsville soils, but less well dained Ldan the Rubicon - mesic variant - g soils in the county. The slooes ange from 0 to 3 percent. The soil W management group is Sa. I 3-25 5

I l Covert soils have a moderate to poor poter.tial for farm crops depending on slope. Limitations include droughtiness and wind erosion; low natural fertility; narrow crop adaptability unless irrigated; and good ( bearing capacity for farm machinery. The potential for production of hardwoods is low to high; for conifers medium to high. The recreation potential is moderate on A, B, and C slopes and poor on D, E, and F slopes. Limitations include sandy slopes; good bearing capacity for foot traffic; dries out quickly in spring and after rain; and dusty and blows readily when dry. Gilford Series ) The Gilford soils are naturally poorly drained and developed in stratified coarse-loamy materials over sand and gravel substrata on outwash plains I or along sandy beach ridges. They occur on nearly level to depressional areas with high water tables throughout the year, f A layer of muck 5 to 7 inches thick overlies the surface in the deeper depressions. There is also a very dark grayish-brown (10YR 3/2) A12 horizon 3 to 5 inches thick in some areas. The texture of the A and B horizons is loamy sand, sandy loam, or coarse sandy loam. In places, I these horizons consist of weakly stratifiad loamy sand and sandy loam. The depth to the calcareous sand and gr r is dominantly 30 to 42 inches. i The reaction, of the A and B horizons ranges from neutral to moderately l al kal ine. Gilford soils have a grayer B horizon and are more poorly drained than Wasepi soils. They are finer textured in the upper part of the profile than Granby soils. The Gilford soils occur as major components of the Nf map unit and minor inclusions in the F1, Gd, 01 and 0y map units in Saginaw County. The soil management group is 4c. I Gilford soils have a moderate potential for farm crops. Limitations include high water table; sandy material below 18 to 42 inches; somewhat droughty when drained; slow runoff from wet depressions; and fair bearing capacity for farm machinery. The potential for production of hardwoods and conifers is low to medium. The high water table limits root development and windthrow hazard is I severe. The recreation potential is poor. Limitations include high water table; wet depressions subject to ponding; soft and muddy when wet; and slow to dry out in spring and after rain. 3-26 l B L

l l Granby Series The Granby soils are naturally poorly drained and are developed in deep l sands, over 40 inches thick. They occur on nearly level to depressional l areas on outwash plains or along sandy beaches on lake plains. The water table is high throughout the year. Solum thickness ranges from 24 to 52 inches. The solum ranges from medium acid to neutral in the upper 30 inches and from neutral to moderately alkaline at depths of 30 tp 60 inches. The Ap horizon is black (10YR 2/1), very dark brown (10YR 2/2), very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), very dark gray (10YR 3/1), or black (10YR 2/1, N 2/0). Some pedons have a very dark gray (10YR 3/2) A12 horizon 2 to 6 inches thick. The A horizon is sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, fine sand, I fine sandy loam or sandy loam and ranges from 10 to 16 inches in thickness. The B horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or SY, value of 4, 5, I or 6, and chroma of 2 or less. Mottles have chroma ranging from 1 to 6 and range from few to many and fine to coarse. The B horizon is I fine sand, sand, loamy sand, and loamy fine sand. It has weak sub-angular blocky or weak granular structure or single grained. The C horizon is sand or fine sand. The Granby soils have coarser textured profiles than the Gilford soils. Both are major components of the Nf map unit in Saginaw County. The Granby soils are also minor components of the Bf and W map units. The soil management group is Sc. Granby soils have a moderate potential for farm crops. Limitations include high water table; materials flow when wet; ditch banks unstable; droughty when drained; and wet depressions with slow runoff. Severe limitations if not drainable, and fair to good bearing capacity for farm machinery when wet. Productivity for both hardwoods and conifers is low; high water table limits root development; natural fertility is low; and windthrow hazard is severe. Recreation potential it poor. Limitations include high water table; wet depressions; slow to dryout in spring and after rain. Kilmanagh Series The Kilmanagh soils are naturally poorly drained and developed in more compact (very firm) loamy till than the Brookston or Parkhill soils. They occur on nearly level or depressional areas of till or lake plains. I The water table is high throughout the year. B Solum thickness and depth to carbonates ranges from 11 to 4a inches. RE. action throughout the solum ranges from slightly acid to midly alkaline. l The Ap horizon is very dark gray (10YR 3/1) or very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) with a dry color of light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) or grayish 3-27 l

l brown (10YR 5/2). It is loam, cobbly loam, sandy loam, or clay loam. The B2g horizon is gray (10YR 5/1) or grayish brown (10YR 5/2). Mottles are few to many, fine or medium faint to prominent with hues of 10Yr or 7.5R, values of 4 or 5, and chromas of 4 through 6. The 10 to 40 inches control section averages 18 to 27 percent clay and from 40 to 60 percent fine sand and coarser. The C horizons are lotm or heavy sardy loam calcareous till. The C2 horizon is massive or has coarse platy structure. It is firm or very firm and deeper than 74 inches. I Kilmanagh soils are the poorly drained member of a toposequence with j Shebeon soils. They are a major component of the B1 unit in Saginaw j County. They differ from Parkhill soils in the presence of the compact j till in the lower part of the profile, within 24 to 40 inches depth. The soil management group is 2.5c-d. { Kilmanagh soils have a good potential for farm crops. Limitations are high water table; artificial drainage required for optimum crop yields; slow runoff from wet depressions; wide crop adaptability; and poor to fair bearing capacity for farm machinery during wet periods. Low to medium productivity for both hardwoods and conifers. High water table limits root development, and windthrow hazard is severe. Recreation potential is low. Limitations include high water table; sticky and muddy when wet; slow to dry out in spring and after rain; and poor bearing capacity for vehicles and foot traffic when wet. i I Kingsville Series The Kingsville series consists of poorly drained soils developed in deep sands. These soils occur on nearly level to slightly depressional areas on outwash plains and lake plains. The water table is at or near the surface throughout the year. In some areas, fine sand occurs below 36 inches. In some areas the surface layer is muck or mucky sand. The Kingsville is more poorly drained than Rubicon mesic variant, Covert and Pipestone soils. Kingsville soils are developed in coarser stands than t5 Edford soils. The Kingsvil'.e soils are major components of the Ar, Gd or Ss map units and minor inclusions in the Nf unit in Saginaw County. The soil manage-ment group is Sc. Kingsville soils have a moderate potential for farm crops. Limitations include high water table; artificial drainage required for optimu" crop yields; materials flow when wet; ditch banks unstable; droughty when drained; slow runoff in wet depressions; moderate crop adapt-ability; and severe limitation if not drainable. Fair to good bearing capacity for farm machinery when wet. l 3-28

I I i i l Low productivity for both hardwoods and conifers. High water table limits root development; windthrow hazard is severe; low natural fertility; droughty when drained; and not usually planted to trees. Recreation potential is low. Limitations include high water table; sticky and muddy when wet; slow to dry out in spring and after rain; } and poor bearing capacity for vehicles and foot traffic when wet. Macomb Series i The Macomb serier are somewhat poorly drained, nearly level and gently sloping soils. Tney formed in a thin layer (20 to 40 inches) of loanly gravelly outwash underlain by loamy textured glacial till. They occur I on lake plains and till plains. The solum ranges from 24 to 40 inches in thickness and coincides with E depth to effervescent material. The reaction of the solum ranges from B medium acid to neutral. Pebbles range from 3 percent to 20 percent in the solum, 20 percent to 40 percent in the Cl horizon, and 3 percent i to 10 percent in the C2 horizon. The Ap horizon is very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) or very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam. The B horizon has colors with a hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 through 6 and chroma of 3, 4, or 6 and is mottled in the lower part. The l texture is clay loam, gravelly clay loam, sandy clay loam, gravelly ) sandy clay loam, heavy loam, or loam. The C horizon consists of two layers. The upper part is pale brown (10YR 6/5) or light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) and is mottled. The texture is gravelly sand, gravelly loamy sand, or gravelly sandy loam. The lower part is brown (10YR 5/3) or yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, 5/6) and is mottled. The texture is clay loam, loam, or silty clay loam. The Macomb soils in most landscapes are near the Matherton soils. Macomb soils have more silt and clay in the underlying material within 40 inches than the Matherton soils. The Macomb soils are a major component of the My unit in Saginaw County. They are somewhat better drained than the more poorly drained more level or depressional Berville soils in similar materials in this same unit. The soil management group is 3/2b. Macomb soils have a good potential for farm crops. Limitations include high water table; artificial drainage required for optimum crop yields; slow runoff in wet depressions; slow to dry out and warm up in spring; wide crop adaptability when drained; high natural fertility; and poor bearing capacity for farm machinery during wet periods. 3-29 l B l

Law to medium productivity for both hardwoods and conifers. Seasonal high water table limits root development, and windthrow hazard is severe. Recreation potential is moderate. Limitations include high water table; wet depressions that have severe limitations; soft and muddy when wet; and fair to poor bearing capacity for vehicle and foot traffic when I wet; and dries outslowly. Parkhill Series The Parkhill series consists of poorly drained soils developed in calcareous coarse clay loam to loam till. These soils occur on nearly level and depressional till plains. The sola are usually about 30 inches thick and they range from 24 to i 36 inches in thickness. This is the same as the depth to carbonates. l The thickness of epipedon ranges from 8 to 10 inches in various parts of the county. Slopes range from 0 to 1 percent. These soils are i used here mostly for corn and small grains. Parkhill soils are the most extensive soils in the county. They are major components of the Bc, Bk, B1, BlIII, C1 and My map units on the 1933 soil map of Saginaw County. Parkhill series is also a mapping inclusion in the Ay, Cw, I Gd, K1, S1, Tv, W, and We map units. The soil management group is 2.5c. Parnhill soils have a good potential for farm crops. Limitations include high water table; artificial drainagc required for optimum crop yields; wet depressions and slow runoff of water; wide crop adaptability; and poor to fair bearing capacity for farm machinery during wet periods. Low to medium productivity fo* both hardwoods and conifers. High water table limits root development, and windthrow hazard is severe. The recreation potential is poor. Limitations include high water table; itidy and muddy when wet; poor bearing capacity for vehicles and foot ti affic when wet; and slow dryout in spring and following rain. rella Series The Pella soils are naturally poorly drained and developed in stratified lacustrine silts. They occur on nearly level to depressional areas on lake plains. The water table is high throughout the year. The solun ranges from 20 to 40 inches in thickness and is slightly acid to mildly alkaline. Pebble content is less than 1 percent throughout the solum. The Ap horizon is very dark brown (10YR 2/2), black (10YR 2/1) or very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt loam or loam. 3-30

B B J The Bg horizon is very dark gray (10YR 3/1), dark gray (10YR 4/1), or gray (10YR 5/1, 6/1) (5Y 5/1, 6/1) and is mottled. The Cg horizon is gray (5Y 5/1, 6/l) and is mottled. The Pella soils in most landscapes are near the Kibbie and Colwood soils. Pella soils are more gray in the subsoil than the Kibbie soils. They have less sand in the subsoil than the Kibbie and Colwcod soils. The Pella soils are major components of the Cc, CcIII, and Cw map units and are minor inclusions in the To map unit in Saginaw County. The I soil management group is 2.5c-s. Pella soils have a good potential for farm crops. Limitations include p a high water table; artificial drainage required for optimum crop yields; slow runoff in wet depressions; drainage difficult to obtain in v some areas because of silts and fine sands below 34 inches; and fair bearing capacity for farm machinery during wet periods. Low to medium productivity for both hardwoods and conifers. High water ^ table limits root development; and windthrow hazard is severe. I The recreation potential is low. Limitations include high water table; sticky and muddy when wet; slow to dry out in spring and after rain; and poor bearing capacity for vehicles and foot traffic when wet. P_ipestone Series I The Pipestone series consists of somewhat poorly drained soils developed in deep sands. These soils occur on nearly level till or outwash plains with slopes ranging from 0 to 2 percent. The Pipestone soils are better drained than the Kingsville soils, but more poorly drained than the Covert and Rubicon (mesic variant) soils. I These soils lack the cemented Bhir horizon of the Saugatuck soils and also lack the finer-textured underlying material of the Wixom and Arenac soils. Pipestone soils are a major component of the Ss map unit of Saginaw County. Depth to carbonates range from 36 to 40 inches and the slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. The soil management group is 5b. Pipestone soils have a moderate potential for farm crops. Limitations include seasonally high water table; drainage required for optimum crop I yields; low to medium crop adaptability; low natural fertility; and fair to good bearing capacity for farm machinery during wet periods. Low to medium productivity for both hardwoods and conifers. High water 4 table limits root development, and windthrow hazard is severe. The recreation potential is moderately limited by seasonally high water I tables; slow dry out in spring and after rain; and water stands on surface for extended periods. 3-31

s d'" Section 4 AVIFAUNA METHODS Bird censuses were conducted in communities representative of each of the 13 natural vegetction cover types previously described (excluding ] agricultural land) in fall of 1978 and spring and early sumer of 1979. Census techniques included modified Emlen Transect Counts (Emlen,1971), complete censuses (of small communities), and direct counts of flocking birds. Bird species observed during other field work were also recorded. The fall censuses were conducted from October 7 to 14,1978. Based on our field observations and conversations with local bird watchers (including J Dr. Eldon Enger, professor of Biology, Delta Community College), the majority of migrating songbird species passed through the study area during the first three weeks of September. Because cf,this and the scarcity of birds in the study area (several Emlen Transect Counts B yielded no bird data), we focused on obtaining species lists with relative abundances of birds in each cover type. The spring censuses were conducted from May 17 to 20,1979. This ceincided with the peak migration of warblers and most other songbirds through the area. The summer censuses, conducted June 11 to 15,1979, coincided 8 with the nesting season for most songbird species which breed in Bay, Midland, Saginaw, and surrounding counties. In each sampling season, censuses were repeated three times on con-I secutive mornings. All birds seen or heard vare recorded, and the lateral distance of each bird from the transect line noted. I However, because of the small number of birds of any given species in the samples, no attempt was made to calt.ulate coefficients of detectability or absolute densities for each species as suggested by Emlen (1971). Diversity indices for each cover type (except Wet Meadow and Shrub Swamp communities for which data were combined) for spring and summer were calculated by the Shannon-Wiener Information Measure (Wilson and Bossert,1971 ) : s = - ) ; p log P H g 9 g i=1 4-1

4 I I where: H is the diversity index; s s is the number of species in the group; th P is the proportion of all birds in the i ta m g Equitability indices were then developed according to the formula (Krebs,1972) : E = H/H I where: E = equitability (range 0-1) H = calculated species diversity (H above) 3 H = maximum species diversity = log 2 s max Detailed observations of waterbird use of the Midland Nuclear Plant's cooling pond were beyond the scope of this project. However, an Asplundh Environmental Services' consultant has conducted observations I there since April 20, 1979, as part of another study for Consumers Power Company. Observations related to the portion of the right-of-way within the plant site are included under Observations at the Midland Site. Table 4-7 at the end of this section of the report contains i comon and scientific names for bird species mentioned. RESULTS OF FALL CENSUSES Table 4-1 summarizes results of the fall censuses and informal obser-vations of birds in the study area. A total of 32 species were observed. Large flocks of white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) and I yellow-rumped warblers (Dendroica coronata) were seen; other common species were cedar waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum), blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), and American robin (Turdus migratorius). Because of the late-ness of the censusing, only two species of warblers--the yellow-rumped and the Nashville warbler (Vermivora ruficapilla)--were seen. J No endangered or rare avian species were observed during fall field 's work, but one threatened species--marsh hawk (Circus cyaneus)--was seen. Several marsh hawks were sighted overhead near stands of mature conifers. One individual was observed resting in a pine stand. Since mature conifer communities are not a preferred habitat of this species, it is assumed that the hawks were merely using these stands as resting sites during their migration south. RESULTS OF SPRING CENSUSES Table 4-2 summarizes results' of the spring censuses in the study area. A total of 77 species were observed, more than twice as many as detected during the fall of 1978. Bird diversity was highest in the hardwood cover types; and lowest in the mature upland coniferous woods type (MUC), which I lacks vegetational diversity, and in the treeless cover types--old field (0F), shrub old field (S0F), bog (B), wet meadow (WM), and shrub swamp (SS). 4-2

W M W. M M M M M M m M M M M M M W W M Table 4-1 BIRD SPECIES OBSERVED IN TiiE STUDY AREA DURING FALL FIELD WORK, OCTOBER 7-14, 1978. For bird species encountered infrequently, numbers of contacts are given. Parentheses ( ) indicate birds observed flying overhead. C = species encountered frequently or several flocks observed. YUW PUW MUW YUC MUC YLH PLil MLil 0F SOF SS WM B AG Canada goose 1* 7 Turkey vulture (1) Red-tailed hawk (1 ) Marsh hawk (3)1 American kestrel (1) 1 1 (2) (1) (5) Ruffed grouse 1 1 5 1 Ring-necked pheasant 1 2 Killdeer 2 American woodcock 2 1 2 50+ Ring-billed gull A d> Connon flicker 1 Red-bellied woodpecker 1 1 11 airy woodpecker 1 Downy woodpecker 1 1 1 Blue jay C 2 1 C C 2 2 Common crow 2 (1 ) Black-capped chickadee C C 2 1 C C (C) (C) 2 C Tufted titmouse C C White-breasted nuthatch C 3 C (1) American robin C C C 1 1 Cedar Waxwing C C Nashville warbler 1 Yellow-rumped warbler C C C (C) Eastern meadowlark (C) 4 2 Red-winged blackbird C C Cardinal 1 1 1 American goldfinch (C) C C Rufous-sided towhee C C C C C Dark-eyed junco C C 1 C C C C 1 Field sparrow C 1 C C C White-throated sparrow C C C 1 C C C C 1 Song sparrow C C C o Carcass found under transmission line at Midland Plant Site.

T: bis 4 2 RE30LTS OF BIRD CEN3USING By TRAN5ECT AND STRIP-CEh5US COUNTS. MAY 17-20, 1979. COMMUNITY 0 SPECIES MUC CF 8 YLH PUH YUC PLH MLH SOF YUH PUH TOTALS Great blue heron 1 1 Blue-winged teal 4 4 Wood duck 5 5 Cooper's hawk 1 1 Parsh hawk 1 1 Ruffed grouse 2 1 2 5 4 14 Rtn9-nwched pheasant 1 1 Ellideer 1 1 American woodcock

• 1 f 5 6

Mourning dove 1 1 1 1 4 1 9 Yellow-billed cuckoo 1 1 Black-btlled cuckoo 1 1 3 1 1 2 9 Cowen flicker 3 1 1 5 Red-be11ted woodpecker 1 2 3 Red-headed woodpecker 1 2 1 4 Hairy woodpecker 3 3 Cowny woodpecker 3 1 2 1 7 Eastern kingbird 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 9 Great-crested flycatcher 6 3 2 1 1 1 14 Least flycatcher 1 3 1 1 6 I Eastern wood pewee 1 4 2 2 9 Horned Ierk 6 6 Tree swallew 1 1 Blue Jay 3 2 1 7 4 1 4 2 4 28 Cowen crow 1 1 2 13 1 1 3 1 23 81ack-capped chickadee 3 6 3 5 1 3 2 23 Tufted titmouse 2 1 6 9 White-breasted nuthatch 3 1 3 7 Brown creeper 1 1 Gray catbird 2 3 1 5 1 6 1 2 21 Brown thrasher 1 1 2 I American robin 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 3 14 Wood thrush 2 2 3 3 1 2 1 14 Vee ry 1 1 1 1 5 4 13 Blue-gray gnatcatcher 1 4 2 2 9 Ruby-crowned kinglet 1 1 I Cedar waxwing 7 2 9 Yellow-throated vireo 4 1 5 Red-eyed vireo 1 7 2 1 3 2 6 22 Warbling vireo 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 10 Black and-white warbler 1 2 4 4 1 12 I Prothonotary warbler 1 1 Blue-winged warbler 1 1 5 3 2 12 Tennessee warbler 6 1 1 2 10 Mashv111e warbler 9 1 1 2 2 15 Yellow warbler 12 2 2 1 1 6 1 25 Magnolia warbler 1 1 2 I Black-throated blue warbler 1 1 2 Yellow-rumped warbler 1 1 Black-throated green warbler 1 1 1 3 6 Chestnut-sided warbler 3 4 1 1 9 Bay-breasted warbler 4 1 1 6 Blackpoll warbler 1 1 1 1 4 Ovenbi rd 2 2 3 10 2 8 27 Conmen yellowthroat 16 5 2 2 2 3 1 31 Yellow-breasted chat 1 1 2 Hooded warbler 2 2 I Wilson's warbler 1 1 2 Canada warbler 1 1 3 5 American redstart 4 1 5 Eastern meadowlark 3 3 Red-winged blackbird 33 1 19 1 1 55 horthern ortole 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 2 30 I Cowen grackle 1 1 2 Brown-headed cowbird 1 1 1 7 1 11 Scarlet tanager 1 2 2 3 1 2 11 l Cardinal 4 1 2 2 6 1 5 4 25 Rose-breasted grosbeak 3 3 1 2 3 3 15 I Indigo bunting 4 1 1 7 11 1 25 l American goldfinch 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 13 Rufous-sided towhee 2 1 2 5 3 4 5 22 Savannah sparrow 5 5 Vesper sparrow

• 4 4

I Chipping sparrow 1 I Field sparrow I 9 8 1 19 White throated sparmw 5 1 6 Song sparrow 6 7 1 1 3 18 I Total Birds 7 30 105 42 99 71 58 112 52 38 101 59 775 j Total Species 3 10 24 24 34 24 20 27 21 20 38 30 Equitabtfity Indes 0.92 0.90 0.77 0.14 0.93 0.91 0.81 0.96 C.94 0.88 0.95 0.93 ...st,n, 4-4

p ( Only 3 species were observed in the mature upland coniferous woods type [ (MUC)'and only 10 in the old field type (OF); at least 20 species were - ( -seen in each of the other cover types. The largest number of species (37) was found:in the pole-sized lowland hardwoods. type (PLH). Two threatened species--marsh hawk and Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii)-- were.seen flying overhead during the spring censuses. Important game 4 species seen included blue-winged teal (Anas discors),' wood duck-(Aix sponsa), ruffed grouse. (Bonasa umbellus). ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicu?), and American woodcock (Philohela minor). Small. flocks of C mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), wood ducks, and blue-winged ~ teal frequented ( Communities.32 and 33 along the. North Branch of the Bad. River prior to h the spring censuses, when the water there was 4 ' feet deep in spots. How-ever, at the time of the sering cer.suses, the maximum water depth in these two communities was,less than 1-foot. Fourteen ruffed grouse were flushed during the censuses. Six American woodcock, including a nesting female, were seen. Only one ring-necked pheasant was seen; however, pheasant tracks and droppings were.found in several locales in the study area, and several pheasants were observed on lands adjacent to the study area. Noteworthy sightings during late spring that did not occur during the 3 censuses included: a male Connecticut warbler (0poronis agilis) at an ~. old field--pole-sized lowland hardwoods edge; a bobwhite quail (Colinus ( virginianus) (in an old field); and two black-crowned night-herons ( (Nycticorax n'ycticorax) (a rare species) in a dead tree in an old field near the North Branch of the Bad River. Connecticut warblers are not officially ~. recognized as rare in Michigan, but they are seldom seen in h south-central Michigan. RESULTS 0F SUMMER CENSUSES Table 4-3 gives results of the summer breeding bird censuses in the study area. A tota 1Jof 54 species were observed. We were able to confirm that 17 species were nesti y in the study area (Table 4-3, note asterisks); h. most of the other 37 species detected probably also nested in or near the 7 study area. Bird diversity was highest in the pole-sized upland hardwoods (PUH), young upland hardwoods (YUH), and young upland coniferous woods -(YUC) types. As in the case of the spring censuses, the number of species (2) and di-versity _index' (0.11) for the r3ture upland coniferous woods type (MUC) were :very low' in comparison with data for the other cover types. ~ .No endangered, threatened, or _ rare species were observed during the summer censuses. Game. species observed included ruffed-grouse (16, including f

onel brood'of 7 young) an.d. American woodcock (4). No ring-necked pheasants were seen in the study area, but as'in the spring, several were observed on adjacent lands.

4-5

Table 4-3 PESULTS CF BIRD CENSUSI'G BY TRANSECT AND STRIP-CENSUS COUNTS JUNE 11-15, 1979. C0mdNITY I SPECIES MUC OF B YLH MUH YUC FLH MLH SOF YUH PUH TOTALS Acerican heltrel 1 1 Ruffed grouse

• 1 13 2

16 Killdeer 4 4 kerican woodcock

• 1 1

Mourning dove 2 1 3 Yellow-billed cu koo 1 1 1 1 2 6 Black-billed cuckoo 1 1 1 3 Comon flicker 1 1 2 4 Red-tellied woodpecker 2 2 Red-readed woodpecker 1 1 Hairy woodpecker 1 2 3 Great-crested flycatcher

• 1 1

1 1 2 6 Alder flycatcher 1 1 Eastern wood pewee 3 1 4 2 6 2 18 Blue jay 1 1 2 3 1 ? 10 Common crow 1 1 3 5 Black-capped chickadee 13 1 2 18 2 3 10 49 Tufted titmouse 2 1 3 White-breasted nuthatch

• 5 1

6 Gray catbird

• 5 2

2 1 10 Brown tnasher 1 1 Arerican robin 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 2 2 16 Wood thrush

• 3 1

4 Veery 1 8 2 2 13 Cedar waxwing 3 1 2 2 2 10 l Starling 1 1 2 Yellow-throated s ireo 1 1 Fed-eyed vireo

• 2 1

3 6 Warbling vireo

• 3 1

1 5 Golden-winged warbler 1 2 4 7 Blue winged warbler

• 3 1

4 'tashville warbler 1 1 1 3 Yellcw warbler

• 16 1

1 3 3 24 Chestnu.-sided warbler 1 1 ovenbi rd 5 3 4 5 17 m como1 yellowthroat

• 8 7

1 5 6 28 Bobolink 4 4 Eastern meadowlark 2 1 3 Pad-winged blackbird

• 6 21 4

3 34 Northern oriole 3 1 2 3 4 4 1 1 19 Comon grackle 1 1 Brown-headed cowbird 5 5 Scarlet tanager 1 1 1 3 Cardinal

• 1 1

3 3 2 1 4 6 3 24 Rose-breasted grosbeak 1 3 1 1 1 7 Indigo bunting 2 2 4 3 1 7 1 9 6 4 39 herican 901dfinch 2 5 2 2 1 12 Rufous-sided towhee

• 1 4

6 2 6 19 Savannah sparrow 5 5 Vesper sparrow 1 1 Tree swallow

• 5 5

Chipping sparrow 1 1 Field sparrow

• 1 4

7 3 15 J Sora sparrow

• 6 4

4 1 1 5 21 Total Birds 14 34 82 37 53 40 25 56 13 33 55 70 512 Total Species 2 11 17 21 18 21 10 15 8 12 21 25 Diversity Index 0.11 0.83 0.99 1.14 1.12 1.24 0.91 0.96 0.84 0.92 1.23 1... Equitabality Inden 0.36 0.78 0.80 0.86 0.89 0.94 0.91 0.54 0.93 0.85 0.93 0.93

• Confirmed as nesting in the study area.

