ML19331B681
| ML19331B681 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Zimmer |
| Issue date: | 08/06/1980 |
| From: | Kimball J Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation |
| To: | Rolonda Jackson Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8008120583 | |
| Download: ML19331B681 (21) | |
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'o, UNITED STATES
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NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION E
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20SSS g.)'
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AUG 0 61980 MEMORANDUM FOR:
Robert E. Jackson, Chief Geosciences Branch, DE THRU:
Leon Rei.er, Leader Seismology Section, GSB, DE FROM:
Jeff Kimball, Seismologist Seismology Section, GSB, DE FIELO TRIP TO SURVEY OAMAGE AREA 0F KENTUCKY
SUBJECT:
EARTHQUAKE OF JULY 27, 1980 INCLUDING SITE VISIT TO ZIMMER NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PLANT NAME: Wm. H. Zimmer Nuclear Power Station LICENSING STAGE:. Post Construction Permit DOCKET NUMBER: 50-358 RESPONSIBLE BRANCH: Licensing Brancn No. 2, I. Peltier, PM Attached is a report describing my activities in the damage areas of the Kentucky earthquake during the period July 29 through July 31, July 27, 1980 My activities included a visit to Moscow, Ohio with the Zimmer applicant 1980.
to discuss effects ot the earthquake.at the plant site, and a survey of towns and cities damaged by the earthquake.
27, 1980 at approximately The earthquake itself occurred on Sunday, July ThemagnitudeiscurrentlyMb5.1(NatfonalEarthquakeInformation 2:52 EDT.
The event was located at 38.2.N, 83.95 W or just northwest of o
Service).
Sharpsburg KY. The epicenter is about 40 miles northeast of Lexington KY The Geosciences Branch and 35-40 miles southeast of the Zimer Power Plant.
is in contact with other government agencies and participating universities working on the effects of this earthquake and will issue updates of information received.
hl' f Kimball, Seismologist Seismology Section Geosciences Branch, Dt Attachments:
As stated 1
cc: See next page 1
I 8008120583
- AUG 0 61980 cc: w/ attachments H. Denton V. Stello R. Vollmer D. Eisenhut R. Purple V. Noonan F. Schauer R. Bosnak K. Clark R. Tedesco I. Peltier G. Wilson A. Mu;phy L. Reiter tiSB Staff PDR Local PDR J. Knight H. Levin J. Harbour J. Hard, ASLB l
ACRS (17) l N
l l
GEOSCIENCES BRANCH TRIP REPORT OF JULY 29-31, 1980 ZIMMER NilCLEAR PLANT CINCINNATI GAS AND ELECTRIC CO.
DOCKET N0. 50-358 Purpose of Site Visit and Fi&ld Trip On July 27 at approiimately 2:52 EDT an earthquake occurred in Kentucky about 35-40 miles southeast of the Zimmer Nuclear Plant. This earthouake was the largest event to occur since 1937 in the eastern Central dtable Region of the United States. Because the maanitude of this earthauake (5.1) was fairly large and the earthquakes close proximity to the power plantsite,afieldtripwassetuptoassesstheeffectsoftnisehent ontheplantsiteandsurheydamageintheepicentralarea. The field trip was made by auto on July 29-31 to survey earthquake damage with a visit to the Zimmer site on July 29.
Site Visit with Zimmer Applicant On July 29 I visited the Zimmer power plant site in Moscow, Ohio and met with Mr. Pat Gwynn the assistant resident inspector. Discussion items included:
1.
The felt effects of the earthquake at the site. Because the plant is under construction only a few people were on the site on that Sunday after-Two people were in the control room, with only one feeling the shaking.
noon.
This person estimated the duration to be about 20 seconds. Tne only others questioned so far are 2 guards, one on the 627 level of the reactor containment building, the other in a guard shack on the plant grounds.
Theguardonthe627lehelreportedthatobjectsaroundhim" bounced"onthe floor (desk, chair) and that the polar crane was " bouncing" on its track.
. The man ir, the guard house estimated curation at about 20 seconds.
and noted that a 100-150 pound badge rack moved along the floor to the south. This preliminary information suggests that the intensity at the site is in the range Modified Mercalli (MM) Intensity.V to VI.
