ML19330B212
| ML19330B212 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Peach Bottom, Hope Creek, Crane  |
| Issue date: | 07/16/1980 |
| From: | Caplan R ECOLOGY ACTION OF OSWEGO |
| To: | NRC ATOMIC SAFETY & LICENSING APPEAL PANEL (ASLAP) |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8007310128 | |
| Download: ML19330B212 (13) | |
Text
.. -..
UNITED STATES OF AlERICA NUCLEAR REGUIATTI COMMISSION BEFCRE EE ATOMIC SAFETI A'iD LICENSING APPEAL BOARD In the Matter of
)
Philadelphia Electric Co. et. al.
Docket Nos. 50-277,278
(
4 Peach Bottom Units 2 and 3
)
)
gecVIO Metropolitan Edison Co. et. al.
)
Docket No. 50-320 S
ew gg JULM gggg
- Three Mile Island Unit 2
)
T
)
E oue ct the see@i1 ff Public Service Electric & Gas Co. )
Dockets Nos.50-35h 355 Hope Creek Units 1 and 2
)
Docketing & 3*C,-
Brancts
\\
N Reply to Staff Filing of July 3, 1960 We take issue with the staff's assertions that the _Perkins record on radon releases from mining and milling uranium remains valid. Further, we object strongly to the staff's attempt to circumvent even the =odicum of due process that intervenors have received in this proceeding by eliminating the issues of health effects and the de minimus theory from further consideration.
Uraniun Mining The staff's claim that its estimate that 270 Ci per year per RRI will be released from unsealed unde ground mines is " conservatively high" (Staff filing, p.16) is based on extremely shaky foundations. The staff used a Battelle study of radon emissions from active underground mines to make its estimate, and then claims to introduce conservatism because it is "unlikely" that the same magnitude of emissions will come from an inactive mine with o forced ventilation (Ibid. p.15).The Battelle figures are raputedly reliableuven though the staff's estimate of the annual release from aa active mine rose from h,060 Ci/RHf to 8,000 Ci/RRI'betweed the Perkins hearing and last Februazy. The supposed reason for the reliability is th'at now we are living with a " mature" mine population (Ibid. p. Ih). The record flatly contradicts all these assertions.
^
Far from testifying that it was "unlilely" that inactEe" mines would, emit' as much
~
raden as active ones, the staff witness, Wilde, admitted that because of the half-life ]
of radon (3 8 days), it was quite possible that releases from inactive mines wculd be - - -
{
O$
ill.
.8007310/df
Tage 2 of the same agnitude cs thosa from activa mints, and further, that his provious declaration that the possibility was " inconceivable" was "a poor choice of words." (TR h22).
l Wilde's faith that we now have a "sture" =ine population was based on data for years of production from 23 =ines, with nothing more rigorous in the way of statistics than taking the average age of the mines (TR h13). In light of the drastic changes tidic in the staff's estimates of raden emissions per RRI, more than that is required to convince us that the nu::foer will not change drastically in the future.
In addition, there is testimony indicating that the mines Battelle surveyed were not evenly distributed as far, as cumlative on production is concerned - and both the witness and the Battelle reprt say that cumlative ore production is most highly correlated to radon emissions. Wilde testified that them were more mines in the Battelle data base in the lower ranges of cumlative ore production than in the higher ranges (TR 392-393). Since the mines with higher production would be expected to release more radon per ton of cre, the Battelle data is an underestimate of what would occur in a truly " mature" mine society-if indeed such a thing even exists.
To arrive at its estimte of 270 Ci/yr/RP.I the staff assumed that the average mine produced ore for 30 years. A previous Battelle report, however, had assumed the mine lifetime was 20 years (TR h03). The staff adopted the second Battelle figure of 30 years with no questions asked (TR h0h), and there appears no basis whatsoever fcr it.
How reliable is the estimate of 270 Ci/yr/RRf? When the witness was asked, he rpplied: "I feel that that figure is as reliable as the reliability of the Battelle measurements of radon releases, and as reliable as the assumptions I have made in ty calculations." (TR 396). This does not indicate overwhelming confidence. It is a cautious-statement, which is understandable in view of the evidence.
The evidence shows that them is little relation between ore production and raden releases. There is slightly more connection between cumulative ore production
P:ga 3 fbm min 2a indicate relenzos of up to 55,000 ci/Rar, cysn more if the staffis assua:ptions on uranium required per RRr are used instead of Battelle's (TR 393-39h).
To compound the unreliability of the estimate, the staff did not evm attenpt to find the correlation be9een cun:ulative ore production and raden releases, but instead used the are production figures from one year-1978--to arrive at its so called reliable and " conservative" estimate (TR 395).
In light of the foregoing, we cannot conceive how the staff can expect anyone to believe its clain that the estinate of rad releases from abandoned, unsealed underground n:ines is conservative or even reasonable.
Eilling The staff takes Dr. Pohl to task aring to assume a different tailiras pile thickness than did the staff (Staff filing, p. 32). Dr. Pohl's assumption cf a 6-meter thickness was the same used in the GEIS, and it is obviously more conservative than the staff's assumption. What is the objection to conservatism? The staff says En. Pohl
" conceded" that tailings pile thickness can vary (Ibid.). That is precisely the point; it is not at all a concession. Tailings pile thickness can vary, so, if the staff really wishes to be conservative, it must be willing to lock at the thin as well as the thick.