L F 4-6 L i J

m ? M unusual sightings of avifauna were made during the censuses. However, later in the summer, a nesting pair of green herons (Butorides virescens) was found in Community 10 (see Map 3.2 in Appendix A), and a great horned owl (Eubo virginianus) observed in a dead tree in an old field north of Gary Road. OBSERVATIONS AT THE MIDLAND PLANT SITE

• Forty-three species of waterbirds were observed on the Midland Plant's cooling pond from April 20 to September 15, 1979. These species included a variety of fish-eating birds such as the common loon (Gavia immer),

double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus), red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator), white pelican (P_elacanus erythrorhunchos), common ] egret (Casmerodius albus), common tern (Sterna hirundo), and all 5 species of grebes (Podiceps spp; Podilymbus spp.) of the east-central United States. Although the pond and the adjacent Dow Chemical Company's I tertiary treatment pond were the primary attractions for most of the waterbird species seen at or near the Plant Site, a considerable number of species were seen flying over the right-of-way between the Plant's pond and the Tittabawassee River (Table 4-4). Such species I included twe endangered species--the double-crested cormorant and comon tern; one threatened species--Caspian tern (Sterna caspia); and two rare species--comon loon and black-crowned night heron. Three cormorants were first observed in tall cottonwoods (Populus deltc ides) along the Tittabawassee River about 500 feet north of Comuaity 112 (see Map 3.A, Appendix A) on May 17; they fed on fish in I the pond for the next 2 days. A single cormorant was seen on the pond on May 26. I Common terns were also attracted by the abundance of fish in the cooling pond. Thirty common terns were observed on April 20. These birds continued to use the pond and, to a lesser extent, adjacent .I may have nested nearby; young terns were observed on the pond on stretches of the Tittabawassee River throughout the summer. They several occasions in mid-summer. A few Caspian terns were observed in summer on the cooling pond, the adjacent Dow tertiary pond, and along the Tittabawassee River. However, no more than four Caspian terns were seen at any time, and they did not appear to make regular use of any of these habitats. The cooling pond received substantial use by common loons. Numbers of loons on the pond ranged from 14 in early spring to 4 throughout I most of the summer. Adult, full plumaged loons were seen in late April; thereafter, use of tM pond was by loons in imature plumage. Loons did not nest at the coeling pond. Five pairs of black-crowned night herons roosted in a dense, narrow strip of willows (Salix spp.) and cottonwoods along the Tittabawassee t

• Sumarized in part from Prince ht al.,1979.

4-7

Table 4-4 I l 1 WATERBIRD SPECIES OBSERVED FLYING OVER THE RIGHT-0F-WAY AT THE MIDLAND PLANT SITE l APRIL 20 TO SEPTEMBER 15, 1979. l l t COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Common loon *** Gavia immer Double-crested cormorant

• Phalacrocorax auritus Canada goose Branta canadensis I

Mallard Anas platyrhynchos American widgeon Anas americana Blue-winged teal Anas discors B Killdeer Charadrius vociferus 5 Spotted sandpiper Actitis macularia Lesser yellowlegs Tringa flavipes Herring gull Larus argentatus I Ring-billed gull Larus delawarensis Common tern

• Sterna hirundo Caspian tern **

Sterna caspia I Great blue heron Ardea herodias Black-crowned night heron *** Nycticorax nycticorax_ Green heron Butorides virescens Sanderling Calidris alba

• Endangered I
  • Threatened
    • Rare i

I I I I I I

s ? River about 300 feet from the right-of-way from April 28 to May 19,1979. The birds were seen in the same trees consistently. The week of May 20, the birds moved across the Tittabawassee River to similar habitat owned by Dow Chemical Company. This area was inaccessible to the observers; hence,it was never confimed that the night herons nested there. Eleven young night herons were observed regularly since mid-summer roosting on rip-rap along the Tittabawassee River within 300 feet of tne right-of-way. When flushed,they habitually flew to the clump of trees they had moved J to in late May. One dead immature night heron was found under the transmission lines in late August. 5 Most flights of waterbirds over the right-of-way at the Plant Site are by ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis). A nesting colony of about 1440 adults was established on the baffle dike of the cooling 3 pond during early May. The total population exceeded 3000 after the nesting season. The gulls occasionally fed on fish in the pond; however, most of the feeding occurred in nearby cultivated fields and in the City of Midland. In addition, large numbers (500+) of gulls began " hawking" insects over the Tittabawassee River in and adjacent to the right-of-way in late August. Two red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and two American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were observed throughout the summer on the right-of-way at the Plant Site. One rough-legged hawk (Buteo lagopus) was observed in late August. This sighting was noteworthy because rough-legged hawks summer in northern Canada and are seldom seen in lower Michigan so early, h Other Species Which May be in the Study Area r' According to the Mi:higan Department of Natural Resources (1976)., in addition to the above-mentioned double-crested cormorant and common tern, two other endangered species--peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and Kirtland's warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii)--are found in Michigan. Both are migrants, so they could possibly occur occasionally in the study area,although none were seen. However, neither species nests in the study area; the former no longer breeds in lower Michigan, the latter nests only in certain jack pine communities in northeastern Michigan. In addition to the Caspian tern, Cooper's hawk, and marsh hawk, six other threatened bird species could occur occasionally in the study area: red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus), bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), osprey (Pandion haliaetus), piping plover (Charadrius melodus), barn owl (Tyto alba), and loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) (none were observed). In addition to the comon loon and black-crowned night heron, five other rare or scarce bird species-American bittern (Botaurus l_e ttiginosus), sharp-shinned hawk (Accipiter striatus), pigeon e hawk (Falco columbarius), sandhill crane (Grus canadensis), and barred owl (Strix varia)--could also occur in the study area (none were observed). The bald eagle, osprey, and piping plover are usually observed only I near large bodies of water; therefore, they would likely be found only I 4-9

h ( at the Midland Plant Site. Table 4-5 summarizes habitat requirements and other ecological information for each of the above-mentioned unique species. Numerous avian species not endangered, threatened, or rare, but that are important for recreational and/or economic reasons are (or may be) found in the study area. Included are several species detected during our field work:, red-tailed hawk, American kestrel, rough-legged hawk, great blue heron (Ardea herodias), American woodcock, ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, and Canada goose (Branta canadensis). The latter four are important game species. Other important ird species that are (or may be) found in the study area include various species of diving ducks, dabbling ducks, and other waterbirds; bobwhite quail; screech owl (Otus asio); great horned owl; and saw-whet owl (Aegolius acadicus). The study area also provides habitat for numerous species of both migrant and resident songbirds. Several of the larger agricultural {- fields (particularly in the northern part of the study area) are used for feeding by geese and puddle ducks (mostly mallards). Habitat re-quirements and other ecological information concerning the above-( mentioned recreationally and/or economically important species are ( summarized in Table 4-6. [ 4-10'

o i h I 4 Table 4-5 HABITAT REQUIREMENTS OF ENDANGERED, THREATENED, OR RARE BIRD SPECIES THAT MAY BE FOUND IN THE STUDY AREA OR ELSEWHERE IN BAY, MIDLAND, OR SAGINAW COUNTIES (Information from Robbins et 'al.,1966, and Michigan Department of Natural Resources,1976h a SPECIES HABITAT REQUIREMENTS AND NOTES Common loon Inhabits deep clear lakes and, to -a lesser extent, small 1 Gavia immer ponds and marshy bays where it feeds on fish and other (R.M) aquatic animals. A few individuals stay inlanOduring the winter, but travel no further south than forced by .d ice. Sightings of loons are uncommon in southern I Michigan; the only part of the study area where they occur is the Midland Plant Site. Double-crested cormorant Inhabits areas with large bodies of water where it feeds i Phalacrocorax auritus primarily on fish and crustaceans. Three cormorants (E,M) were seen about 500 feet north of Community 112, roost-ing in large cottorxcods 'along the Tittabawassee River; I also uve the plaat's cooling pond. 3 Cooper's hawk Perches in dens'e, leafy crowns; hunts birds and small I Accipiter cooperii mammals in open. farmland. Favors scattered woodlots (T,M,B) iatsspersed with open farmland for nesting.. Coul d nest throughout the study area. Sharp-shinned hawk Primarily a woodland species where it selects a. clump Accipiter striatus of conifers near a road or other opening for nesting. Tk,M,B) This species does not thrive around settled areas, and I for this reason is unlikely to nest in the study area. Main food staple is small birds. Marsh hawk Marshes, grassy 'swales, and open fields are required Circu_s_ cyaneus for feeding'on staple foods such as frogs, snakes, cray-(T,M,B) fish, large insects, and some small birds. Low meadows and marshy areas are suitable for nesting sites where shrubs and tall weedy growth affords concealment. Marshy sites in the study area are probably too small to be used as nesting sites by this species. Red-shouldered hawk Nests and feeds in and around swamps, river bottoms, and Buteo lineatus other wet woodlands, and is common in farming country (T,M,B) in small woodlots, which provide acceptable -(but not q preferred) nest sites. A few places in tho study area could provide nesting sites and abundant fodd -sources. Red-shouldered hawks nest annually about 10 miles from I the study area in flooded timber in the Shiawassee State Game Area. continued s 4-11

Table 4-5 (Continued) a SPECIES HABITAT REQUIREMENTS AND NOTES Pigeon hawk This species is uncommon in Michigan. It inhabits Falco columbarius woodland openings and the borders of lakes, ponds, and (R.B,M) ma rshes. Food staples include small birds and large insects. It often nests in barns. Bald eagle Seldom found far from water, e.g., lakes, large rivers, Haliaeetus leucocephalus and coastal areas. Large trees are used for nesting; ( T,M,B ) food staple is fish. Necessary nesting and feeding habitats are not found in the study area, except perhaps, at the Midland Plant Site. Osprey Nests in areas with extensive bodies of clear water, Pandion haliaetus with elevated nest sites. Food staple is fish. No (T,M,8) suitable nesting sites appear to exist in the study area; this species may feed occasionally at the Midland Plant Site, ' Peregrine falcon Migrates south along beaches and hunts over wooded Falco peregrinus areas, open country, and coastal areas where it feeds (E,M) on birds (including waterfowl and shorebirds). It is unlikely to see this species in the study area; however, proximity to Saginaw Bay makes it possible. Black-crowned night heron Inhabits areas with extensive marshes where it feeds on Nycticorax nycticorax fish, crustaceans, and aquatic insects. Most nesting (R.M,8) sites are found in dense groves of young trees near water. No suitable nesting sites occur in the study area, but a large breeding colony was found at the mouth of the Saginaw River in Bay County. American bittern Inhabits freshwater marshes where it nests in dense Botaurus lentiginosus stands of cattails or other marsh vegetation in a foot Tii,M,8) or more of water. Food consists of large aquatic in-sects and small fish. Marshy areas in the study area are probably too small to be important to this species. Sandhill crane Inhabits open country, with small marshes, or patches Grus canadensis of prairie country for nesting. Favored foods include (R M) tubers, waste grains, seeds, and berries. No suitable combination of nesting and feeding habitat exists in the study area. Piping plover Nests on loose dry sand flats and on open upper beach. Charadrius melodus Feeds on wet sand shores. No suitable nesting habitat (T,M,B) appears to exist in the study area. l continued i 1 4-12 1

Tabir 4-5 (Concluded) a SPECIES HABITAT REQUIREMENTS AND NOTES Common tern Nests on sandy beaches, small islands, and nonvegetated Sterna hirundo dikes. Feeds primarily on small fish. Common terns (E,B,M) frequent the Midland Plant Pond and may have nested on adjacent land owned by Dow Chemical Company. Caspian tern Inhabits lake shores and coastal areas where it feeds Sterna caspia on fish, small birds, and an occasional egg. It occurs (T,B,M) at the Midland Plant Pond. Barred owl Hunts over adjacent open country where it feeds on mice, Strix varia aquatic life, and other small mammals. Nests in tree (R,M,B) hollows; prefers conifer stands in open country. Barn owl Hunts in open country where it feeds on rodents. Nests Tyto alba in dark sheltered places, e.g., cavities, caves, barns, (T,M,B) silos, and abandoned buildings, many of which are lo-I cated in or near the study area. Birds appear restricted to southern tier of counties in recent years. Loggerhead shrike Inhabits open country with woody growths for nesting I Lanius ludovicianus sites and lookout perches, e.g., hedgerows, scattered (T,M,B) trees, fence and utility poles, and wires. Food con-sists of insects, some mice, and birds. An uncommon species; however, general habitat requirements could De provided throughout the study area. Kirtland's warbler Very specific nesting requirements that include dense l Dendroica kirtlandii young stands of jack pine on Grayling sand. Suitable (E,M) nesting habitat does not occur in the study area; no birds were sighted. a Symbol key: T = threatened B = may breed in the general area R = rare M = seasonal migrant E = endangered I; I I. 4-13

Table 4-6 HABITAT REQUIREMENTS OF BIRD SPECIES OF MAJOR RECREATIONAL AND/OR ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE THAT MAY BE FOUND IN THE STUDY AREA OR ELSEWHERE IN BAY, MIDLAND, OR SAGINAW COUNTIES (Information from Robbins et al.,1966, and Bull and Farrand,1977) a SPECIES HABITAT REQUIREMENTS AND NOTES Whistling swan Migrant. Makes few stops during migration, usually at Olor columbianus the same place. Food consists of underwater plants. (M) Occurs occasionally at the Midland Plant Site. Canada goose Inhabits freshwater bodies, feeding in shallows and Branta canadensis adjacent marshlands. Grain fields are favorite feeding (B,M) areas in the fall. This species was sighted on agri-cultural land in the study area and at the Midland Plant Site. Snow goose Mi grant. Visits stubble fields for waste grain and Anser caerulescens browses on pasture grasses and roots. May seasonally (M) use some sites within the study area. Puddle ducks Wetlands of all types, lakes, ponds, and streams. Fre-Genera Anas and Aix quently feed on waste grain and sometimes acorns. Pro b-(B,M) ably occur at least during spring and fall migrations along streams and on croplands in the study area and at the Midland Plant Site. Diving ducks '!ctlands with water depths of triare tiisii One rcet, lakes, Genera Aythya, Bucephala, and large rivers. Feed primarily in water. Probably Clangula, Lophodytes, occur at the Midland Plant Site and along the Tittaba-Mergus, and Oxyura wassee River. Goshawk Prefers mixed growths and heavy timber. Hunts in Accipiter gentilis clearings and brushy openings. Feeds mainly on small (M) mammals and birds. This species is uncommon in Michigan. Woodlands in the study area are probably not extensive enough to be of importance to this species. Rough-legged hawk Hunts over open grassy areas and fields. Food consists Buteo lagopus mainly of mice. Not known to breed at this latitude, (M) but has been known to winter. Suitable winter habitat could be provided by some sites within the study area. One rough-legged hawk was seen at the Midland Plant Site. Red-tailed hawk Inhabits open woodlands where it nests in stands of I Buteo jamaicensis mature, widely dispersed trees. Avoids open farmland. (B M) Food consists chiefly of rodents and carrion. This l species was sighted overhead in the study area. Suit-able nesting sites are found in the mature lowland I hardwoods (MLH) and the mature upland hardwoods (MUH). l l continued 4-14 i

l l I Table 4-6 (Continued) l a SPECIES HABITAT REQUIREMENTS AND NOTES Broad-winged hawk Inhabits extensive tracts of deciduous forests where it Buteo platypterus nests and feeds. Food consists of frogs, toads, snakes, (B.M) insects, and small mammals. Woodland communities in I the study area, except perhaps the mature lowland hard-woods (MLH), are not extensive enough to be important f to this species. American kestrel Frequents open land, pasture, and croplands with scat-l Falco sparverius tered trees where it spends much time perched in tall (B.M) trees and on utility poles. Nests in natural cavities I or woodpecker holes in or near open land. Food in-cludes insects, mice, and other small mammals. Several kestrels were sighted in the study area, which provides both suitable nesting and feeding habitat. l Ruffed grouse Habitat requirements include a combination of age Bonasa umbellus classes of. aspen for nesting, food, and cover. Several I (B) grouse were sighted in the mature upland hardwoods (MUH) and the lowland hardwoods (YLH, PLH, MLH). Bobwhite quail Inhabits cultivated lands, fields, or recently abandoned Colinus virginianus farmland grown to weeds and briars, brushy pastures, (B) and grassland. Nests in thick clumps of grass, brushy woodland borders, vine tangles, and shrubby fencerows. I Food includes seeds, insects, fruit, and greens. Sev-eral field and brush edges in the study area provide suitable nesting sites. Abundant food sources are also available. Ring-necked pheasant Areas of brushy cover along fences, ditches, and road-Phasianus colchicus sides provide good nesting sites. Good winter cover is ,I (B) important. The study area, with its blend of agri-cultural land and brushy edges, provides good habitat for this species. Great blue heron Inhabits small streams, ponds, lakes, and ditches. Wet Ardea herodias meadows and pastures are common feeding grounds. Food 3 (B,M) includes snakes, insects, mice, frogs, and fish. Col o-l5 nial nests are usually located in isolated islands, in tall trees or shrubs. One heron was observed in the study area in the shrub swamp cover type (SS) near standing water. It is unlikely that this species nests in the study area. j Green heron Inhabits a variety of wetlands; nests in shrubs or trees,

g Butorides virescens sometimes a considerable distance from water.

Probably (B,M) feeds in wetlands and along streams in the study area and may nest in a few locales. I continued 4-15 l

I Table 4-6 (Continued) a SPECIES HABITAT REQUIREMENTS AND NOTES Least bittern Inhabits extensive marsh areas, brooks, or ponds. Nests Ixobrychus exilis in cattails or other marsh vegetation. Food consists (B.M) of small fish, crustaceans, and aquatic and terrestrial I insects. Suitable nesting areas are lacking in the study area. Virginia rail Inhabit and nest in dense marsh vegetation such as cat-I Rallus limicola tails, sedges, and reeds. Food includes seeds, aquatic King rail plants, mollusks, frogs, small fish, and insects. Wet-Rallus elegans lands in the study area do not appear to be large Sora rail enough to be important to these species. Porzana carolina Common gallinula Gallinula chloropus (B,M) l Common snipe Inhabits wet meadows, grassy marshes, and bogs. Feeds l Capella gallinago on insects, small crustaceans, and earthworms. Nests (B,M) in sedge tussocks or fern clump-in boggy marsh edge. American wood;:ock Several woodcock were sighted in the pcle-sized upland Philohela minor hardwoods (PUH) where thick cover and rich soil provide (B,M) suitable nesting and feeding habitat. Other places preferred by this species include alder thickets and moist bottomlands. Main food source is earthworms. Screech owl Inhabits open woodlands, clearings, and orchards. Nests Otus asio in old woodpecker holes and natural cavities. Food in-(B.M) cludes flying insects, moths, frogs, and crayfish. Suitable habitat for this species may be provided in the young upland hardwoods (YUH), mature upland hard-woods (MUH), and mature lowland hardwoods (MLH). ] Great horned owl Oc:urs in many habitats, ranging from deep woods to l Bubo virginianus city parks. Nests in vacated hawk, eagle, and heron (B.M) nests. Food consists primarily of rabbits, with some rode.1ts and birds. With the wide range of habitat, many lites within the study area could provide suitable habita+. 3 Long-eared owl Timber in which to nest and roost seems to be the main l Asio otus requi rement. It nests in vacated crow and squirrel (B,M) nests, preferably in evergreens. Food consists mainly of mice, which it captures over both open and wooded terrain. Several sites within the study area could provide suitable habitat. continued 4-16

Table 4-6 (Concluded) I a SPECIES HABITAT REQUIREMENTS AND NOTES Short-eared owl Inhabits open grasslands, marshes, and dunes. Nests on Asio flammeus the ground in the shelter of tall grass and weeds. Food (B,M) includes mice, insects, and an occasional bird. Both { suitable nest sites and food sources can be found in the study area. Saw-whet owl Inhabits dense woodlands, preferring evergreen and low Aegolius acadicus wet areas. It hunts and roosts close to the ground and (B,M) nests in abandoned woodpecker holes. The young upland coniferous woods (YUC) adjacent to the young lowland I hardwoods (YLH) could provide suitable habitat. a I Symbol key: B =. ay breed in the general area M = seasonal migrant I I I I I I I I I t 4-17 9

I Table 4-7 I COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF AVIFAUNA SPECIES MENTIONED IN THIS REPORT I COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Bittern, American* Botaurus lentiginosus Bittern, least Ixobrychus exilis I Blackbird, red-winged Agelaius phoeniceus Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorous Bunting, indigo Passerina cyanea Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis Catbird, gray Dumetella carolinensis Chat, yellow-breasted Icteria virens Chickadee, black-capped Parus atricapillus I Cormorant, double-crested

• Phalacrocqrax auritus Cowbird, brown-headed Molothrus ater Crane, sandhill
• Grus canadensis Creeper, brown Certhia familiaris I

Crow, common Corvus brachyrhynchos Cuckoo, black-billed Coccyzus erythropthalmus Cuckoo, yellow-billed Coccyzus americanus I Dove, mourning Zenaida macroura Duck, wood Aix sponsa Eagle, bald

• Haliaeetus leucocephalus Egret, common Casmerodius albus I

Falcon, peregrine* Falco peregrinus Flicker, common Colaptes auratus Flycatcher, alder Empidonax alnorum I Flycatcher, great-crested Myiarchus crinitus Flycatcher, least Empidonax minimus Gallinule, common Gallinula chloropus Gnatcatcher, blue-gray Policpti_la caerulea I Goldfinch, American Carduelis tri_s_ tis Goose, Canada Branta canadensis Goose, snow Anser_ caerulescens I Goshawk Accipiter gentilis Grackle, common Quiscalus quiscalus Grebes Podiceps spp.;. Podilymbus spp. I Grosbeak, rose-breasted Pheucticus ludovicianus '~ Grouse, ruffed Bonasa umbellus Gull, herring Larus argentatus Gull, ring-billed Larus delawarensis I Hawk, broad-winged Buteo p_latypterus j Hawk, Cooper's* Accipiter_ cooperii l Hawk, marsh

• Circus cyaneus l

I Hawk, pigeon

• Falco columbarius

{ Hawk, red-shouldered

• Buteo lineatus Hawk, red-tailed Buteo jamaicensis i

continued 4-18

I I Table 4-7 (Continued) COMt"A :.AME SCIENTIFIC NAME Hawk, rough-legged Buteo lagopus Hawk, sharp-shinned

• Accipiter striatus Heron, great blue Ardea herodias I

Heron, green Butorides vi_rescens Heron, black-crowned night

• Nycticorax nycticorax Jay, blue Cyanoc.ta cristiata j

Junco, dark-eyed Junco hyemalis g Kestrel, American Falco sparverius Killdeer Charadrius vociferus Kingbird, eastern Tyrannus tyrannus I Kinglet, ruby-crowned Regulus calendula Lark, horned Eremophila alpestris Loon, common

• Gavia irrrner Mallard.

Anas platyrhynchos I Meadowlark, eastern Sturnella magna Merganser, red-breasted Mergus serrator Nuthatch, white-breasted Sitta carolinensis Oriole, northern Icterus galbula Osprey

• _Pandion haliaetus Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus i

Owl, barn

• Tyto alba Owl, barred
• Strix varia Owl, great horned Bubo virginianus Owl, long-eared Asio otus I

Owl, short-eared Asio flammeus Owl, saw-whet Aegalius acadicus Owl, screech Otus asio I Pelican, white PeTecanus erythrorbunchos Pewee, eastern wood Contopus virens Pheasant, ring-necked Phasianus colchicus Plover, piping

• Charadrius melodus I

Quail, bobwhite Colinus virginianus Rail, king .Rallus elegans Rail, sora Porzane carolina I Rail, Virginia Rallus.imicola Redstart, American Setophaga ruticilla Robin, American Turdus migratorius Sanderling Calidris alba Sandpiper, spotted Actitis macularia Shrike, loggerhead

• Lanius ludovicianus Snipe, common Capella gallinago Sparrow, chipping Spizella passerina Sparrow, field Spizella pusilla Sparrow, savannah Passerculus sandwichensis Sparrow, song Melospiza melodia l

continued 4-19 L

I I Table 4-7. (Concluded) COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Sparrow, vesper Pooecetes gramineus Sparrow, white-throated Zonotrichia_ albicollis Starling Sturnus vulgaris .E Swan, whistling Glor columbianus 5 Swallow, tree Iridoprocne bicolor Tanager, scarlet Piranga olivacea Teal, blue-winged Ahas_discors I Tern, Caspian

• Sterna caspia Tern, common
• Sterna hirundo Thrasher, brown Toxostoma rufum Thrush, wood Hylocichla mustelina I

Titmouse, tufted Parus bicolor Towhee, rufous-sided Pipilo erythrophthalmus Veery Catharus fuscescens I Vireo, red-eyed Vireo olivaceus Vireo, warbling Vireo gilvus Vireo, yellow-throated Vireo flavifrons I Vulture, turkey Cathartes aura Warbler, bay-breasted Dendroica castanea Warbler, black-and-white Mniotilta varia Warbler, blackpoll Der.uivica striata I Warbler, black-throated blue Dendroica caerulescen_s Warbler, black-throated green Dendroica virens Warbler, blue-winged Vermivora pinus Warbler, Canada Wil sonii canadensis Warbler, chestnut-sided Dendroica_ pensylvanica_ Warbler, Connecticut 0porornis_.agilis 5 Warbler, golden-winged Vermivora chrysoptera 3 Warbler, hooded Wilsonia citrina j Warbler, Kirtland's

• Dendroica kirtlandii Warbler, magnolia Dendroica magnol_ia Warbler, Nashville Vermivora ruficapilla Warbler, prothonotary Protonotaria citrea Warbler, Tennessee Vermivora peregrina Warbler, Wilson's Wilsonia pusilla I

Warbler, yellow Dendroica Warbler, yellow-rumped Dendroica coronata Waxwing, cedar Bombycilla cedrorum I Wigeon, American Anas americana Woodcock, American Philohela minor Woodpecker, downy Picoides pubes _cens_ l I Woodpecker, hairy Picoides villosus Woodpecker, red-bellied Melanerpes carolinus Woodpecker, red-headed Melanerpes erythrocephalus i Yellowlegs, lesser Tringa flavipes I Yellowthroat, common Geothlypis trichas

• Species is endangered, threatened, or rare.