2.
Inspection took place both on Sunday and Monday. Mr. Tom Daniels, the resident inspector at the site, checked the reactor containment building immediately after the earthquake and, in particular, found that no movement had taken place in the refueling bridge. He raised questions about other areas he checked such as - small cracks found in cinderblocks, how can one tell if they were caused by earthquake and how does one check such things as the surface water building intake.
3.
The seismic monitoring devices were not operational at the time of the et-thquake because the plant is still under construction.
The aplicant asked that the NRC formally request information and action on the eff ects of the earthquake at the site. The Zimmer site is designed for a Sofe Shutdown Earthquake of IH intensity VII-VIII at the site, while the Operating Basis earthquake is MM intensity VI at the site. From the preliminary analysis one can see that the felt effects, by the few people who were at the site, indicate that shaking may have approached (or may well have been) that expected for the OBE.
If the seismic monitoring devices had been operational the information gained would be some of the best recorded at a plant site.
Intensity-attenuation relationships (intensity fall off with distance) for the Central United States were also used to derive an intensity at the site. These calculations confirmed that a fH intensity as high as VI could be expected for an earthquake occurring with M=5.1 at a distance of 40 miles. A map is attached as Figure 1 showing the plant site, historically earthquakes in the site area and the epicenter of the July 27, 1980 earthquake.
. Survey of Earthquake Damage Areas On July 29-31 towns and cities which suffered what appears to be the major damage from the earthquake were visited. Thisrequireddrihingfromtown to town, finding the damage, taking pictures, making notes and asking people who experienced the earthquake about felt effects. A map is attathed as figure 2 snowing areas visited and each towns damage will be discussed. Some interesting features about the overall damage area and felt effects of this earthquake include; 1.
Severe damage seems to be limited to a long narrow elliptical area betweenaboutMt.SterlinginthesouthtoMayshilleintheNorth.
Mostbuildingsdamagedwerebrickandmanyareoher100yearsold.
2.
Cemeterieshisitedshowveryuniformmohementoftombstones. thery cemetery bewtween Flemingsburg and Mt. Sterling along Rt. 11 had approximately 5-10 percent of tombstones displaced off center and rotated counterclockwise.
In one instance a fairly large granite tombstone actually fell off its base and shattered. Onecemeteryhisitedoff this N-S line (Rt. 11) was in Owings~ille. Here the blocks were rotated v
clockwise.
3.
The overall felt area of this earthquake seems to be larger than that of the M=5.3 MM Intensity VII-VIII Anna Ohio earthquake of 1937. The earthquake was felt over large distance 3 directionally along the basement arches. These arches include the Cincinnati, Findlay and Kankakee, with felt reports occurring in Wisconsin, Michigan and as far as Toronto to the north and South Carolina to the south.
. 4.
Tne University of Kentucky was coordinating monitoring activities to locate aftershocks. Microseismic instruments were set up around the epicenter by the USGS, the Tennessee Earthquake Information Center, the Univ, of Kentucky, the Univ. of Michigan and Virginia Polytechnic Inst. Preliminary results indicate that the earthquake was fairly shallow (about 10-14 km) and about 15-2O aftershocks were recorded between July 28 and August 2.
Only two aftershocks were felt.
5.
IntensitysurheyswerebeingundertakenbytheUSGS,.theUniv.of KentuckyandtheUnih.ofMichigan.
Included as Table 1 is a sample questionnaire distributed by the University of Michigan. Tables 2 and 3 are samples of the Moditied Mercalli Intensity Scale. The PreliminarysurheyofdamageindicatessmallareasofintensityVII surrcunded by an elliptical area of intensity VI.
ihese results may change and can be checked when isoseismal maps are published.
6.
No building seems to have suffered any major structural damage. General features of building damage were mortar between bricks and cinderblock cracked and broken, a few bricks and cinderblocks split, and cracks in plaster walls both through the walls and along joints. Hundreds of chimneys
~
suffered partial collapse or damage. Only 3 chimneys were observed to have broken off below the house level.