The staff argues that Dr. Pohl's postulation of a completely eroded tailings pile is possible, but "non-reklistic." (Ibid
- p. 37). Mcwever, the staff refuses to consider any erosion of the pile at all. This is certainly non-realistic. Dr. Pohl's example was intended as a. worst case. The staff feels that not only should we ignore the worst case, but anything even approaching it. It is patently ridiculous to assert that the worst thing that can happen to a tailings pile for the next 80,000 years is for it to lose its cover, and that, after losire the cover, it is "non-realistic" to su.spect that the tailings themselves could erode.
The staff's claim that water pathways for radioactive ecntamination from tailings piles are negligible (Ibid. p. h6) is writaen in language that reveals the staff's own e
Pags h doubts The staff mys # steps are being taken to r:duca or eliminate caspaga from tailings." (our excphasis). The statement continues:
" Tailings are in most cases being isolated from aquifers. Some seepage will occur but the nuclides involved tend to sorb or ion exchange and not migrate to any appreciable extent." (Ibid. p. h6, our emphasis). These cautious modifiers eliminate any confidence in the statemnts.
The staff cited TR 505-507 to back up its statement that water pathways might be more significant in natural ore bodies than from tailings because of " mill licensing requirements to isolate tailings contaminants." (Ibid. p. h7). However, the transcript that is cited does not untion the so-called "requirenents," but mrely states that because uranium ore is often located below groundwater tables, the nuclides in the ore "should not pose any substantially greater ha::ard after (milling) than they did before the ore was mined, except perhaps in the 1::mdiate vicinity of the pit...." (TR 506-507). But this statement is contradicted by the witness under cross examination, as illustrated in the following exchange:
"A. Yes. I world expect that if the tailings were placed below groundwater that the concentration in the groundwater in the previous 27 mined out area into yhich the tailings were placed would probably be higher than it was when the ore was there before being mined...But that this would be local in the sense of being confined to the immediate area of the pit and its surroundings. A matter of some feet.
j 1
"o. Are you suggesting then that for naturally dissolved radium that the, shall we say, mean-free path of radium dissolved in water is on the order of a few feet?
"A. No. That, again, depends on the specific nature and the properties of the soils and rock in the area." (TR 513).
Again, the witness testifies that site specific factors will determine the distance contaminants will travel in water: "I would expect the radium to move not very far from this pit we're talking about. How far it might move is (a) function of the characteristics of the aquifer, the soils, the rocks thrcugh which it's moving."(Rfh l e
Paga 5 Thesa etntemente are inccnsistent with ths g:;neralizatien citid by staff at TR 505-507.
Finally, the witness testifies that the fact that tailings piles have more surface area than the on from which they were p:cduced "would play a majmr, if not the sajor, role in the ability of materials located thereon to be dissolved and transported." (TR 518). Since the mining and milling of uranium obviously increases the surface area, this statenant goes contrary to the witness's earlier claim that there is not a "substantially greater hazard" of water transport from tailirgs than from natural cre.
We fail to find any basis for the staff's assertion that the effect of water transport would be offset by a reduction in radon emissions to the air (Staff filirg,
- p. h?). The staff citation is to " Ibid." byt there is no mention of this sub.iect in t}m previous citation, TR 505-507 In general, the staff's statements on emissions from milll tailings are a' blatant attenpt to convince the Board that the staff's predictions of stability for " mary thousands of years" (Hour many we still aren' t told) will coce true because the staff says they will. The staff completely ignores the possibility of human intrusion into abandoned tailings, a scenario that is much more realistic than the staff's presumptions of forever intact tailings piles free of any need for " active naintenance."
In the real world, people built houses on tailings, as we have seen from the Grand Junction disaster. Now we learn, thcough a report in the New York Times Magazine (July 13, 1980) that in Edgment, S.D., the tailings piles wem used far recreation as well; children played in the san # piles and swam in the tailings ponds. Seetime during the past several months, the Tines reporter and several other persons easily trespassed into the taildngs pile area, despite a fence (no need f or active raintenance),
the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978, and the staff's interim guidelines.
We ask the Board to take official notice of the July 13 New York Times article.
The staff's reassuring statements about guidelines, engineering solutions and quality assurance cannot disguise the fact that the proposed method for disposing of e
Page 6 this hazardous end alm st permnently toxic mtzrici is to pile it up en the ground or in shallow pits. Somehow the staff expects the tailings to stay piled up and untouched by humans for at least 80,000 years. Unfortunately, the staff will not suffer the consequences if its confidence turns out to be wrong.
Health Effects and De Minimus The staff asks the Board to adopt the Perkins decision without further hearings on health effects or the de minims theory. We renind the Board and staff that using the Perkins record a:xi decision as a " lead case" for the licensing cases under appeal after radon became a generic issue in 1978 was a convenience for the Board, but it cannot be used to deprive interrenors of their rights to litigate the radon atter.
We have objected to portions of the Pezicins record and decision in the areas of health i
effects and the de minimus thsory and we have asked to augment the record on these issues. We cannot see how many finding made by the Board on radon source terms -
the subject of the February evidentiary hearing-could be the basis for cuttirg off discussion of health effects and de dnimus.
j l
Deficiency No.1 The staff's arguments in favor cf upholding tM Boazti's previous decision on Deficiency No.1 are misleadirg and sometimes incocprehensible. For instance, the staff claim that its correlation of mine production to radon edssions is " perfect" because the staff knows how to divide one number into another. (Staff filing, p. 25).
The question is, has the staff come up with an accurate estimte of the radon that will be released from mines for each year's require =ent of umnium fuel for a reactor?
The staff claims not even to be asking this question (Ibid.) But what else can staff witnesses mean when they testify that a certain cumber of curies w!.ll be emitted "per RRr," except a prediction based on a relaticnship between "an amount of production and radon releases" ?