4-20

I Sectin 6 MAMMALIAN FAUNA METHODS Live-trapping was conducted in communities representative of each of the 13 natural vegetation cover types (excluding agricultural land) I previously described. Sherman live-traps (LFA 3 x 3.5 x 9") baited with peanut butter and rolled oats or apples were set a minimum of 10 meters apart. Two hundred-fifty trap-nights were conducted in each cover type during October 7 to 14,1978. Pit traps were also constructed in each cover type. In a 3 x 3' sheet of tin, an 8-inch hole was cut. An area on the ground was cleared and ,I a 12-inch hole, dug. The tin with the hole was laid over the hole in the ground. Leaf litter was spread over the tin to disguise it. A drift fence, approximately 6 feet long, was constructed using either logs or minnow seine netting. Hist nets were used to capture bats during June 9 to 27,1979. Trapping sites were selected in the southern portion of the study area between I Gary and Loven Roads, since most of the less disturbed natural vegetation occurs there. l3 Mist nets (110 denier /2 ply /2 3/8" mesh--42 feet long by 21 feet high) 3 were rigged on collapsable metal poles with guy-ropes and pulleys. The 21-foot height was sufficient to capture species such as the endangered

3 Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis), which tends to forage well above ground level (iiumphrey et al., 1977). The nets were set perpendicular to nO rlight paths in natural flyways created by overlapping tree crowns

~ (e.g., along stream courses), or forest edges. An effort was made to I obtain two instances of trapping, or net-nights, at each site, and the position of the net was changed on consecutive nights to prevent bats from learning its location on the advice of A. Kurta, Michigan State University Museum. Nets were attended constantly for 3 hours after dusk. Several times nets were left open and unattended until j dawn, after the initial 3-hour trapping period. Captured animals were held in cloth bags so they could not be recaptured and thus bias sample size during*any given net-night. Since all bats caught were readily identified in the field, no voucher specimens were taken. Large mammals were detected by observations of tracks, scat, and other I signs in fall of 1978 and spring and summer of 1979. Scientific names of mammals mentioned in this report are listed in Table 5-7 at the end of this section. 5-1

I TPAPPING RESULTS Table 5-1 summarizes results of the live-trapping for ground-dwelling mammal s. Only six species were captured in a total of 3250 trap-nights. I

hite-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) constituted 209 of the total

?45 small mammals captured. Trapping success was highest in the mature upland hardwoods and bog cover types, and appeared to be correlated with amount of woody ground cover, rotting logs, and debris. No additional mammals were captured in pit traps. However, two muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) were captured in submerged funnel-traps set for I turtles in the North Branch of the Bad River adjacent to Community 33. Thirteen big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) and two hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus) were caught in 12 net-nights (Table 5-2). The big brown bat is the most frequently encountered bat in southern Michigan (A. Kurta, personal communication). This species is well adapted to the presence of humans, with a preference for man-made structures as roosting and I hibernating sites. Big brown bats were seen and caught at one terrestrial site away from water, but within 100 yards of farm buildings. The capture of two hoary bats is significant because this species is con-sidered " rare or scarce" in Michigan (Michigan Department of Natural Re-sources,1976). According to Barbour and Davis (1969), hoary bats rarely I enter buildings and require natural vegetation to roost and rear young. However, little is known of their distribution and habits in Michigan. Eighty percent of the bat specimens captured were taken over water; I 7 of 15 bats captured were taken at one site over Beaver Creek. Most bat species probably do not forage more than 0.5 to 1.0 mile from their day-roosts during June and early July when young are reared (A. Kurta, I personal c~ommunication). Hence, it can be assumed that suitable roost-ing sites exist for big brown bats and hoary bats near the Beaver Creek site. Based on the above-mentioned foraging range, the vegetation types in which bats could have foraged or roosted around each trapsite I are included in Table 5.2. Most captures occurred durin<; the initial 3-hour trapping period. I leaving nets set until dawn did not substantially improve trapping success; only one animal was taken in this fashion. The relatively small total number of bats captured was probably due in part to decreased bat activity in early June owing to unseasonably cool weather. Placing some nets away from water to sample as many vegetation types as possible also decreased trapping success. Bats I normally forage in far greater numbers over water than over land (Fenton et al., 1973). Bats were almost always observed in the over-water sites, whereas they were seen at only one terrestrial :ite, and in the bog (Community 9) which had very little surface water. Perhaps the most imrortant factor which contributed to the rather poor trapping results; however, was the scarcity of nnural flyways conducive I to high-success trapping. Only two sites w'un overlapping tree crowns over water were found. However, these two sites contributed 11 of the 15 bats captured in only 3 net-nights. Therefore, the potr trapping 'E results are probably not indicative of low bat populations in the 5 vicinity of the study area, but rather, the scarcity of good trapping sites on the study area. 5-2

r M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Table 5-1 MAMMALS CAPTURED IN LIVE-TRAPS IN THE STUDY AREA, OCTOBER 7 TO 14,1978 COVER TYPE SPECIES YUH PUH MUH YUC MUC YLH PLH MLH OF SOF SS WM B TOTALS White-footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus 6 17 57 4 2 6 15 27 7 20 48 209 Deer mouse 10 Peromyscus maniculatus 5 5 Short-tailed shrew Blarina brevicauda 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 6 17 V' Eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus 2 2 4 Meadow vole Microtus pennsyltanicus 2 2 4 Meadow jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius 1 1 Totals 8 20 60 6 3 6 15 27 9 6 8 23 54 245* Trap-Nights 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 3,250* Percent Success 3.2 8.0 24.0 2.4 1.2 2.4 6.0 10.8 3.6 2.4 3.2 9.2 21.6 7.5**

• Grand Total
  • Grand Average

Table 5-2 BATS CAPTURED IN THE STUDY AREA, JUNE 9 TO 27,1979 I COVER TYPES WITHIN NET-NIGHT TRAP SITE 0.5 MILES CAPTURES" June 9 N. Branch of Bad River PLH, WM, SS, MUH, 0F, O b SOF, MLH June li SS/WM edge (bayou of N. PLH, WM, SS, MUH, 0F, b Branch of Bad River) SOF, MLH 0 June 11 0F/SOF edge just south 0F, SOF, PLH, WM, SS, MUH, I of Ithaca Road MLH, PUH 0 June 13 SS/WM edge (bayou of N. PLH, WM, SS, MUH, OF, bc Branch of Bad River) SOF, MLH I June 13 0F/SOF edge just south 0F, SOF, PLH, WM, SS, c of Ithaca Road MUH, MLH, PUH 0 June 14 YLH/YUC (edge of Coms. YLH, YUC, YUH, PLH, c 1 and 3) 0F 0 June 14 B/YUH (edge of Coms. B, YUH, SS, PUH 0 C 9 and 8) June 15 B/YUH (edge of Coms. B, YUH, SS, PUH 1 c 9 and 8) I June 22 MUC/MUH (edge of Com. MUC, MUH, MLH, OF 2 .I 21 and MUH just off study area) I b June 26 Beaver Creek MLH, PLH, MUH, SOF, i 0F, PUH 7 June 26 S. Branch of Bad River WM, YLH, MUC, PLH, MLH 4 b June 27 S. Branch of Bad River WM, YLH, MUC, PLH, MLH 0 b All were big brown bats except at Beaver Creek Site where two hoary bats (rere a or scarce in Michigan) were captured. bNet adjacent to or over water. Net left until dawn after initial 3-hour trapping period. c I 5-4

r-I I OTHER MAMMALS DETECTED OR POSSIBLY FOUND IN THE STUDY AREA In addition to the 8 mammalian species trapped,13 other species were detected during this s"t (Table 5-3). Table 5-4 lists additional mammalian species whi:h, based on range maps and habitat requirements, may be fouid in the study area or elsewhere in Bay,' Midland, or Saginaw ct.nties. No endangere;

hreatened mammalian species were detected during this study. As

.e. usly mentioned, one " rare" species--the hoary bat-- was captured over Beaver Creek just north of Loven Road. According to Michigan Department of Natural Resources (1976) and Burt and Grossenheider (1976), two threatened species--southern bog lemming I (Synaptomys cooperi) and Thompson's pigmy shrew (Microsorex hoyi); one additional rare species--the badger (Taxidea taxus); and two peripheral species--gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis)--could occur in the study area and elsewhere I in Bay, Midland, or Saginaw counties. According to these two sources, the range of the endangered Indiana I bat does not extend north far enough to include the study area. However,-Indiana bats have recently been captured by A. Kurta (personal communication) as far north as Cohoctah, a town about 33 miles southeast of the southern tip of the study area. Humphrey et al. (1977) observed that in the Eastern United States, suitable summer foraging and brood-rearing habitat for Indiana bats occurs where there are roosting sites in large trees along stream banks. Such habitat is found in the study l area, albeit not over large areas. Humphrey et al. (1977) also noted that much stream-side habitat, suitable for this species, has been lost and continues to disappear owing to clearing for agriculture and other purposes. No southern bog lemmings were detected in this study; however, several Communities (e.g., 33,19) appeared to offer suitable habitat for this I grass-eating vole. The southern bog lemming is difficult to trap; hence, lack of captures provides no convincing evidence that the species does not inhabit the study area. Dr. Rollin H. Baker, Professor of Zoology at Michigan State University, and his graduate students have recently captured southern bog lemmings in uplands (including pine stands wi a grassy understory) near Rose Lake, Clinton County (Dr. R. Baker, personal communication). This indicates that southern bog lemming: I may be less dependent on wetlands than previously thought (Rusz,1979). The study area is near the southern edge of the range of Thompson's I pipy shrew (Burt and Grossenheider,1976). This animal is found in a variety of habitats and could possibly be found in any cover type in the study area. Several sightings of' badgers have been reported near the study area, but not in the immediate vicinity (P. Rusz, personal communication). I 5-5

m M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Table 5-3 MAMMALIAN SPECIES NOT CAPTURED IN LIVE-TRAPS, BUT UETECTED BY OTHER MEANS DURItKi THIS STUDY. (Capital letters refer to natural vegetational cover types previously described). NUMBER NUMBER CARCASSES SPECIES SIGHTED SIGN

• FOUND WHERE DETECTED Opossum 0

t 1 WM; 0F Raccoon 1 st 0 All cover types Mink 0 t 0 0F at Midland Plant Site only Striped skunk 0 ot 0 Several cover types Red fox 0 t 0 Several cover types )[ Woodchuck 3 dt 0 0F; SOF; Edges of other types Thirteen-lined ground squirrel 2 d 0 0F Red squirrel 20+ bhc 0 All wooded types Eastern fox squirrel 9 htc 1 Wooded types except YUC and MUC Muskrat 0 2** N. Branch Bad River adjacent to WM Eastern mole 0 d 0 0F; SOF Eastern cottontail rabbit 15 st 0 All cover types White-tailed deer 17 st 0 All cover types

• b = browse marks or rubbings h = house or nast t = tracks c = 61eard call o = snelled odor d = diggings or burrows s = scat
  • Caught accidentally in turtle traps.

=

{:;; [ h Table 5-4 ' MAMMALIAN SPECIES NOT DETECTED DURING THIS STUDY BUT WHICH, BASED GN .{- RANGE MAPS AND HABITAT DESCRIPTIONS (Burt & Grossenheider,-1976), MAY BE FOUNDLIN THE STUDY AREA OR ELSEWHERE IN BAY, MIDLAND,'OR SAGINAW COUNTIES. ~ I COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME { Starnose mole-Candylura cristata ~ Masked shrew Sorex cinereus Least shrew

• Cryptotis parva Thompson's pigmy shrew
• Microsorex hoyi e-Little brown myotis Myotis lucifugus

<[- Keen myotis Myotis keeni - Silver-haired bat Lasionycteris'noctivagans ~ Red bit Lasiurus borealis Evening bat ** Nycticeius humeralis Longtail weasel Mustela frenata -Least weasel Mustela nivalis Badger **' Taxidea taxus Gray. fox - Urocyon cinereoargenteus Coyote' Canis Tatrans Eastern gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis ^ Southern flying squirrel Glaucodiys volans 6eaver Castor canadensis Souther 1 bog lemming

• Synaptomyscooperl Pine vn e**

Microtus pinetorum Norway-ett Rattus norvegicus-House mouse Mus_ musculus

• Threateried
  • Rare a

W-0 E 5-7 b.......... G.

-.a ... a ... ~, I i Gray fox could be found in the study area; however, no sightings of this species have been reported in the vicinity. This species is generally associated with large tracts of open woods. While lacking I in the study area, this type of habitat is availaole about 5 miles r to the west in the Gratiot-Saginaw Game Area. The c<ening bat, like the hoary bat, is a migratory species which may s amrar in Michigan, despite the paucity of records for the species from this state (A. Kurta, personal communication). Like most bats, it often forages along streams. It could possibly be found in several locations in the study area. Table 5-5 summarizes habitat requirements and other ecological infor-mation concerning the above-mentioned endangered, threatened, rare, or peripheral species. Several species not endangered, threatened, or rare, but which are import-ant for recreational and econor.ic reasons may be found in the study area. Included are seven species dotected during our field work--white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginia.r.us), red fox (Vulpes vulces), eastern fox squir-rel (Sciurus nigce), eastern cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus), 1 muskrat, raccoon (Procyon lotor), and mink (Mustela vison), and two species--beaver (Castor canadensis) and eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)--which may also be found in the area.* Habitat requi re-ments and other information for recreationally or economically important mammalian species are summarized in Table 5-6. Deer trac.is were abundant throughout the study area. A total of 17 deer I were sighted during our field work in the study area; numerous other sightings were made on adjacent and nearby lands. Browse is not plentiful in most of the study area; however, deer in this area of southern Michigan i feed primarily in agricultural lands and on acorns in oak-dominated woods. The importance of wooded part_ of the study area for deer is primarily as escape cover and sources of supplemental foods. Cottontails, red fox, fox squirrels, muskrat, and raccoons are also abundant in the study area, except in the open agricultural portions, I where only red fox and (in drainage ditches) muskrats are common. According to local trappers, mink are scarce in the study area and beaver are probably abser t. In this study, we found mink sign only along the 3 Tittabawassee River at the Midland Plant Site; we found no signs of 3 beaver. Gray squirrels have been reported in the study area. However, gray squir- [ I rels are f ar less numerous than fox squirrels in the study area and are not an important part of huntere harvest in the area. i

• Black bears (Ursus americanus) have occasionally wandered into Midland and Saginaw counties in summer; however, bears are not resident to Bay, Midland, or Saginaw counties or more southern areas in Michigan.

. I L 5-8

7 I I Table 5-5 HABITAT REQUIREMENTS OF ENDANGERED, THREATENED, OR RARE MAMMALIAN SPECIES THAT MAY BE FOUND IN THE STUDY AREA OR ELSEWHERE IN BAY, MIDLAND, OR SAGINAW COUNTIES (Information from Burt and Grossenheider, I 1976, and Michigan Department of Natural Resources,1976) SPECIES HABITAT REQUIREMENTS Endangered: Normally found only to the south of the Indiana bat Myotis sodalis study area. Often roosts in large trees along stream banks; usually forages over I water. Threatened: Thompson's pigmy shrew Both open, grassy areas and forested Microsorex hoyi lands. Could be found in any cover type in the study area. Southern bog lemming Uplands and moist, grassy areas; favors Synaptomys cooper 1 heavy grass cover. Several small patches of dense cutgrass along ditch and creek - E banks in the right-of-way could provide 3 habitat for this species. Rare or_ Scarce: Hoary bat Migratory, summers in Michigan. Hangs Lasiurus cinereus during day among leaves of trees; favors I forests. Found along Beaver Creek in the study area. Badger Open grasslands. Near the study area I Taxidea taxus it has been most frequently observed on grassy dikes and ditchbanks and at edges of old fields and areas with shorter r grass (e.g., cemeteries, pastures). Gray fox Primarily open woods. I Urocyor, cinereoargenteus Evening bat Migratory, some may summer in Michigan. Nycticeius humeralis Hangs by day in trees and buildings. . I Often forages along streams. I I 5-9 L

I Table 5-6 HABITAT REQUIREMENTS OF MAMMALIAN SPECIES OF MAJOR RECREATION I IMPORTANCE (Information from Burt and Grossenheider,1976) HABITAT REQUIREMENTS SPECIES Along streams, lakes, and wetlands; woodlands Raccoon near water; favors areas with abundance of I Procyon lotor logs and other debris. Found throughout the study area. I Along stream, lakes, and wetlands. De-Mink tected along Tittabawassee River; could Mustela vison be found along several streams and drains .I in the study area. Prefers mixture of open land and wooded Red fox In the study area it often sleeps Vulpes vulpes areas. -I during the day in large open fields. Hunts in a wide variety of habitats. Dens in burrows. Eastern fox squirrel Mature woods wich nut trees. In the study area it favors oak-dominated ridges, and Sciurus niger lowland woods dominated by pignut hickory,

I pin oak, and bur oaks. Often feeds in 1

corn fields at edges of woods in fall. Eastern gray squirrel Hardwood forests with nut trees, river Sciurus carolinensis bottoms. Prefers more extensive woods than does the eastern fox squirrel. Much less common than fox squirrel in the study area, but seen occasionally. Stream and lakes with trees or alders on ' E Beaver E Castor canadensis banks, Near the study area it is mostly confined to a few stretches of the larger 1 1 rivers. It is unlikely that it is found in the study area. A variety of wetlands with permanent Muskrat standing water and along streams, lakes, - l Ondatra zibethicus and drains. It prefers areas with lush . W growths of emergeni, aquatic vegetation. Found throughout the study area along streams and drains. Forests, swamps,and open brushy areas. White-tailed deer In the study area it feeds in croplands . I Odocoileus virginianus much of the year. Uses pine stands for cover during severe winter weather, but unlike deer in northern Michigan, white- .g tails in the study area are not dependent l3 on conifers for winter cover. i i I 5-10

!I Hunting for deer, red fox, fox squirrels, cottontails, and raccoons is very popular, especially in the southern parts of the study area. Trapping, especially for muskrat and fox, is also very popular; a considerable number of local residents depend on trapping to supplement otherwise below-average incomes. i I f 4 I 4 'I

I

'I . I I I I I I II

I I Tabl e 5-7 COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF MAMMAL SPECIES MENTIONED IN THIS REPORT COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME I Badger

• Taxidea taxus Sat, big brown Eptesicus fuscus Bat, evening
• Nycticeius'humeralis Dat, hoary
• Lasiurus cinereus_

Dat, Indiana

• Myotis sodalis

'E Eat, red Lasiurus borealis B Bat, silver-haired Lasionycteris noctivagans Beaver Castor canadensis Chipmunk, eastern Tamias striatus I Coyote Canis latrans Deer, white-tailed Odocoileus virginianu_s_ Fox, gray Urocyon cinerecargenteus .l Fox, red Vulpes vulpes i l4 Lemming, southern bog

• Synaptomys_cooperi_

Mink Mustela vison lg Mole, eastern Scalopus aquaticus lE Mole, starnose Condylura cristata Mouse, deer Peromyscus maniculatus Mouse, house Mus musculus l Mouse, meadow jumping Zapus hudsonius Mouse, white-footed Peromyscus leucopus Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus IN Myotis, little brown Myotis lucifugus l3 Myotis, Keen Myotis keeni 0 possum Didelphis virginiana Rabbit, eastern cottontail Sylvilagus_ floridanus Raccoon Procyon lotor Rat, Norway Rattus norvegicus Shrew, least* Cryptotis_ parva i

E Shrew, nasked SoreA cinereus

) (5 Shrew, Thompson's pigmy

• Microsorex hoyi i

Shrew, short-tailed Blarina brevicauda Skunk, striped Mepnitis_ mephitis l Squirrel, soutnern flying Glaucomys_volans Squirrel, eastern fox Sciurus niger Squirrel, eastern gray Sciurus carolinensis ,E Squirrel, thirteen-lined ground Citellus tridecemlineatus !5 Squirrel, red Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Vole, meadow Microtus pennsylvanicus_ lg Vole, pine

• Microtus _pinetorum l5 Weasel, least Musteia nivalis Weasel, longtail Mustela frenata Woodchuck Marmota monax

.I

• Species is endangered, threatened, or rare.

5-12

E Section 6 HERPETOFAUNA r METHODS Ground searches to detect herpetofauna were made in each of the 13 natural vegetation cover types in f all (October 7 to 14,1978), spring (May 10 to 25,1979), and early summer (June 5 to 30,1979). Logs and stumps were over-turned, and wet areas investigated. Pit traps (see " Methods", page 5-1) were employed in conjunction with mammal trapping. In addition, funnel-type turtle traps (47 x 30 x 23-inch) baited with rotting fish were placed at major stream crossings and at the interface between the wet meadow and shrub-swamp communities (33 and 32, respective-ly) north of Ithaca Road. From June 17 to 23, 4 trap-days (24 hours) were conducted at each sampling station. According to local turtle trappers, this sampling period coincided with peak snapping turtle (Chelydra serpen^ tna) activity in the area, as it followed the egg-laying season for that species. An additional 32 trap-days (24 hours) were conducted at the Tittabawassee River sampling stations because: (1) initial sampling detected a species--wood turtle (Clemmys insculpta)-- listed as " rare or scarce" by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (1976); (2) conditions during initial sampling at that location were poor owing to flooding following heavy rains and cold weather. Table 6-1 summarizes trapping efforts at each station. Figure 6-1 depicts a typical sampling station. Table 6-6 at the end of this section lists common and scientific names for herpetofauna species mentioned in this report. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 6-2 summarizes data regarding reptiles and amphibians detected during ground searches; Table 6-3 summarizes results of live-trapping of turtles; no species were captured in pit traps. Only six species of amphibians and six species of reptiles were observed. The northern I leopard frog (Rana pipiens) was the species most frequently encountered; over 500 contacts were made. Most of the observations of northern leopard frogs were made in Community 33 near the North Branch of the I Bad River. This small wet meadow " swarmed" with leopard frogs and green frogs (Rana clamitans). I No endangered or threatened species of reptiles or amphibians were observed. One rare species--the wood turtle (Figure 6-2)--was captured in a live-trap set in the Tittabawassee River at the Midland Plant Site. The wood turtle is equally at home ?n land or water (Conant,1975), and it is probably found in other locales in the study area. 6-1

M M M M M -M M M M M M M M M M M m m W Table 6-1 TURTLE SAMPLING STATIONS AND TRAPPING EFFORTS STATION NUMBER OF TRAP-NUMBER LOCATION DAYS / NIGHTS SAMPLING DATES HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS 1 South Branch 4 June 17-20 Small stream with very slight cur-of Bad River rent; one bank steep, the other with (Near Commun-slight slope; firm bottom; no sig-ities 17,18 nificant aquatic vegetation; water and 19) depth about 3 feet. 2 Communities 32 4 June 17-20 Mud / clay bottom; about 2 feet of and 33, North standing water during sampling; of Ithaca Road dries up in late summer; dense energent vegetation. 3 North Branch 4 June 17-20 Small stre:" with no measurable T' of Bad River current; water depth about 4 feet; (Near Commun-clay bottom; many log jams present, ity 34 ) aquatic vegetation absent. 4 Beaver Creek 4 June 17-20 Small, clear stream with maximum (Communities current velocity less than 0.5 feet 56 and 57) per second; water depth about 2 feet; bottom type of clay and some sand; no aquatic vegetation. Sa Tittabawassee 1 June 21-22 Sand / mud bottom; current velocity River at Midland 8 June 23-30 of about 1 foot per second; very Nuclear Plant wide shallow river; water depth about 3 feet. Sb Same as above 1 June 21-22 Same as above. 8 June 23-30 Sc Same as above 1 June 21-22 Same as above except adjacent to 8 June 23-30 sand / mud bar. Sd Same as above 1 June 21-22 Same as Sc except in area with no 8 June 23-30 measurable current.

l l y fr%;- T*MV - : ;- y, ^ ~ ~ ' - y n o h >d '{f'$$ 1 \\.: 1 ~ ) c

c l (

-- 3) ! 15) .x,.w - mg;l 7-Js

w

.-p s,..__.- ~ ._ m._. M SS W f3 ,e - p y,gj. j z r g ...z y w -?" T g,

A r

Gi'_ jf - 3, -3 pr_,7 '.sw,,CM -, ~. 4 Figure 6-1. Turtle trapping site 5d on the Tittabawassee River north of the Midland Plant Site (looking east).

M' W M M M .M M M M M M M m m m m m m Table 6-2 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS DETEC72D IN Tile STUDY AREA BY GROUND SEARCHES. NUMBER OF CONTACTS BY COVER TYPE SPECIES B Mull PUH YUC MLH YUW PLH WM SS MUC 0F SOF Wood frog (Rana sylvatica) 4 1 Northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens)- 1 500+ 20+ Green frog (Rana clamitans) 75+ 15 cn E Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) 1 Spring peeper 2 (Hyla crucifer) American toad (Bufo americanus) 3 2 3 Eastern garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) 1 1 1 1 9 3 Blanding's turtle (Emydoidea blandingi) 1 Smooth green snake (Opheodrys_vernalis) l

g_ i i .".&y E g ,f i p ( m 7. N n d 5 ) 1 6 c S e l N b O a I T TA e T b 1 1 e S S s ( GN S I N L m O P I M a T A S A S TS Y B D E S T N 4 1 3 C E E M 6 L I E C e S E l P b T S a A 3 4 1 1 2 T F G O N I R P E P B A M R U 2 1 T N E LT R UT 1 1 O F O STL U ) S e i E l g ) ), R t. n a s r) i t e ua d p i tt en l c c l a u e l_. + di tl c p ep rb s s d s t~ ut n a e b' S ns ta

• i l

e i E i y e e's .m l e a h c I am sd l C pe i t y i l p 'g o rn n t h s u s E s P dy nd un a h s s b 't s S nr i y t e g i a a e l r u f b 'k r r ah dm lC nE dC e a y k c k a d( a( o( .h c a c a s R i l o t r o l u T-M B W O C R B M 4 Q, Tm 3 0 ~ b ll

4.. 4 l nW ';gy '

• {[M.gr 4

4 .s YI 2k ~ \\ ? f ;. y h, %^ - $Yi2j$( @- 5) .c ;# >e a ?".Ax 0 7 ge ,.., c ;; .y .d g. a W _- W @ g%g ~;, ."tr A m c 1 9 -u k.k,b6 m ..p a.n w. %r q W" ^ v n,, [' d #4 p.,- 5 '-- C-f. ' y ~J.~uw'% ~,; QQj c 'N- ,g T' w m c-7c=p c w 6 ~ ,AT }sD 7 . I' ~? .y,; j, e-Mkg;? .. I%sf 5fg. ...?, .e ~ s . ' Q-g- k. D,F d>hb.hh.c.g g y,,n.L if $. u,;. o y .m i pf I l

• l 6^

5%" 4 %;d) whg. r4 gg + w y c .:. vy,w :xm n y. s~ -w A .. is y n

f,

e A'rw h* W. w .ryr y Kmy p*% tygiM. h./.4N h5 k A jhyff$h[ p ee.. n tw#R igt w w...; z, - A. Figure 6-2. Wood turtle (Clemys_ insculpta) captured at turtle trapping site Sb on the Tittabawassee River, Midland Plant Site. t

w o [ (- According to the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (1976) and Conant (1975), four threatened herpetofauna species--eastern box turtle '( (Terrapene carolina), northern copperbelly (Natrix erythrogaster), black rat snake (Eiaphe obsoleta), and eastern fox snake (Elaphe t vulpina)--and three additional rare species--spottedtturtle (Clemmys {1 quttata), five-lined, skink (Eumeces _ fasciatus), and four-toed sala-mander (Hemidactylium scutatum)--could be found in the study area or elsewhere in Bay, Midland or Saginaw Counties. Of these, the eastern J box turtle and the four-toed salamander are the species most likely 1 to occur in the study area.. Table 6-4 lists herpetofauna that might be expected to occur near the study area. l [i The eastern box turtle is -found in a variety of upland habitats. According to local residents, several have been found hear the study area in recent ye' rs. If that. is the case, it would be a new county l a L{ record for-either county. According to Sylvia Taylor (personal communication), the farthest north in eastern Michigan the eastern I box turtle has been reported is southern Lapeer County. f The four-toed salamander frequents sphagnum moss-covered bogs adjacent to woods. Community 9 appears to offer good habitat for this species. Habitat requirements and other ecological ir. formation regarding the above-mentioned unique species are summarized *in Table 6-5. Another important species which is not endangered, threatened or rare, (. but which is of some economic importance, is the snapping turtle. This species is frequently used as food by local residents. Snapping turtles are probably found in several streams and drains in the study ( area. 1 ( [- q p 4 4 ( ( 6-7 ? p f

I I Table 6-4 AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES NOT DETECTED DURING THIS STUDY BUT WHICH, BASED ON RANGE MAPS AND HABITAT REQUIREMENTS (Conant,1975), MAY BE FOUND IN THE STUDY AREA OR ELSEWHERE IN I BAY, MIDLAND OR SAGINAW COUNTIES. I COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina Stinkpot Sterno _thaer_us_ odoratus Spotted turtle ** Clemmys guttata_ l Eastern box turtle

• Terrapene carolina Map turtle Graptemys geographica Eastern spiny softshell turtle Trionyx spiniferus_

Five-lined skink ** Eumeces fasciatus I Northern water snake Natrix sipedon Queen snake Natrix septemvittata Northern copperbelly* Natrix erythrogaster_ I Northern brown snake Storeria dekayi Midland brown snake Storeria dekayi Northern red-bellied snake Storeria occipitomaculata Butler's garter snake Thamnophis butleri I Eastern ribbon snake Thamnophis sauritus Eastern hognose snake Heterodon platyrn_inos Northern ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus I Blue racer Coluber_ constrictor.. Black rat snake

• Elaphe obsoleta Eastern fox snake
• Elaphe vulpina Eastern milk snake Lampropeltis triangulum I

Eastern massasauga Sistrurus catenatus Red-spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens Red-backed salamander Plethodon cinereus I Four-toed salamander ** Hemidactylium sc_utatum_ Spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum ~ Eastern tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum Jefferson salamander Ambystoma jeffersonianum Blue-spotted salamander Ambystoma laterale American toad Bufo americanus l3 Fowler's toad Bufo woodhousei 15 Blanchard's cricket frog Acris_ crepitans Eastern gray treefrog Hyla versicolor Western chorus frog Pseudacris triseriata Pickerel frog Rana palustris 'E

• Threatened E
  • Rare or scarce f

6-8 L 3

( C 0 Table 6-5 (? HABITAT.REQUIREMENTh 0F ENDANGERED, THREATENED, OR RARE REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS THAT MAY BE'F0VND IN THE STUDY AREA OR ELSEWHERE IN BAY, MIDLAND, OR SAGINAW COUNTIES (Information from Conant,1975, and Michigan Department of Natural Resources,1976) SPECIES HABITAT REQUIREMENTS AND NOTES THREATENED: Eastern box turtle Woodlands with fallen logs and rotting stumps. Could Terrap_ene carolina be found in terrestrial habitats throughout the study area. Reportedly found by local residents. Northern copperbelly A disjunct colony exists in sruth-central Michigan; Natrix erythrogaster usually found further west and south. Prefers swampy woodland or river bottoms. Could be found in a few {- locales in the study area (e.g., shrub swamp com-munities). ( Black rat snake Habitat varies from rocky, timbered hillsides to flat Elaphe obsoleta farmlands and coastal plains. Woodlots and agri-cultural lands in the study area could provide habitat for this species. ' Eastern fox snake Essentially a resident of extensive marshes border-Elaphe vulpina ing Lakes Erie and Huron It is unlikely that it [- is found in the study area. RARE OR SCARCE: [- Four-toed salamander Usually associated with sphagnum moss-covered areas Hemidactylium. scut _atum adjacent to woods, boggy woodland ponds. The bog in the southern part of the study area could provide habitat for this species. Five-lined skink. Cutover woodlots with rotting stumps and logs, rock h Eumeces tasciatus piles, debris. Many locales in the study area could provide habitat for this species. Marshy meadows, bogs, swamps, small ponds, ditches. {' Spotted turtle It could be found in many locales in the study area. Clemmys guttata - Wood turtle' Woods, meadows, farmlands. Could be found throughout (: ' Clemys_ insculpta - the study area. It was captured in a live-trap along the Tittabawassee River at the Midland Plant Site. b n 4.

k [ Table 6-6 { COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF HERPET0 FAUNA SPECIES MENTIONED IN THIS REPORT COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME { Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana Copperbelly, northern

• Natrix erythrogaster Frog, western chorus Pseudacris triseriata Frog, Blanchard's cricket Acris crepitans

[ Frog, green R n clamitans_ Frog, northern leopard Rana pipiens Frog, pickerel Rana palustris Frog, wood Rana sylvatica [ Massasauga, eastern Sistrurus catenatus Newt, red-spotted Notophthalmus viridescens Peeper, spring Hyla crucifer [ Racer. blue Coluber constrictor Salamander, blue-spotted Ambystoma laterale Salamander, four-toed

• Hemidactylium scutatum

/ Salamander, Jefferson Ambystoma jeffersonianum L Salamander, red-backed Plethodon cinereus Salamander, spotted Ambystoma inaculatum Salamander, eastern tiger Ambystoma tigrinum j { Skink,' five-lined

• Eumeces fasciatus Snake, Midland brown Storeria dekayi Snake, northern brown Storeria dekayi-Snake, eastern fox
• Elaphe vulpira

[ Snake, Butler's garter Thamnophis puTler_i_ Snake, eastern garter Thamnophis sirtalis Snake, smooth green Opheodrys vernalis >( Snake, eastern hognose Heterodon platyrhinos ~ Snake, eastern milk Lampropeltis triangulum Snake, queen Natrix septemvittata [ Snake, black rat

• Elaphe obsoleta Snake, northern red-bellied Storeria occipitomaculata Snake, eastern ribbon Thamnochis sauritus Snake, northern ringneck Diadop11s punctatus

[ Snake, northern water Natrix sipedon Stinkpot Sternothaerus odoratus Toad, American Bufo americanus [ Toad, Fowler's Bufo woodhousei Treefrog, eastern gray H la versicolor Turtle, Blanding's my oidea blandingi y Turtle, eastern box

• Terrapene carolina L

Turtle, map Graptemys geographica Turtle, Midland painted Chrysemys picta Turtle, snapping Chelydra serpentina { Turtle, eastern spiny softshell Trionyx spiniferus_ Turtle, spotted

• Cle_mmys guttata Turtle, wood
• Clemmys insculpta

[

• Species is endangered, threatened, or rare.