Maysville, KY Maysville is the town that has received the most attention about damaging effects of the earthquake although after the damage survey one can find other areas that were affected as severely. The majority of the damage in the city is confined to a rectangular area with dimension of about 2 blocks by 3 blocks. The majority of the damage is on the south or southeast sides of buildings. Damage includes many chimneys partially collapsed and front pillars on the city hospital split. The exterior walls of many buildings were cracked
. mainly in the mortar between bricks.
Interior cracks were mainly in plaster walls with only a few penetrating through the exterior brick. A church one mile south of the main area of damage had its front extensively cracked. Some of the cracks were large enough to let light in. The soil cohermaybequitehariableduetotheclosenessoftheOhioRiherbecause partsofthetownareonahillwithbedrockheryclosetothesurface. Buildings damaged in Maysihile are very old (some cher 100 years old) with the main damage due to poor mortar.
Ewing, KY Buildings in Ewing suffered general chimney damage with none totally collapsed, the general store had cracks both through the mortar and cinderblocks in the foundation with two homes reporting similar conditions.
Flemingsburg, KY Three buildirgs were examined in this area. Both a water processing plant andcountyseMicesbuildinghadcracksinthecinderblocksboththrough the blocks and nortar. The final building was the county hospital l
which may have suffered the most damage from the earthquake. About 50 l
percent of the rooms with plaster walls were cracked. The hospital chapel hadaherylargecrackinonecornerwiththebrickontheoutsidealsocracked.
I l
One stair well had cracks in the wall and outside bricks cracked. Although this l
building had many cracks there r'id not appear to be any major structural damage.
l The town cemetary was examined and some tombstone were displaced and rotated counterclockwise.
i
. Sherburne, KY The damage in this small town was to chimneys with two being broken off belowtherooflehel.
In both cases the mortar looked very weak.
Wedonia, Tilton, Carlisle, Moorefield KY General chimney damage occurred in this area. Very few buildings were closely examined because of the sparse population.
Behtel KY Generalchimneydamageandmanytombstonesmohedandroated(counterclockwise) in cemetery.
Sharpsburg KY Although the town itself suffered only general chimney damage one very oldhousesouthoftownwasseherelydamaged. This included major cracks throughout the structures penetrating both interior and exterior walls with some parts of the house close to collapse. This house sits directly on the ground and has no foundations. Thiscemeteryalsohadmohedandrotated (counterclockwise) tombstones.
Mt. Sterling, KY The only building which was examined was a cinder block caddy shack at a Golf Club. There were many cracks in this building both through the mortar and the cinder blocks. This building sits on a concrete slab. A cemetery near the club had one rotated tombstone.
i j
Owingsville, KY General Chimney damage with tombstones rotated clockwise in this cemetery.
In driving throughout this area chimneys were.een with some damage as far as Ripley Ohio and Lexington KY.
As noted in the above discussion it was found that tombstones movements had very uniform displacement and rotational characteristic. The reference point for each observation is the fixed stone in the ground with the upper stages (tombstones usually made up of 2-3 stages of rock held together by mortar) moving in a relative rotational direction. To record this direction one needs to look down on the stone and observed whether clockwise or counterclockwise rotation has taken place. This movement is usually caused by shear waves (back and forth motion) and can be useful in defining the mechanisms of faulting. Also movement of fairly heavy tombstones helps define the intensity of the shaking.
Summary The July 27, 1980 Kentucky earthquake is the largest event to occur in the eastern porticn of the Central Stable Region since 1937. Although many buildings suffered cracked interior and exterior walls no building seems to have suffered major structural damage. A preliminary damage survey indicated that highest MM intensity VII areas are irregular and occur between Maysville and Sharpsburg, KY.
It will take months before much information becomes ahailable, such as intensity surYey studies and list of earthquake locations and magnitudes. The Geosciences Branch is in contact with researchers and willupdateandtransmitinformationasitbecomesahailable.
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5.What Indost s;hysical affacts wtrs asted in your community?
8 PLEASE RETURN COMPLETED QUESTIONNAIRE TO:
W!ndows. daars.dtshes rattlid I30 Yes O NS outiotass creaked 14 0 vos O No I
The University of Michigan Cutid'"8 **b'*d (shook) 75 0 Yes O ne Scismological Observatory Hanstna pictures ISO swung 770 out of place it O petten no sir htly disturbcd Ann Arbor, MI 48109 w,ier in smeis containe,s 110 sprited o
windows 110 Few cracked s20 some brokon 30 Many broken Please answer thl questionnette carefutty and return as soors es possinte.