The staff's statemnt on page 23 of its filing that the anount of radon per RRY has risen on3y from h,060 to 5,200 euries de:: ween Perkins and now is so misleading that we wonder if the obfuscation is deliberate. The fact that the difference between
~
i...-
~
Page 7 these numbers is relatively small (although it is still an increase of more than 25 per cent). is due to several significant changes in the components of the numbers:
namely, the estimated releases from open pit mines declined and those from underground mines increased. The staff is trying to cover up these substantial chargee by averaging open pit and underground mines together. More important, this comparison is completely irrelevant to a discussion of whether there is any correlation between production and radon releasesmho subject of the deficiency.
That there is very poor cor: elation, if any, between these two parameters was made obvious during the February hearing. Thus the staff's claim that the information presented at the hearing is " irrelevant to the fundauental assertion" in Deficiency No.1 is plainly wrong.
Conclusion The Board should adopt the findinrs of the intervenors en the radon source terms from mining and milling uranium, and on Deficiency No.1, and should reject the staff's request for a decision en health effects and de =inimus. Ecology Action also adopts tre zeply filed by Citizens f ar a Safe Environment and would like the Board to consider that reply as filed on our behalf also.
b l
Pcga 8 u n./ a - D Ruth Caplan July 16, 1980 far Ecology Action of Oswego b
o
y
.y
,'4 f
c. -
4..
. ~,.
ng e[*
%. s,5
- r=
R
.e.
e
=
.s* u *WQ.*-
s.**,
E M, *
- M[,.4L,enHIGH
&~
s pn ;.
e -
'.e.
y gggy
~
INTHE BLA G R =/a a G
JUL t t 1553 a 91' u.a a... Y.e.r:t
$ :b.:.l3 r-1 v
,o -
e L: :h i
y/
N l
By Potor Matthlessen i
t
{
be fate of five men who ventur.d into South Dako.
i ta's L4 -k Ifills - the sa.
.i i
cred Paha Sapa of the Lakota Sioux - was scrawled in Ezra IGnd's
(
last note: All ktlt but i
i me." That small expedi-tion in 1833 was probably the first to discover " gold in them thar l
hills." Although gold was certattdy 10 cated by several parties that came after, it was the announced "discow.
j i
ery" by Gen. George Custer's military i
expeditaon in 1874 that set off 4 rush to I
the Black Hills. The Indians called the i
expedition route "75ueves' Road" be.
j cause Custer had invaded the land in what they saw as a flagrant violation of g
the Fort Laramte Treaty of 1868; the l
general's death, at the hands of the k
Lakota and Cheyenne in 1876. provided I i
his Government with the excuse to k
" abrogate" the treaty-an act that the g Uruted States.surt of Claims last year called "the most rank and ripe case of l
dishonorable deahng in our historv."
l With that. the gold rush was on. By 1
i IS7f. George Hearst's Homestake Mine had begun operations in the northern hi!!s. Ten years later. It was worth $6 I
milhon. and since then several bs!hons more in mined minerais have been re.
moved from the Black Hills.
g Today the Black Hills are being in.
vaded again, not for gold but for ura.
t c-ruum. And this time, not only the in-i '
dians but many of the white pecole are ay protesting, some of them cattle ran-e ers and farmers descended from 5e original homesteaders. ney fear for their health sad the health of their chil.
dren. as well as their lands and water sapplies. Dey insist they are threat.
ened by exposure to the radiation given off in mamng and milhng uranlurr for nuclear energy. But the miners, the in.
Peter htatthnessen,1979 wanner of the r
s Natnonal Dosit Aword for "The Snow I Leopard," ss at work on a book about e indrans and therrland5.
33
+
- =ry p=
. many remmu e sdommmes udn.gs..s.cn hereur rua, e inn asum e ma..=m a my tan cay h, un pr ma ime r s.
taal pmst.raans ansess that sus bares wul dentaal -es=== am also due to the purcens errer as e.woring me hortage madmas ladmss (wesch rusate as esta.
. se ene = sae er = um.._
cany==== amr. e saan
. s.,
is i.e. m.eu in e in -e.ca mand a p=me w En. essmw rede.
u=t.== ihe existory.. h s ns um.
inces sens f., rw.s es.wiream; a r anomey er m e amm w eramum actmevi free waams esa m enur i.
m me-ry mu a.s mine.esa g assi, a munand me m. w ud emanadmunmune wrsymem.
tame. "Nes.kag e les percent.",mys
-.m y e.e.d of 3.s em ep. nod -e== r, ags ca-cm -
m.
.,g re,aa,,a,..e,mhm, e, e,, m,e i e a====,s ou.e, :-- -
nnd me-r-i pr mu=
e-wa,d - - = -=s m.s W
u.edi==.e -
p whos sama omana - u d
.f.
aire m.mprveir. yearris d
g.
,, a
,1,.v
, gae
,e,,,sy,.,e, m.
w
<==== se = isis a paan ser fiauro manag ie ga
,,a,,,
forts runt egy sts ladeans sad rearmass
'Ba8 wiu na se.ey hans the health of ga.st that me.rered uranham taalangs.
pu ma,a,,e (s,,,d,ar %g m,,,,
and==mpey.s.ersm. tan m..e.m
..ca asum.wun. in, af ram-a.
saa p=mm
- in.a=== - m
,,, m,
W==sts amias met es an. ma he a.<=m.s preewm w ure== mummg.
== m.wrui. noudag r sin and na
,,e.,,,,,,, m.,,,,,m, e
m.m that ma car ta= ma per==.
a-asdh==ve= m.n-. W===efrees.
ann u a.
m h ney sang me,a
,,m e,
pa,,,e,a wuve ua gs. ime remen fr== ore.
vreamm nuu mang pm.v mrg.
m
- 3. r,yx,3. g._ -.
m
.mir, m me senad ad run-wy.