L 5-'

I ( ( ( ( Section 7

SUMMARY

AND CONCLUSIONS This report presents the qualitative and quantitative data collected for vegetation, soils, topography, avifauna, mammalian fauna, and herpetofauna found on or near the proposed right-of-way. ( The right-of-way will cross mostly agricultural land in which the impacts of natural flora and fauna will be very minor. The study area .[ for the most part is not unique. The few areas that are somewhat i unusual compared to the rest of the right-of-way are the bog, the wet meadow-shrub swamp north of Ithaca Road, and the area around the Midland Plant Site. In addition, the many stream crossings can be { regarded as somewhat sensitive areas. The bog is unusual this #ar south in the state. It represents { potential habit:t fr ue floral species, although none were found. The bog lies mainiy o. r one right-of-way, and the existing landowner has a drainage ditch which certainly affects the water level (the bog is dry most of tie year). Careful construction practices in this area should cause minimal impact. The wet meadow-shrub swamp, while not florally unique, does have an f abundance of wildlife. Waterfowl and tremendous numbers of reptiles and amphibians were found there. The same can probably be said of the other stream crossings in the study area. These areas represent ( diversity in the agricultural areas. Again impacts can be minimized i if care is takeg because the areas are so small. The area around the Plant Site in Midland has the potential for the ] most impacts. This is because the plant's cooling pond and the Tittabawassee River are great attractions to waterbirds. As documented in this study, many unique species do occur in this area. Possible l impacts of the transmission lines remain to be assessed. On-going I studies by Consumers Power Company will help make these assessments. In conclusion, we believe the proposed right-of-way will cause minor impacts. Careful attention during clearing and construction and wise reclamation and maintenance practices in the future will help to reduce the unavoidable impacts. I 7-1 __________________.]

[ ~ q h (i. [ Section 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY i Baker,'R. 1979.- Personal communication. Professor of Zoology, Mich. (- State University, E. Lansing. Barbour, R. W., and W. H. Davis. 1969. ' Bats of America. Univ. of { . Kentucky Press, Lexington. 286 pp. Beal,-W. J. 1904. Michigan flora, a ' list' of the fern and seed plants growing without cultivation. The State Board of Agric., Agric. . Coll ege, ' Mi ch. 145 pp. Braun-Blanquet J. 1932. Plant sociology. Trans., rev., and ed. by ( G. Fuller and H. S. Conard, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. ~ Bull, J.,- and J.- Farrand, Jr. 1977. The-Audubon Society field guide to. North American birds - Eastern region. Al fred A. Knopf, New Yo rk.- 775:pp. Burt, W. H..and R. P, Grossenheider. 1976. A field guide to the (.- mammals. 3rd ed. Houghton-Mi fflin ' Co., Boston. 320 pp.

Cain, S'.

I938. The species-area curve. Amer. Midl. Nat. 19:578-581. Case, F. 1979. Personal communication. Teacher, author of Orchids o_f, f the~ Great Lakes Region. Conant, R. 1975. A field guide to the reptiles and amphibians of eastern and central North America. 2nd ed. Houghton-Mi fflin Co.,

Boston. 400 'pp.

[-.. Eml en, -J. - T.. 1971. Populations.of birds derived from transect counts. The Auk. 88(2):323-342. . Fenton, M. B.,- S. L. Jacobson, and R. N. Stone. 1973. An automatic sensing system for monitoring the activity of.some bats. Canadian J. - Zool. 51(2):291-299. h" - Fernal d,' M. L. - 4.1950; Gray's manual of botany, 8th ed. American Book-Co., New. York. 1632' pp. h Gleason? H. A. 1968.. - The new Britto'n ar.d Brown illustrated flora of 'the Northeastern-United States-and adjacent-Canada. -3 Vols.. Ha fner - Publ. Co.,.- Inc^. Humph' rey,' U(R., x A. : R;' Richter, and J. B. Cope. 1977.. Summer habitat L ~ and ecology.of the~ endangered Indiana. bat (Myotis sodaliy). J. p . Mammal. '58(3):334-346. y g- +; 8-1! h-T ,J~. ?

Krebs, C. J. 1972. Ecology. Harper & Row, New York. 694 pp. ~ Mahjoory, R., and E. P. Whiteside. 1976. Soils of Saginaw County, J Michigan,1976, Vol I. Soil descriptions and interpretations. Mich. Agric. Exp. Stn. 142 pp.

Mahjoory, R., and E. P. Whiteside. 1976. Sofis of Saginaw County, Michigan,1976, Vol. II, soil maps,1933, on a 1970 aerial photo base. Mich. Agric. Exp. Stn. 17 pp. + 237 maps.

~ J Michigan Department of Natural Resources. 1976. Michigan's en-dangered and threatened species program. Mich. Dept. Nat. Resour., Lansing. 30 pp. + 1978 amendments and revisions, 9 pp. Moon, J. W., J. O. Veatch, R. E. Pasco, E. H. Hubbard, and R. L. Donahue. 1938. Soil survey of Saginaw County, Michigan. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Bureau of Chemistry and Soils in cooperation with the Mich. Agric. Exp. Stn. ~ Prince, H. H., P. Rusz, and R. Rusz. 1979. Waterbird use of the Midland Nuclear Plant cooling pond and Dow Chemical Company's tertiary treatment pond - Interim report I to Consumers Power Company. Dept. of Fisheries and Wildl., Mich. State Univ., E. Lansing. 35 pp. Robbins, C. S., B. Brunn, and H. S. Zim. 1966. Birds of North America. Golden Press, New York. 340 pp. Rusz, P. 1978. Personal communication. S & R Environmental Con-sulting, Jenison, Michigan. Rus z, P. 1979. Status of the southern bog lemming in selected wet-lands adjacent to Reeds Lake, East Grand Rapids, Michigan. City ~ L of E. Grand Rapids /S&R Environmental Consulting. 6 pp. Taylor, S. 1979. Personal communication. Div. Wildl, fiich. Dept. Nat. Resources, Lansing. United States Department of Agriculture. 1979. Soil survey of Midland County, Michigan. USDA Soil Conserv. Serv., Midland. 98 pp + 74 maps. Voss, E. G. 1979. Personal communication. Professor of Botany, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan flora, Part I Gymnosperms and Monocots. I Cranebrook Institute of Sci., Bloomfield Hills, Mich. 488 pp. Whiteside, E. P., S. F. Schneider, and R. L. Cook. 1968. Soils of Michigan. Mich. State Univ., Extension Bull. E-630, E. Lansing,

Mich,

p. 52 Wilson, E.

0., and W. H. Bossert. 1971. A primer of population biology. Sinauer Assoc., Inc., Stamford, Conn.192 pp.

E [ l [' [ [ i APPENDIX A l l 1 n a w-i ~ 0#. _s

TW.* M "*LAerekta*MLat;pwatCEcpMDE3r#5s.11tcf.35'AwMar.. as.*,., rg,aggs g.;&EgytF*T##W31 r4EMSST.T atM.Ea3FEEE 3s'-NEs:sse eaN r*"um J8'*' b( A P - 14 5 47 __ q._- - _. l i h h ' ~ ' " n.--, ny;p ;r;Nrw]v-~ v 7 hm -, m.v-j f@ Vd m]D"D W % /3 IIA 2 M N n X/AL Q f f K W., Q j M faQ@6 % N[ I w.j.pgp 0 . t W i.t b '-. o -.jf g --Q ; _S .,Nrq \\-47 J g'?:(1', .g;

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• lS (T

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WORKS AND STRUCTURES ECONDARIES ,f-( U. 1 j ,] #:-l_, Sit

• Nt A P g--
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---

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---

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-]7' 1 N Inde s contour elevat i g as a autIdtnge (dwellings.etc.) I (cc.ntaur intervat 51 .. l--- 7Q' O. Potidinas (barn.etc.) - p.".ad-. -+---- Power t ransatssion itnes a*, t WATER SY5BOLS ...u _l 7

---

Telephone, p ipeline, et c.

M Perenntal streams E... IT

• L'elle other than water 4 U Intermittent streams A community in which sannal

$* D fatermittent lake N trapping and bird census-j ,l fl ing was conducted d.*- Ma r sh, swamp o r we t e f/ h+ 3-,q, f^ Consumers 14idland Nuclea --1 power company 0i 1 345 kV This infore.ation te part of the Censumere Power Company Midland Flant 345 kV Trans=teeton Line p tsht-of-vsy y7 ' Terrestefat Ecological Survey" '. j i A.

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pp = ,3 / ( 3 W f I j I i i / / [Ss\\\\\\ N ASPt UNDil BATA SOURCES. EN VI RON M EN T41. g stRVICES REY TO VEGETATION - p ] geytt go Refer to Vegetation Section of the report and AppenJim B. USr5 7.5 Minute Topographic Maps: KEY TO $AGINAW COUNTY SOILS - - Midland South, Mich., Quadrangle, 1973 - St. Charles, Mich., Quadrangle, 1975 bis MAPPING l'MIT MAME

• Hemlock, Mich., Quadrangle,1975 MAP SYMMt.

- Chesaning West, Mich., Quadrangle, 1974. Ar Arenac-Kingsville loamy sends As Wison-Thetford-Arenac loaey sands USDA Soil Conservatior Service - Sail Survey Ay Winom loamy sand-Parkhill sandy lose for Midland County, 1979. Dcundtry Bf Publeon, meste variant-Covert sands, 0-62 slopes A ry g g g.

Mahjoory, R., and E.P. Whiteside. 1976. Soils Billies Parkht11 loan of Saginaw County, Michigan, 1976, Vol.ll, 3

ccalist sloan unicky loss-rella sitt loan soil caps, 1933, on a 1970 aerial photo base. Ot) c1 conover-rarkhtli loama Mich. Agric. Exp. Stn.17 pp. + 237 maps. Cc Sloan loam Cd Etngsv111e-Be!!ev111e loamy sands Ce Sloan-Shoals loans Abrams Aerial Service Air Photog-aphs - Sept. cv shoals-sloan loans and sitt loans I978* K1 Capac-Parkhill loams My rankhill loam-Maccab sandy loam Consumers Power Company Midland - Tittahawassee Nf Cranby-C11f ord loasy sands Substation - Cary Road Substation Scout Maps. Se ripestone-Kingsville sands Te Wiener clay loam-Charity silty clay lo*" W Corunna s.ndy tone-Belleville lossy sand-Parkhill loam Asplundh Environmental Services, AES Project 95-0080, Field Studies 1978 '79. nant -Tit t a b awassee s ub sta t io"- EXlSTING MAP Jy Road Substation Dransmission Right-of-Way CONDITIONS 3.I 3 \\

AP-1 43 'e h i,,$_ ij) M id_,(( { p j ' j ' y, e]d Dgm@r f $$M gMR;;grp;Wip ~i m\\}$inI@ M N!N@ h@$% ~M i d Vegetation ci y %M , lW- [Af{ 4_hh[ 2d, - Y N Ikk 0-b.d o ee Commun.t.ies 4 i w 2--- + 2 y;p+@# f ))f." pg&gy '} 4Tip,Jp ~ y %i g. . ~. Q.. n n. 4 yhv.w m p g,_ J k,, N E W M L M. M,. ( s. e i ( \\ 1 \\ o ) \\ \\ \\ \\ ) \\ 0 N-g W Ar \\- Topography g \\Ay\\ [ ,,7) BI \\ and o. g,- ~ sj c \\ s -- ys \\ ( i N -i,l 4 So.ls A i s x s 3 i N y v 4 Ll C As ~*g4 s s I a \\\\ " s Ge scale: 1"= 680' ^ -~ f i -L E G E N 0-L. ~ " ~. AP - Nwnbers to the right indicate hi~r the aerial photograph number [ ""~" , WORKS AND STRUCTURES BOUNDARIES 1"L dia: 1 _I 14 -, secondary highwar --- coun ty. pa r i sh, munig -F Le***t A i"wd -M A P Light-duty road

---

Tence or field line

....._ Unteproved road Right-of-way propertd M*l/. m 9'E { Railroad

---

Vegetation or soil [M b

1 1 e g I y . r-i l g om Buildings (dwellings,etc.) Indes contour elevat0 1 I (contour interval 5 { t 7Q~ j-0 But1 dings (barn,etc.) } _l, HATER SYMBOLS .. n.e. I --.---=- Power t ransmiss ion lines

---

Tel ephone, pipeline, et c.

fAIC Perennial 's t reams f IN v } 1 h"'*1_ e n v

• Wella other than water

(- T, Intermittent streama b A community in which mesmal C 13 Intermittent lake N _2_ I trapping and bird census-po' f ing was conducted -fj_$ Marsh, swamp or wet 1 [. n n /2F e i T Midland Nuclead gL ?_ consumers p !~ q-Power j company 0 -- { This information is part of the Consumero Power Company ~ 3 Midland Plant 345 kV Transmission Line Right-of-way Terrestrial Frological Survey" 4 s s' L

m,__ - - u. _m. -m.____ 43 ] ;,']w@[.[v,%.r.::. ::o[chh:~::ud){kb:.b,$' I -[ T- ,Uh.kif5[kk

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l ,l Nf j'f,AfI IL ,/ LI g \\ f I j'l Ss(f Qf / l%l AY J lJ l h NF 0- / BI jar k if /Bf, 4 3 . hNf -~ T { ~ 'gArg\\' / l Nf \\ BI j g g/ N 1 i[ tr Tfn, J A / Ss(l ro ? ASPLUNDH DATA SOURCES - EN VIRON ht ENTA L KEY TO VEGETATION - M-M "$1$s"v"$a a e=oes Refer to Vegetation Section of the report and Appendix 8. USGS 7.5 Minute Topographic Maps: KEY TO SAGINAW COUNTY SOILS - - Midland South, Mich*., Quadrangle, 1973 . St. Charles, Mich., Quadrangle, 1975 MAF SYMant. MAPPI'dG UNIT NAME pia - Hemlock, Mich., Quadrangle, 1975 - Chesaning West, Mich., Quadra, gle,1974. Ar Arenac-Kingsville loamy sands As Winom-Thet ford-Arenac loamy sands O Ay Winom loamy sand-Farkhill sandy lo*= USDA Soil Conservation Service - Soil Survey l toundtry Bf Rubicon, mesic variant-Cover t sands, 0-6% slopes for Midland County, 1979. Bk Parkhill loam-Colwood e11t loan ndtry B1 Parkhill-Filmanagh loans Mahjoory, R., and E.P. Whiteside.1976. Soils Elllitt Farkhill loam of Saginaw County, Michigan, 1976, Vol.II, n Ccillie Sloan mucky loam-Pe!!a st!t loan soil maps,1933, on a 1970 aerial photo base. et) C1 Conover-Farkhill loans Cc Sloan loam Mich. Agric. Exp. Sin.17 pp. + 237 maps. C4 Kingsville-Ilellevills loamy sands Ce Sloan-Shoals loans Abrams Aerial Service Air Photographs - Sept. Cy Shoals-Sloan lossa and sitt loans 3973* K1 Capac-Farkht!1 loans My Parkhill loam-Macomb sandy loam Consumers Power Company Midland - Tittabawassee Mf Cranby-C11f ord loamy sands Se Pipestone-Kingsstile sands Substation - Gary Road Substation Scout Maps. g Te Wisner clay lose-Charity silty clay loa" g l' W Corunna sandy loam-Belleville loamy sand-Parkhill loam Asplundh Envirorunental Services,!AES froject' i,dow 95-0080, Field Studies' 1978 '79. l Plan t -Tit t a b awa ssee S ub s ta t io n-EXl8 TING MAP ry Road Substation yransmission R ght-of-Way CONDITIONS 3.2 i I d

e A P-39 41 p w; .u g%ag.. w c(re m cru. d;.

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1. E ss f

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b. ~ '

AP - Numbers to the right indicate l~~3 the aerial photograph number 4 ..a.....s. i WORKS AND STRUCTURES BOUNDARIES d ,b l m Secondary highway --- County, parish, munic I ._p.

• d_.,.k M _4SIbI

1. ^

=== Light-duty road

---

Fence or field line i.

2__ l EY

g. '

, L -..___. t!nteproved road Right-of-way property Railroad ~~-- Vegetation or soll be h -r} t' ~i-") as a su11 dings (dwellings,etc.) - Indem contour elevati, g-I.. 79~ O.3 Buildings (barn.etc.) (contour intervat 5 fl WATER SYMBOLS _sg ,p. ,j -- --* Power t ransmission lines

• e e==
• g=

~

---

Telephone, pipeline, etc.

Perennial streams

• Vella other than water d[, Intermittent streana 1

1gG e ) ~ J$t A community in which masmal $3 Intermittent lake j Y trapping and bird census-j N t l} ing was conducted 8.F Marsh, swamp or wet }

• ? a "

j m + g-I b Midiand Nuclea( consumers d--fq Power Company 8a This information la part of the Consumera Power Company 'Hidland Plant 345 kV Transmission Line Right%f-way Terrestrial Ecological Survey"

l l s., L 41 43 ) 1 ~ n m N N NNMkh om om MllN j bo f -t h e .v T y g' N u M m /1 J -~ Bf -/ O l Bl \\ " NCI y \\ Cl / Gc Ar w y h wj h/ M[) k%[ w N'Ss.{ / ] k Ar Cl I l Gc N i

j*k!(c I

A T , W \\. --io w / / ^v m isBNX Wiee ASPLUN DH g MENTAL DATA SOURCES - QQcT3 KEY TO SEGETATION - pg apynyl n Refer to Vegetation Section of the report and Appendia B. USGS 7 a Minute Topographic Maps: - Midland South, Mich., Quadrangle,1973 KEY TO SAGINAW COUNTY SolLS - - St. Charles, Mich., Quadrangle,1975 i m P m ant MAPPINC UNIT NAME - Hemlock, Mich., Quadrangle, 1975 pio - Chessning West, Mich., Quadrangle, 1974 Ar Arenac-Kingsville loamy sania i As Winoe-Thetford-Arenac loamy sands USDA Soil Conservation Service - Soil Survey Ay %xon loamy sand-Parkhill mandy loa" for Midland County, 1979. boundar' '_ f Rubicon, meste variant-Covert sands, 0-6% slopes 8" Mahjoory, R., and E.P. Whi teside. 1976. Soils ll 1oa 1 11t loa"

a,,y i_g 51titel Parkhill loan of Saginaw County, Michigan,1976, Vol.il, a

Celllis hloan mucky loam-Pella sitt loan soil Eaps,1933, on a 1970 aerial ppoto base. et) C1 Conover-Parkhill loans Mich. Agric. Exp. Stn.17 pp. + 237 maps. Cc sloan loam li::::"!:in'".'" '"" ""'" Abrams Aerial Service Air Photographs - Sept. Cv shoals-Sloan loans and silt loans KJ Capac-Parkhill loams My Parkhill loam-Macomb sandy loam Consumers Power Company Midland - Tittabawassee Mf Cranby-C11 ford loamy sands Substation - Cary Road Substation Scout Maps. i $s Pipestone-Eingsville sands Te Wiener clay loam-Charity stity clay loa" Asplundh Environmental Services. AES Project W Cervana sandy losa-Belleville loamy sand-Parkhill loam 9S-0080, Field Studies' 1978 '79. Plant -Tittabawassee Sub sta tion-E'!8IING MAP A ry Road Substation Transmission Right-of-Way CDNDIT10N8 3.3 3 -e

i 3_7 AP. g Vegetali00 Communities h \\CIM'i ) ' i Nf \\ \\'/. \\ o Ay' og \\ A4s I0p0eraphy y M L-- [r h '"

Y (l

i \\ gg g \\ [Af j Y/ Y V Ay O I [ O ?0h Y di 1 scale: 1"= 680, n -L E G E N D- ^ ~ ' AP - Nwnbers to the right indicate '*h7 the aerial photograph number ~' Z WORKS AND STRUCTURES BOUNDARIES won Ji d d m Secondary highway --- County, parish, munic i-knd-. fk ___ p Light-duty road

---

Tence or field line

......; l'nieproved road stight-of-way propertp l -[ .l,1 Rattroad

---

Vegetation or soil b

.{ Indes contour elevatic ma Buildings (dwellings.etc.) +.. (contour intervai 5 0 T- ~ o- '""d'"*' '6" *-) fp "^" " 5"5 '5 +_g.: _ rowe, trans... on une. b,-

---

T.i e,mne.,1,e n ne. e t..

a,e r.nni.,.t.e... =w C

• Eells other than water

'~ I, Intermittent streams ' A &-L,Md- ,o._ nit, i..hi n a1 c 3 inte.ittent la,e + 4 m. t r.,,ing and i,ird en..a-i***" j d/l ing was conducted 6.9 Marsh, swamp or wet eq f hMih !~ h-y' EdFkd Midland Nucleai consumers M L/_1!' Power u Company 8a 7 9.' 345 kV b-This information is part of the Consumers Power Company i' Midland Plant 345 kV Transmission Line Right-of-way Terrestrial Ecological Survey" u.

I j- - - - -Q 5 'r .a f f 's d - Bf,, / M 0 l %/__- Q / \\ \\ Ya V< Ar g1; \\ W / g ~'\\ k ~ ~ ^s.. ) t,. a, 1 1 \\ 0, 91 l D \\ t \\ kt \\ \\ q yl {Ss.k ) / A As w \\ ' t. / / / {l fr,I \\, / AY t, n / O j-i 4 / y.\\ t h,d Bk 2-m ( \\L 4 L 'M" y / - - ~

1. p j

~~--q y v g f fj s k ,1 Ay g" l Bk Ay\\ \\ / it) / \\ AS PL.U N DH KEY 'O VEGETATION - g g MENTAL DATA SOURCES. pagu o Refer ts Vegetation Section of the ts wrt and Appendia B. USGS 7.5 Minute Topographic Maps: - Midland South, Mich., Quadrangle, 1973 KEY TO SAGt1AW COUNTY SOILS - - St. Charles, Mich., Quadrangle, 1975 .nicipio ~M. *P r w tTNIT NA.MF. - Hemlock, Mich., Quadrangle, 1975 MAP sm et. - Chesaning hest, Mich., Quadrangle, 1974. Ar Aren. -11ogsv111e loamy sands As Winon-Setford-Arenac loamy sands USDA Soil Conservation Service - Soil Survey Ay Winom 16 ey sand-Parkhill sandy loa" for Midland County, 1979. rty boundary Bf Rubicon, mcsic variant-Cover t sands, 0-61 slopes sj Mahjoory, R., and E.P. Whiteside. 1976. Soils bound *rF B k 11-ma h B! title Parkhill tone of Saginaw County, Michigan, 1976, Vol.II, ' at ion Celllie Sloan sucky Iome-Pella allt loam soil maps, 1933, on a 1970 aerial photo base. 5 feet) C1 Conover-Parkhill lomme Mich. Agric. Exp. Stn.17 pp. e 237 maps. Cc Sloan loam C# Ce a -s al. Cv $heais-Sloan loans and stit loasa El Capac-Parkhill lomme My Parkhill loam--Macomb sandy los a Consumers Power Company Midland - Tittabawassee Qa Mf Cranby-C11f ord loamf sands Substation - Gary Road Substation Scout Maps. So Pipestone-Kingsville sands Te Wiener clay loam-Charity s t'.t f clay loa" Asplundh Environmental Services, AES Project i W Corunna sandy loam-kelfeville loamy sand-Parkhill loam 95-0080, Field Studies' 1978 '79. lar Plan t -Tit ta b awassee S ub sta tio n-EX l 8IIN G MAP I \\ lary Road Substation V Transmission Right-of-Way CONDITIONS 35 ,.-n-

AP-30 pgg7 q c 1 w). n .* *I J. W :* S. 3 *%;,3.;!;,~. l { m v N4, !s....bn Vegetation c# w h Mfl 6-s i n.- - r-C0mniunities < d.*.. ,%g - d,l4

fc e e. y..

I- ' % d 2.d.$ ; K f f f.... ~ [ k"f" -Y li L# 1 SM$i6jbddff'.e N .I E hf..._%vi p>2%;e)3S M i ? E f _h M G l M.1. / Dz s.Af/ \\ \\ h Gd As l ) \\ j g }/ I0p0 graphy n l s Nf co and i / Soils 4 -.l Q // /* r D-I c ) -/ / /,J ~ lE '.. es- - y f - N {AO ('/ 2 l ,/ s' ~ ~~,4 / l My I Lu BI,/ / I D F / 9 ', 3 scale: 1"= 660' -l E B E N D-AP - Numbers to the right indicate g l"(9 the aerial photograph number . =. = n }[ WORKS AND STRUCTURES BOUNDARIES ]- l , jj acar2 Secondary highway --- Coun t y, pa r ish. Light-duty road

---

Fence or 'le'Id 11 1"

,' l .....Z Unieproved road Right-of-way prop 3 ~ Railroad

---

Vegetattom or not Indescontoureleh ma Buildings (dwellings etc.)

g'- r; r ~; 7 l a l1~, I (contour interval T-

• • g%

TT" O Buildings (ba rn.etc.) _.l,'___ WATER SYsBOLS e... --- - Power transmiss ion lines l M Perennial streamsi ~~~~

---

Telephone, p ipeline, e tc.