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- 1. Was en earthquake felt by anyone in your town or alp code area recentry?
0 Not felt: Please refold and tape for return mati.
- b. Con you estimate direction?
O No 170 North / south 880 EssdWest l
O Felt: osta Time O AM O standard time ISO other 0 PM O osytroht time l
7e.Were smalt objects (dishes. kntck-knacks. ptstures) O unmoved sc0 shifted Name of person it!!!ng out form
$10 overturned 120 Ferren. net broken s30 oroken?
f Address b.Was tight furniture D unmoved 140 shif ted I
City County 350 overturned 360 Fetten. not broken f10 orakent
- c. Were heavy furniture or oppliancos O unmoved s*O overturned state Zip code if you felt the earthquake, complete the following section. If others felt the certhquake 250 shif ted Ic30 oroken?
but you did not, skip the personst report and complete the community report.
- 8. Indicate ef fects of the fattowind types to intertot watts if anyt P ERSONAt. REPORT Plaster 1010 Cracked sc2O Fer 2s. old you personally feel the earthquaker IO Yes O No
- b. Were you swskenea by the earthquake 7 20 Yes, O No cry wall 1830 Cracked tc40 Fett i
- c. Were you frI htened by the earthquake? 30 Yes O No Ceiling tiles 1050 Cracked loc 0 Fett G
- d. Were you et 4OHome 50 Wask 50 other7 Ca. Check be% eny deme 0s to Md4 w mctum
- e. Town and alp code of your locetton et time of earthauske Foundetton 107O Crackod Ics0 oestroyed Interter watts 1990 split 1100 Feilen 1110 separated from cettino or froor i
- f. Check your activity when the earthquake oc#seds 110 oriving (car let anotton) 120 sittins 130 other Exterior waits 1120 Hatriine cracks 1130 t.orce cracks 1340 ouloed cutward T O Watklas 80 sioeptns 80 Lytne down 180 stand'ne 1150 Fortras costapse 1150 Totes cettepso
!!8O shifted off foundetton 9.Woreyou 140 instee or 150 outsider outidine 113 0, Moved on foundatron con I eent nont est a wh ch should stude personal as well as reported observations.
11 Wood I
stono 121 Brl k eneer inO other InD artek 1240 Cinderblock 1250 Reinforced concrete COMMUNITY REPORT c.What was the type of ground under the butidine?
Check one box for each question that is applicable.
De.The earthquake was felt by 0 No one if O Few 180 severet 18O Many 230 Allt 12s O can't know 1270 sandy soit 128 O Marshy its O Filt b.This earthquake awakened O No one 21D rew MO several 230 Many 24O Ail?
D00 Hard rock 1310 Ctay soit 132O sendstone.timestone shete
- c. This eart*tquake frightened O No one 250 Few 250 severe 270 Many 180 At:7 d.Was the around:
1330 t.over 134 O siopia 135 0 stcep?
4
- 4. What outdoor physical ef fects were noted in your community?
- e. Check the approximate ese of the buffdinDt Perspets or ccrnicos fellen 210 Yes O No 1360 outit before 1935 1320 sult:1035-os 1340 avitt ef ter togs i
Trees and bushes shaken 300 sitantly 31O Moderatory 32 O stronoty
' 0**
- h* ' '* * ' " ' "" d'" 8 8 * * # * *
- 8* d i standing vehictos rocked 330 silehtly 340 Moderately 350 stronary W' thin 2 city blocks of v3ur socett,on O None 1220 Few f ataout sul Moving vehistes rocked 3s0 sitahtly 370 Moderately 350 stronoty C " *"*""' M E *s' (** M Ground cracks 310 Wet 440 steep slopes 4t0 ory and sevet b.
In area cmrcJ ay )ow vp code O None 1C0 Few (about Sul Ground ground 1:30 Maay teacut 50%)
1(4 O Most (about 7sr.:
I Landslides 420 smet 43 0 t.orse I
Underground pipes 440 Draken 450 outof service 1te. Were springs or well water disturbed 2 1450 Level chanood 140 Flow disturbed Water spieshed onto sides of 147 0 Muddled O can't know iskes. ponds. swimming 450 Yes O No
- b. Wore rivers or takes chen0ed?