-.-4 ore, are pihag up haased ammig ens ang suctuar fini pect statemme for ats Edgerent mad samm easumanausn et tbe g=tand er=== uw==niry. and uw a=u st d cycism." mys Dr. John Dmitch, formw proput utrur Isdses east "dresur.
wetw. mes sarud, e em.==hard to
>= s = inom uw, hea efies e,
caer serrevary of um o.paran m of
,= euerau== ma ause e epre===
smah osa a-e aos r"na'* dry""m'ay tw natur off la the keg mastste calcWauen. Nevertrahamn. uw Emergy. wee heeded e study ed a3 II af of grenand.woner brwees a the L.aassa snamanry meets Ast uw esersues can tae encave uremens sus at eens yermaumi wh.cn wua reews in aree na chas mer =gma=s he man use. nad u. re.cienF nes.w=a.
.eus w aue ns. wig m ian and c
we.ura =**==-
=ry came=== =re iani ime a u r.YA mys thm. u a teomry enanm W ow BacA Mdis and um ulud retaeares 13.310 issus of enrannan a year mesamere, se has wehsttanly e.wered all peca layers..tuca assure that mesca of premt att e la the W.e w
'*'su pmasas per pus % ma to man
- une taahags. It soumans that the cast of me remian rumores grunudweser to um Edgamme t. gas
===M m 1981 8= 8mpwta=am y dm -nns of um dd
. gr. a,.rm haw p d.d a:na.
- "" * *ad *=macar
=8 m
c ne su minie. tu ums guns.
dam.eer se un agnewim and i=r.
'"d' 'ad** " nu for me hamn.
id"cu'"."ANr;"A
'"**'**'""'*d***"*""'"**
""'******"""8""'F*'"*'*
ur m i n,
. s e a smak.o.ama a f.-.,, i r e m
- ta r
- e. h,.h,,m.ums n.."ium umi 8.rn.:,,p er a.u,. as A new rush is on in the Black. Hills. h Indians Ea Ity cauai-m beg = e-this tune ree== = -a a a== =
Eds==ent. aus -
- u. a dis of ICTUranium.But whites havej.oined wit
==
--~~ f=
ar-sh U =rm u.en as um maea.e w uw ciaca mns asc eu AEC.udum Ge cracks."samrdmg to Jera Gadt la to protest the mines which, they say, threa, ten ami.aary-m un ensy nwyers.urimum t Px. o--r efa.. ~. m =
mening pregd unprofetette end. ens >
inny, many w u. m-amor their health, water and lands with radiation.
avstfatWe to the A.LC and thry stamy.
e to de a.u,mg am u.- -a.i-ww m.ns.m nut d a sua me u.
7
.ary ca===
a> rwed unt me and the Arc. anow um feucmar magua-
- *=,n-ni w d u.
aucau 3*
adt. etaca had cammed down in 1772 puwer a the late its0's. Uw eransum namn besas m earaseL $ance the Laassa Y*~
andd est be r-==' and enlarus that Semna aave been premams theer Land I'*
the adl and tadagu pain be property l* @,','[:
..M f.Q cleaned up. Des there was as puaut an.
F*
caserns, haasd en une truary of im for TM about um 45 high reesum lesai recognetaan of their nant to Une
,1-
.ses -
$r PE:he $ ape. uur energy compenses
. = * * " '
rendaags, ensch twpresened what the
,,.N,*
m.v.s gu.euy a wcanna seasse. Tim E.P As Pew sent ase cans a i
supren.e corre me.i ocum.
- 55 "r*- breacy p=rpar=aas en the awLtdang $1'2.4 edlaan se the Laasna D
---ry."
i y**[*
- dad ravree opsat to flee years tema es esmpeematum for the Gewern.
mens a die 1tal asuure of the Staca Naua y'.
lasar we *e amme tude as taahags la igyF. As viewed as - -_m py was pald e a ytnang radread warter the tredausmal Laamaa ha.a.aae uns
.'s.
W amaged Petal Stafford. wte hap te land ts sacruS se utsen and llwy de not h6,1ert I.aassa Im*'an 121975, e a-==E acknomisege that a can be yielded up v_
LPA surwy that inrated 53 addl.
- ^ -
for misery; e addatam, accer===ra of tests 8 "het spets.", nachadarig an Edge.
I
^_
g--
uus aeard omdd reguare uwra to werwg
, 6g" hTg meat schantyard recurand that une i
=rr b c * --~fs; A _c s._.
1 any claims en Psaa Sape uury ought mm_-
Brafford hasse had the hignant readag 7,I maae siinn hdur, )
as tas hashly redanscuve tows Amerd.
1 Large.arale emptorsums casamancag Decejnng tae meetta sareef pused by ensuum mussag sa Sainst Onaosa. 3.300 peosde thg to $naa, e copy of thas repsrt was en une early IF1 s. anst toesy esate era.
m e #7-aule passena snerca tann.g4 Im Sleck Mils en July 4. If4 made avallatie to Edgemsma's hteyer I
mum.msnsng permets have base neued Peer Zatmet, a former m4D me,mrta-for more than Utree adlema acree esta erty cevered. and wheKaer more thaa scumany has bens beast New the landes.L Tan=== =^
_ _ that fact more tasa a sulleen ause already 7J edhen tons af contaminated mattar energy amfustry coveta thna water.
had adde that he es e as reeman to alarca stated or leaned for general saameral can he est out and hauled away = te wtact es regenered la taunense arauunts peop6e: "We had as localladscausse of menseg by ettsut 23 corporatasmas. Of eterey emoinut sediang harinful ter a2 phaams of its coereueuuk A).
asy radsm,. ^
" He esys use hsig thane SS. too are clone to testanang ae.