7 T 's

• Wells other than water "I I, Intermittent etre C

A community in which mammal $ 3 intermittent take bl trapping and bird census-i

• * * = '

ing was conducted -i.*- Marsh, swasp or we E=+ j : ,.Lc ..=M M, a i 4,1 Midiand Nuclq -y1,h.,cis(t consumers power company ) t .I 345 kl I This information is part of the Consueers Powe-Coepany 4 "Midtend Plant M5 kV Transeission Line Right-ofway ) Terrestrial rcat ntral Survey'* l i.

32 p. ~- D ,.fa'r 4) .k 2 ) 9 ~V L a em a. l d, s l. =}41 &hl w=% 3 - k $5. ' " ;,lI /o o WW glN ) I NF / J Bf,- / Cg M \\ ,, B[n ( f 9 M '/) /Q T [As / ' BI 0 f 1 f/ / /, 4,n \\ f d nI \\ in ( [ }' g / ~Ss M IU / b / Ar / br la k / I O \\Ard h L \\ l j M / / / g \\ll lNf I l / Ay,1 t { //p / DATA SOURCES. V N ENTAL KEY TO VEGETATION - g-3 ggo,, Refer to Vegetation Section of the report and Appendia 8. USGS 7.5 Minute Topographic Maps: - Midland South, Mich., Quadrangle,1973 KEY TO SAGINAW COUNTY SolLS - - St. Charles, Mich., Qurdrangle,1975 incipic

• • hap sYwMI.

MAPP!M; LINTT MAME

• Hemlock, Mich., Quadrangle, 1975

- Chesaning West, Mich., Quadrangle,1974. Ar Arenac-Kinasville toasy sande As Winon-Thetford-Arenac lossy sands USDA Soil Conservation Service - Soil Survey Ay Winoe f oamy sand-Parkhill sandy loam for Midland County, 1979. ty boundary Bf Rub teon, mes te variant-Covert sands, 0-6t slopea % ndary 3 3 Mahjoory, R., and E.P. Whiteside.1976. Soils slettet Parkht11 loss of Saginaw County, Michigan,1976, Vol.II, lion ce lf l e Sloan m.cky loam-rella sitt loan soil maps, 1933, on a 1970 aerial photo base. feeti C1 Conover-Parkhill loama Mich. Agric. Exp. Stn.17 pp. + 237 r.aps. i Ce Sloan loam Cd y,na ,], Abrams Aerial Service Air Photographs - Sept. v111. lo4=y sand" g, Cv Shoale-51oan loans and sitt loana I 0* M i o sandy lose Consumers Power Company Midland - Tittabawassee 3 Nf Cranby-C11 ford loney sande Substation - Gary Road Substation Scout Maps. Se Pipestone-Etngsville sands W C a Bell y e1 e nd-Parkhill loam g 3 7 79 nr Plan t -Tit ta b awa ssee S ub sta t io n-EXlSTING MAP lary Road Substation Transmission Right-of-Way 00 N D I T 10 N S 3.8 -., _ + m-, - - ~ g-o. y9 a -w-r

AP-2_6 1 I .e ..z -,,,..,,n l } [ ' '.) I .f,1 I h[e I i g i .0.rc '- ~ Ed.

• g : f, w

e i y-pk 3 a_ 'j %*. 3).] i V898 tali 0ll ci ' ". ' #q 5 i ~~ '-g { (t.gy y: u Communities <f N "> M-i e r,.y Y.~k A,l^w. ll $. ~, ' p *) ',..n: n)g, s' y

n.,..

244, i;.,Q:y.tn a $ iD $1lI.fj.h$ b] @g %;1 jv ' _ McSe Dz / ol / . - ~. My ( f Topography \\ BI My q and g ( \\q,/ f,'-,I \\ Tc Scils i u. 2 'T-- -) sW) \\s ) My / BI i scale:1. 660' d i = -l E B E N D- ..... N AP - Numbers to the right indicate 4,l' the aerial photograph numbeel 4 'Tt , =. = ,,J WORKS AND STRUCTURES BOUNDARIES ) n < + - k ,b-#_l,d__ . Of soma Seconda ry h1g,hway --- Coun t y, par ish, .)] M A. P, x Light-duty road

---

Fence or fleid 1

=C URIFproved road Right-of-way pro "y, Rattroad

---

Vege t at ion o r so f

%+-- _ ' F ] ~~l ) Indes contour et mA Butidings (dwellings.etc.) "fg 7~ I (contour interva Butidings (ba rn.etc.) 0:3 WATER SYMBOLS ._j_.< - - on= --=---* Power t ransmission lines 1 Pesennialstreamq

---

Tel ephone, p ipeline. etc.

_A

• Wells other than water

' I, intermittent (( 1g stre

• (

Ob A community in which masmal C T.) Intermittent take trapping and bird census-I ing was conducted 6.9 Marsh, swamp or w j IE - _v p 'h ',t-u. % Midiand Nuci consumers (' i -qii paw 2r i a Campany 4' 345k This informatton is part of the Conemers Power Coepany " Midland Plant 345 kV Trans=tanton Line Right-of-way p g Terrestrial Fcalogical Survey" w

28 I 30 r ra w-s Enl... ?p??..O'? r 6 rm,3 v. ".'Q(& g'mi rlf W ] u < \\ , f "e 4 k5 h % }d _1 d=hM QW v' v, $m )A e sl -~ n x I. 5 h. bl., k f*% h f ' ? )f'gjR s($ Idfl$ l J' ,. J., l.,-y$ (i 1 ___4 M N I[ d 3 Mh kh. E.) ~ e p' ( / \\ i uh } o \\ N W O ) s N s / N i h Bl \\ / Q 3 ) BI ) /N N l l BI e i N / ) l l / a / 81 l< /I /' e,s 7 4 r s 7 / / \\b l / N *M Y Bl '~ # Bl / c--- ,/w ( noh ' N-N Av h [ DATA SOURCES. ENTA1. KEY TO VEGETATION - p'p3 uguyo Refer to Vegetation Section of the report and Appendin 8. USGS 7.S Minute Topographic Flaps: - Midland South, 4ich., Quad rangle,1973 KEY TO SAGINAW COUNTY SOILS - - St. Charles, M.ch., Quadrangle,197S i.n t e t p t o ~ MAPPt'e; UNIT NAME - Hemlock, Mich., Quadrangle, 1975 MAP SW UI. - Chesaning West, Mich., Quadrangle, 1974. Ar Arenac-Kingsv111e loamy sands h* As Winon-Thet ford-Arenac loamy sands USDA Soil Conservation Service - Soil Survey Ay Winom loamy saml-Farkhill sandy loas for Midland County, 1979. rrty towndary sf Rubicon, meste variant-Covert sands, 0-6% slopes 1 Imuadary sf Mahjoory, R., and E.P. Whiteside. 1976. Soils r 11-na 81still Parkht!! loan of Saginaw County, Michigan, 1976, Vol.II, 'attoa celtiss staan mucky loae-Pella salt loan soil maps, 1933, on a 1970 aerial photo base. 5 feet) c1 conover-Parkhill loams Mich. Agric. Exp. Stn.17 pp. + 237 maps. Cc Sloan lose Ce ts Abrams Aerial Service Air Photographs - Sept. I970* Cv Shoals-Sloan loans and s tit loans K1 Capac-Parkhill loane My Parkhill loam-Macomb eandy loam Consumers Power Company Midland - Tittabawassee BS* Nf Creoby-C11f ord loamy samle Substation - Gary Road Substation Scout Maps. $s Pipestone-Kingsville ear.ds Tc Wisner clay loa @arity stity clay loan Asplundh Environ:, ental Services, AES Project W Corunna sandy loam-selleville loamy sand-Parkhill loam 9S-0080, Fictd Studies' 1978 '79. f tar Plant -Tit tabawassee S ub sta tio n-EXlSTING MAP Gary Road Substation V Transmission Right-of-Way C0NDIT10NS 3.7 m3en.g mar s e..pe -

AP-2.3 f p ( L or v: w w M :, . s Vegetat,on gry.g*p$g i i g .,,;g c -311

• q-.

250'- Commun..illes 1,! 2,.__m g - ?.?=j;! Rqt [ C.uh. &kak ~ yl-n ~ .. ~.... i \\ / Y \\ N /Gef L i Br) m" \\ l D /- o\\ a / / D- \\ W // di \\ g Topography and g Q,' /' /' Ar j Br l Soils 2 i l' W[(Gc/ /. / [' j=o ( Br f N' Q i / N. Ar A w -~ d I Cd N N scale:1..= 680' \\ l' l -l E 8 E N 0-f ['. ~," AP - Numbers to the right indicate f~' g the aerial photograph number i I j .=WT3 ,J WORKS AND STRUCTURES BOUNDARIES C CaE_ ] j dd amanra Secondary highway --- Coun ty, pa ri sh, e s"I, Of'"i-"d~ '\\t A P 3 Light-duty road

---

Fence or field 10 l

_,r / - IKEY ) j;, _ l ......: Unteproved road Sight-of-way prog _ gay Railroad

---

Vege t a t ion o r sol

~7 'l ea Buildirigs (dwellings,etc.) - Indeu contour elG ly-I (contour interva{ i.*7 O Bu11 din 6s (ba rn.e tc. ) WATER SY.4BOLS __ a --- Power transmission lines g e s e * =o _j ~

---

Tel ephone, pipeline, et c.

Perennial streams N ~~

• Wells other than water

' U Intermittent stre A community in which mansnel C 3 Intermittent take N 'i trapping and bird cenoua- ~ d ing was conducted 8,$-- Ma r sh, swa mp o r e ~E;wfj

• • • • e

.,.L c., _.2d}Ci/ r Midland Nucli consumers 1 J -Ai d ~ power company I 345B Thia information is part of the Consumers Power Coepany "w!dla,4 Plant 345 kV Transmisoton Line Right-of-way Terrest rial Ecoloalcal Survey" L

l 2.5 26 - f t k[-- 'h rd I.D D

• D-N$NM dbNy

$h NNN V. N 2 M 3$NM$ % kM4 LIM 'IdMf! %,M . 3 3 . \\}g Y,, M d 6 M M f M. 4 5 i .2l F* l ^ h Q, b y v g..., i w .~ 7 '. pWWNT:f.LT;?m w n.eg a % n #; w. - ~.. r g. % * ', (,' ig3 N ,(,,; lk y L:ge fM{N*I2Aka'5EM U_ l - rA j (, V y, I M# 'd a-1 I' l ff Ss ) ~'s'- I j l l BI Ss j l / N BI %/ e'~ s s \\ j l / b' M/ i, i N i^ N L./ M } g s 4 ts i W/ L \\ / BI h - -- s l sqBf l y Cl \\ o. l g g <c ',} \\ l , D, /. p .y s. I l \\ N h BI s i h Bl I M \\\\ N Ndn /y i $ ) ASPLUNDH M ENTA1. $$T3 DATA SOUPCES - KEY TO VEGEYATION - o g y magit m Refer to Vegetation Section of the report and Appendia B. USGS 7.5 Minute Topographic ftaps : - Midland South, Mich., Quadrangle, 1973 KEY TO SAGINAW COUNTY SOILS - - St. Charles, Mich., Quadrangle,1975 MAP SYMBOL MAPPIE UNIT MAME - Meslock, Mich., Quadrangle, 1975 .niclPta - Chesaning best, Mich., Quadrangle, 1974. Ar Arenac-Kingsville loamy sande As Winos-Thet f ord-Arenac loamy unds USDA Soil Conservation Service - Soil Survey Ay Wlace loamy sand-Parkh!!! sandy lose for Midland County, 1979. 'rty boundary Bf Rubicon, mes te variant-Covert sands, 0-61 slopes Mahjoory, R., and E.P. Whiteside. 1976. Soils bounJory 3 i 5111818 Parkhill lose of Saginaw County, Michigan, 1976, Vol.11, I 'de ton Celllas Sloan mucky loam-Pella stit loam soil maps,1933, on a 1970 aerial photo base. 5 fee. C1 Conover-Parkhill loans Mich. Agric. Exp. Stn. 17 pp. + 237 maps. Cc stoan loam a$s 1 aj Abrams Aerial Service Air Photographs - Sept. a s Cv Shoals-Sloan loans armt sitt loana I970-El Capac-Parkhill loane My Parkhill loam-Macomb sandy loam Consumers Pomer Company Midland - Tittabawassee !If Cranby-C11f ord loamy sands Substation - Cary Road Substation Scout Maps. Se Pipestone-Kingsville sands Tc Wiener clay lossH'harity silty clay loa" Asplundh Envarora. ental Services, AES Project W Carunna sandy loam-Belleville toamy sand-Parkhill loa" 95-0080, Field Studies' 1978 '79.

ar Plant -Tilta bawassee S ub sta tion-EXl8IING MAP

! ary Road Substation G V Transmission R ght-of-Way CONDITIONS 38 i l c _ 4:

I 1 ~ AP-19 19 21 ! , &ws h ).' f-Sh? lii i kh$$,.m,$q7dk 1 MM [ . jj 167; 1 -..z. nm.; n. :. 4 >. xg y l u

r. ~

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. ')

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• [ Q WORKS AND STRUCTURES BOUNDARIES

.,[_l . Ltl o ra Secondary highway --- County pa r tsh. d ~.

• %f MAP

~ l2][t i ~~~ ' " ' ' , r'_}jl LKEY ' " 'I \\ _l [ o ......: tiniep roved road Right-of-way prop ,.*7....*.. I --/ - - l i 12 Railroad

---

Vegetation or not

/ 1 N 'p . r ~7 } --r e5 Buildings (dwellings etc.) Indes contour elo ~.-- - a**(, 1~' e (contour interva8 O Butidings (ba rn.e t c. ) j_., -. - WATER SYMBOLS _j ---*- Power t ransmission lines e ee ? t --,"-*

---

Tel ephone, pipeline, e t c.

M Ferennial stresse; r-y y ,q '~"

• Wella other than water 4 I, Intermittent

[ s t r.: -'~ [' A community in which maassal f_) Intermittent take d, trapping and bird cenous-1 i

• =a' Ing was conducted

-fs*- Marsh swamp or wi i Ty' y i au;1L: A consumers .J._~ m Midiand Nucl L 1 D-# 1 power i Company i 345 L } This infor*ation is part of the Consurera Power Company j "MidlanJ Plant 345 kV Tranaelas tori Line Right-of-way Terrest ria! F,cological Survey" 1 Lr a

~~ 21 23 23 g q C. mmumwa .- &=.hE l ey ' y ; -*~,- _m v7m~- j [ h.

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s m a %... g,,., +) ( m'U %,.a k ~ u.- BI b ~ \\, U ~ M s.,; w' TC% {/ k., f/ Gd \\ ] s s \\ 1 g V 'N ,,1 \\ l 's N W s A s As \\ My. i s 2 / \\ \\, : I N. N% s( / N \\ i l h 'v \\ m Gd \\ \\ C \\ s 's Gd 1 tn \\ } ( s. s, y_ My N G s .s A l \\l m.o s b-o Ik . L-M s o DATA SOURCES. V ENTAL KEY TO VEGETATION - pp3 mgityi o Refer to Vegetation Section of the report sad Appendia B. USGS 7.5 Minute Topographic Maps: - Midland South, Mich., Quadrangle,1973 KEY TO SAGINAW COUNTY S0ILS - - St. Charles, Mich., Quadrangle,1975 MAP SYMk1L MAPy!NG UNIT MA.Mg - Hemlock, Mich., Quadrangle, 1975 setpte - Chesaning West, Mich., Quadrangle,1974. Ar Arenac-Kingsville loasy sands As Winos,-Thetford-Arenac loamy sands USDA Soil Conservation Service - Soil Survey Ay Wlace loemy sam!-Parkhill sandy lose for Midland County,1979. ty boundary Bf Rubicon, meste variant-Covert sands, 0-61 slopes h*

Mahjoory, R., and E.P. Whiteside. 1976. Soils boundary gg.

8111888 Parkhill lone of Saginaw County, Michigan,1976, Vol.II, )t ta Celllit Sloan mucky laan-Pella stic loam soil maps, 1933, on a 1970 serial photo base. 3 feet) C1 Conover-Parkhill loana Mich. Agric. Exp. Stn.17 pp. + 237 maps. Ce Sloan loam U"7"':is""::'"' '""' "" Abrams Aerial Service Air Photographs - Sept. C. Cv Shoala-Sloan loans and stit loana I970* El Capac-Parkht11 loans My Parkhill loam--Macomb sandy lose Consumers Power Corpany Midland - Tittabawassee as 1st Cranby-C11 ford lossy sende Substation - Gary Road Substation Scout Maps. Se Papeatone-Kinsev111e sands Te Wisner clay loadarity stity clay loan Asplundh Envirorunenta' Services. AES Project W Corunna es>fy loem-Belleville lossy sand-Parkhill los" 95-0080, Field Studies' 1978 '79. a r Plant -Tit ta h awa ssee S ub sta t io n-EXlSIING MAP Bary Road Substation a l Transmission Righz-of-Way 00NDli10NS 3.9 l l. .-y wr = r-- -et q m.-y u-.e 3-. m

1. e

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• 7~kiY

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p-n m c a e.e n .. 6 o. t. . f.. e s g s e L. gg?WINMk.. hM., yLt'ib _ _. %, a h* / ,/ / ll ,Q ~7 l \\, { Ar / 6)6-f I f y, / / iAsl j- / I0p0 graphy E / o m f W /- r s.s / and a. f < mm So.ls s i 7 7 g / x, / g ' r GD 95 -( Uy I M scale: 1"= 680' ) ' -l E B E N 0- ....... N AP - Numbers to the right indicate 3"f' the aerial photograph number ( .;WW ~; k ) ,b_ [ [ +J.._ 4 WORKS AND STRUCTURT* BOUNDARIES 1 n _l d_ au =ra Secondary highway I e--- Coun t y, pa r ish, o-t t.. ' d.. M A P ll x - p. ,7 _l_ _I_'K E i, Light-duty road I---- Fenceorfieldliq p J- }) _. _] y . n : t'n tsproved roaJ Right-o f-way propd -/ - tallroad

---

Vegetation or soi

' / 1 e q~r" ""~7 N) j,.- r ma Buildings (dwellings etc.) - Indes contour elev ' F s (contour interval 1

• • (

i 'f - O Butidings (barn.etc.) { - j.,.. -M -)-{ WATER SY."BOLS I _j 1 -.---- Powe r t ransmis s im lines e. - v.,) ___.- Telephone, pipeline. etc. M Perennial streamsj 1 1

• Welle other than water

'- [,Insermittent streo 4aA,2 3 T Cy A community in which masanal C 3 Intessittent lake y 1-,T trapping and bird census- ,I Ing was conducted 89-Marsh, awarp or w2 /. f_.b-f Consumers MidIand Nccis b +i i i POWet ( Company 1 34!i k This infor ation te part of the Consumers Power Company i I Midlant Plant M5 kV Transetselon Lirie Right-of-way i terrest rial Ecological Survey" l

19 5- ~ ~

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' a A%. : %;y%x%?> e. e,w= ! s :M :, & 1 .gv. AEA i... r aut L: ;g ,1 I h/y . $ ~ll f._,c_V \\ ~ i i i i i. e 1 13I My ] i / m, 4 "' i / M [ /,,# / BI 0-1 p- ' ^ sy f / / 4 f /s f \\ / 1 / / As [ N / i ./ uW 1 EJ I 1 ,e N f ( N N W 9-s- Bf \\ / jk sj ( Md \\ ASPL1;N DH DATA SOURCES - j %$ MENTAL KEY TO VEGETATION

• pagu o

Refer to Vegetation 'ection of the report nd Aps tadix s. USGS 7.5 Minute Topographic Maps: KEY TO SAGINAW COUNTY SOILS - - Midland South, Mich., Quadrangle,1973 - St. Charles, $tich., Quadrangle,1975 MAP S N I. MAPPING In t? NAMy - Hemlock, Mich., Quadrangle, 1975 le tPlo - Chesaning hest, Mich., Quadrangle, 1974. Ar Arenac-KieAsvJ11e loamy sands As Winon-Thetford.'renac loamy sands USDA Soil Conservation Service - Soil Survey Ay Winom loasy sand Parkh111 sandy loan for Midland County, 1979. ,y boundary Bf Rubicon, mesic wastant-Cove t sand s, 0-61 slopes {,,, Mahjoory, R., and E.P. Whi teside. 1976. Soils wundary g B11till Parthill los, of Saginaw County, Michigan, 1976, Vol.II, ) 1*n Cc lli l l $1oan awky loas-Pella a11t loan soil maps,1933, on a 1970 aerial photo base. I feet) C1 Conover-Parkhill lomme Mich. Agric. Exp. Stn.17 pp. + 237 maps. Cc Sloan loam f, e{5e 11e loamy sands gav Abrams Aerial Service Air Photographs - Sept. Cv Shoals-Sloan loama and allt loane I970' K1 Capac-Parkhill lomme My Parkhill laae-Macomb sandy loam Consumers Power Company Midland - Tittabawassee ] Nf Cranby-C11 ford loamy sants Substation - Gary Road Substation Scout Maps. l Ss Pip stone-Kingsville sands j W C u a o 1 v lo sand-Parkhill loan Asplundh Envirorur. ental Services AES Project ,,,,aow 95-0080, Field Studies 1978-79. r Plan t -Tit t a b awa ssee S ub sta t io n-EXISTING MAP .arY Road Substation s Transmission Right-of-Way C 0 N D I T 10 N 8 3.10 s f e i i i

AP-l 13 oL -n'~~77 34f a w#re; y I..G M.C;j3.e g %;s.g y An M p.r 4+..4.n2 3ry - y; -e q p. m. 3,g, + +- Q. 6 f m ,... v 5 {of }g. j . - C g'.,. lM a}- a g3 g M., egtgipqg -4_, c i M$p q, ;.wcn%y. -.aes m as mc w+w L E Vegetation gc m.e,.. w..m g 7s k e %% >q m m e m- % g-o g$ '"~ % 2*m#mO4 M "$;'*gM u en; a. ,,2 p Communities 2j;, w...n n :ca a,, J J A G $ TrW49~ ~ F M L m ec W m.- g R. Qf W u ,v uwm ,. ymmget:At )r h T r om e a.Lwmmm.ec:meceu m.nww - r e; x a / / O/ i My / Topography to/ ,v m I and E / As 1 My I l ',' i" ' So.ls i 2 [ -l As% r /g OD N ___. '%b.__ / / g / / ,w 1 ( i scale: 1,= 660' i. -l E 8 E N 0-j j 2. AP ~ Numbers to the right indicate 477 the aerial photograph number) t

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• • a' seg was conducted d*--

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I 15 - - - I an-namam [ 2 W<w,%.il$t$jjM}%THduMag9$)Vj t.%":ynodp W T $ 3 t se f hh, g[' 5 AYi ? gNfhh Us $5fdN!6Mgs$A5: 11 pyMk@-@ksd WMj N Orrc. L m .~ 1 % -- m a ~ ~ 1 / / l~P m gas N '/ j N.>-*y/ N ( / 'f ft \\.. y s My 1 O, 7 s ' t As \\ W 1 /sj > As s / j gi fA o A n' s %r -..f'd::: -.) / L } \\ L / / / V tr~ ~ \\ y)Q j -h _/ i N \\ / t s 4 L 7 Ar.- ~ ~ 2 v \\y g 'g-~ s \\Ar . s (,e -d, m i N 1 ^ B I i s f g%x' W ~ + 640 g'- ) CC ( \\ .gJ/W 7 -y ASPLUN DH DATA SOURCES - f @($ MENTAL KEY TO VEGETATION - Q@ gungD,, Refer to Vegetation Section of the report and Appendix B. USGS 7.5 Minute Topographic Maps: - Midland South, Mich., Quadrangle,1973 KEY TO SAGINAW COUNTY SOILS - - St. Charles, Mich., Quadrangle,1975 MAP SYM&lt. MAPPIM UNIT NA.ME - Memlock, Mich., Quadrangle, 1975 alcipio - Chesaning West, Mich., Quadrangle, 1974. At Arenac-Kingsville loamy sands i As Winon-Thetford-Arenac loamy sands USDA Soil Conservation Service - Soil Survey Ay Winom loamy sand-Parkht11 sandy loa" for Midland County,1979. rty boundary Bf ttubicon, meste variant-Covert sands, 0-6% alopes boundary Mahjoory, R., and E.P. Whiteside. 1976. Soils 511 tiff Parkhill loan tf Saginaw "ounty, Michigan,1976, Vol. II, atton Cciltti Sloan uncky lose-Pella sitt loan soil maps, 1933, on a 1970 aerial photo base. $ feet) C1 Conover-Parkhill loama Mich. Agric. Exp. Stn. 17 pp. + 237 maps. Cc Sloan loam Cd Kingsytile-Belleville loamy sande Abrams Aerial Service Air Photographs - Sept. Ce Sloan-Shoals loane Cv Shoals-Sloan loama and s tit loasa I970-K1 Capac-Pas khill lomas My Parkhill loam-Macomb sandy loam Consumers Power Company Midland - Tittabawassee Nf Cranby-Cilford loamy sands Substation - Gary Road Substation Scout Maps. Se Pipestone-Kingsville sands Tc Wiener clay loam-Charity silty clay loa" Asplundh Environmental Services, AES Project W Corunna sandy loam-Belleville loamy sand-Parkhill loam 95-0080, Field Studies' 1978 *79. l .a r P a n t - Tittabawassee Sub sta tion-l EXlSTING MAP ary Road Substation ) Transmission Right-of-Way CONDITIONS 311 t I i _m d

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---

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• Wells other than water S I, Interatttent N

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• • Midland Plant 345 kV Trane=1 seton Line Rightwf-way

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• and E.P. Whiteside. 1976. Soils 8141148 Parkhill loam of Saginaw County, Michigan, 1976, Vol.II, ttlun Cc i f il t Sloan sucky Iome-Pella silt loam soil maps, 1933, on a 1970 aerial photo base.

5 feet) C1 Conover-Parkhill loans Mich. Agric. Exp. Stn. 17 pp. + 237 n'aps. Ce Sloan Rome Cd Kingsville-Belleville loamy sands Abrams Aerial Service Air Photographs - Sept. Ce Sloan-Shoals loses 9

• Cv Shoals-Sloan loams and sitt loses K1 Capac-Parkht11 lomme

'ty Parkhil! *omeMacomb sandy loam Consumers Power Company Midland - Tittabawassee Nf Cr anby.. ilf ord loney sands Substation - Gary Road Substation Scout Maps. $s Pipestone-Kingsville sands Tc Wiener clay lose-Charity silty clay loan Asplundh Environmental Services. AES Project W Corunna sandy lose-Belleville loamy sand-Parkhill lose 95-0080, Field Studies 1978 '79. ar Plan t -Tit ta b awassee S ub sta tio n-EXl8IING MAP Gary Road Substation CONDITIONS 3 12 V Transmission R ht-of-Way ig t l =

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• Wells other than water 4 [, Interrittent stret pg..

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• "","'I As WLxem-Thetford-Areaac loary sands "N# "'$

Mahjoory, R., and E.P. Whiteside.1976. Soils

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• II oas oakville fine sand, o to 6 percent slopes Mich. Agric. Exp. Stn. 17'pp. + 237 maps.