1480 Yes O No O can't know a
poets Elevated water tanks 470 Crocked 4:0 Twlsted 88 O Fetten (thrown down) 12e. Wes there earth noise?
O No its O Faint 15eO Moderate istO Loud Att cooters 500 otsproced 310 noteted StO Fetten
- b. Direction of noise 1520 North 1530 south 154O cast ts50 West i
flotirosd tracks bent 530 stichtly 540 creetly
- c. Esiimated duration of shakins 1540 sudden. sharp 157 0 t.one (less then to secs)
(ao.Go secs) sione or brtch fences 550 Cracked
$40 Fallen 570 centroyed llaO short(so.so a cs) 155 0 other Tombstones 580 oriptaced 55 0 Cracked 840 floteted 810 Felsen Chimneys
$2 0 Cracked 830 Twisted 840 Fallen is. What is the approntmete poputeilen of your cliv/ town 7 or are you in a 550 croken ot roof itne 640 orteks feiten aco u Less ihan 1.000 15 01o.000 to 100.000
.t'4 0 Rurai erse?
Highways or streets 870 crocked silahtiv 580 Lerne cracks 410 otspieced Ir.:O 1.o00 toto. coo 1530 over 100.000 sidewalks 700 Cracked allahtiv It O Laroe cracks NO otsproced This community renort is oisectated wtiti what town or sto code?
Appendix 1 MODIFIED MERCALLI INTENSITY SCAIE OF 1931*
(Abridged)
I.
- a. Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable circumstances.
II.
- a. Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings.
- b. Delicately suspended objects may swing.
- c. Slight.
III.
- a. Felt quite noticeably indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings, but many people do not recognize it as an earthquake.
- b. Standing motorcars may rock slightly.
- c. Vibration like passing of truck.
- d. Duration estimated.
- e. Moderate.
IV.
- a. During the day, felt indoors by many.
- b. (Felt) outdoors by few.
- c. At night some awakened.
- d. Dishes, windows, doors, disturbed; walls made cracking sound.
- e. Sensation like heavy truck striking building.
- f. Standing motorcacs rocked noticeably.
- g. Strong.
- h. Disturbed liquids in open vessels.
V.
- a. Felt by nearly everyone.
- b. Many awakened.
- c. Some dishes, windows, etc., broken.
- d. A few instances of cracked plaster.
- e. Unstable objects overturned.
- f. Disturbance of trees, poles, and other tall objects sometimes noticed.
- g. Pendulum clocks may stop.
- h. Frighteced few, some, several.
- i. Few run outdoors.
J. Trees and bushes shaken slightly.
Note: Frequently reported elec:<.nts that were transferred from the unabridged scale (appendix 2) are separated from the original des-criptors by a horizontal line.
- From Wood and Neumann 1931.
61 l
i e
s.
Appendix 1 (Continued)
X.
- a. Some well-built wooden structures destroyed.
- b. Most masonry and frame structures destroyed with their founda-tions.
- c. Ground badly cracked.
- d. Rails bent.
- e. Landslides considerable from river banks and steep slopes.
- f. Shifted sand and mud.
- a. Water splashed (slopped) over banks.
- h. Serious damage to dams, dikes, and embankments.
- i. Underground pipes torn apart, crushed, buckled.
XI.
- a. Few, if any (masonry) structures remain standing.
- b. Bridges destroyed.
- c. Broad fissures in ground.
- d. Underground pipelines completely out of service.
- e. Earth slumps and land slips in soft ground.
- f. Rails bent greatly.
~
- g. Damage great to dams, dikes, and embankments.
- h. Caused significant tsunami.
XII.
- a. Damage total.
- b. Waves seen on ground surfaces.
- c. Lines of sight and level distorted.
- d. Objects thrown upward into air.
1 a
63 i
Appendix 2 i
MODIFIED MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE OF 1931 (Unabridged)
[ Adapted from Sieberg's Mercalli-Cancani scale, modified and condensed.]
I.
- a. Not felt - or, except rarely under especially favorable circumstances.