- of redancuve dust la the pre.
f4mdy. energy prakactone has towered cancer rate as the Edgemes area is as une seter tabee connaderaaty a parta of higher than the asusmal eversee and tualuransom mansna and adhng opers-cou.
tions. Unson Cartede Corporausse ang Wyasung and South nama*a. and a.=ts.
heagrams wita nadustry.
- - wies the Federally owned Tennamese valley O
saan weita to the eauthere Staca halla cimtend that casophance visa new Ptu.
au..inniy. isism ol.hach ha n emnem have manadie godry.
cuer meswawy tw-a rwm lesere an the southern malla.
De fl#18 6tage of the minang process Union Cartinde Corporsues, wtsch will correct possably dangercas prec.
The seen of Edgement $ D.13 males
.-ahe enuing of emptoratory bore helee tha#Ts the propteed L.
of the uces of the past and prevent them la the ease of the Wyemang border,is (79 sale 18 alte 5 mattef for tetter argudnenL EdgetmoDs reglfm with T.V.A has future. Newtwer, manrutanas the indum-of the state s first uraanaen esacavery To date. T.Y A has druled 6.000 espie, drihed uimasands of borv holes nachad-try to taate certaan that it is coenpt/ tag as wet) as ifie site af am aid ursmum rauen neees ut nearch of heel for the ang a heruantal tunnel 2.000 feet long an with reg,aLataarts has preved diffaculL melf left tehend by Susquenanna.*ess.
,,,,n nuc3ee, power paaras It propuses Federal land to Crsvee Caayan, weer, As recs uy as two years ago, one Fed-era, whsch sosd ses penperty and leases to budd en the Ea t. U?ider uw uew n had hoped to begm maneng late thas eral mine inspreter asumated that.
to T V 4 +s if*t I't and arensus Edse.
state regulatases, all tesa bonnes must yest. The company pr=- te dump bated en spot checas, the nataan's urn-nme. Ide monumeras to the amnt huge use av sts M prwrectal asuns mam own being espaaed to be peugged and capped. when stwy cut centroversy, are large pelee of radioac. I surna at Rottanaan F;ats.13 stales frera radiatam leve&s that were rougssy five 89 Edgernant. Susfuric acid would tie ti.Thee higher than the levels rewrted tawe estensum lad;ngs. the sandhke ma-of een. grawi er poros esene = tfwy tenal that romane after the maihing pured nato use heaps and would erep by the cornpasues. Jaarpa Wagarwr, e
- 88 D' IM"" ' * *NM prorens. Selow the piaes 3 9 stilum down to a siay Dame to leech nut the urs.
reeartA.,.a.
O,a wita t?te U.S.
tons of them are as estimated 3 g l mth Mment.
cegames say ug I natua which would then bc graarms off Pubiac Haatth Service utione steadnes m 41 eon tons of consammated eenh. The e are douis flus, ard edi conunue to de i a tagued form. Corripany spoassmen show Lhat workers quadruple ther a.uw v.re r. am ennessmenwr tune at 84.
G e
l pse up stahan. hugen asam enes* ao seis mesmed a me
",* y" 64C30-[MD *
. ^
ammsumme ease, ao saw,ary is madme, and am as emme of g,, -
[
lar marnas up me ladcaset" et tas dana, maa teen, has a tasse us. haams me asaame Chns s rame se em husensus
. = =,
1 "Tte semas ases as sure et Puented pasisgrese Lahme af u.g j
[
en.
- armeammmasas ass aaewout
- ef.smeda. hm.g -
.s. -.e a o m -
k e.
m-s e-th.e neue hsy less m.md No.
- U..
by wernme in emuduryumed as erommmen manag pareams R
,e m
- *i arenessa.nsmus, eks Imame every two yeus, nasassenen, as meer, Sama. "'Yes re genrug Statsud is anytag. "es mee.
=
{ fi*m, en es eamse e.la es as ware esse me anme of ens passa.
ter gut es hagammt rumeng af met se imma seus ene ename as viereewy J8 4
he-a ap.
is,,emas me i.ahse ines num 3 a,er nu mand, m.mo e amp wchas.sem-a se put wem eure e a base esma.
aa." massed me pannegraph 3
parnus.
based en the Fort latesmo ma feast andGessey "
mangewkmarome Ramesem S
1ase yar. smuseme were an.
Tresy - e ensam wassa tae
-whom I Arne heard thes em tright maan, he etasan, the
- = -*
- r.j m.and,en as arenard home
.sneemme c.am.e bes seumsmaame
(',
part asm.re,C.hris a h.enness."
a a
w em a -.sys..
.e.s h.s eam d y
e4 s. > -
m ve..m.
.inhappy manaeus a wry, sean oemaa espanmes of mand ae.maus py p y -
a'
.e.
n wesed as ame -
,m Thara sem marmd = wp.
t weist and Manarea kammetse g genyy to es Lamma. Thas me amas." saw pcss to her psm ee ham mee here? Every*
ba,
a warned tan seswy taas byear-canan muute saa ad stasa i
i broared, taansa,a homanitid me asusha, very ename ne sus 1
s eed Chris Brethre ahmand to ag&lia land tape tune genesame.