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Mahjoory, R., and E.P. Whiteside. 1976. Soils InB Ingersoll stic loa *. O to 3 percent slopes of Saginaw County, Michigan, 1976, Vol.II.

o os cent slopes soil maps, 1933, on a 1970 aerial photo base. LA OaB Oakville fine sand. O to 6 percent slopes Mich. Agric. Esp. Stn.17 pp. + 237 maps. Pa Parkhill loaa Pe Pella silt loan Abrams Aerial Service Air Photographs - Sept. B Pipestone sand, O to 3 percent slopen

1973, PtB Pipestone sand, loamy substratum, O to 3 percent slopes Fu3 Poseyville-Londo complex. O to 4 percent slopes Consumers Power Company Midland - Tittabawassee S

oa sa w 0 to 1 percent slopes station - Gay Road SuWadon kaut Nps. Asplundh Environmental Services, AES Project s,.;w 95-0080, Field Studies ~ 1978 '79. u Nani-Tit ta b awassee sub sta ti "- EXISTING MAP

ary Road Substation Transmission Right-of-Way C 0 N D II10 N S 3.15 3

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<r ^>D xax, s:~s_a Q..~. -~ L f YUhkifk5k a mmm k; .. T.M L; U&hMX, e J M bn :. n . p.,.- - n h Communtlies 2. ' OptrdP'Wp P"JR qMWG' M# W b k~N gk ]a $@$$5%U@O aMay m h ik:l $$b% k g s b k ii % $, ?h d N j$$$w$1$yA vJk: -e w mm v ?,. nw Qz g-k InB ] Pe ,./ j 7 /,/ / PsB / .-i Ps B(s.m p8 S- / / 3 IOp0 graphy \\ / / g! g_ff /7 n g s ^ and g ___,___n___, ___,___V Soil E NCo / PsB.> / -' T Pe fi4)"' pe lInB ) % ~w scale: 1"= 660' ~ -l E B E N O-1 AP . Numbers to the right indicate f '89 1 the aerial photograph number .....-1 1 ,][ y WORKS AND STRUCTURES BOUNDARIES ..V^ j ] ,, e2 mm:w_s Secondary highway --- Co un t y, partsh, D; T; w ~ u, p Light-duty road --- fence or field 11 '. [- ? 7 4._. _.... r go ---...- tiniep roved road Right-or-way propq _s e Railroad

---

Ven tat ion o r so t j.. r T

• ^i 7 ea Buildings (dwellings,etc.)

- Indem contour elev (contour intervat ~***'(, ao Bu t1 dings (barn,etc.) WATER SYABOLS L - [-; f --* --+ Power t ransmiss ion I tnes s ee s im. f

---

Telephone, pipeline, etc.

Perenutal streams

• Wells other than water S U Intermittent stre
• 7Q,

~l -y A community in which mar. a t C U Intermittent take trapping and bird census-ing was conducted -1;$ Marsh, swamp or wp yn y. ._m y '%yn ]r,o i4f consumers Midlano Nuciq power p Campany This information te part of the Consumere Power Corpany " Midland Plant 345 kV Trane*tanton Line Right-of-way Terrestr ial Ecologica' Survey"

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A__2 m wuna l 2 G l \\ }/ l6 rJ l Pe (' ) N I PsB'/ PxB / ,4 \\. g bob L y i .-s r N < _.) '/)/ > q m l Pe s,, / r io-}- - -. - -. - -. - y m - - -. r /c - --.B Ps 2 --. -) y - -. - n -. -- -- - --., t PsB 'N /( / I i 3 /O / Pe 9 /N / / ~w f i b s PxB / g i M p /PsB / l ( f // M. D k 3 N ENTA1. DATA SOURCES-SERVICES FETTd "d"J%n"- KEY TO VEGETATION - USGS 7.S Minute Topographic Naps : Refer to Vegetation Section I of the report and Appendia B. - Midland South, Mich.. Quadrangle 1973 1 - St. Charles, Mich., Quadrangle, 1975 3 angle. M 'scipte KEY TO MIDLAND COUNTY SOILS. - Chesaning West, Mich., Quadrangle,1974. MAP SW 80L~~ MAPPf MC UNIT MAME USDA Soil Conservation Service - Soil Survey nos Bowers allt loa =, o to 3 percent slopes for Midland County, 1979. ty touadary Ch Cochoc ta5 f ine sar,dy loan. gravelly substratum Co8 Covert aard, n to 6 percent slopes Mahjoo ry, R., and E.P. Whiteside. 1976. Soils %undaty InB Ingersoll stit team. O to 3 percent sle-Le Lenawee sitty clay loas of Saginaw County, Michigan, 1976, Vol.II, gg ( ct) Londo team. O to 3 percent slopes soll maps,1933 on a 1970 aerial photo base. LxA 048 Oakville fine sand. O to 6 percent slopes Mich. Agric. Exp. Stri.17 pp. + 237 maps. Fa Parkhtli tome re retta sitt toda Abrams Aerial Servio Air Photographs - Sept. Ps8 Pipestone sand. O to 3 percent slopes

1973, PtB F1pestone sand, toaey substratum. O to 3 percent slopes PxB roserville-tondo comptes. O to 4 percent slopes 3

Wauseon sandy team Consumers Power ComEany Midland - Tittabawassee Wa uB wason to4=, sand. O to 3 percent slopes Substation - Cary Road Substation Scout Maps. n Asplundh Environmental Services, AES Project

.c.4.u 95-0080, Field Studies' 1978 '79.

)r nant -Tit ta bawassee sub stati "~ EXISTING MAP ary Road Substation Transmission Right-of-Way C0NDIT10N8 3.18 I

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1. f 'el

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---

Ventattor or soll l

1 N y-2' r

7 ea Butidings (dwellings.etc.)

~ Inden cr atour eleva (contour anterval 5l ""6 8 ' Y2 O Buildings (ba rn.e t c. ) ^ _F<-- 7j WATER SYSEOLS n's = a .JL --.---.- Power t ransmi s s ion line s ~'~ Q{Y k_.{ -- --{

• ]* ],

---

Telephone, pipe!!ne, etc.

gb!!2: Perennlat streams

• k'elle othe r than wa ter d [, Irttermittent strear

~_ A community in which sammal C C Intermittent taka I trapping and bird census-s 'I ~3= - f ing was conducted -fs t Marsh, swamp or wet .,Lc r -Q'~~,1[._ rn Midland Nucle consumers 9 rn i power ( campany 01 This information is part of the Consumere Power Company " Midland Plant 345 kV Transetne ton Line Right-of-way 1 Terrestrial yoteatral Survey"

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/ ,/~ _) Pe / / p pg nB[ h / / 0 DATA SOURCES - 4 E ENTAL SERVICES f'IM Pus 5"$[dmrwas 1 KEY TO VEGETATION - USGS 7.5 Minute Topographic Maps: of he ce a p en B. C 3"E Charles, Mich.,' Quadrangle,1975 - St. .ipt, KEY TO MIDLAND COUNTY SOILS - - Hemlock, Mich., Quadrangle, 1975 - Chesaning West, Mich., Quadrangle, 1974. MAP SYMROL MAPPINC t? NIT RME USDA Soil Conservation Service - Soil Survey sos Bowets sitt team. O to 1 pereent slopes for Midland County,1979. % dary r Ch Cochac tah fine sar dy loam, gravelly substratus I con covert sanJ. n to 6 percent slopes

Mahjoory, R., and E.P. Whiteside. 1976. Soils g,,,

Ins ingersoll stic team O to 1 percent slopes of Saginaw County, Michigan,1976, Vol.II, /'O na cent slopes sMI maps, M on a WO aedal photo base. xA i oaB Oakvt!!, fine sand. O to 6 percent slopes Mich. Agric. Exp. Stn. 17 pp. + 237 m:*s. Pa Parkhill soas Pe Pella stit loam Abrams Aerial Service Air Photographs - Sept. i s a Pipestone sand, o to 1 percent slopes

1973, l

PtB Pipestone sand, loaey substratum, O to 1 percent slopes Pat Poseyville-Londo tangles. O to 4 percent slopes Consumers Power Company b..dland - Titti.bawassee o at 0 to 1 percent slopes Substation - Cary Road Substation Scout Maps. B AsplunJh Environmental Services, AES Project uao. 9S-0080, Field Studi.s' 1978 '79. r Plant -Tit ta hawa ssee S ub sta tion-E)( l S T I N G mao ry Road Substation Transmission Right-of-Way CDNDIT10N8 3.17 1 i

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cob ),M f

1 4 1 scale: 1"= 680' -l E G E N 0-l ','8"* AP - Numbers to the right indicate t the aerial photograph number WORKS AND STRUCTURES BOUNDARIES .[_ ,_I , Lk_( mcacz Secondary highway -- --- Co un t y, parish, 's' Z.ht 7 i K E T' '"'~d" ~~~~ '*"'* *' " " .id MAP _. d.g. [ =*::: tinirproved road al tght-o f-way prop }> . _t e Rattroad

---

Vege t a t ion or so!

f-- Y ea Buildings (dwellin gs,e t c. ) ~ Inden contour ele f e,d (ceritour interval;

• • ( g i

g _, O e. Bu t id ings (barn.etc.) Y.eE Sl .-.+ Power t ransmission lines ~ - --- Telephone, pipeline, etc. Perenatal stre.smil

• k' ells other than water S I, Inters'ittent strc S t-,
  • 7 A community in which mammal C1) Intermittent take;

. 't y' ' s trapping and bird census-ing was conducted d$ Marsh, swamp or q y ,y .n ~g' -]{, ro i Midland Nuclq consumes power company u 345 k: g This infe r-ation La par t of the Consu='er s Power Coepany 'H14tas! Plant M 5 kV Transminston Line Right-of-way l l Terreer 'el F.cologleal $1rvey"

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/ {s"\\ f \\ \\( Pa / Pa i \\ \\ ( Ptk ( PtBJ y l DATA SOURCES - J- -. E ASPLUNDH f Q,goNMENTAL E5 fit 433 " fan"6 ail.- KEY TO VEGETATION - USGS 7.S Minute Topographic Maps: Refer to Vegetation section of the report and Appendia 8. - Midland South, Mich., Quadrangle, 1973 - St. Charles, Mich., Quadrangle, 1975 - Hemlock, Mich., Quadrangle, 1975 ogpg KEY TO MIDLAND COUNTY SolLS - - Chesaning West, Mich., Quadrangle, 1974. 15151. MA PP ING 'JN IT ' TAME no s sowers site loa =, O to 3 percent slopes fo r didland County, 1979. ,, g,,, Ch Coc hoc t a'. fine sarmly loam, gravelly substratum cob Cover t sanJ, n to 6 percent slopes Mahjoory, R., and E.P. Witeside. 1976. Soils InB Ingersoll stit loam. O to 1 percent slopes of Saginaw County, Michigan, 1970, Vol.II, (' feet) xA om 0 cent slopes

• 1. 'l "#IS' l933' n a 1970 aerial photo base.

Oa8 Oakville fine sand, O to 6 percent slopes Mich. Agric. Exp. Stn. 17 pp. + 237 maps. Pa Parkhill loan s's Petta stit loan Abrams Aerial Service Air Photographs - Sept. Ps8 Pipestone saiuf, a to 1 percent slopes 1978. PtB Pipestone sand, loaey substratum, O to 1 percent slopes 5 sey 1 - ado cospicx, O to 4 percent slopes Consumers Power Corrpan, i dland - Tittabawassee t was Wtuo. to., sarmt, o to 1 percent slopes Substation - Cary Ro J Substation Scout Maps. Asplundh Environmental Services, AES Project .,a,,, 95-0080, field Studies 1978 '79. ar Plan t -Tit ta b awassee S ub sta tion-EXlSTING MAP lary Road Substation I CONDITIONS 3 18 ! Transmission R. ht-of-Way ig 1 i

i J AP-75 76 Vegetation Dl wggg mex M m estwea+F g \\ etvr.//M7 8 y y ^ Communities D Afr5 iQgif Yb kh, k [ i\\3 'N e/ Pa(^ n g ij\\ s / T s y WxB 4 Pa (bob kI m g i, dN) m\\ \\ Bo B4 i V I0p0 graphy nopi Ch / \\,. m N and '\\\\\\ L i h M\\ \\ \\ (T / g \\m S0ils \\ 't\\ ~ A] l N \\'PtB l \\C \\ \\ t \\\\ \\ PtB \\ i k D' s\\ () \\\\ \\ scale: 1"= 680 t ' Ch Wx B, = [o/ -l E G E N D- ... \\ 3. AP - Erobers to the right indicate i 19 the aerial photograph number ,,;.r.. -- ' T.> C. WORKS AND STRUCTURES EOUNDARIES 7 ,._ j [, F*d,. C. ,[ _t. dM mar __mcz Secondary highway

---

Coun t y, pa r t sh, eq l -h{t 3 if

'.} { L7))^~(M A P K FJ ~d" "-~ ' * " ' * " " ' ' ' " " -- ~. ---.= Un tep roved road attsht-of-way propy -i..

r..

Rattroad --- Ven tation or sollI p-T 77 l em Butidings (dwellin gs,e t c. ) ~ Indes contour elev; s (contour interva: j '**d- C~ 03 Butidings (ba rn, e t c.) 4 g t. -l-h WATER SYS80LS ... = -

---

.- Power t ransmis sion Itnes y

~

---

Tel ephone, p ipe line e tc.

Perennial streams

• Welle other than water d U Ine.erimittent stread y

Q,g _,,., !r gt A community in which sammal C D Interakttent lake l a X trapping and bird censva- ~ " f ing was conducted M-Ma r sh, swa sp o r see i' W'n I p-: -L -['d y9-- 2' consumers Midland Nuclei ( ,- cri power company Q T. t L 345 k? This information is part of the Commucera Power Company " Midland Plant 345 kV Transatselon Line Right-of-way Terrestrial Ecological Survey" u m..

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Mahjoory, R., and E.P. Whiteside. 1976. Soils InB Insersoll allt loan, O to 3 percent slopes of Saginaw County, Michigan, 1976, Vol.II,

[e nawe(stle soil maps,1933, on a 1970 aerial photo base. tion a = b"I OaB Oakville fine sand, O to 6 percent slopes Mich. Agric. Exp. Stn.17 op. + 237 maps. Fa Parkhill tome re Petta stit tous Abrams Aerial Service Air Photographs - Sept. PsB ripestone sand, O to 1 percent slopes 1978. PtB Pipestone sand, loaey substratum, O to 3 percent slopes PsB Poseyville-Londo compt es. O to 4 percent slopes Consumers Power ~. apany Midland - Tittabawassee o to 1 percent slopes Substation - ary Road Substation Scout Maps. B o Asplundh Enva onmental.iervices, 'AES Project ~ gy 95-0080, '* eld Studies' 1978 '79. tr Plan t -Tit ta h awa ssee S ub sta tion-EXl8 TING MAP ary Road Substation j Transmission R ght-of-Way CONDITIONS 3A i

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J

- f m, f y ; a j,v y'\\ ] Le w' x / f) w. I0p0 graphy A( \\ [ \\ el / m acx _ _,/. _ ' _~ Q z g_ n, _ _ _ and p+ g yy 3 ,a,j j ,ng 1 S0lls 1 N (, -] i l te)WxB,/ Ur ,1 P scale: 1"= 660' -l E G E N 0-g, 3. AP - Numbers to the right indicate lIf I 'll the aerial photograph nunt:er u.a'I. s ~ ~k ( } WORKS AND STRUCTURES ECUNDARIES r% _I. ...h , _f N mca'cz Secondary highway --- Coun t y, pa r i sh, e ' i .:h2 '1-t MAP E]I t v_lKEY -"*"'d"'d --~~ ' * " ' " " ' "'" "" e,[ o ---*-.: Unirproved road Fight-or*WAy prJp .g Railroad

---

Ven tation or soi y-f" r ~~ l na Buildings (dvellin g s, e t c. )

- Indes contour ele i (contour anterval ~ ~s's C] i D em Buildings (barn,ctc.) n WATER SYM60LS L1 -+--+ Powe r t ransmiss ion line n - #-[t _" f ~

---

Tel ephone, p ipel ine, etc.

M Pe renn ia l streams --'{ L_.

• Eells other than water d I, intermittent strea

, _M A communf ty in which mammal C D Interalttent lake 1 -- s. trapping and bird censua- ~T:.*' " ',es f ing was conducted -$ *- N r sh, swa p or we \\ 7 ~~ 'p $y 9}.oi *"7 r-l-Q - consumers Midland Nucle j i power campany ? g 345L This information is part of the Conauerere Power Cos'peny Midland Plant 34 5 kV Transmission I,ine Right-o f-way j Terrest rial Ecciogical Survey" ~ \\ wee m - .i a

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g. gNMENTAL g

3 f5TiF1 "t"l4"sai'k e KEY TO VEGE TATION - USGS 7.5 Minute Topographic Maps: ep,Nt a Ya. - M and Soun, M., @ahangle, W of he p - St. Charles, Mich., Quadrangle, 1975 ,gegpgo KEY TO MIDLAND COUNTY SOILS - - Hemlock, Mich., Quadrangle,1975 - Chesaning West, Mich., Quadrangle, 1974. MAP syw el. MAPPING UNIT MAME USDA Soil Conservation Service - Soil Survey non g g g,,, towers sitt loa, o to 3 percent stop,, for Midland County,1979. Ch Cochoc tah fine sarmly loam, gravelty substratum Con Covert sanJ n to 6 percent slopes Intersoll sitt loan, O to 3 percent slopes Mahjoory, R., and E.P. Whiteside.1976. Soils InB 'Stan " * 'y * { of Saginaw County, Michigan,1976, Vol.II, soil maps, 1933, on a 1970 aerial photo base. gab oakville fine sand, O to 6 percent slopes Pa Parkhill loam Micn. Agric. Exp. Stn. 17'pp. + 237 maps. Pe Pella sitt loam Abrams Aerial Service Air Photographs - Sept. Ps3 Pipestone sand, O to 3 percent slopes 1978. PtB Pipestone sand, loamy substratue, O to 3 percent slopea Put Poseyville-l.ondo cosyles, O to 4 percent slopes D Consurers Po.er Corpany Midland - Tittahawassee a o to 1 percent slopes Substation - Cary Road Substation Scout Maps. e a Asplundh Environmental Services, AES Project se.aow 95-0080, Field Studies' 1978.'79. .r Plan t -Tit ta bawassee S ub sta tion ~ EXl8 TING MAP .ary Road Substation Transmission Right-of-Way C D N D I T 10 N 8 3.81 {

I o! I AP-! /. %4 L A ^% t esf* n,,f ' 1 Vegetati0n N ,,1 e Communi6 3d[ : %.c a N g_fpgj} m @+ A wq,1 NN. - x s n x I0p0 graphy [ y

x.. $

~ and ~. ta' .l 80ilS ' Nh ,s, 6 1 m ~ Oo scale: 1"= 680, -t -L E B E N 0-x AP - Numbers to the right indicateI f T'i the aerial photograph nu= bed . 1..: - :T 'r ~ 7 s "-} WORKS AND STRUCTURES BOUNDARIES a ., R = ,[. _,,d mcara Secondary highway --- Coun t y, pa r t sh. l l Of vi }' \\t A, P,,

• ~ "

Light-duty road

---

Fence or field 1 t._

-u j I dgo it1 h t -c i-wa y p ro e -....: L'nis'p roved road 6 Railroad

---

Vegetation or sa

-Y F ~*i II A Butidings (dwellict s.e t c. ) Indes co rm r el (contour ini 'rve 1 -g ' "' ~ '[~ O ca Buildings (barn etc.) WATER SYNBOLS I --+---*- Powe r t ransmis s ion lines

• s e s e**

j g ~

---

Tel ephone, pipeline, etc.

Perennial stream

• Welle other than water d I, Intermittent 2

s e rt v, u i 7!YI._"M A cosa: unity in which maecuni f j intermittent tak "$Q >l trapping and titrd census-i j ing was conducted Marsh, swamp or j }{% -L ,y - l -Q_c o _ %' - consumers Midland Nucll t q-li power i campany This teh,reation is part of the Consomers Power Cnepany " Midland Plant 345 kV Traneetae ton Line Af ght-cf-way g i Terre r a t el Teological Survey" l l ! i== en- - - -- w_ -W L. i

i 74 J_ v Y ' d '. k N f M i QGp&Q 3 e, .o. 1 s 4 (2 gw Y K V {, j r \\ \\ \\* p-u= p ren-g.{ -.- 5 A ,,7 co - $b '/, - M C Q. 3 7~ 9 m Ur 4 Q 2 O' '^ ,.g i n ASPLUN DH DATA SOURCES - hi Q Q3MENTAL FET4B "0"4"M:"a-KEY TO VEGETATION - USGS 7.5 Minute Topographic Maps: Refer to vegetation Section of the report and Appendis 8. - Midlanu Scuth, Mich., Quadrangle.1973 - St. Charles, Mich., Quadrangle, 1975 uasetpt. KEY TO MIDLAND COUNTY SOILS - - Hemlock, Mich., Quadrangle, 1975 - Chesaning West, Mich., Quadrangle, 1974. MAP sYM Q MAPP!NG UNIT MAME USDA Soil Conservation Service - Soil Survey soa 2# I sowers s tic to... O to 3 percent slopes for Midland County,1979. Ch Cochoctah fine sandy loan. gravetty substratus con 1 b..unJ4ry covert sanJ n to 6 percent slopes Mahjoory, R., and E.P. Whiteside.1976. Soils rna insersatt sitt tea. O to 1 percent slopes Le Lenawee s tit y clay to*" ,f Saginaw County, Michigan, 1976, Vol.II, tun gg Londo team. O to 3 percent slopes soil maps,1933, on a 1970 aerial photo base. LxA Das Oakville fine sanJ, 0 to 6 percent slopes 3 y7.pp. + 237 maps. Pa Parkh111 toaa Fe Pella sitt toa. Abrams Aerial Service Air l'hotographs - Sept. Ps3 Pipestone sand, O to 1 percent slopee 1978. I Pt B Pipestone sand, toaey substratum. O to 3 percent slopes pus Poseyvit t e-tondo comp t et, O to 4 Perc en t slopes Consu!ners Power Company Midland Tittabawassee 8 W oam a 0 to 1 s.rcent slopes

1. ~

U Asplundh Environmental Services. AES Project rt ...ao. 95-0080, Field Studies 1978 '79. Bar Plant -TitIa bawassee S ub sta t ion-EXlSTING MAP Gary Road Substation V Transmission R. ht-of-Way CON 01IIONS 3 82 ig 3 w e-- a,_ re-u _.--m-.---- owerem '

i E E E E APPENDIX B s.i g m L s W I 4: R.. i r

a J Appendix B PLANT COMMUNITY FORMULAS Abbreviated formulas for each of the plant communities identified on the maps in Appendix A are presented below. These formulas indicate the most abundant plant species for each stratum and the grass physio-gnomy of each community. Formulas represent the average strocture and species composition of a community, but may not be representative of particular locations within a community. EXPLANATION OF APPENDIX TABLE B-1 Community Number - The index number used to identify plant ~ communities on air photos in Appendix A. Cover Type - See text Section 2, Vegetation for general descriptions. Species Composition - Species are listed, by common name, in order of relative abundance within ~ a stratum; only those species which ] formed an important part of a stratum were noted. F = forbes; G = grass Density - The density of coverage of each stratum is presented according to the following classification: I. I = open, 0-40% coverage II = partially closed, 40-80*' coverage III = fully closed, 80-100% coverage Dbh - The range of diameters in inches measured at 41/2 feet above the E gro und. Minimum of 1 inch; only for woody species. g Height - The range in height in feet is given for most strata. I I B-1

Appendix Table B-1 PLANT CCMMUNITY FCPA'LAS I COMMUNITY CCVER NO. TYPE SPECIES COMPOSITICN OENSITY Cth HEIGHT I 1 YLH Ouakica aspen--Pin oak- #ei eiele 3-6 13 30 Tao alaer- ;eo racie II Z-4 i2-13 III 4-8 Gray doewcad F--ferns III 2 YUH Ouaking ascen--Scotch pice i 2-4 12-10 I becerry--6 ray willow--Bramie-Goldenrod III 3 YUC nuaking aspen--Jack eine-White soruce-Thobe-cherry (( 3-6 15-25 Ferns-81ueoerry--r:intergreen--6 III 4 PLH Rei raple--Pin oak--Ouaking as cen.-Elm 11t 2-6 ?0-50 W Gray cogwood--Cherry--Rea raple--Fin can~Eln--Aspen-- Ferns--G 4-10 5 PUC white pine-Pacer birch Itt 4-15 30-50 I Fe rn s--J II 6 MLH Swa m white oak - Red maole pin nak III 13-23 50-80 Fa *e oircn--5a ssa fras-Eed ma oie III 2-6 35-30 G--F II ? PLH Co ttoawcci-- As pen--41110w--Che rry II 2-12 25-60 Sramole--61uecerry--Currant--5 III YUH Pin oak--Ouaking aspen i 4-3 30-55 4.lr--ascen--5a ssa f ras--.i tcn eazel-cr.erryw d rapie III a-i5 1 e 3ashafras--BramDie--Gray dogwood--6racken II 9 8 ..eatherleaf--8lueberry Iff 1-3 Sanagnum moss III 10 ' Tao-elder--Buttenbush--chokebeery Ift 4-12 Surreco--5eages--G II 11 Pud As cen--Pin oak-Datea birch fit 8-15 60-30 F -Bracxen l 12 PUH Paoar birch--4scen--Pin oak III 6-12 40-70 i Bluecerry--Eracken--F--6 ill 2-4 13 TLH Tao alder II 24 10-20 White Daneset--5 edges--6 -F III g 14 MLH Cottonwood 1 20-25 50-70 W i l l cw--E l m III 2-4 15-25 Asters--Goldenroo--s III I 15 MUH Black caerry 1 20-30 35-50 white asn--naatnorn--Graw-Eim -. rry II 8-20 Brarole--Bracten-s II 16 YUC Scotch pine III 4-7 20-25 I 17 PLH Picnut hickory--Bure nat--Black walnut i 22-30 60-80 Gra ce --i c a cry--El m--dawt ro rm--roreysuc k l e--Ei cae lii 1-3 6-Id Br amo l e--6o l denrod-Segga r t i c K-- As t ers --6 III 18 PLH Hawthorn 4-12 25-40 I hettl es--Moneywo rt--F--e II 19 kN nartweed--Jewelweed-Cutgrass--Water plantain 20 YLH Grace--Eln-Ded eaole--Hawthorn 1-4 10-15 I Bramle--G--Currant--6 III 21 MUC Red pine !!I 12-18 45-60 22 PLH Pignut hickery--Elm--Gray a sh f"I 3-8 20-45 Psee biren--sassa f ras--Pric=Iy asn I 1-3 15-30 I Settles--F ml 23 MLH Re1 maale-Elm--Rue oak IIT 18-40 60-80 Eed ma oi e--Eim--Gra pe--raw II 2-5 10-iJ Poiscn tyy--Nettles--Prickly cucucter I continued B-2

OC D D - D T4 aeP Jk\\"a Appendix Table B-1 (Continued) ] COMMUNITY CCVER 'I NO. TYPE SPECIES CCMPCSITICN