Under certain conditions, at and outside the boundary of the area in which a great shock is felt:
- b. Sometimes birds, animals, reported uneasy or disturbed.
- c. Sometimes dizziness or nausea experienced.
- d. Sometimes trees, structures, liquids, bcdies of water, may sway, doors may swing, very slowly.
II.
- a. Felt indoors by few, especially on upper floors, or by sensitive, or nervous persons.
Also, as in grade I, but often more noticeably:
- b. Sometimes hanging objects may swing, especially when delicately suspended,
- c. Sometimes trees, structures, liquids, bodies of water, may sway, doors may swing, very slowly.
- d. Sometimes birds, animals, reported uneasy or disturbed.
- e. Sometimes dizziness or nausea experienced.
III.
- a. Felt indoors by several....
- b. Motion usually rapid vibration.
- c. Sometimes not recognized to be an earthquake at first.
- d. Duration estimated in some cases.
- e. Vibration like that due to passing of light, or lightly loaded trucks, or heavy trucks some distance away.
- f. Hanging objects may swing slightly.
- g. Movements may be appreciable on apper levels of tall structures.
- h. Rocked standing motorcars slightly.
IV.
- a. Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few.
- b. Awakened.few, especially light sleepers.
- c. Frightened no one, unless apprehensive from previous l
experience.
- d. Vibration like that due to passing of heavy, or heavily loaded trucks.
Note: When these elements are referred to in the text of this report, the letters are followed by an "x".
65
Appendix 2 (Continued)
- e. Sensation like heavy body striking building, or falling of heavy objects inside.
- f. Rattling of dishes, windows, doors; glassware and crockery clink and clash.
- g. Creaking of walls, frame, especially in the upper range of this grade.
- h. Hanging objects swung, in numerous instances.
- i. Disturbed liquids in open vessels slightly.
J. Rocked standing motorcar noticeably.
- a. Felt indoors by practically all, outdoors by many or most.
V.
- b. Outdoors direction estimated.
- c. Awakened many, or most,
- d. Frightened few--slight excitement, a few ran outdoors.
- e. Buildings trembled throughout.
- f. Broke dishes, glassware, to some extent.
Cracked windows--in some cases, but not generally.
yh. Overturned vases, small or unstable objects, in many instances, with occasional fall.
- i. Hanging objects, doors, swing generally or considerably.
J. Knocked pictures against walls, or swung them out of place.
- k. Opened, or closed, doors, shutters, abruptly.
- 1. Pendulum clocks stopped, started, or ran fast, or slow.
- m. Moved small objects, furnishings, the latter to slight extent.
- n. Spilled liquids in small amounts from well-filled open containers.
- o. Trees, bushes, shaken sligntly.
VI.
- a. Felt by all, indoors and outdoors.
- b. Frightened many, excitement general, some alarm, many ran outdoors.
- c. Awakened all.
- d. Persons made to move unsteadily.
- e. Trees, bushes, shaken slightly to moderately.
- f. Liquid set in strong motion.
- g. Ev111 bells rang--church, chapel, school, etc.
- h. fa. age slight in poorly built buildings.
- i. Fall of plaster in small amount.
- j. Cracked plaster somewhat, especially fine cracks (in) chimneys in some instances.
- k. Broke dishes, glassware, in considerable quantity, also some windows.
- 1. Fall of knickkaacks, books, pictures.
- m. Overturned furniture in many instances.#
- n. Moved furnishings of moderately heavy kind.
66 v.
_-_r- - - _ --
Appendix 2 (Continued)
VII.
- a. Frightened all-general alarm, all ran outdoors.
- b. Some, or many, found it difficult to stand.
- c. Noticed by persons driving motorcars.
- d. Trees and bushes shaken moderately to strongly.
- e. Waves on ponds, lakes, and running water.
- f. Water turbid from mud stirred up.
- g. Incaving to some extent of sand or gravel stream banks.
- h. Rang large church bells, etc.
- i. Suspended objects made to quiver.
J. Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction.
- k. (Damage) slight to moderste in well-built ordinary buildings, considerable in poorly built or badly designed buildings, adobe houses, old walls (especially where laid up without mortar), spires, etc.