- huu has '
e skald wee had wendered ad af ame trema aar. "I gisens saa792 l
ansburytas mensagImmam an ag hw tedream, sell half 4assup; she Great sent sament wees rums, etwo he had Swed fur es emuna shames temeGastody a
neartes had summe amme of her that staff smaasug up ma af the i
'M*
rue and a half yeare. Aadas.
sg young hfe en to plagued tsume graad." as ye Yevtaa Kaamaat um m en e,mehme em h
- es mas na.urense pwus a,m t
.wa.ser. -:
husse were mere them Amar Edpunt is aus amag and s
tasanas of ime sodt greeta af menad up wie the alhamme km.
temme she enamsunsa suomunre emmewomes and redrome g
ansees cens. "They ad say cause I seat een -.
anseed se areasuse ames asino mas snage me dsme mas ames mamans wres.taa I are amag ammeuma meanest twee are only esammme sur and a huge snahags pie em tae
[-
es t se an>%dy stepping up some-en and my== hans "
e h hea,s emse dey>.ns man een af me caeyum ai y 2.s hmme.-
maarty e3 umme a PNs pre.
River. Aamri from a tag asw l
chuang om f e ear of om Bennene Chns aretsord as h=== Nel tratiord stans at p=me standard ser ammes. In assses read, me areanum t
m.an ashaus, has manner dans has tag yard and gardsm; as the the secamens knustedes that numa as mas yes evesumL
'h he asl his elle. Genpy, and
- gdgemass is a very tamme ses assumpany us se se espm.
dastrees of a few monum he.
eum down me, tau te their $m.e.
$mre,he had amt tushered te re.
-, are.seaa hedre b.Ge
.amreas m a mm - r,.mau.,e.
t,ne,e hs - and m.e mess teve for tan rest of est a sA. venesser. "They west kwes see the dread of the hum heet at asy ems.lpst ressed dwoung, amaese by "This tause was the erst nie stateurd reveseed um vene they dam t wass en haar whea enterweeds. has e tems yard thang i ever houset la my one masses eswehan frem es weses hfe." he asyn. "esd I tempy fresa the house to a esw lhas emme to smag es he. One e,
sesrument send lor by T.VA.
day,I was e a caJe deve enre taalings fn3 that perenrund the had se giveit to. De were here hane a he basalt am iswel only two and a knif years, and Bus w%se Nel Branard tried and the ammher of ochas and
{
yened; tag taahage were re.
that was execuy two and a haJf to share what he had lenrand la enre. I amuse mawed Dy the emmerecear woe.
years ese Jung.1,ast year I wna he n= sew aumes, n.
- m. ans ammaer, we pas
-Imand harnasti
'=====8 as e assasing;Iesteedn't behese El em - r_-
grew two.som sinas hamn.
M "Imghaar," as I sus the Amshug that if we had Western asys,derhanay na re.
andr
. e4 awelles up tredatmatal 1sedaman are names amad anyemas as a3 sama the somsmokery. Because the the saae of melema, and the as sauth Duassa.
fasady vesstad as suddenly hatry, ts's juus 4 mensas old.
sumag, we maght have guttaa last Jamnary. "tdarry Qrtet.
(Cannneed se Puye Jf)
Camfrimass by a humule sureurves fynsamL" I
seen, and having d= t -f tant lese Bre8mni, wesse moeur d
tan csrporousas aad the maae is 1.ahasa, as a ta5 yenng mam 4
were deteriaaned en dodge se.
with a menache and sedm.
ar- **y Isr west had hop.
teens and his haar as were laag pened. Brattord esse has best; h='ea.== to has me naartausresys of en slaw teen land erf trem has pe wie asemie mause was.swes of the mes umag=== a-
~
1 Hans Annance, a taargamanag Startangem
- Northere, he i
n
' grasp, com.
pasass uns wascaang tseert.
Casinmed fan Pese N wtma I was swuamung here?
I pund et ladnam as==4 as em to has hemmes aparl' She shnaga, glamenag as her l
j and he's weertng & year <nid breamer *We bave s haatery ef steams, amat was s--n-s he mes. Stenurd warted se she Jamsory ty's the same mienth arenssa anut before gernaq ekshas; mahaay could helteve ha sur fandy, tem?
raar**
that Gew. Wuhaan Janhare has Jah wete es restroad, and F
gL g,g,,yg,,,.d bettat nut Netl looks senter. "I dam *t let est aus; ery*H be muing know yn what I'm asing to de samlasand has Departsee af he es at5 shakass &a krei En Pn'are==
ever stat has happend.
[
es asst that enacaear is goud for er wtmore I'm gaeng." he eighs.
Funded alama erjaarWy by w prys ne she nale em ust* Ned Brefford laughs
" Alt i kmw is,at wenii en any.
===arr omme== *a8 so br===a=d a=r swe i na.
tme ftrus u,,me, asys weeuseeer weare pear urnesusa asaning.
s c,ne,
,,,e
,h,.s Edgammt== uw mwn enere manned >y a susummer maff d tag each anme any owe ge-6 meswa him.
I waswd as uwe, east mas any.
rummarchers and aseyers, the tag Isas radistam frees uro*
f
.ar.
,= was sammars te embs.
amass than tasy were traum l
., g,,,g the ratfreed yants Cromma more."
case $smaa Dansaans ehaut the thaar emner TV's."One of Nutra g
,,,,,, g,3,g g,,,
h=g4,rm af ar-se in me muu me hu i
neweed, we tapa at,.the tail,.
,,,,u,,,q g,,
w, Edges.t
,.a.m.,
wtm uransure mamang, and was tali.
cancer af the myread, and a i
)
aad corp =rsu== mm coun in sweaar of ha. Edgammit mall. The aree is new sur, favor uw mansna tand te daa.