ENSITY Cbh

-2T 24 YLH Bue oak--Woneysuckle--Quakinc ascen--Gra v d-wood-Dev-ble if 1-2 --10 Edenrod-- As ter--Bu l rusn-- I r i s --mors e ta i l ill 25 PLH Quaking aspen--Red maple--Black cherry--Elm--Sassafras-- e per birch Ii 5-10 s " 55 Witen na rei--M ac* c nerry--Elm- %am iro aspen--6 cay Demood ill --iG U m-- v i ournun--6racten--F--B raro l e--Ca tori er III 26 PLH Ouating ascen--Elm--Green ash--Cottorwood il 4-20 -60 Bramole--G--F III 27 PUH Ouaking aseen--Bur cak--white oak--8 t ech 5-12 40-55 Wi ten narel--5iuecerry-;im--aerry II as F--s [;I 28 PUM Aspen--Pin cak--white pine--Red ma i ~ fit 6-1' P-50 As coa--,nf te pine '~ II 2-4 i:-23 G--F III 29 PLH Swa m white oak--Din oak--Aspen I' 3-13 45-70 m Fed maol e--5= amp wni te cas 2-4 6 -25 boldenrad--6--F--Foison ivy II. I 30 PUH Aspen--Pin oak--white birch if S-12 3?-45 Bluecerry--Asters--G--Aspen--Fin can III 3-6 l 31 MUH Big-toothed aseen--Caks iff 10-25 C-30 ( Ironwood--Green asn I i-4 i :- J Catbrier--virginia creeper--f erns--r III 32 SS Butt'nbush 4-10 33 WM Smartweed--Dock--Beggartick--Cutgrass 111 I 34 MLH Green ash--Red maole i 14 20 4?-30 sed rooie--Eim III 2-4 -r-Poison ivy--k t rginia creeper--Nettles--r II l 35 YUM Quaking ascen--white asn--stachern sumac II 1-2 3-15 i G--F 36 YUM White ash--Staghorn sumac--White pine f 1-2 6-12 l G--F l III 37 YLH Cottonwcod i 1-2 6-12 F--G lii 3G "UH White oak--#ed maole--Ped oak-Ra sswcod if 8-22 40-60 Musclewood--Easswood F III 10- D Prick ly asn--whi te oa=--s d maele--Eas swcod e II 6-10 F-- hite cam--Rea napie--Basswood II i-4 33 PUH Red oak--Pacer birch I"I 4 -8 30-50 { Red est--Red maale--Green asn I I l-2 10-15 Blac= cnercy--viburnum--Green asn I Bracken--F 2-4_ ..I 40 MUH Red maple--Black walnut i 13-34 30-50 l Blacu walnut--3asswooa I 6-'2 G--F III 41 MLH Red maale--Ascen--Green ash fit 5-20 40-70 Elm--Green asn--Grace--Gray dogwood III a-23 Green ash--Nettles--F--G--virginia creeper II i-5 f 42 MLN Red maple--Green ash I 8-30 45-30 E l m-- A s h-- i ren =ccd il 4-6 2C-35 Prickly asn--Ironwood li! l-3 -i5 Virginia creeper--Foison ivy--5ugar maple--F--s II 43 WH Aspen--Rad maple--Green ash--Bur oak if 8-21 50-?5 I Red oak--ead eaoie--ironwood--Fric=iy asn II 2-5 s-D Ferns--F--witch nazel--6 til 44 PLM Cottwood--Green ash--Elm if 6-15 4 !-6 ' Gray sgwooo--Grace--Green ash--6ramole--G--F il 4-12 45 "UH $ ware white cat-Ded maale-- As pen--Psoee birch--White ofre 10-40-60 Irenwood--Gray doe-cod--Green asn--Gra ce II 4-20 Poi son i vy--Grace--5=at'p wni te can--F--G--Fe-ns continued ( B-3 L_

\\ D } a{Ti)y y y , 'MAAAm l Appendia Table B-1 (Continued) [ CUf?*J'itTY COV'R N0. TYPE SPECIES COMPOSITION DENSITY Obh PEIGHT 46 PLH Pin oak--Ascen-Ded naple it 6-15 3J-55 Rea m ole--Pin ca.--Gray dogwooa--sl oeoe rry II 1-2 5-15 G--Burreed--F III 47 PUH Aspen--White birch Ded maale if 4-8 30-55 O tc% nazel--Riuecerry--6ai--diburnue II 5-6 6-12 Slueberry--r--6racken III 48 YUH Cuaking ascen--Red maole--Pacer birch ' I 3-6 30-40 ETacs oak--aca mapie--5assafras 1-3 10-20 Black cnerry--witca nazel--Bluecerry I 3-4 Ferns--wintergreen - % sses 49 YUH Q;akingaspen--Redoak II 2-6 25-35 G. ;a n ing a span-sea cam l 4-6 Bracien II 50 PUH Ped ruole--ouakin<t a spen--Paper birch--Gray bireb-Rue oak it 4-18 30-50 i se1 ma ple--raper otecn--ora c birch 2-4 20-30 Red maale--Pacer bire--Gray bircn--aiten hazel 5-i2 ) Bracken-fern--wintergreen I; 6 51 YUH Quakino ascen--Choke-cherry--Black oak i 10-20 Bl ac k berry II 3-2 G--Mosses I j 1 52 YUH Rad maple--Pacer birch--Ouaking aseen it! 2-5 20-30 { Fed maole--witen hazel--slaca enerry III 6-12 j Reo maple--Faper otrcn--Quaning aspen--Golcenroa--Asters II l-4 j l 53 YUC Jack pine III 3-6 20-30 1 54 PUH Quaking ascen--Black oak--Red macle--Cottonwood II 4-12 30-50 Re1 maoie--Quaking ascen--slack on--Paper oicen--6reen asn II 6-15 f Quak ing aspen--51 acs ca k--s o maoie--5.am <1omooa III 4-6 e F I l l I 55 MU.4 Swamp white oak--Bur oak--Pignut hickory--Quaking aspen-- l Paper birch it 6-25 60-9'1 l Ironwnoc--Elm--Green asn--31acs enerry-- N ewoocs III 4-20 Ferns--Bra:ra ie--G II 56 PUH Ped oak--White oak-Pignut 51ckory II 6-18 50-70 Bas swood-Witcn hazel--Ironwood--Cnose-enerry ill b20 Frickly asn--uolcenroc--Gray cogwood II 57 MLH Green ash--Picnut hickory--Nackterry--Ded =aple 6-25 50-75 Pric k ly a s n--Greenorier--Gra ce--Gu ttman 's pi pe--aac h berry III 5-25 Dutchman's pipe--Ytrginia creeper--F il 53 MLH Gree.1 ash--Piceut hickory--Ras smod--Cottonwood I 12-35 60-90 l Hawtnorn--Asclawcoa--Eim III 2-7 15-35 Green asn--F--Fotscn ivy--Asters II 59 MUH Red oak--White oak--Pignut hickory if 8-30 40-70 Basswood--Chc=e-caerry- <antnorn--6 race II Z-4 F--Cnoue-cnerry I 60 PLH Grean ash--9asswood--Bur cak TT! 3-10 20-40 Dray dowood--Fric=1 y asn--m=t norn-a e oar-sacer b i rc i II 5-15 v Virgtnta creeper--?.ettles--Seages--F--G III 61 YUH Black cherry--Hawthorn--Quakine aseen II 6-12 Bracken III 62 PUH Red maste--Sugar maple--Green ash tit 8-19 50-70 Basswood I 2-5 20-40 Basswooo I 3-6 l F l, l 63 ?"JC Re1 pire iI 8-15 50-30 Bracaen--F I 64 YUC White cedar-Daoar birch--White soruce !!I 4-7 20-30 G--F--Elm--Ni tesnace--Reo ma pie I 65 YUH Ouaking aspen--pacer birch--Red eaole it 2-5 20-30 r3,ain en as cen--r.no.e-c nercy-aea -acie li 6-12 Bracken--Quakirg aspen--Rec mapie--aintergreen--F III 2 -4 . continued B-4 Y,_ %A&

r -\\ e Appendix Table B-1 (Continued) C0fHUNITY COYER NO. TYPE SPECIES COMPOSITION DENSITY CtA nE!OHT 66 YUH PaDer birch--OuakinG asDen-Red Paole 2-5 20-30 s Fed aanle -rawtnern I 12-23 G--Quaning aspen--sracaen 67 YUH Hawthorn--Green ash 4-6 G--alackeerry III 68 PUH Pur oak--Red eaole i 10-14 30-40 Bur can--Green asn I i-2 G--Bracaen III S 69 PUH Quaking aseen--Ped maele--Uhite oak I 6-14 40-60 Red reoie--Quaxing aspen ~ Black onu--Green asn II 12-23 Fed osier docwood--Eim--Gree ii 3-6 g F--G 70 fiUH White oak--Bur oak-Aed maple II 14-32 60-80 Black _enu--Guaning as;;en--a d maoie 4-8 30-40 e Guaking assen--81act can--eneer oiren 12-15 Bracten~F d g 71 MUH Creen asn--5hacbark hickory--8ur oak 18-32 50 20 G III (open grove of trees in pasture) 72 YLH Ped maple--Green ash-Ded oak--sheback Meko y--Elm it! 2-6 25-35 Red macle--Green asn III 6-i5 Green asn--shaquarr nickory II i -2 F 73 YUH Black cherry-White ash--Bitternut hickory if 4-8 20-35 F--Elm--Red can--u III 74 YUM Black charrv II 3-E 13 25 G -- 3 ramo l e --F 75 MJC Red pine III 3-6 20-25 76 PLH Green ash--Willow If 3-8 30-40 Aooie--ra <tnorn--6reen asn ?I 12-29 F~u III 77 PUH White pine--Quaking as-en~ Pacer birch I' 6-20 43-60 gFa ee circn--Wnite e n - nite eine--slack cheery i 2-4 16-24 I white asn--ahite oak I. 3 -6 78 PUH Bur oak--Ouaking as>an--#ed maple 6-14 50 70 Nasclewood-a d rapie II l-3 10-30 e G--F II I 79 YUH White ash i 1-2 18-25 5tagnoen seac-ahi te as n-a l can I 4-6 e G 80 YbH Elm--Green ash 1-2 15-20 I bawtnorne--Appi e III 10-15 81 YUC Jack eine III 4-6 25-30 Eed oam ill 1-2 10-20 Red oat-slack cnerry II I S2 YUH Ped oak-Stachorn sumic 6-12 Goicenrod--G III 83 PLM Green ash--Cottonw)od il 9-24 30-50 I ba there--Green asn~ cottonwood--Black cheery - Ein II 6-10 G--F III S4 YUP Ouaking aspen--81ack cherry 2-4 12-24 5tacaora sunac--61a:t c rerry--w i l l ow II 4-6 G-Goldenrod II I 85 PLH Ouaking aspen--W111cw it 6-10 40-60 Quam ing aspen--.illcw-Ein--,reen asn II 10-i5 5taporn sumac--Eim--Gray coowned II T-6 F--u III I Continued ~ B-5 m_

~ 1 LAh\\ h &D]ut Appendix Table B-1 (Continued) CC= UNITY CCVER O TVFE SPECIES COMPOSITION CENSITY Obh HEl%T 86 PUM k"

• te oa k-Bur oak--Red maole f!!

10-24 50-70 e ite nau-- h o raple -e d can i' 4-6 D-40 e Musciewood--='nfte asn I 10-15 Waite ase-Musclewood I 2-3 F IJ 87 PUH Q;ak te1 aseen-Daper birch Ded maple -White cak tif 6-9 40-50 I Gre?n ash--Elm i I-3 12-23 Green asn 3eicely a s n--El m I 6-10 F al SS PLM Gree

• a s h-Dad ma ple f!

6 70 10-50 reen asn-ter.- ,rs;e III

-i-u Gray do?. cod--5tagnorn surnac ill 4-o 99 PUH Quakins ascen-Red oak--White ash it!

6-14 40-50 Eed os --5tacec n sirac--sna; barn ucmcey III 6-7 s Brachen--61 ace cherry--siachserey li 1-3 r,.. y 5 90 MUH White oak--Black oak i 25-30 70-90 Easswood ili 6-3 40- W Ba s s woo'd--I r%=ood III 6-12 Basswood--F I B 91 YLH Green ash 1 2-4 19-24 Willow--Taq alder II 6-12 F --G III 92 YlM Green ash--Black cherry-Ce4 mole--Pacer birc% 3-6 30-40 Tag alcar -Gretn asn--61act crarry il 6-i2 F I, 93 YUM Black cherry--Ouaning as;en 6-10 Bl ac h oerry--5t s onoen s urac III i-3 G AI 94 PUH Ouakinc ascen--Paper birch-Ar++n ash I! 6-10 25-40 Quat ing ascen--5as sa f ra s--canthern-- ed can III i *i3 i J Sa ssa fras--5taanoen su ac--slac kberry si 3-4 m 9 95 YUH Black cherry--Wawthorn ft 10-12 Brachen--5taanoen sumac II Z-3 G Ili 96 PUH Basswood-drean ash I 6-12 35-45 baw t horn II 4 12 F--6 1 97 YLH Ham, thorn--Elm-Bass cod it 10-19 Goldenrod -6 III 98 RJH White ash--Bur c.a k II 14-22 40-60 bantnorn--=hite asn--t'm il 2-4 i5-23 F.-6 3 99 YU9 White ash--E1=- 43 ole it 4-6 25-35 hawtaorn--white asn--Elm I; l-3 ib-25 F - ^a III I ! 100 YUH W%ite as% -9esswnn1 ff 4-6 30-40 li bantnorn--Grape III 6-1 F--G III 101 PUH Ouaking aseen III 6-8 30-40 Quaming aspen--inite asn II 6-12 j F--Bracken--6 III 102 PUC White pire III 7-14 40-50 B 103 YUC Jack pine--White pice Wawthorn i 2-4 12-20 Bracaen--5pirea--u III 104 YUH Stac%cen swac--81adberey i 13 G--r II i 105 PUH Cuaking aseen-Ded raele--Page, birch- ' htte oak 11 6-10 30-40 Witch aazei--ea.tnern II ia-23 F--61uecerry III continued B-6

l I pga edF AppeMin Table B-1 (Concluded) l I C2fa'AITY CCVER

• 10.

TYPE t9!CIES COPPOSITICft CESSiiY Oth -Eihi l 106 VVH Sakiro as:en-Greea ash-Pad *apie III 2-4 '?-25 F--G III 107 PLH Cottonwood-W111ew 11 6-10 ??-50 l F--G iii l 108 YLH ti m-Hawthorn- % en ash 11 3-6

• ! 30

--f III 109 rJH C + -Grace--Green ash--Hawthorn Iff 1-3 7-20 F--u--Goicenroo 110 vtH Green ash fit 10 f.ettles--Asters--G--f

II

-4 Ill MLH Greenash--gekberry-wawthron -Black e**rev-Ded marte ilt 6-30 ' 70 Green asn--tim--cou ei *r -i v Moneywort--Folson ivy--surrant -ara;e--Nettles--drginia creeper 112 PLM Green ash--#ed mapfe--Cottonwoof--%4r-D wnf te oa k III 4-18 15-60 ks thorn--t1 ~-Grace--verntnia craeser 1-4 i5-H I Virginia creeper--Foiscn ivy--5preaaing coqcane--Green ash--Red maple '1 i 9 I I I o I I-g 1 I

l l [ [ [ APPENDIX C E [ L-J. i I

Appendix Table C-1 PLANT SPECIES FOUNO DURING THE QUANTITATIVE VEGETATICN SAMPLING INDICATING CCVER TYPES WHEXE THEY 'aERE FOUND COVER TYPE SPECIES YUH FUM MUH YUC MUC YLH FLH PLH OF SCF SS i.M B Agrimony X Alsike clover X Aster X Eeard's tongue X Pegga r-ticks X X Big duckweed X i 81rdfoot trefoil X l Black huckleberry X Black aedick X X Black snakeroot X X X Bladder campicn X Blue flag f ris X X X X Blae joint X Blue violet X 1 Blunt-leaved milkweed X i Bceeset X Brachythectum sp. X X X Prac6en fern X X X X X X X X "ristly sarsaperilla X Carada bluegrass X X X X X X X X B Cana3a fleabane X Canada mayflower X X X X X X X X Canada moonseed X X Canada thistle X 1 Carex angyrantha X i lI Caret bebbit X Carex brunnescens X Carex crinita X X X [ Carex gracillima X X X X X X X t Carex grandularis X l I Carex intumescens X X X X Carex lupulina l Carex retrosa X Carex siccata X Carex vulpinoidea X X i Carrion flower X l I Cinnamon fern X X X p Cinquefoil X X X X n 4 Colonial bent X Comon plantain X X i Cotton grass X l Cutgrass t X Laisy fleabane X X Cewberry X X z Down) yellow violes X X X Eleocharis smallii X 'I Elfaus virginicus X X Enchanters nightshade X L Erucastri.m gallicum X l False Solcron's-seal X X X X l Field bindweed X X I Field horsetail X X X Flat-topped wnite aster X X X X Fowl mar,na grass X X l Fringed loosestrife X Galiui obtusum X a ,I lace fern X Grass X X X Ground-ivy X X i Heal-all X X X f f Heart-leaved aster X l Heath aster X X ,I Hedge bindweed X Hepatica acutiloba X Honewort X X [ndian hemp X Jancus dudley1 X X i [ Juncus effusus X X X X l Juncus tenuis X Large-flowered trillium X X Leatnerleaf X Lesser stitchwort X I Lizard's-tail X Lycopus aw ricanus X Continued C-1

I Appendix Tabie C-1 (Continued) I COVER DPE I SPECIES YUH PUH MUH YUC PLC YLH PLH MLH OF SCF SS WM E Marsh bedstraw X Parsh fern X Payapple X X X Meadow fescue I Michigan lily X Mili m effusum X u Milkweed X X Moneywort X X X l Mouse-ear chickweed X X X Muhlenbergia frondosa X X New York fern X X X Nightshade X X Orange hawkweed X 1 Orchard grass X X On-eye daisy X X Pale jewelweed X Panicled aster X X Paqlcum dichotomum I Panicum implicatum X X Panicum sphaerocarpon X X X Partridgeterry X Patience dock X Pickeral weed X Poa sp. X X Poa autunnalis X Poa pratensis X X X roa sylvestris X Poa trivialis Pointed-leaved tick-trefoil X X I Poison ivy X X X X X X Pokeberry X Polytricnum comune X X X I Poverty grass X Prenanthes 50. X 1 Pussytoes X Pyrola elliptica X Quackyass X X X X X X X Ped clover X Redtop X X X X Peed canary grass X Ribgrass X X I Pougn bedstraw X Rough cinquefsil X X X Rougn-fruited cinquefoil X X X Royal fern X X X X Running strawberry bush X X Sarsaparilla X X X tcirpus atrovirens X Scirpus lirtatus X $cirpus pendulus X X Scouring rush I teasitive fern X X X X X X X sessile bellwcrt X X X X X X Shade horsetail X X X X X X X $heep sorrel X X X l smilacina trifolia Smooth brore X X Solidago altissima X Solidago caesia X Solidago canadensis X Solidago elongata X X X Solidago griminifolia X X X X X Solidago nemoralis X X X X Solidago patula Solidago rugosa X X X X X '1 Sphagnum moss X X X Spinulose shield fern X Sr,otted jewelweed X Spreading dogbane X X X X X $targrass X I stellaria sp. X Stinging nettle X ) Strawterry X X X X X X X X Surtner grape X X X X !.44 milkweed X Sweet scented bedstraw X X X X X X I Tall hairy agrimony X g Tall meadow-rue I ^ contir.ued C-2

l Appendix Table C-1 (Concluded) COVER TYPE SPECIES YUH P'JH MUH YUC MUC YLH PLH MLH 'l SCF SS WM B f Thyae-leaved sandwort X Timothy X X X X X Tocthed white-topped aster X Upland bent X Viola sp. X X Viola blanda X X Viola pubescens X X X Virginia chain fern X X Virginia creeper X X X X X X Virginia knotweed X X Water dock X X Water hemlack X X X I Wa ter-plan tain X X Wary-leaved aster X X White avens X X X X ( White sweet clover X White wood aster X Whorled loosestrife X X Wild carrot X X X X X X X X Wild geranium X X X X X { Wild lettuce X X X X l Wild licorice X Wild yam root X X I Wintercress X Wintergreen X X X X { Wood nettle X X X Yarrow X X X X X X X Yellow avens X I Yellow goat's-beard X Yellow sweet clover X Yellow wood sorrel X X X X i II 4 4

I i

il 'I !I l lI I i I l i C-3

E [ E [ E ry b' APPENDIX D E E L b 1 ^ e' ________[__

g (3 9 ih %31 '[ I j j j C' Appendix Table 0-1 L ESTIMATED PROPERTIES OF $0!L SERIES IN THE MIDLAND COUNTY PORTICN OF THE STUDY AREA (from USDAs 1979). W "$E 8",'"g OrP n v$aA v5s:rt: Aft, et*w ar =a' mat Pt:Mos LI7 SnA:u-swtLL

• P Swe0L t m.pa.)

4 50!L 1Aat MCpts ?tafust ga,gg vert;C3 AA?70 no. 4 43 10 #0. 200 g g,,j gg enAL tot I te 2 09 Stit lose

4. CL-4 A-4 100 130 63-95

0. 6-2. 0 0.20-0.22

5. 6-7. 8 L:e j

Bowe*5 D 55 Stity clay toes, CL A4 100 13C 85-95

0. 2 -0. 6 0.18-0.20 6.17.8 Neerste tilty team 55-60 5 testified stity CL A-4, A-4, A-7 100 100 70 95 02-0.6 0.19-0.22

7. 9-6. 4

%derate clav to stit loam C# 0 to 1 0-10 Fine saney Io.a ML, $= A-4. A-2 100 100 30-75 2.b6.0 0.13-0.22 4.1 - ?. 8 Lee Coacc tan 10-38 Leae. fine saady M. SN, CL, s-4, A 2 130 100 30 70 2.0-6.0 0.12-0.20 6.1 -8.4 Low lose, sandy lear SC rs ta-40 5.aq, gravelly 57-Sm. A 1. A-1 to-93 35-65 0-10 23 0.C2 0.03

7. 9-6. 4 Los toaay saa4, SP, r,7, A-2 4 aravelty sea 4 GP, GM I

Col 1.5 to 3.9 0-5 5aae 1P SM, Su A-3, A-2-4 9b130 tbl00 5-15 6.0-23 0.06-0.09 4.5-7. 3 Los Covert 6-24 5and 57-5M, SW A-3, A-2-4 95-130 90-100 5-15 4.0-23

0. C4-0. 04 4.57.3 Low 2b60 sand SP-5p, $N A-1, A-2-4 95 100 90-100 5-15 23 0.04 0.C7 f.6-7. 3 Low fa#

1.0 to 2.0 0-9 Sllt tome CL-%, % A-4 99t00 5 I00 75 95 0.6-4.0 0.20-0.28 6.1 - 7. 8 Low lagersat t 9-12 511t toae, sitty CL, CL-4 A-4, A4 95-100 W100 73-95 0.6-2.0 0.15-0.22 6.1-7.8 Low clay lose, clay inem I 12-63 5trattfie4 %, SM, CL, A-4 95-100 W100 36-90

0. 6-2. 0 0.14-0.20 7.4 -6. 4 Low weey fine sand

$C to stity clay t eam Le 0 te 1.0 0-9 slity clay CL 4-6 A-7 100 95t JO 50-95 0.5-2.0 0.17 4.22 5.s-4.0 moderate tenesee team 9-40 5:Ity clay lose, CL, Cu A-4, A-7 100 W100 80-95 02-0.6 0.18-0.23 6.5-7.8 %4ees te I stity clay 40-63 Silt lose, CL, CL-% A-6, 100 95-130 85-95 0.5-2.0 0.'8-0.22 7.4-7.8 La., silty clay laan, 4-4, silty clay A-7 La4 1.0 to 2.0 0-9 Lose %, CL-s, CL A4 95-130 90-100 50-75 0.5-2.0 0.1 A-0.24 6.1-7.8 Low Lease 9-19 Clay loan, tome CL 4-4 tb100 90-100 65-83

0. 2 0.14 0.19 6.6-7.8

%eerste a 2-2.0 I 19-60 Lose. clay f ose CL-%. CL A.4, A-6 90 100 ** 100 55-75 2.0 0.12-0.19 798.4 '&eerete Ost

• 3.0 0-14 Fiae saae SM, SP, SP-Se A-2, A-3 100 100 0-35 + 20 0.07 0.C9 5.4-7.3 Low Caevit te t a-40 Flae sand SM. SP, $P-9e A-2 A-3 110 95-100 0-25
• 20

0. 06-0. 0R 5.673 Los pa 0 to 1 5 0-14 Lene CL-4. CL A-4. A-6 95-130 90-100 63-85 0.6-2.3 0.23-0.22 6.17.3 Loe Pa-thtil 14-25 Clay lean, team.

CL A-6 95-100 90-100 65 S$ 0.2-0.6 0.15-0.19 6.1 -7. 6 Low stity clay lose I 25-40 Leae "L, CL-% A-4, 4-6 95-100 93 t00 60-75 06-2.0 0.17-0.19 7 4-t 4 t o. Pe 0 to 2.0 0-12 511t loam CL A-6, A-7 100 W100 70-95 0.6-2.0 0.22-0.24 6.1-7.8 %derate Pella 12-30 Stitf clay lose, CL A-6, 4-7 100 W100 70-95 0.6-2.0 0.21-3.04 7.4-6.6 Neecate silt lose 30 60 Stra ti fied $=-5C. A-2. A-4, 90-100 80 100 30-85 0.6-2.0 0.13-0.22 7.4-8.6 Low saaey tone t. 5C. CL. A-6 stity Clay foam CL *4l I Ps8 0.5 to 1.5 0-4 Sane SP, 5m A-2-4, 95-100 90-100 v-20 6.0-20 0.07-0.13 4.5-7.3 Low Pipestone SP-SM A-3 6-24 Sand, loamy saad, SP Se A-2-4 5 100 90-100 0-15 6.0-20 0.06-0.0 9 4. 5-7. 3 Lov fine saad 5p, se 4-3 24-60 Sand, fiae sand 5P-14, SP A-3. A-2-4 95-100 90-100 0-10 23 0.05-0.07 5.1 -7. 3 Low Ptn 0.5 to 1.5 0-6 Sane SP-!#, 5# A-l. A-2-4 95-100 9bl00 5-30 6.0-23 0.06-0.1 3 4.57.3 veer low I Pt oestone A-3 4-52 Sane. Flae sand, $P, $P-59, A 1. A-2-4, 95-130 90-100 2-33 6.0-20 0.04-0.08 4.5-7.3 Weer low loamy fine saae SM 4-3 52-60 Clay loam, lose. CL, CN, A-4. A-6, 90-100 W100 50-90 0.C6-0.4 0.16-0.18 7.44.4 Neerste silty C sy A-7 Pe 8 1.0 to 2.0 0-16 Leamy saae, saae SM A-2-4. A-1 95-100 W100 10- 30 6.3-23 0.04-0.12 4.1-7.3 very low %seyvt11e 16-21 seasy lean, fine SM, !M-SC L2-4, A-4 95-lC3 90-100 25 50 6.0-20 0.06 0.14 6.6-7.8 Los I saaer less 21-40 Loae, elay foam CL A-4, a.6 W100 90-100 60-60 02-2.0 012-019 79-84 %1eente 1,a 0 to 0.5 0-4 Senay lese SM. % A-2, A-4 100 9bl00 25 55 2.0-4.0 0.12-0.18 6.17.3 Low messaen S-35 Saaer lose, Icaer 5m 4-2. A-4 100 95-100 23-45 6.0-20 0.C4-0.13 6.6-7.8 Low f 4ae saae, ver7 fine send I 15-60 Clay, sitty elay, CH, CL, aw, A-7 1 03 95-100 80-45 -0.06 0.36-0.1 3 7.47.8 P3 94 silty et*y tese was 1.0 ts 2.3 0-9 Leagy saad SM A-2 -4 W100 %-ic3 15-34 4.3-20

1. % ).12 L 66.5

-m vises 9 29 Leacy saad. IM SP-SM A-2-4 A-3 95-100 95-100 5 33 4.4-20 0. JE-0.1'. 5.1-6.5 L os fine saad 19-40 Slity clay team. CL, CL-% A-4, 4-6 95 '00 W100 51 95 3.2A.6 0.ta-0 23 8.1-7.8 "coprate saney clav lose, I I I I I I

7--- 7 Appsndix Tablo D-2 ENGINEERING INTERPRE1ATIONS: SUITABILITY OF S0ILS AS CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL AND S0IL FEATURES AFFECTING ENGINEERING PRACTICES AND STRUCTURES IN MIDLAND COUNTY (from USDA,1979) ROADFILL SAND GRAVEL TOPSOIL 50 E bob Poor: Low strength Unsuited: Excess Unsuited: Excess Fair: Thin layer Bowers fines fines Ch Poor: Wetness Good Good Poor: Wetness Cohoctah cob Fair: Wetness Fair: Excess fines Unstited: Excess Poor: Too sandy Covert fines InB Poor: Wetness Unsuited: Excess Unsuited: Excess Fair: Thin layer Ingersoll fines fines Le Poor: Wetness, low Unsuited: Excess Unsuited: Excess Poor: Wetness Lenawee strength fines fines ? LxA Fair: Low strength, Unsuited: Excess Unsuited: Excess Fair: Thin layer Londo shrink-swell fines fines OaB Good Good Unsuited: Excess. Poor: Too sandy Oakville fines Pa Poor: Wetness Unsuited: Excess Unsuited: Excess Poor: Wetness Parkhill fines fines Pe Poor: Wetness, low Unsuited: Excess Unsuited: Excess Poor: Wetness Pella strength fines fines PsB Pipestone Poor: Wetness Good Unsuited: Excess Poor: Too sandy, wetness fines PtB Poor: Wctness Good Unsuited: Excess Poor: Too sandy, wetness Pipestone fines PxB Poor: Low strength Poor: Thin layer Unsuited: Excess Fair: Too sandy Poseyville fines Wa Poor: Wetness, low Poor: Excess fines, Unsuited: Excess Poor: Wetness Wauseon strength, shrink-thin layer fines swell WxB Poor: Low strength Poor: Thin layer Unsuited: Excess Fair: Too sandy Wixom fines