- 1. Cracked chimneys to considerable extent, walls to some extent.
- m. Fall of plaster in considerable to large amount, also some stucco.
- n. Broke numerous windows. furniture to some extent.
- o. Shook down loosened brickwork and tiles.
- p. Broke weak chimneys at the roofline (sometimes damaging roofs).
- q. Fall of cornices from towers and high buildings.
- r. Dislodged bricks and stones.
- s. Overturned heavy furniture, with damage from breaking.
- t. Damage considerable to concrete irrigation ditches.
VIII.
- a. Fright general--alarm approaches panic.
- b. Disturbed persons driving motorcars.
- c. Trees shaken strongly--branches, trunks, broken off, especially palm trees.
- d. Ejected sand and mud in small amounts.
- e. Changes: temporary, permanent; in flow of springs and wells; l
dry wells renewed flow; in temperature of spring and well waters.
- f. Damage slight in structures (brick) built especially to withstand earthquakes.
- g. (Damage) considerable in ordinary substantial buildings, partial collapse; racked, tumbled down, wooden houses in some cases; threw out panel walls in frame structures, broke off decayed piling.
- h. Fall of walls.
- 1. Cracked, broke, solid stone walls seriously. Wet ground to some extent, also ground on steep slopes.
J. Twisting, fall, of chimneys, columns, monuments, also factory stacks, towers,
- k. Moved conspicuously, overturned, very heavy furniture.
67 l
i l
Appendix 2 (Continued)
IX.
- a. Panic general
- b. Cracked ground conspicuously.
- c. Damage considerable in (masonry) structures built especially to withstand earthquakes.
d.. Threw out of plumb some wood frame houses built especially to withstand earthquakes.
- e. (Damage) creat in substantial (masonry) buildings, some collapse in large part; or wholly shifted frame buildings off foundations, racked frames.
- f. (Damage) serious to reservoirs.
- g. Underground pipes sometimes broken.
- a. Cracked ground, especially when loose and wet, up to widths X.
of several inches; fissures up to a yard in width ran parallel to canal and stream banks.
- b. Landslides considerable from river banks and steep coasts.
- c. Shifted sand and mud horizontally on beaches and flat land.
- d. Changed level of water in wells.
- e. Threw water on banks of canals, lakes, rivers, etc.
- f. Damage serious to dams, dikes, embankments.
- g. (Damage) severe to well-built wooden structures and bridges, some destroyed.
- h. Developed dangerous cracks in excellent brick walls.
- i. Destroyed most masonry and frame structures, also their foundations.
J. Bent railroad rails slightly.
- k. Tore apart, or crushed endwise, pipelines buried in earth.
- 1. Open cracks and broad wavy folds in cement pavements and asphalt road surfaces.
- a. Disturbances in ground many and widespread, varying with XI.
ground material.
- b. Broad fissures, earth slumps, and land slips in soft, wet l
ground.
- c. Ejected water in large amounts charged with sand and mud.
- d. Caused sea-waves (" tidal" waves) of significant magnitude,
- e. Damage severe to wood frame structures, especially near shock centers.
- f. (Damage) great to dams, dikes, embankments, often for long distances.
- g. Few, if any, (masonry) structures remained standf g.
- h. Destroyed large well-built bridges by the wrecking of supporting piers, or pillars.
- i. Affected yielding wooden bridges less.
J. Bent railroad rails greatly, and thrust them endwise.
- k. Put pipelines buried in earth completely out of service.
68
- ~..
- ~ -.
l Appendix 2 (Continued)
XII.
- a. Damage total--practically all works of construction damaged greatly or destroyed.
j
- b. Disturbances in ground great and varied, numerous shearing cracks.
j
- c. Landslides, falls of rock of significant character, slumping of river banks, etc., numerous and extensive.
- d. Wrenched loose, tore off, large rock masses.
l
- e. Fault slips in firm rock, with notable horizontal and vertical offset displacements.
- f. Water channels, surface and underground, disturbed and modified greatly.
- g. Damned lakes, produced waterfalls, deflected rivers, etc.
- h. Waves seen on ground surfaces (actually seen, probably, in some cases).
- i. Distorted lines of sight and level.
J. Threw objects upward into the air.
69
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