-4 anaged e._-
of mw1 anghpam have at Ismet ene
,.,,, des ey n,w chaan.ima mass uw Nars of nease danrer neunantal tsen. wesch the - nctum a the tasualy, fame beenng s.gre ruedag frern redsaumL "It's a tsanca state etautf anwes tatilaiseerest Ahst the report stuut his CAUTIOm R@t0 ACTIVE of boory." says Eugensa o
i enemgarung.
hmme h='=ana pubeas kmwl*
ndATERIALS, and NO TREs.
Chord, wee with her husaand The annante hates that the edge, Steftard says, "I Rg.
PAS $ING "Unsd to be Juss staasd a urname clate in huge 164ay "survrvaa gather.
ured payee would csime is see t
that tatue carde lance you ese neartry Red Canyon naerty 30 l
trig" en asteresas energy us. flad aat what we'd inarned" inside tPwre." Neil Braflorg years ago and s'aerdad le with amaraus tobetwadinthe Blaca Imat Emey aswer dmL And now says. Neucans that enn the their ttves. "There's been no Hilla July 14fy, wtil attract thry say we're past trylag to fa all trespans easdy past the mont. Elly, it's just hke hnd, new lenceis not cJuhtproof, w, epsdemic of cancer an E/ge.
support la Nonante* for a ges pwhiactry for marnehus."
>8 tarensum ret.
== apse.
"put:4actryt" Carey $ref.
chaam en the new gate and ing goad. It's money in your eared by an aused group, me eerd -i-.- everteartr4 walk down to Catsarwood putket." She keeps a psece of
$Laca Mdle l'.nergy Casletian hism as afie airens late the g,,,g,,,,,,,,,ts strange red urmura tucaed in a dresser
-enach weaks maus, nuclear annen. "This town reestr waggy gn a pgang gg greer t, drater"ofiefe It's safe " And power plants and waste charape siahme me laug$L Nasadys gas cab uw tedings pas on uw Mayor teamet says, "De an uw state, and she the pua.
emm.sh courage ta smala est.
far sade. For many years, ac.
Slack itills Alliance they carcing to the erstfords, the make statements thry never.
pale was simply a huge dune of prow... The redan protisem
" sand" *tiere all the Edge, is hhe matcs: they vsn up arid mont schoolchandres came to down the street SH the tame but L
p.y: e n=ch iatyr pne is nn.
uwrirs as fugh c=nce=t=
~~~
e.e.,ust d.wartve, (af samac fwnu)? Knth An.
"Whr=n we were growtr.g up derunn.Caty Councalpreesdent, here," Susae Brafford asys, adds, " Frankly, the engeuve.
"we'd eme em ever after eruosided approach of the.
schst and roll armand an ene glaca If aus Albanse les vos me piles, roll rsght dome inse that cold. Many of us to Eagernest creet there== spies 3tP== and sudorne the development of swirela the htueladings pond, Ingruas and mill &ngin our enm.
and natumfy ever came a 3 munity-Betare we are labe&ed
)
frere Uw resti to run as eff. Orw as a nashah, greedy mach, stop day,one gitt went sa the way to amsider etty we suppors u aer, got some is ter eyes chas dewtopawnt. The ece.
and rem hasne cryung_ %e masd morfue beneftts are otrvious, w bury hads up to user nects taas no ene belie *=s they am j
m (lus dernne em ein une,,,d stuff just bre ment....oyirag star envem worth eestr see.,er,ord e ee.irve -
{.
i..g, a haue sta,oed..i,8 une war. -e me e.apum and lauge is better. "I ternemter state and Feorral agenews to a.co i h e it cut u an,.rg d
-p s is a.e me
,.s 1
=
~m e
54'
I j g i.c..:;.h.q ^
D*"
. [.
y
.... * 'nM,
~ -
~
s f." ' ' **; *4
' f ',
- t,*iq {
. C.R "' a T'.
' h M;-
N
..,j.4.
- ?N* k W.
to,rotect our water, air and
,sq
- w. 9.:.,f,,,..?
>s.,.. -
h.%.,,.,a y/kh';NT 'i'fN *,-:; >p.s 9b quahty of hfe."
~'
k if, M** n,.[c.:[-",l M."* ) i *. h g
', 4. y g
f g,*R.J[7'd"S * *} ' Q.e Marvin Kammerer as a wr y,
3,p " ' k," 1.4:
trots whose grandfathercam wtry rancher in }eans an d
A Q
- .4, 7 ', '
e to the Black Hil:s in 188
[% r.p hi t.
0.
],
working on a freight train
- j <. w' t ^
14 hauling the wtre that was a
.-l y 3.=
l.
ready lencing off the rarge
{ ',ti lus youngest children sin!! rid g. '> *. ' h..
e v *.7. T 4
A ~
horses to the little school buil t
~
by his grandfather in 1889.
(,
,.,, p'
.- * 'p**'? -,
\\
"What tny grandfather told i.
my father was*
- Don't sell the land.'I feel the same way the Indians do; I don't own that land, at owns me, because my father and grandfather are
,l l
buried there."
- ' i Marvin Kammerer was one of the first ranchers toendorse 7 -
i the Black Hills A! hance.
Asked what he thought about the Lakota land claim ratsed fus eyebrows, paus,ed a he
' M * * ':,,
moment, then said flatly.
v
?.;J "I've read the Fort Laramie Treaty, and it seems pretty
.t simple to me; their claim is a#
justified. There's no way the l
Indians are going to get all of 3
that land back, but the state
'.,. +.
land and the Federal land
~
.[
ch. * -
should be returned to them.
I,
'g Out ofrespect for those people.
I '
3 and for their betref that the halls are sacred ground,Idon't
)
)
want to be a part of this de.