[ ( Appendix Table D-3 BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT LIMITATIONS - MIDLAND COUNTY (from USDA,1979) SHALLOW SMALL COMMERCIAL LOCAL ROADS ( MAP SYMBOL & SOIL NAME EXCAVATIONS BUILDINGS AND STREETS bob Severe: Wetness Severe: Wetness Severe: Frost action, Bowers low strength Ch Severe: Wetness, Severe: Wetness, Severe: Floods, frost Cohoctah floods, cutbanks floods action, wetness cave cob Severe: Cutbanks Moderate: Wetness, Moderate: Wetness Covert cave, wetness s InB Severe: Wetness Severe: Wetness Severe: Frost action, Ingersoll wetness Le Severe: Wetness, Severe: Low strength, Severe: Low strength, Lenawee floods wetness, floods wetness, floods Severe: Wetness Severe: Wetness Severe: Wetness, frost { LxA Londo action OaB Severe: Cutbanks Slight Slight Oakville cave Pa Severe: Wetness, Severe: Floods,. Severe: Low strength, Parkhill floods wetness floods, wetness Pe Severe: Wetness, Severe: Wetness, Severe: Wetness, floods, f Pella floods floods low strength r PsB Severe: Wetness, Severe: Wetness Severe: Wetness ( Pipestone cutbanks cave PtB Severe: Wetness, Severe: Wetness Mcderate: Wetness, Pipestone cutbanks cave frost action PxB Severe:. Wetness Severe: Wetness Severe: Frost action, Poseyville wetness, low strength Wa Severe: Wetness, Severe: Wetness, low Severe: Wetness, frost Wauseon cutbanks cave strength, shrink-action swell WxB Severe: Wetness, Severe: Wetness Moderate: Wetness, frost Wixom cutbanks cave action Ii l D-3

3 Q Appendix Table D-4 ESTIMATED PROPERTIES OF SOIL SERIES IN THE SAGINAW COUNTY PORTION OF THE STUDY AREA (from Mahjoory and 'n'hiteside.1976). s A,eitaet =e ter sar ' a* - ce'th to oesta n,.,,,,, et.en e.,,,.,o,.e...' Pee meseitity Capetity 5= ell Seit kater f *om I;5::A series taole 5=rface feature untried AAswa %. 4 %.10 to 200 UncMs/*r.) ( tecnes/ i n. ) Pn poteatta' Aceses 2 to 10 0-24 Loamy saad

54. SP-SM A2 iOO 100 10-25 5 10 0.08 5.04.5 Lou ase seas 24-44 Loae. clay loam.

CL, Cd A-6 or A-7 H-100 90-100 70-90 0.2-0.8 0.16 7.5-8.0

• 4cerste to high silty cisy loem, sitty clos or clay telleys11e At er near 0-11 Loamy sand 5M A-2 100 100 15-35 5-10 0.12

5. 5-6. 5 Low surface 11-42 Losey sand or sand SM. 57-5R A-2 or A-3 95-100 95 100 5-30 5-10 0.10 5.5-6.5 Los 42-40 Lose clay lose or ML A-4 or A-6 65-95 80-95 70-90 0.2-0.8 0.18 7,5-8.0 *

%derate to los stity clay toes Capec 2 to 10 0-12 Loan g-CL A-4 1 30 H-100 60-70 0.63-2.00 0.18 6.17.3 Low 12-24 Meevy lose, clay CL. SC A-4 95-100 95-100 40-70 0.63-2.00 0.18 6.17.3 Neerate to low loam. Or saaey clay loam 24-44 Lcam or sitt lose ut. -CL. CL A-4 oe A4 90-95 85-95 60-40 0.2-4.61 0.16 7.47.9* Low Charity At er near 0-13 Clay or sitty Cd. CL A-1 or A4 100 100 80-90 0.C5-0.2 0.18 7.67.8 vgn to accerate surface clay loaa 13-26 Clay Cu A-7 100 100 75-H less than 0.C5 0.16 7.5.. 0

• t en 26-60 Clav CH A-7 100 95-100 75 95 1.as tasa 0.2 0.16 7.5-8.0 *

1. 9 9*

Cat aced At er asse 0-46 Lees %-CL A-4 100 100 60 70

0. 8-2. 5 0.58 6.07.0 Lcw surface 14-44 Leam or stit loan

%-CL A-4 100 100 70-70 0.8-2.5 0.18 6.07.5 6ew 4440 5trettfled stits Layers of Layers of A-4 100 95 101 55-70

0. t-2.5 0.16 7.5-4.0

• Low and very fine 4L and SM and A-2 sends Conover 2 to 10 0-14 Lose 4

A-4 100 95-100 60-70 0.63-2.00 0.18 6.3-7.3 Low 14-44 Clay toen CL A4 H-100 95-100 55 80 0.63-2.00 0.1% 6.17.3 Noerete 4440 Lose. Ii ht clay 4-CL CL A-4 or A4 10-95 35-95 60 80 0.2-2.00 0.16 7.4-7.4

• Mowate to low 9

lose, er silt lose Coe nea at ce see* 0-11 Saaer lose SM A-2 or A-4 100 95-100 25-50 0.8-5.0 0.12 6.5-7.J Low v swrface 11-42 Sandy loam and SP. 4-CL A-2 or A-4 95-600 90-100 2540 0.8-2.5 0.14 6.57.5 Low neavy seedy loam oc loam 42-60 Lane, cicy loam %. CL A-4 or 4-6 95 100 90-100 70-85 0.2 -2. 5 0.16 7.58.0* Low to ede ste se sitty cley loe. mitDie 3 ft. 0-11 Leary send or sand $P-5m. SM 4-2 or A-3 100 95-100 5-23 5-10 0.10

5. 0-e. 5 Law Covee dwring met 8-40 Sans SP A-3 100 95-100 0-5 over 10 0.04 5.57.3 Low secteds

~' 611 Fece At er near 0-16 Sandy team SR A-2 M-100 95-100 15 30 2.5-5.0 0.14 6.07.0 Low surface 10-42 5erdy loan te SN 5C A-2 or A-4 95-100 90-100 30-4s 0.8-2.5 0.10 6.0-6.5 Low to eserate sands clay loaa 2440 Strattf ted saae $7-Sm. 57 A-3 $$-80 50 70 0-10 5 10 0.02 7.5-8.0

• Low ead gravel Gracey At er near 0-12 Loe*y seed

$m A-2 100 100 15-20 5-10 0.10

6. 0- 7. 0 Low sur*ere 9-60 saad 59 A-3 100 100 0-5 over 10 0.04 6.0-7.5 ** ' e asleenage At er near 0 10 Lose 4-CL A-4 100 100 60-70 0.8-2.5 0.20

3. 0-7. J Laie seface 8 44 Clay loan or Ci A4 100 95-100 65-40 0.8-2.5 0.18 6.07.0

%serete sitty clay toes 1640 Loes or sitt 1oes %-CL A-4 or A-6 95-100 95-100 60-80 less than 0.06 J.07 7.5-8.0

• Low I

Etagsville At er near 0-9 Sand 57-5M A-3 100 100 5-10 5-10 0.08

6. 5-6. 6 Low surface 9-60 sand 57 A-3 100 95-100 0-5 over 10 0.0a 6.0 7. 5 ** Los mecome 2 to 10 0-12 Loes at.-CL A-4 100 95-100 60-70 0.8-25 0.14 6 c-1.0 Low

10. 42 Seney clay lose SC CL A-6 95-100 95-100 40-70 0.8-2.5 0.18 5.5-6.5 Meeerste or clay loam 20-60 Leem se lig*t

4. CL A-4 er A-6 90-90 85-95 60-70 0.2-0.8 0.18 7.5-8.0

• Lov to meerste I

clay tom Perth111 At er near 0-10 Loom 4 CL A-4 100 100 60-70 0. 4-2. 5 0.20 6.0- 7.0 Low surface 10-46 Clay lose er CL A-6 100 95-100 65-80 0.8-2.5 0.18 5.07.0 %deente stity clay lesa 9440 t see or *$1t taae 'e.cr A-4 er A-6 95-100 95-100 60-80 0.2-0.8 0.16 7.5-8.0

• Low Polt a At or eeer 0-16 511ty clay loam CL A-6 or A-7 100 95-100 75-95 0.6-2.0 0.13 6.11.5

%wa te I surface or stit lose 6-44 511ty cisy loam CL 4-6 ee A 7 100 95-100 70-95 0.5-2.0 0.22 7.a-8.4 Nee,6 te or tilt *one 25-60 5trattfied slits Layers of CL. Layers of 4-4 90-100 80-100 3045 0.6-2.0 0.16 7.4-8.2

• Low and very *$ne

% ane SM A-4 and A 2 seats I

• Cakereews.
  • Cattereous with deptn.

continued I I I I I

I D f7 ~0 WUl T V ~ dJ w id J N a Appendix Table D-4. Concluded I. Available Water Shrink-Depth to Depth tt * ' # 8 ? "* ~"#"'I 'e"'esst l i ty Capacity Smell Sv face 7entare unt fied AASHO he. 4 %. 10 fee. 2JO (thches/hr.) (inches / t9. ) Ph P0tential %I1 ute MM Series ?atie e I P'pestone 2 to 10 0-11 5aad

58. SP 5M A-3 100 95-100 0 10 5-10 0.06 5.0-6.0 Low 6-64 Saad SP. SP 5M A-3 100 95-100 0-10 over 10 0.04 5.0-6.5 Law

Avetcoa, 0-11 Losey sand

$P-5N, 54 A-2 or A-3 100 95-100 5-20 5-10 0.10 5.0-6.0 Los mes1C or sand variant 11-60 Sand SP A-3 100 95-100 0-5 over 10 0.04 5.0-6.5 Los I 2 to 10 0-12 5 tit Icas 4 A-4 100 100 60-90 0.84.5 0.20 6.6 -7. 5 Low 5"ca l s.i al (a11 or loao 12-60 Sitt toes lose %, %-CL A-4 100 100 60-90 0.8-2.5 0.18 6.57.5 Los or light silty clay loan 5 loan At er aear 0-12 Sandy loaa 5=, % A-2 or A-4 100 100 35-60 G J-2. 5 0.14 6.5-7.5 W I ( Allevt al) surf ace or lose 12-40 5 tit lose. Ioas %-CL, % A-4 100 100 60-90 0.8-2.5 0.18 6.5-7.5 Low or Itgnt tilty clav lose %tfore 2 to 10 0-21 Losey sana SP 5P, 59 4-2 or A-3 too 95-100 5-20 6.3G-20.00 046 6. 7.3 Los 16-58 Layers of sand. tayers of SM 4-2 10C 100 10-35 6.30-20.00 0.12 5.6-7.3 Lc= or sand I fire sand, loaer and SP-54 Sand, and Itght sandy lose 40 60 Sand or fine sand SP A-3 100 100 0-5 ovee 20.00 0.04 7.4-7.8

• Low wi sne r At or near 0-10 Lose 4-LL A-4 IA 100 e )- 70 0 A-Z 5 G AJ i U-8 0 Los

..rf ace 8-32 Loan or Ifgnt CL or %-CL A-6 or A-4 100 95-100 65-83 0.2-0.8 0.18 7.5-8.0

• Mocerate to low I

clay loaa 12-60 Leae or silt lose 4-CL or 4 A-4 or A-6 85-95 80-95 60-80 0.20.8 0.16 7.5-8.0

• Low G. i 6

5. 5 -o. 5 Low wtam 2 to 10 0-42 Losey sand or sane SP SP-SM A-2 or A-3 95 100 95-100 5-30 0".2 -0. 8 0.18 7.5-8.0

• rioderate to low 20-60 Lose or clay lose a-4 A5 45 80-95 60-70
• Calcareous.
  • Calcareous =1th depth.

I I I I I I I I I I D-5 l

y o g g- - a al 1 A fih Appendix Table D-5 SUITABILITY OF S0ILS AS CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL - SAGINAW COUNTY (from Mahjoory and Whiteside,1976). H 4 $otl series Roadf111 Sand Gravel Tot -oil r' Arenac Fair to good in sandy mat-Fatr 42 to 60 inches Unsuited Very poor - sandy droughty. ( ertal - low volume change, et sandy materia?. sore low organic matter, seasonal good to f air bearing capa-fires, high water table high water table. dty, fair to poor for hinders excavation during s leasy and clayey materf al, wet seasons. moderate to high volum change, difficult to work and compact wPen wet. Belleville Fair to good - 18 to 42 Fair - Itm1ted source of Unsut ted Poor - thin 7 to 9 inches. inches. Iow volure change. sandy material to a depth redium to high organic matter good to fair bearing ranging from 18 to 42 content, droughty. capacity. Fa'r to poor incnes. for loamy material - rioderate to low volure change, fair workability when wet. Capac Poor to fair - low to Unsulted Unsuited Good - 6 to 8 incres. loamy. ederate volure change, gravel and ccbble on surface difficult to work and in sore areas. Cofl58ct w*en wet. Charity Poor - poor shear strength. Unsulted Unsutted very poor - thin, clayey. workability,and oearing poor workability. high water table. capacity; high volume L Change, high water taele. Colwood Poor - low volare change. Unsuited Unsuited Good - drosive redium to poor bearing capacity and nigh organic matter content. material flows when wet. hf ge water table, ~ high water table. Conover Poor to fair - low to unsuited tinsui ted Good - 10 to 14 trches, moderate volure change. Ioamy gravel and cobble on diff15 ult to work and surface in sore areas. compact whe:t wet. Corunna Fair in upper 20 to 40 Unsuited Unsuited Good - 8 to 10 inc*es, medium incnes - low volume char.se, to high organic matter content. Fair to poor belcw 20 to 40 inches - low to end-erste voluma change, wet- ~ ness hinders eucavation. Covert Fair to goed - low volume Good - sandy raterial Unsuited Very poor - thin. 6 to S inches, I change, f air to good to a depth of over 60 sandy. Iow content of organic bearing capacity. intnes plus. ratter, droughty. Gilford Fair in hpper 24 to 42 Good - stratified sand Fatr - more Good - 10 to 14' inches, redium inches - low volume change. and gravel wetness hinders than 50 per-to high organte matter content. fair to good bearing excavation in rany areas, cent sands. I capacity. Good in sandy wetness hin-and gravelly material, ders excava-tion in many areas. Granby Fair to gcod - low volume Good - sandy material. Unsuited Poor - sandy subject to wind I char.ge. fair to good bear-excess wetness hinders erosion. high water tatle. ing capacity. high water excavation in many areas. table. K11managh Fair to poor - low to Unsuited Unsuited Good - 6 to 8 incnes.10amy. andarate volpe change, medits to high organic matter fair to pocr bearing cap-cc9 tent, nigh water 'anie. I acity. fair wortability w en wet, high water table. n cingsville Faf r to good - low volure Gond sandy material. Unsutted Poor - sandy, subject to vid change, f air to good bear-ercess wetress hin:ers erosion, hign water table, ing capacity. hign water e xcavation in rary areas. I tabl* Macore Fatr to poor - low to Unsuited unsuited Good - 8 to 18 Incres, loamy. Federate volume change, medium organic ratter content, fate to poor bearing gravel and cobble on surface capacity, difficult to in many areas. I work and compact when wet. Parthill Fair to poor - low to Unsuited unsuited Good - 6 to 8 inches. Icary, ederate volJme chaege, medium to high organic patter fair to poor bearing content, high water table. CaDacity. I Pella Fair to poor - mderate Unsuited unsuited Fair - 10 to 15 inches, loamy; volume change, fair to medium to high orgriic ratter poor bearing r.4pacity ard content. high water taole. material flows unen wet, high water table. I Pipestone Fair to good - low volume Gcod - sandy material to Unsuited Very poor - sand, droughty. Iow change g000 to fair death of +60 inches; nign organic ratter content, bearing capacity, water table hinders ex-seasonal high water tanie. cavation during wet seasons. I o.e 'L.

t f IAppendix Tabl'e.0-5. Concluded So'11 SeHes ' Acadfill Sand Gravel > 7005011 ' Rubicon ' Fair to good ~ low volume '..Cood a sandy material to Unsulted ~ Very poor

• thin, 6 to 8 incMs,

~ Change, fair to good a depth of +60 inches. Sandy. Iow organic master heaving CSDaCity. content. drougnty. 'C Snoals Poor. Iow volume change. Unsuites unsuited Good - thick. loamy, medium to . g fair to poor bearing ' low organic matter content. caoacity* poor subgrade subject to flooding, seasonal material. ' high water table. A' ~Sloan Poor. Iow voluse change, casuited ' . Unsuited Good - thick. loamy, sodium ' fair to poor bearing organic matter content. Subject capacity, poor subgrade to flooding. Seasonal high materf al. hign water table, water table. Thetford Fair to good = low volume '. Good or fair

• sandy with Unsuited Poor a thin. 6 to 8 inches.

(_ - change. fair to goud . - thin layers that are not 1 sandy. Iow organic matter 'caoacity to suoport loads,

suitable, content. high water table.

Wisner fair to poor. Iow volume Unsuited - Unsuited Good a 6 to 8 incnes, leary. ' chenp. fair to poor medium to high organic matter bearing capacity, fair,,~ content, hign water table. ' wortability ween wet,; ['i high water table. W1 om - Fair to good at 18 to 42 ' Fair - Itatted source of Unsuited very poor

• tnin, 7. to g incnes,-

inches - low volure sandy material to a deptn . low organic matter content, change good to fair of 18 to 42 inches. droughty. bearing capacity. s Etr p g/, 17 '? l Ju L + J 'D g m N 4

v m o v n ri c y Appendix Table-D-6 y ' ENGINEERING INTERPRETATI0h3:.SUITABILITYLOF S0ILS AS' CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL AND S0Il FEATURES AFFECTING ENGINEERING l PRACTICES AND STRUCTURES IN SAGINAW COUNTY-(from Mahjoory and Whiteside. 1976). 2 i Buildin s f r t In ustrial. Local ' Roads 'an'd Streets Soll Series ' m Arenac: LModerate to severe: Seasonal high water table; Moderate: Seasonal.high water table; weiidepressions; wet in-spring; moderate:to high; volume change. fills required in some areas;. fair to good bearing: and' poor bearing' capacity below.42. to 60 capacity and low volume change above 42 inches, but inches when wet, wet' depression in some areas, poor bearing capacity _ and moderate to high volume. change below 42 to.60 inches. Belleville ' Severe:..High water table, especially in. Severe: High water table, wet depressions that pond; . spring;' wet depressions that pond; fair to fills required in many arus to obtain grade lines poor bearing capacity;-moderate volume change; above water table; construction. difficult during wet ~ . moderate to severe limitations for periods; fair to;oood-bearing capacity,inLsandy... foundations. material, fair to poor in underlying loamy material. ,[ lCapac-Severe:. Seasonal 'high water table, especially Severe: Seasonal Lhigh water table, especially. in d1 ring spring; wet depressions; fair. to poor spring; wet depressions; fills required in many areas; ' Searing capacity; low to moderate volume construction difficult during wet periods because' of.. unstable soil conditions; fair to poor bearing capacity. ~ change. when. wet; low to moderate volume change; moderate to high frost heave problem.

Charity Severe

High water table;. wet depressions Severe: High water table; plastic, highly expansive-subject to ponding; severe limitations for clays; unstable and compressible when wet; fair to foundations because of high volume change poor bearing capacity; poor subgrade material,.

and poor' bearing capacity. difficult to compact and work' when wet. Se'ere: High water table, especially in Severe: High water table; wet depressions subject to Colwood v spring, wet depressions subject to ponding; ponding;. fill required. in many. areas 'to nhtain grade : poor bearing capacity.. material flows when lines above water table; construction difficult during wet; low volume change; construction wet periods, poor bearing capacity, material flows difficult during wet periods. when wet, low volume change; frost heave problems. continued

v w v 4 ~ Appendix Table D-6 -(Continued) [ ! Soil Series Buildings for Light Industrial Local Roads and Streets and Commercial Use P Conover-Severe: Seasonal high water table, especially Severe: Seasonal high water. table, especially in in spring; wet depressions; fair to poor spring; wet depression;- fills required.in 'many areas;- ' bearing capacity; low to moderate volume-construction difficult during wet periods-because of-t change.- instability; fair. to poor bearing capacity; low to ; moderate volume change; moderate.to high frost problems. Cerunna Severe: 'High water table; wet depressions Severe: High water table; wet depression subject-.to ponding;' fills required in many areas-to obtain. subject'to ponding; filling and grading' grade lines above water table; moderate volume change; required in many areas. moderate to high: frost heave' hazard. fCovert-A and B slopes --slight; C slopes - moderate Slight: Good to fa4. bearing capacity; low volume ~a-because of slops; D, E, and F slopes - severe change; cuts and tills required:in sloping areas as a,: because of slope limitations. Low. volume. well as protection fro:n erosion. change; good to fair bearing capacity. - Gil ford Severe: 'High water table; wet depressior,s Severe: High water table; wet depressions subject.to subject to ponding; fair to good bearing ponding; fills required in many areas to obtain grade. capacity; low volume change; filling and lines above water table; fair to good bearing capacity;. grading required in many areas. low volume change. Granby Severe: High water table, especially in Severe: High water table; wet depressions subject to spring; wet depressions subject to ponding; ponding; fills required in many areas to obtain grade fair to good bearing capacity; low volume lines above water table; fair to good bearing capacity; change; material flows and caves in when low volume change. wet; fillirq and grading required in many areas. 'Kilmanagh Severe: High water table; wet depressions Severe: High water table; wet depressions that pond; subject to ponding; fair to poor bearing fills required in many areas to obtain grade' lines - capacity when wet; low volume change; above water table; construction difficult during wet construction difficult when wet because of periods because of unstable. soil conditions; fair to unstable soil conditions; filling and grading poor bearing. capacity when wet; low to moderate volume required in many-areas. change; moderate to' high frost heave problem. continued

.f e c ^ m m e e a_ Appendix Table D-6 (Continu:d) 33j j rSeries Buildings for Light Industrial LocalLRoads and Streets and Commercial Use Kingsville Severe: High water table, especially during' Severe: High water. table; wet depressions.that pond; . spring; wet depressions that pond; fair to good filis required in many areas to obtain grade lines bearing capacity; low volume change; material above water table; fair to good bearing capacity; flows and caves in when wet;-wet basements a - low volume change. . problem; filling and grading required in many -areas. Macomb Moderate: Seasonal high water table; wet Moderate: Seasonal high water table; wet depressions depressions in some areas that have severe in some areas that have severe' limitations; fills limitations; fair to poor bearing capacity; required in low areas; fair to poor bearing capacity moderate volume change; construction difficult when wet; moderate volume change; moderate frost when wet; filling and grading required in heave hazard. many areas. 3 Parkhill Severe: High water table; wet' depressions Severe: High water table; wet depressions that pond; o subject to ponding; fair to poor bearing fills required in many areas to obtain grade lines capacity when wet; low volume change; above water table; construction difficult during wet - construction difficult when wet because of periods because of unstable. soil conditions; fair to unstable soil conditions; filling and grading poor bearing capacity when wet; low to moderate volume required in many areas. change; moderate to high frost heave problem. Pella Severe: High water table; wet depressions Severe: High water table; wet depressions.that pond; subject to ponding; poor bearing capacity fills required in many areas to obtain grade lines and material flows when wet; low. volume above water table; construction difficult during wet change; construction' difficult during wet periods; poor bearing capacity and material flows when. periods; filling and grading required in wet; low volume change; frost heave problems. many areas. Pipestone Moderate: Seasonal high water table; wet Moderate: Seasonal high water table; wet depressions; in spring; tair to good bearing capacity fills required in some areas; fair to good bearing and low volume change; wet depressions in capacity and low volume change. some areas. continued a L.

Appendix Table D-6 (Continued) Buildings for Light Industrial Local Roads and Streets S311 Series and Conrnercial Use Rubicon A and B slopes - slight; C slopes - moderate Slight: Good to fair bearing capacity; low volume because of slope; D, E. and F slopes - severe change; good subgrade material; cuts and fills reqeired because of slope limitations. Low volume change; in sloping areas, as well as protection from erosion, good to fair bearing capacity; fair foundation material for footings; grading and land shaping required on sloping areas. Shoals Severe: High water table and subject to Severe: High water table and subject to flooding, (Alluvial) flooding, especially during spring; wet especially during spring; wet depressions that pond; depressions that pond; fair to poor bearing fair to poor bearing capacity; low to moderate volume capacity; low to moderate volume change; change; construction difficult when wet because of construction difficult when wet because of unstable soil conditions. Moderate to high frost [ unstable soil conditions, heave problems. Sloan Severe: liigh water table and subject to Severe: High water table and subject to flooding wet flooding; wet depremions that pond; fair to . depressions that pond; fills required in many areas to poor bearing capacity; low to moderate volume obtain grade lines above water table; construction change; construction difficult when wet difficult during wet periods because of unstable soil because of unstable soil conditions; filling conditions; fair to poor bearing capacity when wet; and grading required in :nany areas. low to moderate volume change; moderate to high frost heave problem. Thetford Moderate: Seasonal high water table; fair Moderate: Seasonal high water table; fills required in to good capacity to support loads; low volume some areas; fair to good capacity to support loads; change; filling and grading required in low volume change; potential source of sand for sone areas. subbase. Wisner Severe: High water table; wet depressions Severe: High water table; wet depressions thit pond; subject to ponding; fair to poor bearing fills required in many areas to obtain grade lines capacity when wet; low volume change; above water table; construction difficult during wet construction difficult when wet because periods because of unstable soil conditions; fair to of unstable soil conditions; filling and poor bearing capacity when wet; low to moderate volume grading required in many areas. change; moderate to high frost heave problem. continued l

W W ~ W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W Appendix Table D-6 (Concluded) Buildings for Light Industrial Local Roads and Streets Soil Series and Commercial Use -Wixom Moderate to severe: Seasonal high water table; Moderate: Seasonal high water table; wet depressions; wet in spring; poor bearing capacity below 18 fills required in some areas; fair to good bearing to 42 inches when wet; low to moderate volume capacity above 18 to 42 inches, poor below; low change below 18 to 42 inches; filling required volume change above 18 to 42 inches, low to moderate -in some areas, below. ?M l i )

I E Appendix 0-7 EXPLANATION OF S0IL CAPABILITY CLASSES AND SUBC! ASSES Capability Classes These are the broadest groups and are designated by Roman numerals I through VIII. The numerals indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower choices for practical use. The classes are defined as follows : I Class I - soils have few limitations that restrict their use. Class II - soils have mode. ate limitations that

• Jace the choice of plants or that require mod;. ate conserva-tion practices.

Class III - soils have severe limitations that reduce the choice of plants,or that require special conserva-tion practices, or both. Class IV - soils have very severe limitations that reduce the choice of plants, or that require very careful management, or both. Class V - soils are not likely to erode but have other limi-tations, impractical to remove, that limit their use. Class VI - soils have severe limitations that make them generally unsuitable for cultivation. Class VII - soils have very severe limitations that make them unsuitable for cultivation Class VIII - soils and landforms have limitations that nearly preclude their use for comercial crop production. Capability Subclasses These are soil groups within one class; they are designated by adding a small letter (e, w, s, or c) to the class numeral (e.g., IIe). The letters indicate the following: e - shows that the main limitation is risk of erosion unless close-growing plant cover is maintained. w - shows that water in or on the soil interfers with plant growth 'I or cultivation (in some soils the wetness can be partly cor-retted by artificial drainage). 3 - shows that the soil is limited mainly because it is shallow, I droughty, or stony. c - used in only some parts of the United States, shows that the chief limitation is climate that is too cold or too dry. I I D-13 !}}