5 strucuan."
I I
When I asked Kammerer if i
^
- f ** * *4
~
4 he saw any way in which ura.
.F. N's.'
\\ nium mmmg te South Dakota I
l 1
' would be accepuble,he raised g
^
i
., e (( i his voice: "There's no way It's j
acceptablel Certamly not for i
M:. i j
weapons - that's 1
. l,. p -
$ And as for energy,just insanet we already I
have an excess. And what do we do with all that waste?
~
J' That's why I'm against all nu.
clear mining; these corpora.
tions aren't accepting respon.
sibility for what they are doing, for all that destructive
.i potential that innocent people have tolive with."
Marvin Kammerershook his head, disgusted; for a moment
! thought he might spit on the floor.
"We're so damned wastefbff And wasting re.
sources is like steahng from l
the children to come.
The worst waste of all around here g
now is wster. The pollution of ground water is very serious, j
but in the long run, the plain shortage of 6t is goma to be more serious yet; without irrt.
gauon, there won't agttculture."
be any At present, the energyindus.
try is considermg plans to en.
circle the Black Hills with 13 coal.ftred plants, productng 10,000 megawatts t
apiece; more than 60 additional plants I
y., g',0 * [,[ I
'.,M{ y * **
C. U.C @W,'l'
+*i, * ",
1%"
g..%C*' -
m tap 8 ek e
e 44 fp are estder A There is aime lander Tad hiemas le murenamety em.
hates unk hafme a ihmer hamru, enh.
AStamma's *duneyts assies" are
,t a pres===8 maraanteurgy
,.,e et earned anus um,weer. -Ther wena a og a wees se es; me as martmas as having as assers.ar hans as the se en.
gf as many as a remeters, wie ansed, all sur ammrgy 1
- ** be red happus ausre and smart. Far 2 yeare em kalt Uman Cartade has alaman na answ==.,-
, and espumal me dheregg a Lab at Puus haege, where of mergy,las Gewereummat is wWang sparemmes. peuuhus Passeunter's we.
grensues. fed Dy tamamands of espera.
Ehe r=haam hularve IAa4 their ends se sacrunre rweryone here, est Jhat Ia.
amma referemdum. Useas Carende has Sam tales.==== sulas and tanhagn are are - -
_ and Ihry elaae asyemure tem everybody."
tem *sposervery ensuped am 6te p
paan, au ef IAma mamanged by Ier.
dont wens en maar am pausuun, awey-Ben payee are emaname es us, tears a g
tresta,"
the Edgemens ery pessmear Jeam Krugur; and T.VA*a Lehe 48arvts Faat--ur, me ladies tamar eyes, with detesmed hahams.
There are eigma that ime Stach BIRs r't=na gasyes says that snurs af 6te presumud euerecem Bee as he re.
7 pesamed and rauhantmed tur appropel Dy Feemral and esaae a& anasy t
. ^. /* *,
ens they win een the but$nage ser
(*
of the eBhasse messahars are emmfldmut C:
as een as the naarsders hatuat The rename for laser fansing smay have 3
emmasunag tode wuh the depth of tear h-i aromed her.e."says htadmuma W
- "The sorts as 'a===='na
. awn a
..A.e.m.se,. -i mm e
' - s
- T='fC e
Arme the erSam, you kasw. and jun fuel NY*
.f goud it's smil Juum wttme S.MA ta es.
e sm.ph.hms; rm maand am sw
' 5*M p. % @"*
er,.drumsaf sad.as==--.= -
j Suned a way en fighs the w*pt. h===4 W
a., eta P= a, mag wt,is Woman re' sed at $uarght. In De murth.
are hule, says that har wura ler the aa.
g basse has brunapt eheut "a real eessause* of her taedy, whnch mice shared the sinns race pretimaneus in ens regimL ilrumma LaDune, e startamatic l
pumme Ogitres. ene et use aikamme's I
meus eftscuve puhles spankers.
{
wruere and orgamuurs one also w.r a a me snow.m.
rs. -rhe
],.
I siach nui. are ao man a ma o,em Piassa. a amarts of water and hfe se
{
the estale reglauw And thry are a saattamal senaar for Go Lansia No.
Osm; fur as hung as the old pages can (og
- renommber, there have huse prayers dued sugge to *Paha Sapa, star ble hieuL' Farmers aamd rescaers as weQ as ladlaan, a5 paupee who ifwe with
~
.d.
'l the mare anmend of espesetang her, can aJoe tussrmand the sacrudrues of us slack anus. For auch pepee. the Beach EJan as ast just assaker maae g._
suae vnh a *pmarmar per marEy pre"
- -~= Paha $ spa to the great torus.
Asht to the merEy ware agmasur the
!ahams - and tae asw Imheme are whaseas ved as ret" A yesng 9.RA lawyer anmed f,.
Brece shna agrams. "There's a liwoo wortang to save the S&ach I
naa.- he my umr. u g
horriers everyone aand were samar,.
j
. hoewone puple, red na weG as utsia, who were pretty damand est la thaar ways. Thry've g
gausan beymme penatang fingers at each staar. and owy'n w*=g hard as me
, ~;,,
rent enemy of best. The argwarm does unrre at Edgmensas is hie versus
= Laak at the urnasuse prie.
,. g-imens to New naa===l The peersje amers more starung to die dowe there betere It was tenh=ad that the real pretdem had asuharig to do with people's coter. Here la South rv.-=
me cas4 sta flwe years frosa arer,it Fears from new== that's already toe late. We have to sop than thAng uks year, and ev're going se de tL He grtresd. "We fieve te wuk % e haws no cao.c and se se =UL" e
.Q.
.